The expulsion of Jews from communist Poland: memory wars and homeland anxieties
"In March 1968, against the background of the Six-Day War, a campaign of antisemitism and anti-Zionism swept through Poland. The Expulsion of Jews from Communist Poland is the first full-length study of the events, their precursors, and the aftermath of this turbulent period. Plocker offers a n...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Bloomington
Indiana University Press
2022
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| Schriftenreihe: | The modern Jewish experience
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "In March 1968, against the background of the Six-Day War, a campaign of antisemitism and anti-Zionism swept through Poland. The Expulsion of Jews from Communist Poland is the first full-length study of the events, their precursors, and the aftermath of this turbulent period. Plocker offers a new framework for understanding how this antisemitic campaign was motivated by a genuine fear of Jewish influence and international power. She sheds new light on the internal dynamics of the communist regime in Poland, stressing the importance of middle-level functionaries, whose dislike and fear of Jews had an unmistakable impact on the evolution of party policy. The Expulsion of Jews from Communist Poland examines how Communist Party leader Wladyslaw Gomulka's anti-Zionist rhetoric spiraled out of hand and opened up a fraught Pandora's box of old assertions that Jews controlled the Communist Party, the revival of nationalist chauvinism, and a witch hunt in universities and workplaces that conjured up ugly memories of Nazi Germany"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xvi, 219 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780253058652 9780253058669 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Preface ix List of Abbreviations Introduction xv і 1 From Inclusion to Exclusion 19 2 Not to Be Trusted 36 3 The Encyclopedia and “The Falsification of History” 4 We, the Students 93 5 “To Warsaw Students” 122 6 “Zionism Is Not a Danger to Poland” Conclusion Index 209 197 160 65
In March 1 %fí. against the background of the Six-1 )a War. a campaign «( antisemitism and anti-Zionism swept through Poland. Ίhe Ел-pulsion ojJeu sfrom Communis ľohmďxs the first full-length stttth of the events. their precursors, and the aftermath of this turbulent period. It examines how (ammumist Part) leader W ladvslaw Gotmilka’s anti-Zionist rhetoric spiraled out of hand and opened up a fraught Pandora’s box of old assenions that Jews controlled the ( iommitnist Part), the revival of nationalist chauvinism, and a witch hunt in universities and workplaces that conjured up ugly memories of Na/ і (fermām.
INDEX Adam Mickiewicz University, 84 Adenauer, Konrad, 74 Ahmed, Sara, 5,198 Aleichem, Sholem, 25 American Historical Review, 18 American Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), 33, 35, 42-43. 57. 63,116 Anczyc, Władysław Ludwik, 179 Andrzejewski, Jerzy, 115,135 Anielewicz, Mordechai, 67. See also Warsaw Ghetto Uprising antisemitism, 11,19,31-32, 34, 73, 80,130-131, 178-179,185; and anti-Zionist campaign, 13-14,120,133,136-137,149,160-161; and Communist Party, 22,38,178,180; and Egzamin, 88; and international politics, 167; and June 1967 War, 50-51,113,133; and language, 117; and Marxism, 20; political, 20,38, 202; popular, 182; and present-day Poland, 203,207; and Simon Wiesenthal, 86; and Stalinism, 10,181; and violence, 19-20,30-32; and Władysław Gomułka, 61,187; and World War II, 164 Armia Krajowa (AK, or Home Army), 69-71, 73. 75,103,107,112,180 Armia Ludowa (AL), 21, 69,174 Ash, Timothy Garton, 204 Auschwitz, 41,65,71-72,77, 86,116,165-166, 186,197. See also Auschwitz museum; concentration camps; International Aus chwitz Committee Auschwitz museum, 165-166 Babel, Isaac, 49 Baczko, Bolesław, 132,162,191 Balicki, Stanisław Witold, 114 Barmor, Jacob, 30 Bauman, Janina, 17, 54,107 Bauman, Zygmunt, 54,94,107,132,162-163, 176; and departure from Poland, 11,17,191 Bazyłow, Ludwik, 128,130 Belzee, 71 Ben-Gurion, David, 47, 74, 81 Berman, Adolf, 23 Berman, Jakub, 23, 27,39,178 Bialystok, 70,135,170,179 Bierut, Bolesław, 23, 27, 69 Bikont, Anna, 100 Birenbaum, Halina, 70 Birkenau (Brzezinka), 65, 68,77,165 Blumsztajn, Seweryn, 99,110,120-121,123, 189-190 Bocheński, Jacek, 113
Bogucka, Teresa, 120-121,180,189 Bourke, Joanna, 202-203 Brezhnev, Leonid, 187,189,201, 204 Britain, 69,103,149,191 Bromberg, Adam, 76 Brus, Włodzimierz, 107,147,163,176 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 27 Budapest, 95. See also Hungary Bundism, 23-24, 81 Bureau of Censorship, 88-89 Burg, Yosef, 165 Bydgoszcz, 184 Catholic Church, 53, 67,158 Catholicism, 8, 62,90,95-96,127,131,185, 187; and Jewish assimilation to, 9; and Jews, 135,148; and “Polonization” of Com munist Party, 39. See also PAX; Znak Catholic Intelligentsia Club (Klub Inteli gencji Katolickiej), 98 Catholic University, 129 censorship, 17,83,88,94,97-98,116,141,168, 206; and Censorship Department, 178, 183; and Censorship Department for Film, Television, and Theater, 179; and Depart ment of Press and Radio, 87; and Dziady, 109-115,123,130 209
210 I Index Central Committee. See Polish Central Committee Central Committee of Jews in Poland (Centralny Komitet Żydów w Polsce, or CKŻP), 22-24 Central Control Committee (Centralna Komisja Kontroli Partyjnej), 101 Citizens’ Militia Reserves (Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej, ORMO), 122,124-131-134-137-142-145-148-150,154. 157-158 Cold War, 36,41,183,198,202 collaboration, 1-2, 5, 67,91,164-165, 203-204 collectivization, 24 Central Commission for the Investigation of Hitlerite Crimes in Poland, 65,72,78-80, 84,91,165-166 Central Jewish Commission for Social As sistance, 191 Commission for the Protection of Sites of Suffering and Martyrdom (CPSSM), 70,80 communism, 24, 32,45,94,104,125-126, 155-156,199; in Eastern Europe, 5,202; and “enemies of,” 101; end of, 196,206; and ethnonationalism, 38, 40; and Home Army, 21; and Jews, 7,15-16,19-20,30,92, 116,182,185,195, 200; language of, 148; national, 4,31,34,37,39, 42,168,202,204; opposition to, 10,12,115,180; reform of, 3,10, 28,43,107; and Stalinism, 179; and Władysław Gomułka, 178,186; and World Zionist Organization (WZO), 45. See also Żydokomuna (Judeo-communism) Communist Party of Poland (KPP), 19-20, 103,186 concentration camps, 3, 21, 68, 89,146,180, 186; and Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna (The great general encyclopedia), 16, 65, 71, 76,78-80,82, 84,163-164,166. See also Birkenau (Brzezinka); Auschwitz (Oświęcim); Gusen; Holocaust; Mauthau sen; Stutthof Confino, Alon, 67 Connelly, John, 91, 99, 202 Crimea, 25,43 Crooked Circle Club (Klub Krzywego Koła), 98 Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 29,98,131, 204 Czechoslovakia,
15,41,158; Communist Party of, 104,124,184-185; and Jews, 7, 184, 201; and reform, 17,94,123,150; and students, 17,128-129,150; Warsaw Pact invasion of, 9, 95. See also Prague Spring Czytelnik, 56,116 Dajczgewand, Józef, 108,120,128,134,136, 189-190 Dayan, Moshe, 53, 81,136,147,177 Dejmek, Kazimierz, 109,111-112,114,130,153. See also Dziady de-Stalinization, 32, 69,90,124,178 Diner, Dan, 91 dissidents, 10-12,105,116,204-207 Dmowski, Roman, 93 Dobrowolski, Stanisław Ryszard, 114 Documentary Film Studio, 56 Domb, Leopold, 51-52, 60,138,152,192-193 Dubček, Alexander, 17,123,158,199 Duda, Andrzej, 207 Duszeńko, Franciszek, 71 Dziady, 94,108-114,117-119-120,123,127, 129-130,153 East Germany, 31,78 Eastern bloc, 37-38. See also Soviet bloc Eastern Europe, 5,7,9-11,43,99,198, 202 Egypt, 40-41,172-173.184 Eichmann trial, 73-74 Eisenbach, Arthur, 137,167 Eisler, Jerzy, 12 Endecja. See National Democratic Party ethnonationalism, 4,18,38,40,57,63 Etler, Edward, 89 European Union, 91 Faliński, Zbigniew, 180 fascism, 14, 80,125,134,139,156; before World War II, 138,185; and narrative of World War II, 66; and People’s Republic of Poland, 167 Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 64,79, 90,93,136,175,203; and German minority in Poland, 31; and the Holocaust, 66,164; and Israel, 44, 46-47,74,117-118,134,164,
Index Į 211 203; and Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna (The great general encyclopedia), 166; and Zionism, 43,46,184 Fidelis, Malgorzata, 32,95 film, 89-90 Fischer, Artur, 170 Fiternik, Wiktor, 170 Folks Sztyme, 25,50,52,63,87,191-193; editor of, 53,127; and June 1967 War, 56-57,60,138 Friedlander, David, 81 Gontarz, Ryszard, 2,135-136 Górecki, Jan, 152 Górecki, Wiktor, 126,128,189-190 Grudzińska (Gross), Irena, 11,104,107,110, 113,128,152,189-190 Grudziński, Jan, 152 Grynberg, Henryk, 118,166 Gumkowski, Janusz, 65-66,71-72,76,79, 82-83 Gusen, 79 Gdańsk, 65,141-142,144-145,150,162, 168, 204 Gdynia, 144, 204 genocide, 72, 74,82,88,194,197,199 Germany. See East Germany; Federal Re public of Germany (FRG); Nazi Germany ghettos, 51, 68,70-71. See also Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Gierek, Edward, 147-148,150,176 Gliwice, 185 Goldkorn, Józef, 192 Goldmann, Nahum, 44, 47 Gomulka, Władysław, 4, 35, 47-49,101,122, 137, 147-148,175-178,181-188,198-201; and campaign against Polish Jews, 16-17, 38-39, 57-62,65,76,120,160-161,182,195; and Edward Ochab, 29,174; and emigra tion policies, 33; end of reign of, 204; and Germany, 54-55,134; and the Holocaust, 3, 58; and intellectuals, 17,106,108,115, 153-156; and June 1967 War, 54,61,95, 154; and Marian Naszkowski, 171-172; as Minister of the Recovered Territories, 21, 29-30; and nationalism, 8, 23, 26-27, 40, 69,159; opposition to, 16,94-95,100, 106,119,124,136,151-152,155-156; and “Polish path to socialism,” 19, 69, 94; and Polish United Workers Party (PUWP), 36; and Puławians, 28; purge of, 10,23; and reform, 95-96,98,123,155; and Soviet Union,
21, 26-27, 33,95,97,109; speech by, 16, 58, 75, 77,191; and Stalin, 23-24; and TSKŻ, 51, 60-61,191,193; and Wielka En cyklopedia Powszechna (The great general encyclopedia), 77,83; and World War II, 21; and Zionism, 8 Halfin, Igai, 49 Hanebrink, Paul, 6 Haupt, Adam, 71 Hen, Józef, 137 Herzl, Theodor, 149 Himka, John-Paul, 91 Hitler, Adolf, 41,53,146 Holocaust, 3-5,34-35, 67,119,166,185, 187,194; and antisemitism, 137,167; and “blame” of Poland, 46, 66,164; and cen sorship, 89; commemoration of, 5,13, 67, 71,164; and Eichman trial, 73-74; and Isra el, 117,165; and June 1967 War, 41; memory of, 203; narratives of, 73-75,79, 85-87, 90-92,164-165; and rescue, 3,74-75, 91, 182; and Soviet Union, 68; survivors, 41, 70,186; and Władysław Gomułka, 58 Home Army (AK). See Armia Krajowa Hübner, Zygmunt, 110 Hungary, 33,97,104,184,197,201. See also Budapest industrialization, 24 intelligentsia/intellectuals, 18, 54,100,103, 113,180-181,189; academic, 99,102,106, 162,181; and anti-Zionist campaign, 10,13, 200; and censorship, 17,97; in Czechoslo vakia, 94; and emigration, 160; and Israel, 52; and Jerzy Eisler, 12; Jewish, 26, 55-56, 94,109-110; and June 1967 War, 63; leftist, 15,17,106,205; and reform movement, 9,92,94-99,135; and Solidarity, 205; and Soviet Union, 15,21, 25, 27, 56,116; and students, 120,131,151; and Tadeusz Walichnowski, 107; traditional, 110; in Warsaw, 105,108-110,114,116,135; and
212 I Index Władysław Gomulka, 17,154,177; and workers, 129,140,155, 205; and World War II, 76 International Auschwitz Committee, 86,165. See also Auschwitz International Women’s Day, 121,125 Israel, 2, 44-46,47-57, 60, 62-63,163,166, 181; and antisemitism, 136; and anti Zionist campaign, 16,42, 58-69, 77,132, 147,149,169-170,173,198-199; and citizen ship, 3,39; and de-Stalinization, 178; and Eichmann trial, 74; establishment of, 7,10; and immigration from Poland, 23,29-30, 32-ՅՅ, 39-40, 70,116,149,170,191-193.195. 205; and Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 47,74, 79,107-108,117-118,134-135. 164-165, 201; and JDC, 33; and June 1967 War, 4,36,40-42,47-51, 56-57, 61, 64, 107-108,120,122,128,154; and Israel De fense Forces, 22,49; and Ministry of For eign Aifairs, 33,45; Mossad, 73; in Polish press, 36,41,117-118; and reparations, 47, 201; and show trials, 7,201; and TSKŻ, 8, 46, 51, 56, 60-61,138,192; and Władysław Gomulka, 75,187 Jankowski, Witold, 134 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 175,183, 205 Jasienica, Paweł, 120,123,135-136,148,154, 189; and Dziady, 115,153; and Polish Writ ers’ Union, 113,153,163; as vice president of PEN (Poets, Essayists, and Novelists) Club, 111 Jedlicki, Jerzy, 106 Jędrychowski, Stefan, 175-176 Jewish Antifascist Committee (JAC), 25, 43 Jewish Cultural Society (Żydowskie Towar zystwo Kultury w Polsce, or ŻTK), 24-25 Jewish Historical Association, 193 Jewish Historical Institute, 46,72,137,166 Jewish Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts, 68 Jews; and Adam Michnik, 94,134; Antoni Słonimski, 116,154; and communism, 19-20,
22,25,108,116,182,196,200; and emigration, 19, 22, 24,33,45,197, 200-201, 206-207; and Holocaust, 3,34-35, 41, 67, 70, 73-74, 90-91,137,185,187,197; and Jew ish Antifascist Committee (JAC), 43; and Ministry of Internal Affairs, 42,47-48, 53. 56,171,194,199-200; and Mieczysław Moczar, 16,38-39,75,195; and purges, 4, 26,38, 62-63, 122. 152.156.168,177,188, 194.199-200, 206; and Security Services, 6,8, 48,131-132,136-137,199; and Soviet Union, 15, 25,28,39,56, 59,106,116; and Stalinism, 25-26, 28,30, 43,52-53,59, 68,134,177-181; terminology, 8-9; in the United States, 25,73,149; and Władysław Gomułka, 16-17,38-39, 57-62, 65,76, 120,160-161,182,195; and World War II, 6,9,76-77,85,106,110,138,193; and Żydokomuna (Judeo-communism). See also antisemitism; concentration camps; Folks Sztyme; Israel; Jewish Cultural Society (Żydowskie Towarzystwo Kultury w Polsce, or ŻTK); Jewish Historical Association; Jewish Historical Institute; June 1967 War; Polin, Museum of the His tory of Polish Jews; TSKŻ (Towarzystwo Społeczno-Kulturalne Żydów w Polsce); Yiddish; Zionism Jordan, 40 June 1967 War, 4,39-41,106-108,116,120, 133.138,197-198; and Ministry of Internal Affairs, 38, 42, 44, 47-49,56,187; outbreak of, 36,40; and Warsaw Pact, 52; and Władysław Gomulka, 54,95,154 Kaczyński, Jarosław, 207 Kaczyński, Lech, 206-207 Kajzer, Abram, 70 Kąkol, Kazimierz, 74 Kaminska, Ida, 119,193 Kamiski, A. J„ 89 Kasman, Leon, 103-104 Karst, Roman, 137 Katowice, 147-148,150,152,176 Katyn Massacre, 73 Katz, Katriel, 33 Katzenelson, Yitzhak, 71 Kępa, Józef, 127,136-137,147 Khrushchev, Nikita,
26-29,69,93-95,97 Kichelewski, Audrey, 35
Index Kielce, 170 Kijowski, Andrzej, 113-114,116,135,163 Kisielewski, Stefan, 115,135-136,148,154,163, 189 Klafkowski, Alfons, 84-85 Klimaszewski, Mieczysław, 129 Kliszko, Zenon, 101,109,176-177 Kmitowski, Władysław, 181-182 Kołakowski, Leszek, 105,113,115,132,135, 147,162-163, ։9L and expulsion from party, 101-102,106; and Marxism, 94; and reform, 97-98,106 Kole, Ryszarad, 105 Kończewicz, Colonel S., 78 Konrad, Gustaw, 109 Konwicki, Tadeusz, 120 Korman, Jozef, 87 Kosinski, Jerzy, 46 Kotarbiński, Janina, 106 Kotarbiński, Tadeusz, 106 Kraków, 89,129,142,145-146,150-151,168, 170,194; Academy of Fine Arts, 56; and Jagiellonian University, 56,122,129,143; students, 143,151,156; TSKŻ club, 56 Krasko, Wincenty, 112,114 Krasnowiecki, Władysław, 112 Książka i Wiedza, 56 Kuroń, Jacek, 102,106,121123,153,189, 204-205; and Adam Michnik, 120, 204-205; and Dziady, 110; and Leszek Kołakowski, 101; open letter by, 99-100, 128; and prison sentence, 100,108,126, 190-191; and socialism, 97,99-100; and Warsaw University, 100; and ZMS (the Socialist Youth Union), 99. See also Karol Modzelewski Kuryluk, Ewa, 81 Kuryluk, Karol, 76,80-81 Langer, Stanisława, 186 Langer, Tadeusz, 186 Lastik, Salomon, 54 Lasota, Irena, 121,126-127,129,190 Latvia, 1 Law and Justice. See PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość Lederman, Ernest, 137 I 213 Lendvai, Paul, 11 Lendwoń, Józef, 185 Lipski, Jan Józef, 100,189,204-205 Lithuania, 1 Lityński, Jan, 110,121,123,126,170,189-190 Łódź, 139,156-157,162,169-170,180-182, 184,194; ghetto, 70; Film School, 141,168, University of, 122 Loga-Sowiński, Ignacy, 176 Łubieński, Konstanty,
131 Lublin, 71,129,179 Maciejewski, Henryk, 180 Majdanek, 65,71 Majewska, Barbara, 113 Majewski, Janusz, 89 Malski, Wiktor, 180 Manteuffel, Tadeusz, 167-168 Mark, Bernard, 72 Markowa, 1 Marszałek, Leon, 76,80, 82-83 Marxism-Leninism, 28, 34,93-94,102 Mauthausen, 79,85 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 131 Meibaum, Wacław, 170 Melman, Michał, 119 Mendelssohn, Moses, 81 Michnik, Adam, 11,99-101,119-121,126, 161,175, 204, 206; as a “commando” of protests, 189-190; and Dziady, 110-111,119; and Jews, 94,134; and prison sentence, 190; and revisionism, 96-97; and Solidar ity, 205; supporters of, 105-108,120,124, 133,135,154; and TSKŻ, 152; and Warsaw University, 104,111,120,122,137,161,167. See also Szlajfer, Henryk Mickiewicz, Adam, 113-115,148; and Dziady, 94,108-109, in, 113-115,157; monuments, 11,129,141,143,145; as national poet, 108; and nationalism, 110; and Władysław Gomułka, 153 Międzyrzecki, Artur, 113 Miłosz, Czeslaw, 115 Ministry of Internal Affairs, 31,44,100,107, 116-117,160-164,168-169,176-177; and antisemitism, 133,167; and definitions of “Jew,” 8; “ethnic turn” of, 62; and Federal
214 I Index Republic of Germany (FRG), 46; and his torians’ views of, 12-13; and JDC, 43! and Jews, 42, 47-48,53,56,171,194,199-200; and June 1967 War, 38,42, 44, 47,52; and Mieczysław Moczar, 38,77,79,106,134, 184,195, 201, 204; and nationalization of communism, 42,34, 64; and protests, 98i 104,127,129,145,189; and TSKŻ, 48,51, 56, 60-61, 63,139; and Władysław Gomułka, 49, 57, 59-60,96,119,171,195; and the Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna (lhe great general encyclopedia), 16 Moczar, Mieczysław, 79, 81,93,106,142,158, 171,175-176; and Jews, 16,38-39,75,195; and nationalism, 42,159; removal of, 188, 201; and socialism, 42; and TSKŻ, 60; and Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna (The great general encyclopedia), 77; and Władysław Gomulka, 184-185,187,195,204 Modzelewski, Karol, 106,120-121,123,126, 189-191; and Dziady, 110; and Leszek Kołakowski, 101; open letter by, 99-100, 128; and prison sentence, 100,108; and socialism, 97,99; and Warsaw University, 99-100,102; and ZMS (the Socialist Youth Union), 99. See also Jacek Kuroń Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 20,73 Morawiecki, Mateusz, 1-3 Morawski, Jerzy, 119 Morawski, Stefan, 132,162-163,177 Moscow, 21,32-33,109,132,153, 201, 205; and Bolesław Bierut, 23,69; and emigration to Israel, 52; and Great Purge, 20; and Twen tieth Congress of the Communist Party, 27; and Władysław Gomulka, 21, 29, 69, 97,187. See also Russia; Soviet Union Motyka, Lucjan, 109,112 museums. See Auschwitz Museum; Polin, Museum of the History of Polish Jews; Ulma Family Museum of Poles Saving Jews in World War II Muszkat, Józef, 166 Mysłowice, 194 Nagórski, Wiktor, 126
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 41, 51, 53,172-173 Naszkowski, Marian, 171-173,176 national communism, 4,16,31,39,42,168, 202, 204 National Democratic Party (Endecja), 38,93 Natolin group, 27 Nazi Germany, 46-47,54-55,76, 86,89; and occupation of Poland, 1,21,42, 60,70, 82, 88,90-91,153,166, 204; and Operation Reinhard, 65 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 2 Neumark, Andrzej, 161 Nomberg-Przytyk, Sara, 70 Nuremberg trials, 84 O’Bretenny, Zofia, 111 Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny (ONR), 138-139 Obóz Zjednoczenia Narodowego (OZN), 138 Obozy Koncentracyjne Hitlerowskie, 84-85 Ochab, Edward, 27-29,132,172-175 Olszewski, Stephan, 184 Opole, 170 Organization for Rehabilitation through Training (ORT), 35,193 Osęka, Piotr, 13 Ostoja, Adam, 70 Oświęcim, 65, 68,155 Ottoman Empire, 197 Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (PWN, National Scientific Publishers), 76,81,83 Parandowski, Jan, 112 PAX, 84,112,134,184-185 PEN (Poets, Essayists, and Novelists) Club, 111-112,137 People’s Republic of Poland, 57,68, 94, 98, 100,111,114,156; and antisemitism, 167; and Jews, 180,201 Peretz, Y. L., 25 Piętek, Henryk, 60 Piasecki, Bolesław, 134,139 Piątowski, Józef, 168 Pilìchowski, Czesław, 78-79,165-166 Piłsudski, Józef, 103,168 PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (Law and Justice), 2 Piwnica, Bolesław, 162 pogrom, 20,31,137-138. See also antisemitism
Index Poland, army of, 23,28,31,135,175,186, 204-205; anticommunism in, 5, 2-21,116, 135, 183; and collaboration, 1-2, 5, 67,9í, 164, 2O4;Committee for Public Security, 26,96; Constitution of, 130,142,158; and de-Stalinization, 32, 69,90,124,178; and emigration of Jews from, 3,19, 22, 24, 33, 45 59, 166,171,197,200,201, 206-207; and expulsion of Germans from, 21, 23, 29-30, 50, 64; and expulsion of Ukrainians from, 21, 23; and government-in-exile, 21, 69-70; and Ministry for Arts and Culture, 62, 79, 85,112,114,161,164; and Ministry for Chemical Industry, 62; and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 45, 56, 81,142,171-173; and Ministry of Health, 56,105,175; and Min istry of the Interior, 16, 66,75-76,78-79; and Ministry of Justice, 78, 83-84,105; and Ministry of Public Security, 26, 96, 180; Politburo of, 27,171-178,182,186-188, 204; pre-partition, 109,140; and Recov ered Territories, 21, 30; and State Publish ing House, 49,164,166. See also Ministry of Internal Affairs; People’s Republic of Poland; Security Services Polin, Museum of the History of Polish Jews, 18, 207 Polish Central Committee, 48,103,109,132, 139,174; Academic Department, 99; build ing, 126; Educational Department, 104; groups/debates within, 27,104; and Stalin ism, 26, 97,103; and Władysław Gomułka, 29, 95, 101,124,184 Polish Communist Youth Union, 105 Polish National Theater, 108,111 Polish News Agency (PAP), 50,56 Polish Radio, 167 Polish-Soviet War, 20 Polish United Workers’ Party (Polska Zjed noczona Partia Robotnicza, or PUWP), 11, 27,156,189,195; and antisemitism, 18; De partment of Education, 80;
Fifth Congress, 82; and hard-liners of, 79; history of, 23; and nationalization of communism, 31; and protests, 4; and Wielka Encyklopedia Pow szechna (The great general encyclopedia), 65-66,78; and Władysław Gomulka, 36 I 215 Polish Writers’ Union, 111,113-117,123,135, 153,163 Polska Kasa Opieki (РеКаО), 53 Polska Partia Socjalistyczna (PPS, Polish Socialist Party), 104 Pomerania, 29 Pomian, Krzystof, 132 Porter-Szűcs, Brian, 3 Poznań, 28, 84,141,143,145-146 Poznański, Jakub, 70 Prague, 7,9,95,140,150, 201 Prague Spring, 9,95 propaganda, 11-14, 43-46,103-104,109,136, 200; and antisemitism, 115,178-179; antiJewish, 117; anti-Zionist, 14,74,175,177; campaign, 122,145,189; department, 180, 184; and Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 79,135; and June 1967 War, 36; Nazi, 7; and rescue, 2; Soviet, 25; and Władysław Gomułka, 55 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 182. See also antisemitism Przetakiewicz, Zygmunt, 184-185 purges, 13,90,107,158,160-162,168-171,174, 205; and Adam Michnik, 104; of army, 175, 186; anti-Zionist, 17,173,177,191,195; and Jews, 4, 26,38, 62-63,122 152 156, 168, 177,188,194,199-200, 206; ofPWN, 83; of Radio and Television Committee, 170; and Stalinism, 20,170; of State Publish ing House, 164,166; and Władysław Gomulka, 4, 23,76,156 Putrament, Jerzy, 93,103,114-115,183 radio, 3,29,103,117,147,162,167,170-171; and censorship, 97; and Department of Press and Radio, 87; and speech by Władysław Gomułka, 59. See also Radio Free Europe Radio Free Europe, 26, 52,98,103,118,141 Rakowski, Mieczysław, 49,103 Rapacki, Adam, 142,171 reparations, 47, 74,117 Righteous
among the Nations, 2. See also Holocaust RNR-Falanga, 184 Rokossovsky, Konstantin, 23 Romania, 33, 41,197
216 I Index Różewicz, Tadeusz, 90 Runge, Jerzy, 170 Rusinek, Kazimierz, 79-83,85-86,164 Russia, 3, 20, 29, 40,125; and Adam Mick iewicz, 157; and Dziady, 108-109,121; and Jewish intellectuals, 116; and October Revolution, 20; and World War 1,93,197. See also Soviet Union Rutkiewicz, Jan Wojciech, 105 Rutkowski, Adam, 71,137 Rybicki, Marcin, 105 Rybicki, Zygmunt, 124 Rzeszów, 147 Satat, Dov, 41, 54 schools, 94-95,129,133,140,145,170,185,193; and anti-Jewish violence, 30; and high school students, 135,144,150,155; and the Holocaust, 66, 73; Jewish, 9, 25,139, 191; and Łódź Film School, 141,168; and Organization for Rehabilitation through Training (ORT), 35,191; and TSKŻ, 60 Security Services (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa), 121,127,135,145,157,162-163,166-169; and Adolf Berman, 23; and antisemitism, 118,120; and “commandos,” 120; and defections from, 26; and Dziady, 117,119, 123; and Jews, 6, 8,48,131-132,136-137, 199; and June 1967 War, 107,133,197; and open letter by Kuroń and Modzelewski, 99-100; and Polish Writers’ Union, 111, 113,123; and students, 99,119-120,124-125, 130,136,141-142,144,150; and TSKŻ, 51; and Władysław Gomulka, 96; and World Zionist Organization (WZO), 44 Sejm (Polish Parliament), 95,102,111,131, 139-140,158 Sfard, David, 11,17, 25,51-54, 60-61,118,192 Sfard, Leon, 157-158,192 Sfard, Regina, 17 Sforim, Mendele Mojcher, 25 show trials, 7, 43,185,201 Sidor, Kazimierz, 172-173 Sierakowiak, Dawid, 70 Silber, Marcos, 33,39 Silesia, 29-31,141,147 Slánský, Rudolf, 185,201 Śląsk, 56,147 Slezkine, Yuri, 15,116 Słonimski, Antoni, 106,113,115,120,135,148, 163; and Dziady,
112; and Jews, 116,154 Słupecki, Tadeusz, 88 Smolar, Aleksander, 121,127-128,132,152, 189,192 Smolar, Hirsch, 53,127,152,192 Snyder, Timothy, 10 Social Cultural Association of Jews in Po land (Towarzystwo Społeczno-Kulturalne Żydów w Polsce). See TSKŻ Solidarity (Solidarność), 5,121,150, 205 Soviet bloc, 10,24,26,33,93,121,187,198 Soviet Communist Party, 26-27,29,39,44 Soviet Union, 15,19-30, 50, 93,109,148-149, 187; Army of, 7,153; and “doctors’ plot,” 7; and the Holocaust, 68,73; and Hungary, 95, 97,184, 201; and Israel, 47, 49, 53; and Jewish Antifascist Committee (JAC), 43; and Jewish immigration policies, 33, 59, 189, 201; and Jews, 15, 25, 28,39, 56, 59, 106,116; and Józef Pilsudski, 168; and June 1967 War, 36, 40-41, 47, 49, 5^-53, 95,122,198; and Nikita Khrushchev, 69; and NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), 43; and Polish Jews during World War II, 21-22,30, 32,180; and Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs, 42, 53; press, 47, 56-57; and relations with Poland, 19,153,156,199; satellites states of, 26,121; Security Services of, 43; and Stalinism, 68; and Wielka Encyk lopedia Powszechna (The great general encyclopedia), 73, 78; and Władysław Gomułka, 54, 58; and women, 32,96; and Żydokomuna (Judeo-communism), 7. See also Soviet bloc; Stalin; Stalinism; Warsaw Pact Spanish Civil War, 177 Spychalski, Marian, 174 Sródborów, 193 Stalin, Josef, 25,27,96,103; and antisemi tism, 10; death of, 7, 26, 69; and denuncia tion by Khrushchev, 93; and Poland, 20; purges, 20; and Władysław Gomulka, 23-24
Index Stalinism, 8-9,29,37, 97,100,136,140, 173-174; and antisemitism, 10,167; and cosmopolitans, 155; crimes of, 7, 27-28,39, 200; and Dziady, 109; establishment of in Poland, 23; as Jewish, 177,181; and Jews, 25-26, 28,30,43, 52-53, 59,68,134,177-181; and Marxism, 94; in Poland, 31-34, 51, 59, 68, 97,100,104-105,125-126; and Polish Writers’ Union, 115; and Pulawian reformist faction, 28; and purges, 170; and Roman Werfel, 132; and Roman Zam browski, 56,132; and socialist realism, 96; and terror, 26; and Władysław Gomułka, 95,106,153. See also de-Stalinization Staszewski, Stefan, 53,77,163 Staszewski, Stanislaw, 148 State Yiddish Theater Troupe, 118 Stola, Dariusz, 12,31,207 Stomma, Stanisław, 131 Stutthof, 65, 82, 85. See also concentration camps Suez crisis, 184 Suzin, L. Μ., 68 Światło, Józef, 26,178 Świtała, Kazimierz, 62-63,79,187 Syria, 40, 54 Szadaj, Jakub, 162 Szczecin, 41,144-145,204 Szechter, Ozjasz, 110 Szlajfer, Henryk, 108,119-124,126,133-134. 136-137,154,161,189-190; and Warsaw University, 111,122,124,133,137. See also Adam Michnik Sznek, Zygfryd, 51 Sztachelski, Jerzy, 104,175 Szyr, Eugeniusz, 177 Szyr, Joanna, 104 TASS (Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union), 56 Tenenbaum, Natan, 50,137 Tenenblat Samuel, 192 Titkow, Walenty, 175 Toeplitz, Jerzy, 168 Topolski, Fryderyk, 152 Toruń, 145 Toruńczyk, Barbara, 94,105,120,126,189-190 I 217 Toruńczyk, Romana, 105 Treblinka, 68,71. See also concentration camps TSKŻ (Towarzystwo Społeczno-Kulturalne Żydów w Polsce), 9, 46,52-53, 56-57, 138-139,151-152,162,166; after 1968, 201; as antinationalist, 34; and anti-Zionist
cam paign, 60-61, 63, 88,191-193; budget of, 42; and charter of, 24; and Club Babel, 49-51, 128,135-137; collapse of, 195; and David Sfard, 11,25,51; and foreign funding, 35; and Leon Sfard, 157; and Leopold Domb, 51, 60,138,152; and magazine Nasz Glos, 50; membership of, 34, 42; and Ministry of Internal Affairs, 48, 51, 56; and “Reunion ’68,” 206; and World War II, 25 Turski, Stanisław, 120 Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 27, 69 Ukraine/Ukranians, 1, 21, 23,32, 64,197 Ulma Family Museum of Poles Saving Jews in World War II, 1 Union of Polish Theater Artists, 112 United States, 44-46,90,105,119,151,202, 206; and anti-Zionist campaign, 184,187; Army, 85; and Israel, 41,198-199; and June 1967 War, 198; and State Yiddish Theater, 118; and TSKŻ, 60; Uris, Leon, 46 Vienna, 86 Volksdeutsche, 135-136 Waitz, Robert, 166 Wałbrzych, 30-31 Walczak, Krystyna, 118 Walczak, Stanisław, 78, 80 Walichnowski, Tadeusz, 43-45, 47,108,117 Waniołka, Franciszek, 176 Warsaw, 119-120,123,147,154,162,167-168, 194-195 198. 205; Academy of Fine Arts, 126; and Communist Party, 48, 55,174,182; intellectuals, 55,105,108-110,114,116-117, 135; interwar, 30; and Israel, 30,33,173; and Jewish emigration, 194; and June 1967 War, 48, 52,56; and Natolin group, 27; and Nikita Khrushchev, 27,29; police, 53,158;
218 I Index and Polin, 18; and protests, 81, in, 125-129, 144-145,149,157; and Security Services, 50; students, 49-50,122,134,136-138, 141-145,148-152,156-157; synagogue, 53; Umschlagplatz, 68; and Władysław Gomułka, 187-188; Writers’ Union, 111, 114,116,135,153 Warsaw Committee (Komitet Warszawski), 101-102,104-105,174 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 67-69,71,138-139, 167 Warsaw Pact, 9, 29, 41,52,95 Warsaw Polytechnic, 122,127-128,139-140, 142,157 Warsaw University, 99,101-104,130,136,147, 162; and Adam Michnik, 100,106-107, 111,120,122; and Antoni Zambrowski, 133; and Dziady, 109,123; and Leszek Kołakowski, 101-102,162; Philosophy Department, 49,131; and protests, 121-122, 124-132,134,145,157-158; rector of, 120, 130; senate, 131,142-143; and Tadeusz Walichnowski, 44 Warsaw Uprising, 21,71 Ważyk, Adam, 120 Web, Marek, 137 Weber, Kurt, 90 Werblan, Andrzej, 99,103-104,188 Werfel, Katarzyna, 132,134 Werfel, Roman, 132,134,177 West Germany. See Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) Whol, Andrzej, 167 Wicha, Władysław, 177 Wieczorek, Paweł, 31 Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna (The great general encyclopedia), 16, 66-67,77-85, 87, 89-90,113,119,165; entry on concentra tion camps, 65,71,78,163,163-164,166 Wiernik, Bronisław, 90 Wiesenthal, Simon, 85-86 Winnicki, Bronisław, 170 women, 19,32, 96,105,121 Workers’ Defense Committee (Komitet Obrony Robotników, KOR), 204-205 World Jewish Congress, 35 World War 1,7,93,197 World War II, 7,51,94,104,109,125,128, 134,156,181; and the Central Commis sion for the Investigation of Hitlerite Crimes in Poland, 72; and censorship, 88-89; commemoration of,
67, 73,75; and de-Stalinization, 69; and expulsion of Germans from Poland, 30, 64; and Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 46; and June 1967 War, 41; and legislation, 1, 47; memorialization of, 16, 203; narratives of, 3-5,66,81-82,92,164; and Polish Jews, 6,9, 76-77, 85,106,110,138,193; and Polish nationalism, 2; and Polish “partisans,” 42; and Polish underground, 168; and Soviet Union, 7, 43, 69,180; and veterans, 76,91; and Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 68; and Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna (The great general encyclopedia), 65-66, 76, 81,87,90,163; and Władysław Gomułka, 58, 60; and women, 105,121; and Zionism, 166,177; and Żydokomuna (Judeo-communism), 6-7, 200. See also concentration camps; Armia Krajowa (AK, or Home Army), Holocaust; Jewish Antifascist Committee (JAC) World Rabbinical Assembly, 140 World Zionist Congress, 71 World Zionist Organization (WZO), 43-47 Woroszylski, Wiktor, 113 Wróblewski, 83 Wroclaw, 30,121,143-144,149,151,157, 168-170,194; Jewish school, 139; and June 1967 War, 41-42, 54; Polytechnic, 141; TSKŻ, 56; University of, 122,141 Wygodzki, Stanisław, 89,116-117,166 Wyszyński, Cardinal, 53,95 Yalta Conference, 46,73 Yiddish, 25, 35, 67-68,70,118-119,139,179, 192-193; and 1930s Poland, 195; and Folks Styme, 25, 50,87,138,191; and Polish Jewry, 9; press, 26; and TSKŻ, 25,139,195· See also Folks Sztyme·, State Yiddish Theater; TSKŻ Zabłocki, Janusz, 131 Załuski, Zbigniew, 113
Index Zambrowski, Antoni, 56,119,132-134.167, 189-190 Zambrowski, Roman, 29,134,148,163,177; and Nikita Khrushchev, 27; removal from the party, 152; and Stalinism, 56,132; and Władysław Gomułka, 119 Zawadzki, Aleksander, 27,29 Zawadzki, Kazimierz, 79-80,82-83 Zawieyski, Jerzy, 131 Żegota (Rada Pomocy Żydom), 75 Zimand, Roman, 132 Zionism, 47,116,152,161,163,170-171, 175-184,190; and antisemitism, 145; and anti-Zionism, 9,139,151,160,183, 201; and Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 46; and Polks Sztyme, 192; and Ministry of Internal Affairs, 43; as Jewish nationalism, 6-7,34, 44, 63,202; and Polish press, 149, 198; and show trials, 7,201; and students, 95.139-140,146,194; and Theodor Herzl, 149; and TSKŻ, 8,34,138; and Wielka Į 219 Encyklopedia Powszechna (The great gen eral encyclopedia), 16, 66; and Władysław Gomułka, 8,154,182,184,186,188; and “World Zionism,” 42,108,164,187,197, 199-200; and Yiddish press, 26 Znak, 131,184 ZRWM (Zwąizek Religijny Wyznania Mojżeszowego, Religious Union of the Jewish Faith), 34-35, 53, 63 Zubrzycki, Geneviève, 66 Związek Bojowników o Wolność і Demokrację (Society of Fighters for Free dom and Democracy, or ZBoWiD), 76, 79-82, 91,139,146,165,167 Związek Młodzieży Socjalistycznej (ZMS, the Socialist Youth Union), 99,106,126, 145 Żydokomuna (Judeo-communism), 110,116, 196; and anti-Zionist campaign, 15,17,178, 188; emergence of, 7; and fascist right, 138; resurfacing of, 200
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CONTENTS Preface ix List of Abbreviations Introduction xv і 1 From Inclusion to Exclusion 19 2 Not to Be Trusted 36 3 The Encyclopedia and “The Falsification of History” 4 We, the Students 93 5 “To Warsaw Students” 122 6 “Zionism Is Not a Danger to Poland” Conclusion Index 209 197 160 65
In March 1 %fí. against the background of the Six-1 )a\ War. a campaign «('antisemitism and anti-Zionism swept through Poland. Ίhe Ел-pulsion ojJeu sfrom Communis ľohmďxs the first full-length stttth of the events. their precursors, and the aftermath of this turbulent period. It examines how (ammumist Part) leader W ladvslaw Gotmilka’s anti-Zionist rhetoric spiraled out of hand and opened up a fraught Pandora’s box of old assenions that Jews controlled the ( iommitnist Part), the revival of nationalist chauvinism, and a witch hunt in universities and workplaces that conjured up ugly memories of Na/ і (fermām.
INDEX Adam Mickiewicz University, 84 Adenauer, Konrad, 74 Ahmed, Sara, 5,198 Aleichem, Sholem, 25 American Historical Review, 18 American Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), 33, 35, 42-43. 57. 63,116 Anczyc, Władysław Ludwik, 179 Andrzejewski, Jerzy, 115,135 Anielewicz, Mordechai, 67. See also Warsaw Ghetto Uprising antisemitism, 11,19,31-32, 34, 73, 80,130-131, 178-179,185; and anti-Zionist campaign, 13-14,120,133,136-137,149,160-161; and Communist Party, 22,38,178,180; and Egzamin, 88; and international politics, 167; and June 1967 War, 50-51,113,133; and language, 117; and Marxism, 20; political, 20,38, 202; popular, 182; and present-day Poland, 203,207; and Simon Wiesenthal, 86; and Stalinism, 10,181; and violence, 19-20,30-32; and Władysław Gomułka, 61,187; and World War II, 164 Armia Krajowa (AK, or Home Army), 69-71, 73. 75,103,107,112,180 Armia Ludowa (AL), 21, 69,174 Ash, Timothy Garton, 204 Auschwitz, 41,65,71-72,77, 86,116,165-166, 186,197. See also Auschwitz museum; concentration camps; International Aus chwitz Committee Auschwitz museum, 165-166 Babel, Isaac, 49 Baczko, Bolesław, 132,162,191 Balicki, Stanisław Witold, 114 Barmor, Jacob, 30 Bauman, Janina, 17, 54,107 Bauman, Zygmunt, 54,94,107,132,162-163, 176; and departure from Poland, 11,17,191 Bazyłow, Ludwik, 128,130 Belzee, 71 Ben-Gurion, David, 47, 74, 81 Berman, Adolf, 23 Berman, Jakub, 23, 27,39,178 Bialystok, 70,135,170,179 Bierut, Bolesław, 23, 27, 69 Bikont, Anna, 100 Birenbaum, Halina, 70 Birkenau (Brzezinka), 65, 68,77,165 Blumsztajn, Seweryn, 99,110,120-121,123, 189-190 Bocheński, Jacek, 113
Bogucka, Teresa, 120-121,180,189 Bourke, Joanna, 202-203 Brezhnev, Leonid, 187,189,201, 204 Britain, 69,103,149,191 Bromberg, Adam, 76 Brus, Włodzimierz, 107,147,163,176 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 27 Budapest, 95. See also Hungary Bundism, 23-24, 81 Bureau of Censorship, 88-89 Burg, Yosef, 165 Bydgoszcz, 184 Catholic Church, 53, 67,158 Catholicism, 8, 62,90,95-96,127,131,185, 187; and Jewish assimilation to, 9; and Jews, 135,148; and “Polonization” of Com munist Party, 39. See also PAX; Znak Catholic Intelligentsia Club (Klub Inteli gencji Katolickiej), 98 Catholic University, 129 censorship, 17,83,88,94,97-98,116,141,168, 206; and Censorship Department, 178, 183; and Censorship Department for Film, Television, and Theater, 179; and Depart ment of Press and Radio, 87; and Dziady, 109-115,123,130 209
210 I Index Central Committee. See Polish Central Committee Central Committee of Jews in Poland (Centralny Komitet Żydów w Polsce, or CKŻP), 22-24 Central Control Committee (Centralna Komisja Kontroli Partyjnej), 101 Citizens’ Militia Reserves (Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej, ORMO), 122,124-131-134-137-142-145-148-150,154. 157-158 Cold War, 36,41,183,198,202 collaboration, 1-2, 5, 67,91,164-165, 203-204 collectivization, 24 Central Commission for the Investigation of Hitlerite Crimes in Poland, 65,72,78-80, 84,91,165-166 Central Jewish Commission for Social As sistance, 191 Commission for the Protection of Sites of Suffering and Martyrdom (CPSSM), 70,80 communism, 24, 32,45,94,104,125-126, 155-156,199; in Eastern Europe, 5,202; and “enemies of,” 101; end of, 196,206; and ethnonationalism, 38, 40; and Home Army, 21; and Jews, 7,15-16,19-20,30,92, 116,182,185,195, 200; language of, 148; national, 4,31,34,37,39, 42,168,202,204; opposition to, 10,12,115,180; reform of, 3,10, 28,43,107; and Stalinism, 179; and Władysław Gomułka, 178,186; and World Zionist Organization (WZO), 45. See also Żydokomuna (Judeo-communism) Communist Party of Poland (KPP), 19-20, 103,186 concentration camps, 3, 21, 68, 89,146,180, 186; and Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna (The great general encyclopedia), 16, 65, 71, 76,78-80,82, 84,163-164,166. See also Birkenau (Brzezinka); Auschwitz (Oświęcim); Gusen; Holocaust; Mauthau sen; Stutthof Confino, Alon, 67 Connelly, John, 91, 99, 202 Crimea, 25,43 Crooked Circle Club (Klub Krzywego Koła), 98 Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 29,98,131, 204 Czechoslovakia,
15,41,158; Communist Party of, 104,124,184-185; and Jews, 7, 184, 201; and reform, 17,94,123,150; and students, 17,128-129,150; Warsaw Pact invasion of, 9, 95. See also Prague Spring Czytelnik, 56,116 Dajczgewand, Józef, 108,120,128,134,136, 189-190 Dayan, Moshe, 53, 81,136,147,177 Dejmek, Kazimierz, 109,111-112,114,130,153. See also Dziady de-Stalinization, 32, 69,90,124,178 Diner, Dan, 91 dissidents, 10-12,105,116,204-207 Dmowski, Roman, 93 Dobrowolski, Stanisław Ryszard, 114 Documentary Film Studio, 56 Domb, Leopold, 51-52, 60,138,152,192-193 Dubček, Alexander, 17,123,158,199 Duda, Andrzej, 207 Duszeńko, Franciszek, 71 Dziady, 94,108-114,117-119-120,123,127, 129-130,153 East Germany, 31,78 Eastern bloc, 37-38. See also Soviet bloc Eastern Europe, 5,7,9-11,43,99,198, 202 Egypt, 40-41,172-173.184 Eichmann trial, 73-74 Eisenbach, Arthur, 137,167 Eisler, Jerzy, 12 Endecja. See National Democratic Party ethnonationalism, 4,18,38,40,57,63 Etler, Edward, 89 European Union, 91 Faliński, Zbigniew, 180 fascism, 14, 80,125,134,139,156; before World War II, 138,185; and narrative of World War II, 66; and People’s Republic of Poland, 167 Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 64,79, 90,93,136,175,203; and German minority in Poland, 31; and the Holocaust, 66,164; and Israel, 44, 46-47,74,117-118,134,164,
Index Į 211 203; and Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna (The great general encyclopedia), 166; and Zionism, 43,46,184 Fidelis, Malgorzata, 32,95 film, 89-90 Fischer, Artur, 170 Fiternik, Wiktor, 170 Folks Sztyme, 25,50,52,63,87,191-193; editor of, 53,127; and June 1967 War, 56-57,60,138 Friedlander, David, 81 Gontarz, Ryszard, 2,135-136 Górecki, Jan, 152 Górecki, Wiktor, 126,128,189-190 Grudzińska (Gross), Irena, 11,104,107,110, 113,128,152,189-190 Grudziński, Jan, 152 Grynberg, Henryk, 118,166 Gumkowski, Janusz, 65-66,71-72,76,79, 82-83 Gusen, 79 Gdańsk, 65,141-142,144-145,150,162, 168, 204 Gdynia, 144, 204 genocide, 72, 74,82,88,194,197,199 Germany. See East Germany; Federal Re public of Germany (FRG); Nazi Germany ghettos, 51, 68,70-71. See also Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Gierek, Edward, 147-148,150,176 Gliwice, 185 Goldkorn, Józef, 192 Goldmann, Nahum, 44, 47 Gomulka, Władysław, 4, 35, 47-49,101,122, 137, 147-148,175-178,181-188,198-201; and campaign against Polish Jews, 16-17, 38-39, 57-62,65,76,120,160-161,182,195; and Edward Ochab, 29,174; and emigra tion policies, 33; end of reign of, 204; and Germany, 54-55,134; and the Holocaust, 3, 58; and intellectuals, 17,106,108,115, 153-156; and June 1967 War, 54,61,95, 154; and Marian Naszkowski, 171-172; as Minister of the Recovered Territories, 21, 29-30; and nationalism, 8, 23, 26-27, 40, 69,159; opposition to, 16,94-95,100, 106,119,124,136,151-152,155-156; and “Polish path to socialism,” 19, 69, 94; and Polish United Workers Party (PUWP), 36; and Puławians, 28; purge of, 10,23; and reform, 95-96,98,123,155; and Soviet Union,
21, 26-27, 33,95,97,109; speech by, 16, 58, 75, 77,191; and Stalin, 23-24; and TSKŻ, 51, 60-61,191,193; and Wielka En cyklopedia Powszechna (The great general encyclopedia), 77,83; and World War II, 21; and Zionism, 8 Halfin, Igai, 49 Hanebrink, Paul, 6 Haupt, Adam, 71 Hen, Józef, 137 Herzl, Theodor, 149 Himka, John-Paul, 91 Hitler, Adolf, 41,53,146 Holocaust, 3-5,34-35, 67,119,166,185, 187,194; and antisemitism, 137,167; and “blame” of Poland, 46, 66,164; and cen sorship, 89; commemoration of, 5,13, 67, 71,164; and Eichman trial, 73-74; and Isra el, 117,165; and June 1967 War, 41; memory of, 203; narratives of, 73-75,79, 85-87, 90-92,164-165; and rescue, 3,74-75, 91, 182; and Soviet Union, 68; survivors, 41, 70,186; and Władysław Gomułka, 58 Home Army (AK). See Armia Krajowa Hübner, Zygmunt, 110 Hungary, 33,97,104,184,197,201. See also Budapest industrialization, 24 intelligentsia/intellectuals, 18, 54,100,103, 113,180-181,189; academic, 99,102,106, 162,181; and anti-Zionist campaign, 10,13, 200; and censorship, 17,97; in Czechoslo vakia, 94; and emigration, 160; and Israel, 52; and Jerzy Eisler, 12; Jewish, 26, 55-56, 94,109-110; and June 1967 War, 63; leftist, 15,17,106,205; and reform movement, 9,92,94-99,135; and Solidarity, 205; and Soviet Union, 15,21, 25, 27, 56,116; and students, 120,131,151; and Tadeusz Walichnowski, 107; traditional, 110; in Warsaw, 105,108-110,114,116,135; and
212 I Index Władysław Gomulka, 17,154,177; and workers, 129,140,155, 205; and World War II, 76 International Auschwitz Committee, 86,165. See also Auschwitz International Women’s Day, 121,125 Israel, 2, 44-46,47-57, 60, 62-63,163,166, 181; and antisemitism, 136; and anti Zionist campaign, 16,42, 58-69, 77,132, 147,149,169-170,173,198-199; and citizen ship, 3,39; and de-Stalinization, 178; and Eichmann trial, 74; establishment of, 7,10; and immigration from Poland, 23,29-30, 32-ՅՅ, 39-40, 70,116,149,170,191-193.195. 205; and Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 47,74, 79,107-108,117-118,134-135. 164-165, 201; and JDC, 33; and June 1967 War, 4,36,40-42,47-51, 56-57, 61, 64, 107-108,120,122,128,154; and Israel De fense Forces, 22,49; and Ministry of For eign Aifairs, 33,45; Mossad, 73; in Polish press, 36,41,117-118; and reparations, 47, 201; and show trials, 7,201; and TSKŻ, 8, 46, 51, 56, 60-61,138,192; and Władysław Gomulka, 75,187 Jankowski, Witold, 134 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 175,183, 205 Jasienica, Paweł, 120,123,135-136,148,154, 189; and Dziady, 115,153; and Polish Writ ers’ Union, 113,153,163; as vice president of PEN (Poets, Essayists, and Novelists) Club, 111 Jedlicki, Jerzy, 106 Jędrychowski, Stefan, 175-176 Jewish Antifascist Committee (JAC), 25, 43 Jewish Cultural Society (Żydowskie Towar zystwo Kultury w Polsce, or ŻTK), 24-25 Jewish Historical Association, 193 Jewish Historical Institute, 46,72,137,166 Jewish Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts, 68 Jews; and Adam Michnik, 94,134; Antoni Słonimski, 116,154; and communism, 19-20,
22,25,108,116,182,196,200; and emigration, 19, 22, 24,33,45,197, 200-201, 206-207; and Holocaust, 3,34-35, 41, 67, 70, 73-74, 90-91,137,185,187,197; and Jew ish Antifascist Committee (JAC), 43; and Ministry of Internal Affairs, 42,47-48, 53. 56,171,194,199-200; and Mieczysław Moczar, 16,38-39,75,195; and purges, 4, 26,38, 62-63, 122. 152.156.168,177,188, 194.199-200, 206; and Security Services, 6,8, 48,131-132,136-137,199; and Soviet Union, 15, 25,28,39,56, 59,106,116; and Stalinism, 25-26, 28,30, 43,52-53,59, 68,134,177-181; terminology, 8-9; in the United States, 25,73,149; and Władysław Gomułka, 16-17,38-39, 57-62, 65,76, 120,160-161,182,195; and World War II, 6,9,76-77,85,106,110,138,193; and Żydokomuna (Judeo-communism). See also antisemitism; concentration camps; Folks Sztyme; Israel; Jewish Cultural Society (Żydowskie Towarzystwo Kultury w Polsce, or ŻTK); Jewish Historical Association; Jewish Historical Institute; June 1967 War; Polin, Museum of the His tory of Polish Jews; TSKŻ (Towarzystwo Społeczno-Kulturalne Żydów w Polsce); Yiddish; Zionism Jordan, 40 June 1967 War, 4,39-41,106-108,116,120, 133.138,197-198; and Ministry of Internal Affairs, 38, 42, 44, 47-49,56,187; outbreak of, 36,40; and Warsaw Pact, 52; and Władysław Gomulka, 54,95,154 Kaczyński, Jarosław, 207 Kaczyński, Lech, 206-207 Kajzer, Abram, 70 Kąkol, Kazimierz, 74 Kaminska, Ida, 119,193 Kamiski, A. J„ 89 Kasman, Leon, 103-104 Karst, Roman, 137 Katowice, 147-148,150,152,176 Katyn Massacre, 73 Katz, Katriel, 33 Katzenelson, Yitzhak, 71 Kępa, Józef, 127,136-137,147 Khrushchev, Nikita,
26-29,69,93-95,97 Kichelewski, Audrey, 35
Index Kielce, 170 Kijowski, Andrzej, 113-114,116,135,163 Kisielewski, Stefan, 115,135-136,148,154,163, 189 Klafkowski, Alfons, 84-85 Klimaszewski, Mieczysław, 129 Kliszko, Zenon, 101,109,176-177 Kmitowski, Władysław, 181-182 Kołakowski, Leszek, 105,113,115,132,135, 147,162-163, ։9L and expulsion from party, 101-102,106; and Marxism, 94; and reform, 97-98,106 Kole, Ryszarad, 105 Kończewicz, Colonel S., 78 Konrad, Gustaw, 109 Konwicki, Tadeusz, 120 Korman, Jozef, 87 Kosinski, Jerzy, 46 Kotarbiński, Janina, 106 Kotarbiński, Tadeusz, 106 Kraków, 89,129,142,145-146,150-151,168, 170,194; Academy of Fine Arts, 56; and Jagiellonian University, 56,122,129,143; students, 143,151,156; TSKŻ club, 56 Krasko, Wincenty, 112,114 Krasnowiecki, Władysław, 112 Książka i Wiedza, 56 Kuroń, Jacek, 102,106,121123,153,189, 204-205; and Adam Michnik, 120, 204-205; and Dziady, 110; and Leszek Kołakowski, 101; open letter by, 99-100, 128; and prison sentence, 100,108,126, 190-191; and socialism, 97,99-100; and Warsaw University, 100; and ZMS (the Socialist Youth Union), 99. See also Karol Modzelewski Kuryluk, Ewa, 81 Kuryluk, Karol, 76,80-81 Langer, Stanisława, 186 Langer, Tadeusz, 186 Lastik, Salomon, 54 Lasota, Irena, 121,126-127,129,190 Latvia, 1 Law and Justice. See PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość Lederman, Ernest, 137 I 213 Lendvai, Paul, 11 Lendwoń, Józef, 185 Lipski, Jan Józef, 100,189,204-205 Lithuania, 1 Lityński, Jan, 110,121,123,126,170,189-190 Łódź, 139,156-157,162,169-170,180-182, 184,194; ghetto, 70; Film School, 141,168, University of, 122 Loga-Sowiński, Ignacy, 176 Łubieński, Konstanty,
131 Lublin, 71,129,179 Maciejewski, Henryk, 180 Majdanek, 65,71 Majewska, Barbara, 113 Majewski, Janusz, 89 Malski, Wiktor, 180 Manteuffel, Tadeusz, 167-168 Mark, Bernard, 72 Markowa, 1 Marszałek, Leon, 76,80, 82-83 Marxism-Leninism, 28, 34,93-94,102 Mauthausen, 79,85 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 131 Meibaum, Wacław, 170 Melman, Michał, 119 Mendelssohn, Moses, 81 Michnik, Adam, 11,99-101,119-121,126, 161,175, 204, 206; as a “commando” of protests, 189-190; and Dziady, 110-111,119; and Jews, 94,134; and prison sentence, 190; and revisionism, 96-97; and Solidar ity, 205; supporters of, 105-108,120,124, 133,135,154; and TSKŻ, 152; and Warsaw University, 104,111,120,122,137,161,167. See also Szlajfer, Henryk Mickiewicz, Adam, 113-115,148; and Dziady, 94,108-109, in, 113-115,157; monuments, 11,129,141,143,145; as national poet, 108; and nationalism, 110; and Władysław Gomułka, 153 Międzyrzecki, Artur, 113 Miłosz, Czeslaw, 115 Ministry of Internal Affairs, 31,44,100,107, 116-117,160-164,168-169,176-177; and antisemitism, 133,167; and definitions of “Jew,” 8; “ethnic turn” of, 62; and Federal
214 I Index Republic of Germany (FRG), 46; and his torians’ views of, 12-13; and JDC, 43! and Jews, 42, 47-48,53,56,171,194,199-200; and June 1967 War, 38,42, 44, 47,52; and Mieczysław Moczar, 38,77,79,106,134, 184,195, 201, 204; and nationalization of communism, 42,34, 64; and protests, 98i 104,127,129,145,189; and TSKŻ, 48,51, 56, 60-61, 63,139; and Władysław Gomułka, 49, 57, 59-60,96,119,171,195; and the Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna (lhe great general encyclopedia), 16 Moczar, Mieczysław, 79, 81,93,106,142,158, 171,175-176; and Jews, 16,38-39,75,195; and nationalism, 42,159; removal of, 188, 201; and socialism, 42; and TSKŻ, 60; and Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna (The great general encyclopedia), 77; and Władysław Gomulka, 184-185,187,195,204 Modzelewski, Karol, 106,120-121,123,126, 189-191; and Dziady, 110; and Leszek Kołakowski, 101; open letter by, 99-100, 128; and prison sentence, 100,108; and socialism, 97,99; and Warsaw University, 99-100,102; and ZMS (the Socialist Youth Union), 99. See also Jacek Kuroń Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 20,73 Morawiecki, Mateusz, 1-3 Morawski, Jerzy, 119 Morawski, Stefan, 132,162-163,177 Moscow, 21,32-33,109,132,153, 201, 205; and Bolesław Bierut, 23,69; and emigration to Israel, 52; and Great Purge, 20; and Twen tieth Congress of the Communist Party, 27; and Władysław Gomulka, 21, 29, 69, 97,187. See also Russia; Soviet Union Motyka, Lucjan, 109,112 museums. See Auschwitz Museum; Polin, Museum of the History of Polish Jews; Ulma Family Museum of Poles Saving Jews in World War II Muszkat, Józef, 166 Mysłowice, 194 Nagórski, Wiktor, 126
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 41, 51, 53,172-173 Naszkowski, Marian, 171-173,176 national communism, 4,16,31,39,42,168, 202, 204 National Democratic Party (Endecja), 38,93 Natolin group, 27 Nazi Germany, 46-47,54-55,76, 86,89; and occupation of Poland, 1,21,42, 60,70, 82, 88,90-91,153,166, 204; and Operation Reinhard, 65 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 2 Neumark, Andrzej, 161 Nomberg-Przytyk, Sara, 70 Nuremberg trials, 84 O’Bretenny, Zofia, 111 Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny (ONR), 138-139 Obóz Zjednoczenia Narodowego (OZN), 138 Obozy Koncentracyjne Hitlerowskie, 84-85 Ochab, Edward, 27-29,132,172-175 Olszewski, Stephan, 184 Opole, 170 Organization for Rehabilitation through Training (ORT), 35,193 Osęka, Piotr, 13 Ostoja, Adam, 70 Oświęcim, 65, 68,155 Ottoman Empire, 197 Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (PWN, National Scientific Publishers), 76,81,83 Parandowski, Jan, 112 PAX, 84,112,134,184-185 PEN (Poets, Essayists, and Novelists) Club, 111-112,137 People’s Republic of Poland, 57,68, 94, 98, 100,111,114,156; and antisemitism, 167; and Jews, 180,201 Peretz, Y. L., 25 Piętek, Henryk, 60 Piasecki, Bolesław, 134,139 Piątowski, Józef, 168 Pilìchowski, Czesław, 78-79,165-166 Piłsudski, Józef, 103,168 PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (Law and Justice), 2 Piwnica, Bolesław, 162 pogrom, 20,31,137-138. See also antisemitism
Index Poland, army of, 23,28,31,135,175,186, 204-205; anticommunism in, 5, 2-21,116, 135, 183; and collaboration, 1-2, 5, 67,9í, 164, 2O4;Committee for Public Security, 26,96; Constitution of, 130,142,158; and de-Stalinization, 32, 69,90,124,178; and emigration of Jews from, 3,19, 22, 24, 33, 45 59, 166,171,197,200,201, 206-207; and expulsion of Germans from, 21, 23, 29-30, 50, 64; and expulsion of Ukrainians from, 21, 23; and government-in-exile, 21, 69-70; and Ministry for Arts and Culture, 62, 79, 85,112,114,161,164; and Ministry for Chemical Industry, 62; and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 45, 56, 81,142,171-173; and Ministry of Health, 56,105,175; and Min istry of the Interior, 16, 66,75-76,78-79; and Ministry of Justice, 78, 83-84,105; and Ministry of Public Security, 26, 96, 180; Politburo of, 27,171-178,182,186-188, 204; pre-partition, 109,140; and Recov ered Territories, 21, 30; and State Publish ing House, 49,164,166. See also Ministry of Internal Affairs; People’s Republic of Poland; Security Services Polin, Museum of the History of Polish Jews, 18, 207 Polish Central Committee, 48,103,109,132, 139,174; Academic Department, 99; build ing, 126; Educational Department, 104; groups/debates within, 27,104; and Stalin ism, 26, 97,103; and Władysław Gomułka, 29, 95, 101,124,184 Polish Communist Youth Union, 105 Polish National Theater, 108,111 Polish News Agency (PAP), 50,56 Polish Radio, 167 Polish-Soviet War, 20 Polish United Workers’ Party (Polska Zjed noczona Partia Robotnicza, or PUWP), 11, 27,156,189,195; and antisemitism, 18; De partment of Education, 80;
Fifth Congress, 82; and hard-liners of, 79; history of, 23; and nationalization of communism, 31; and protests, 4; and Wielka Encyklopedia Pow szechna (The great general encyclopedia), 65-66,78; and Władysław Gomulka, 36 I 215 Polish Writers’ Union, 111,113-117,123,135, 153,163 Polska Kasa Opieki (РеКаО), 53 Polska Partia Socjalistyczna (PPS, Polish Socialist Party), 104 Pomerania, 29 Pomian, Krzystof, 132 Porter-Szűcs, Brian, 3 Poznań, 28, 84,141,143,145-146 Poznański, Jakub, 70 Prague, 7,9,95,140,150, 201 Prague Spring, 9,95 propaganda, 11-14, 43-46,103-104,109,136, 200; and antisemitism, 115,178-179; antiJewish, 117; anti-Zionist, 14,74,175,177; campaign, 122,145,189; department, 180, 184; and Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 79,135; and June 1967 War, 36; Nazi, 7; and rescue, 2; Soviet, 25; and Władysław Gomułka, 55 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 182. See also antisemitism Przetakiewicz, Zygmunt, 184-185 purges, 13,90,107,158,160-162,168-171,174, 205; and Adam Michnik, 104; of army, 175, 186; anti-Zionist, 17,173,177,191,195; and Jews, 4, 26,38, 62-63,122 152 156, 168, 177,188,194,199-200, 206; ofPWN, 83; of Radio and Television Committee, 170; and Stalinism, 20,170; of State Publish ing House, 164,166; and Władysław Gomulka, 4, 23,76,156 Putrament, Jerzy, 93,103,114-115,183 radio, 3,29,103,117,147,162,167,170-171; and censorship, 97; and Department of Press and Radio, 87; and speech by Władysław Gomułka, 59. See also Radio Free Europe Radio Free Europe, 26, 52,98,103,118,141 Rakowski, Mieczysław, 49,103 Rapacki, Adam, 142,171 reparations, 47, 74,117 Righteous
among the Nations, 2. See also Holocaust RNR-Falanga, 184 Rokossovsky, Konstantin, 23 Romania, 33, 41,197
216 I Index Różewicz, Tadeusz, 90 Runge, Jerzy, 170 Rusinek, Kazimierz, 79-83,85-86,164 Russia, 3, 20, 29, 40,125; and Adam Mick iewicz, 157; and Dziady, 108-109,121; and Jewish intellectuals, 116; and October Revolution, 20; and World War 1,93,197. See also Soviet Union Rutkiewicz, Jan Wojciech, 105 Rutkowski, Adam, 71,137 Rybicki, Marcin, 105 Rybicki, Zygmunt, 124 Rzeszów, 147 Satat, Dov, 41, 54 schools, 94-95,129,133,140,145,170,185,193; and anti-Jewish violence, 30; and high school students, 135,144,150,155; and the Holocaust, 66, 73; Jewish, 9, 25,139, 191; and Łódź Film School, 141,168; and Organization for Rehabilitation through Training (ORT), 35,191; and TSKŻ, 60 Security Services (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa), 121,127,135,145,157,162-163,166-169; and Adolf Berman, 23; and antisemitism, 118,120; and “commandos,” 120; and defections from, 26; and Dziady, 117,119, 123; and Jews, 6, 8,48,131-132,136-137, 199; and June 1967 War, 107,133,197; and open letter by Kuroń and Modzelewski, 99-100; and Polish Writers’ Union, 111, 113,123; and students, 99,119-120,124-125, 130,136,141-142,144,150; and TSKŻ, 51; and Władysław Gomulka, 96; and World Zionist Organization (WZO), 44 Sejm (Polish Parliament), 95,102,111,131, 139-140,158 Sfard, David, 11,17, 25,51-54, 60-61,118,192 Sfard, Leon, 157-158,192 Sfard, Regina, 17 Sforim, Mendele Mojcher, 25 show trials, 7, 43,185,201 Sidor, Kazimierz, 172-173 Sierakowiak, Dawid, 70 Silber, Marcos, 33,39 Silesia, 29-31,141,147 Slánský, Rudolf, 185,201 Śląsk, 56,147 Slezkine, Yuri, 15,116 Słonimski, Antoni, 106,113,115,120,135,148, 163; and Dziady,
112; and Jews, 116,154 Słupecki, Tadeusz, 88 Smolar, Aleksander, 121,127-128,132,152, 189,192 Smolar, Hirsch, 53,127,152,192 Snyder, Timothy, 10 Social Cultural Association of Jews in Po land (Towarzystwo Społeczno-Kulturalne Żydów w Polsce). See TSKŻ Solidarity (Solidarność), 5,121,150, 205 Soviet bloc, 10,24,26,33,93,121,187,198 Soviet Communist Party, 26-27,29,39,44 Soviet Union, 15,19-30, 50, 93,109,148-149, 187; Army of, 7,153; and “doctors’ plot,” 7; and the Holocaust, 68,73; and Hungary, 95, 97,184, 201; and Israel, 47, 49, 53; and Jewish Antifascist Committee (JAC), 43; and Jewish immigration policies, 33, 59, 189, 201; and Jews, 15, 25, 28,39, 56, 59, 106,116; and Józef Pilsudski, 168; and June 1967 War, 36, 40-41, 47, 49, 5^-53, 95,122,198; and Nikita Khrushchev, 69; and NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), 43; and Polish Jews during World War II, 21-22,30, 32,180; and Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs, 42, 53; press, 47, 56-57; and relations with Poland, 19,153,156,199; satellites states of, 26,121; Security Services of, 43; and Stalinism, 68; and Wielka Encyk lopedia Powszechna (The great general encyclopedia), 73, 78; and Władysław Gomułka, 54, 58; and women, 32,96; and Żydokomuna (Judeo-communism), 7. See also Soviet bloc; Stalin; Stalinism; Warsaw Pact Spanish Civil War, 177 Spychalski, Marian, 174 Sródborów, 193 Stalin, Josef, 25,27,96,103; and antisemi tism, 10; death of, 7, 26, 69; and denuncia tion by Khrushchev, 93; and Poland, 20; purges, 20; and Władysław Gomulka, 23-24
Index Stalinism, 8-9,29,37, 97,100,136,140, 173-174; and antisemitism, 10,167; and cosmopolitans, 155; crimes of, 7, 27-28,39, 200; and Dziady, 109; establishment of in Poland, 23; as Jewish, 177,181; and Jews, 25-26, 28,30,43, 52-53, 59,68,134,177-181; and Marxism, 94; in Poland, 31-34, 51, 59, 68, 97,100,104-105,125-126; and Polish Writers’ Union, 115; and Pulawian reformist faction, 28; and purges, 170; and Roman Werfel, 132; and Roman Zam browski, 56,132; and socialist realism, 96; and terror, 26; and Władysław Gomułka, 95,106,153. See also de-Stalinization Staszewski, Stefan, 53,77,163 Staszewski, Stanislaw, 148 State Yiddish Theater Troupe, 118 Stola, Dariusz, 12,31,207 Stomma, Stanisław, 131 Stutthof, 65, 82, 85. See also concentration camps Suez crisis, 184 Suzin, L. Μ., 68 Światło, Józef, 26,178 Świtała, Kazimierz, 62-63,79,187 Syria, 40, 54 Szadaj, Jakub, 162 Szczecin, 41,144-145,204 Szechter, Ozjasz, 110 Szlajfer, Henryk, 108,119-124,126,133-134. 136-137,154,161,189-190; and Warsaw University, 111,122,124,133,137. See also Adam Michnik Sznek, Zygfryd, 51 Sztachelski, Jerzy, 104,175 Szyr, Eugeniusz, 177 Szyr, Joanna, 104 TASS (Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union), 56 Tenenbaum, Natan, 50,137 Tenenblat Samuel, 192 Titkow, Walenty, 175 Toeplitz, Jerzy, 168 Topolski, Fryderyk, 152 Toruń, 145 Toruńczyk, Barbara, 94,105,120,126,189-190 I 217 Toruńczyk, Romana, 105 Treblinka, 68,71. See also concentration camps TSKŻ (Towarzystwo Społeczno-Kulturalne Żydów w Polsce), 9, 46,52-53, 56-57, 138-139,151-152,162,166; after 1968, 201; as antinationalist, 34; and anti-Zionist
cam paign, 60-61, 63, 88,191-193; budget of, 42; and charter of, 24; and Club Babel, 49-51, 128,135-137; collapse of, 195; and David Sfard, 11,25,51; and foreign funding, 35; and Leon Sfard, 157; and Leopold Domb, 51, 60,138,152; and magazine Nasz Glos, 50; membership of, 34, 42; and Ministry of Internal Affairs, 48, 51, 56; and “Reunion ’68,” 206; and World War II, 25 Turski, Stanisław, 120 Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 27, 69 Ukraine/Ukranians, 1, 21, 23,32, 64,197 Ulma Family Museum of Poles Saving Jews in World War II, 1 Union of Polish Theater Artists, 112 United States, 44-46,90,105,119,151,202, 206; and anti-Zionist campaign, 184,187; Army, 85; and Israel, 41,198-199; and June 1967 War, 198; and State Yiddish Theater, 118; and TSKŻ, 60; Uris, Leon, 46 Vienna, 86 Volksdeutsche, 135-136 Waitz, Robert, 166 Wałbrzych, 30-31 Walczak, Krystyna, 118 Walczak, Stanisław, 78, 80 Walichnowski, Tadeusz, 43-45, 47,108,117 Waniołka, Franciszek, 176 Warsaw, 119-120,123,147,154,162,167-168, 194-195 198. 205; Academy of Fine Arts, 126; and Communist Party, 48, 55,174,182; intellectuals, 55,105,108-110,114,116-117, 135; interwar, 30; and Israel, 30,33,173; and Jewish emigration, 194; and June 1967 War, 48, 52,56; and Natolin group, 27; and Nikita Khrushchev, 27,29; police, 53,158;
218 I Index and Polin, 18; and protests, 81, in, 125-129, 144-145,149,157; and Security Services, 50; students, 49-50,122,134,136-138, 141-145,148-152,156-157; synagogue, 53; Umschlagplatz, 68; and Władysław Gomułka, 187-188; Writers’ Union, 111, 114,116,135,153 Warsaw Committee (Komitet Warszawski), 101-102,104-105,174 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 67-69,71,138-139, 167 Warsaw Pact, 9, 29, 41,52,95 Warsaw Polytechnic, 122,127-128,139-140, 142,157 Warsaw University, 99,101-104,130,136,147, 162; and Adam Michnik, 100,106-107, 111,120,122; and Antoni Zambrowski, 133; and Dziady, 109,123; and Leszek Kołakowski, 101-102,162; Philosophy Department, 49,131; and protests, 121-122, 124-132,134,145,157-158; rector of, 120, 130; senate, 131,142-143; and Tadeusz Walichnowski, 44 Warsaw Uprising, 21,71 Ważyk, Adam, 120 Web, Marek, 137 Weber, Kurt, 90 Werblan, Andrzej, 99,103-104,188 Werfel, Katarzyna, 132,134 Werfel, Roman, 132,134,177 West Germany. See Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) Whol, Andrzej, 167 Wicha, Władysław, 177 Wieczorek, Paweł, 31 Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna (The great general encyclopedia), 16, 66-67,77-85, 87, 89-90,113,119,165; entry on concentra tion camps, 65,71,78,163,163-164,166 Wiernik, Bronisław, 90 Wiesenthal, Simon, 85-86 Winnicki, Bronisław, 170 women, 19,32, 96,105,121 Workers’ Defense Committee (Komitet Obrony Robotników, KOR), 204-205 World Jewish Congress, 35 World War 1,7,93,197 World War II, 7,51,94,104,109,125,128, 134,156,181; and the Central Commis sion for the Investigation of Hitlerite Crimes in Poland, 72; and censorship, 88-89; commemoration of,
67, 73,75; and de-Stalinization, 69; and expulsion of Germans from Poland, 30, 64; and Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 46; and June 1967 War, 41; and legislation, 1, 47; memorialization of, 16, 203; narratives of, 3-5,66,81-82,92,164; and Polish Jews, 6,9, 76-77, 85,106,110,138,193; and Polish nationalism, 2; and Polish “partisans,” 42; and Polish underground, 168; and Soviet Union, 7, 43, 69,180; and veterans, 76,91; and Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 68; and Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna (The great general encyclopedia), 65-66, 76, 81,87,90,163; and Władysław Gomułka, 58, 60; and women, 105,121; and Zionism, 166,177; and Żydokomuna (Judeo-communism), 6-7, 200. See also concentration camps; Armia Krajowa (AK, or Home Army), Holocaust; Jewish Antifascist Committee (JAC) World Rabbinical Assembly, 140 World Zionist Congress, 71 World Zionist Organization (WZO), 43-47 Woroszylski, Wiktor, 113 Wróblewski, 83 Wroclaw, 30,121,143-144,149,151,157, 168-170,194; Jewish school, 139; and June 1967 War, 41-42, 54; Polytechnic, 141; TSKŻ, 56; University of, 122,141 Wygodzki, Stanisław, 89,116-117,166 Wyszyński, Cardinal, 53,95 Yalta Conference, 46,73 Yiddish, 25, 35, 67-68,70,118-119,139,179, 192-193; and 1930s Poland, 195; and Folks Styme, 25, 50,87,138,191; and Polish Jewry, 9; press, 26; and TSKŻ, 25,139,195· See also Folks Sztyme·, State Yiddish Theater; TSKŻ Zabłocki, Janusz, 131 Załuski, Zbigniew, 113
Index Zambrowski, Antoni, 56,119,132-134.167, 189-190 Zambrowski, Roman, 29,134,148,163,177; and Nikita Khrushchev, 27; removal from the party, 152; and Stalinism, 56,132; and Władysław Gomułka, 119 Zawadzki, Aleksander, 27,29 Zawadzki, Kazimierz, 79-80,82-83 Zawieyski, Jerzy, 131 Żegota (Rada Pomocy Żydom), 75 Zimand, Roman, 132 Zionism, 47,116,152,161,163,170-171, 175-184,190; and antisemitism, 145; and anti-Zionism, 9,139,151,160,183, 201; and Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 46; and Polks Sztyme, 192; and Ministry of Internal Affairs, 43; as Jewish nationalism, 6-7,34, 44, 63,202; and Polish press, 149, 198; and show trials, 7,201; and students, 95.139-140,146,194; and Theodor Herzl, 149; and TSKŻ, 8,34,138; and Wielka Į 219 Encyklopedia Powszechna (The great gen eral encyclopedia), 16, 66; and Władysław Gomułka, 8,154,182,184,186,188; and “World Zionism,” 42,108,164,187,197, 199-200; and Yiddish press, 26 Znak, 131,184 ZRWM (Zwąizek Religijny Wyznania Mojżeszowego, Religious Union of the Jewish Faith), 34-35, 53, 63 Zubrzycki, Geneviève, 66 Związek Bojowników o Wolność і Demokrację (Society of Fighters for Free dom and Democracy, or ZBoWiD), 76, 79-82, 91,139,146,165,167 Związek Młodzieży Socjalistycznej (ZMS, the Socialist Youth Union), 99,106,126, 145 Żydokomuna (Judeo-communism), 110,116, 196; and anti-Zionist campaign, 15,17,178, 188; emergence of, 7; and fascist right, 138; resurfacing of, 200 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Plocker, Anat ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1255374349 |
| author_facet | Plocker, Anat ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Plocker, Anat ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | a p ap |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047867313 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 8280 NY 4770 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1302255911 (DE-599)BVBBV047867313 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1967-1968 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1967-1968 |
| format | Book |
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Jh.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1255374349</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The expulsion of Jews from communist Poland</subfield><subfield code="b">memory wars and homeland anxieties</subfield><subfield code="c">Anat Plocker</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Bloomington</subfield><subfield code="b">Indiana University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2022</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xvi, 219 Seiten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">The modern Jewish experience</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"In March 1968, against the background of the Six-Day War, a campaign of antisemitism and anti-Zionism swept through Poland. 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| geographic | Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV047867313 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:19:32Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:23:33Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780253058652 9780253058669 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033249828 |
| oclc_num | 1302255911 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-384 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 DE-12 DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-384 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 DE-12 DE-521 |
| physical | xvi, 219 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220502 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Indiana University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | The modern Jewish experience |
| spelling | Plocker, Anat ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1255374349 aut The expulsion of Jews from communist Poland memory wars and homeland anxieties Anat Plocker Bloomington Indiana University Press 2022 xvi, 219 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The modern Jewish experience "In March 1968, against the background of the Six-Day War, a campaign of antisemitism and anti-Zionism swept through Poland. The Expulsion of Jews from Communist Poland is the first full-length study of the events, their precursors, and the aftermath of this turbulent period. Plocker offers a new framework for understanding how this antisemitic campaign was motivated by a genuine fear of Jewish influence and international power. She sheds new light on the internal dynamics of the communist regime in Poland, stressing the importance of middle-level functionaries, whose dislike and fear of Jews had an unmistakable impact on the evolution of party policy. The Expulsion of Jews from Communist Poland examines how Communist Party leader Wladyslaw Gomulka's anti-Zionist rhetoric spiraled out of hand and opened up a fraught Pandora's box of old assertions that Jews controlled the Communist Party, the revival of nationalist chauvinism, and a witch hunt in universities and workplaces that conjured up ugly memories of Nazi Germany"-- Geschichte 1967-1968 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Vertreibung (DE-588)4063299-4 gnd rswk-swf Antisemitismus (DE-588)4002333-3 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Jews / Poland / History / 20th century Poland / History / March Events, 1968 Antisemitism / Poland / History / 20th century Poland / Politics and government / 1945-1980 Communism / Poland / History / 20th century Antisemitism Communism Jews Politics and government Poland 1900-1999 History Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s Antisemitismus (DE-588)4002333-3 s Vertreibung (DE-588)4063299-4 s Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Geschichte 1967-1968 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-253-05864-5 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033249828&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033249828&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033249828&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Plocker, Anat ca. 20./21. Jh The expulsion of Jews from communist Poland memory wars and homeland anxieties Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Vertreibung (DE-588)4063299-4 gnd Antisemitismus (DE-588)4002333-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4063299-4 (DE-588)4002333-3 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | The expulsion of Jews from communist Poland memory wars and homeland anxieties |
| title_auth | The expulsion of Jews from communist Poland memory wars and homeland anxieties |
| title_exact_search | The expulsion of Jews from communist Poland memory wars and homeland anxieties |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The expulsion of Jews from communist Poland memory wars and homeland anxieties |
| title_full | The expulsion of Jews from communist Poland memory wars and homeland anxieties Anat Plocker |
| title_fullStr | The expulsion of Jews from communist Poland memory wars and homeland anxieties Anat Plocker |
| title_full_unstemmed | The expulsion of Jews from communist Poland memory wars and homeland anxieties Anat Plocker |
| title_short | The expulsion of Jews from communist Poland |
| title_sort | the expulsion of jews from communist poland memory wars and homeland anxieties |
| title_sub | memory wars and homeland anxieties |
| topic | Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Vertreibung (DE-588)4063299-4 gnd Antisemitismus (DE-588)4002333-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Juden Politik Vertreibung Antisemitismus Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033249828&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033249828&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033249828&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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