Novgorod i Venecija: sravnitelʹno-istoričeskie očerki stanovlenija respublikanskogo stroja = Novgorod and Venice : two republican models : essays in comparative history
Новгород и Венеция сравнительно-исторические очерки становления республиканского строя
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian |
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Sankt-Peterburg
Izdatelʹstvo Evropejskogo universiteta v Sankt-Peterburge
2022
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| Schriftenreihe: | Res publica
vyp. 15 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 301 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9785943803390 |
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ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ От автора ■7֊ Введение •9· Глава I «Политический народ» и «народные собрания» в Новгороде и Венеции •24· § 1. Populus и arengo в Венеции ■30· § 2. «Весь Новгород» как республиканское понятие и республиканский институт .47. § 3. Интронизация в Новгороде и Венеции как республиканская церемония •88· Глава II Конфликты и способы их разрешения: судьбы средневековой «демократии» в Новгороде и Венеции ■ 108 · § 1. Вечевая стихия в Новгороде. и в Венеции • 108· § 2. Рождение совета из духа конфликта — Венеция •134·
Оглавление § 3. Как быть с вечем? — Новгород •163· Глава III Политическая «мифология», или Почему в Новгороде не сложилась республиканская идеология ■179· § I. Гостомысл и Паолуччо Анафесто ■179· § 2. Варяжская и троянская легенды • 194· § 3- Святая София и святой Марк •2X3· Заключение •242· Библиография ■253· Список сокращений •272· Указателъ личных имен ■ эт нографический указателъ -29X- Summary ■ 298 ·
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ От автора •7· Введение ■9· Глава I «Политический народ» и «народные собрания» в Новгороде и Венеции ■24· § 1. Populus и arengo в Венеции •30· § 2. «Весь Новгород» как республиканское понятие и республиканский институт • 47· § 3. Интронизация в Новгороде и Венеции как республиканская церемония ■88· Глава II Конфликты и способы их разрешения: судьбы средневековой «демократии» в Новгороде и Венеции •Ю8· § 1. Вечевая стихия в Новгороде. и в Венеции ■108· § 2. Рождение совета из духа конфликта — Венеция •134· •5·
Оглавление § з. Как быть с вечем? — Новгород •163· Глава III Политическая «мифология», или Почему в Новгороде не сложилась республиканская идеология •179· § i. Гостомысл и Паолуччо Анафесто •179· § 2. Варяжская и троянская легенды •194· § 3. Святая София и святой Марк •213֊ Заключение •242՛ Библиография •253· Список сокращений ■272· Указателъ личных имен •273· Географический указателъ • 291 · Summary • 298·
SUMMARY Pavel У Lukin Novgorod and Venice: Two Republican Models. Essays in Comparative History EUSP Press, 2022. — 302 pp., ISBN 978-5-94380-339-0 The book provides a comparative historical study of selected aspects ofthe political system in the Novgorod Republic (12th century—1478) and Venice of the ducal period (età ducale) and the early stage of the communal period (l’età del comune), i. e. the 9th — early 13th century. The question of whether Novgorod can be considered in the context of European medieval urban communal history is debated in modern historiography. The answer to this question is only pos sible within the framework of the comparative historical research, which implies an extensive study of the sources related to the subjects and problems under consideration, and takes into account the historical context. The choice of Venice as an object of compari son with Novgorod is justified by a number of reasons, which inclu de the comparable size of the territory and the nature of the rela tionship between the centre and the periphery; the lack of direct continuity with any ancient political centres; the specific evolution of the republican system based on long-term development. In the book, information related to both Novgorod and Veni ce is not excerpted from historiography, but from various primary sources, including narrative and documentary ones, which are subjected to the most thorough source analysis. The author takes into account the latest findings on the dating of documents, the textual criticism of chronicles, and the reliability of their accounts.
• 298 ·
Summary The study is focused on three topics, each of which is discus sed in the relevant chapter: i) particular features of the communities eligible to participate in political life in Novgorod and Venice, related ceremonies and political rhetoric, and a comparison of political institutions that expressed their will — the Novgorod veche and the Venetian assembly of freemen (arengo, contio, piatitami; 2) diffe rent historical destinies of these political institutions in Novgorod and Venice and the impact of these differences on the characteristi cs and evolution of the republican system in Novgorod and Venice; 3) the formation and nature of republican ideology in Novgorod and Venice, i. e. similarities and differences, the impact of these differences on the historical destinies of the republics. These aspects by no means cover the entire possible range of comparisons hence the book is titled ‘essays’. The author emphasizes the key aspects based on the perspective of his own research. The concept of‘republic’ is used in the book in a more applied sense than in canonical political theories. As is customary in historio graphy, a ‘republic’ is understood as a system that had developed or was developing in such a non-monarchical, sufficiently large and in dependent political entity, which significantly exceeded the classical urban communes ofthe Middle Ages. Such a political system is based on the power of the community, which includes a population of free men that exercise their powers through the collegiate bodies (assem blies, councils) and elected magistrates. The
republican ideology is understood as an explicitly formulated system ofviews that is designed to justify the right of this community to exist autonomously and establish the appropriate institutions. The author relies on a wide range of sources both for Venice and Novgorod, including narrative accounts (chronicles and Rus’ letopisi} and documents. As for the first ones, the earliest and most reliable texts are considered, and special attention is paid to their •299·
Π. В. Лукин ■ Новгород и Венеция: сравнительно-исторические очерки. characteristics from the source study perspective. Documentary sources are of particular relevance, as they are the most reliable accounts and have clearer dating. For Venice, we can highlight promissiones (oaths of office) ofthe doges and the earliest surviving acts, and for Novgorod, there are Russian charters and Middle Low Ger man documents related to the activities of the Hanseatic Kontor). The selection of sources does not pretend to be exhaustive, and is determined by the objectives of the study. The principal conclusion is that the ‘democratic’ interpretation of the Novgorod Republic prevailing in historiography, which focu ses on the image of the popular assembly I veche as the ideal repre sentative of the ‘correct’ republican system, does not help to create an internally consistent model that would correspond to the sources and explain the historical fate of Novgorod in the 14th — 15th century. Other factors come to the fore. 1. Consolidation of the political community into a fairly com pact group of townspeople enjoyingfull rights. The form of political institutions played a minor role here. However, the studied cases of Venice and Novgorod demonstrate that the preservation of the popular assembly, let alone its leading role in the political system, as it was in Novgorod, could lead to instability, unrest and the inability for the elites to pursue a policy that could be unpopular among a significant part of the population. On the contrary, the virtual elimi nation of the popular assembly
along with minimizing the monar chical element of the political system (the doge) could contribute to the consolidation ofthe elites and to the strengthening and develop ment of more complex republican institutions, which is what hap pened in Venice. At the same time, the political system in Venice did not lose its republican nature. 2. Consistent building of the republican political identity under an almost total domination of monarchies and providentialist • 300·
Summary ideas. Such an identity must have included both the idea of the re public’s right to independence and the justification ofthe republican system itself. In Venice, it was successfully implemented fairly ear ly, when the cult of St. Mark, the Trojan legend and the myth of the first doge arose to serve these purposes. Certain similar attempts were also made in Novgorod, especially in the 15th century. Among them were the actualization of the myth of Gostomysl and the Va rangian legend, some aspects of hagiographie texts related to the veneration of the icon Our Lady ofthe Sign (Panagia), and the cult of St. Sophia, a new expression “All Lord Sovereign Novgorod the Gre at” (ves’gospodin gospodar’ Velikiy Novgorod). However, these trends had not been brought to a close. This was largely given by the fact that Novgorod society traditionally considered itself a part of the Rus’ in its broad sense, and it was also viewed as a hereditary pos session of the Grand Dukes of Vladimir from the second half of the 13th century. Meanwhile, the process of consolidation of the lands of Rus’ around Moscow started as early as in the second half of the 14th century, and a unified Russian state was formed at the end ofthe 15th century. In contrast, Italian unification did not come until the mid-i9th century hence Venice did not experience the same pressure as Novgorod. Thus, the survival of medieval republics was not so much determined by the consistency ofthe political system with the ideals of liberal democracy unknown at that time. It was much more im portant to consolidate the
political community and form the mytho logy that would prove its eternal independence and the right of its specific system to exist both to the population of the republic itself and to the elites of neighbouring countries. There were a number of other factors that prevented the survival of Novgorod as an indepen dent political entity. It was the balance of power between Novgorod and the nascent Muscovy, the absence of direct access to the sea and • 301·
П. В. Лукин · Новгород и Венеция: сравнительно-исторические очерки. its own fleet (unlike Venice), archaic military organization compared to Moscow, etc. Along with those factors, the preservation of the veche as an arena for clashes between various clans and the lack of distinct symbols and ideology of independence led to the events of the second halfofthe 15th century and the downfall ofthe Novgorod Republic. Bayerische Staatsbibnethek München |
| adam_txt |
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ От автора ■7֊ Введение •9· Глава I «Политический народ» и «народные собрания» в Новгороде и Венеции •24· § 1. Populus и arengo в Венеции ■30· § 2. «Весь Новгород» как республиканское понятие и республиканский институт .47. § 3. Интронизация в Новгороде и Венеции как республиканская церемония •88· Глава II Конфликты и способы их разрешения: судьбы средневековой «демократии» в Новгороде и Венеции ■ 108 · § 1. Вечевая стихия в Новгороде. и в Венеции • 108· § 2. Рождение совета из духа конфликта — Венеция •134·
Оглавление § 3. Как быть с вечем? — Новгород •163· Глава III Политическая «мифология», или Почему в Новгороде не сложилась республиканская идеология ■179· § I. Гостомысл и Паолуччо Анафесто ■179· § 2. Варяжская и троянская легенды • 194· § 3- Святая София и святой Марк •2X3· Заключение •242· Библиография ■253· Список сокращений •272· Указателъ личных имен ■ эт нографический указателъ -29X- Summary ■ 298 ·
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ От автора •7· Введение ■9· Глава I «Политический народ» и «народные собрания» в Новгороде и Венеции ■24· § 1. Populus и arengo в Венеции •30· § 2. «Весь Новгород» как республиканское понятие и республиканский институт • 47· § 3. Интронизация в Новгороде и Венеции как республиканская церемония ■88· Глава II Конфликты и способы их разрешения: судьбы средневековой «демократии» в Новгороде и Венеции •Ю8· § 1. Вечевая стихия в Новгороде. и в Венеции ■108· § 2. Рождение совета из духа конфликта — Венеция •134· •5·
Оглавление § з. Как быть с вечем? — Новгород •163· Глава III Политическая «мифология», или Почему в Новгороде не сложилась республиканская идеология •179· § i. Гостомысл и Паолуччо Анафесто •179· § 2. Варяжская и троянская легенды •194· § 3. Святая София и святой Марк •213֊ Заключение •242՛ Библиография •253· Список сокращений ■272· Указателъ личных имен •273· Географический указателъ • 291 · Summary • 298·
SUMMARY Pavel У Lukin Novgorod and Venice: Two Republican Models. Essays in Comparative History EUSP Press, 2022. — 302 pp., ISBN 978-5-94380-339-0 The book provides a comparative historical study of selected aspects ofthe political system in the Novgorod Republic (12th century—1478) and Venice of the ducal period (età ducale) and the early stage of the communal period (l’età del comune), i. e. the 9th — early 13th century. The question of whether Novgorod can be considered in the context of European medieval urban communal history is debated in modern historiography. The answer to this question is only pos sible within the framework of the comparative historical research, which implies an extensive study of the sources related to the subjects and problems under consideration, and takes into account the historical context. The choice of Venice as an object of compari son with Novgorod is justified by a number of reasons, which inclu de the comparable size of the territory and the nature of the rela tionship between the centre and the periphery; the lack of direct continuity with any ancient political centres; the specific evolution of the republican system based on long-term development. In the book, information related to both Novgorod and Veni ce is not excerpted from historiography, but from various primary sources, including narrative and documentary ones, which are subjected to the most thorough source analysis. The author takes into account the latest findings on the dating of documents, the textual criticism of chronicles, and the reliability of their accounts.
• 298 ·
Summary The study is focused on three topics, each of which is discus sed in the relevant chapter: i) particular features of the communities eligible to participate in political life in Novgorod and Venice, related ceremonies and political rhetoric, and a comparison of political institutions that expressed their will — the Novgorod veche and the Venetian assembly of freemen (arengo, contio, piatitami; 2) diffe rent historical destinies of these political institutions in Novgorod and Venice and the impact of these differences on the characteristi cs and evolution of the republican system in Novgorod and Venice; 3) the formation and nature of republican ideology in Novgorod and Venice, i. e. similarities and differences, the impact of these differences on the historical destinies of the republics. These aspects by no means cover the entire possible range of comparisons hence the book is titled ‘essays’. The author emphasizes the key aspects based on the perspective of his own research. The concept of‘republic’ is used in the book in a more applied sense than in canonical political theories. As is customary in historio graphy, a ‘republic’ is understood as a system that had developed or was developing in such a non-monarchical, sufficiently large and in dependent political entity, which significantly exceeded the classical urban communes ofthe Middle Ages. Such a political system is based on the power of the community, which includes a population of free men that exercise their powers through the collegiate bodies (assem blies, councils) and elected magistrates. The
republican ideology is understood as an explicitly formulated system ofviews that is designed to justify the right of this community to exist autonomously and establish the appropriate institutions. The author relies on a wide range of sources both for Venice and Novgorod, including narrative accounts (chronicles and Rus’ letopisi} and documents. As for the first ones, the earliest and most reliable texts are considered, and special attention is paid to their •299·
Π. В. Лукин ■ Новгород и Венеция: сравнительно-исторические очерки. characteristics from the source study perspective. Documentary sources are of particular relevance, as they are the most reliable accounts and have clearer dating. For Venice, we can highlight promissiones (oaths of office) ofthe doges and the earliest surviving acts, and for Novgorod, there are Russian charters and Middle Low Ger man documents related to the activities of the Hanseatic Kontor). The selection of sources does not pretend to be exhaustive, and is determined by the objectives of the study. The principal conclusion is that the ‘democratic’ interpretation of the Novgorod Republic prevailing in historiography, which focu ses on the image of the popular assembly I veche as the ideal repre sentative of the ‘correct’ republican system, does not help to create an internally consistent model that would correspond to the sources and explain the historical fate of Novgorod in the 14th — 15th century. Other factors come to the fore. 1. Consolidation of the political community into a fairly com pact group of townspeople enjoyingfull rights. The form of political institutions played a minor role here. However, the studied cases of Venice and Novgorod demonstrate that the preservation of the popular assembly, let alone its leading role in the political system, as it was in Novgorod, could lead to instability, unrest and the inability for the elites to pursue a policy that could be unpopular among a significant part of the population. On the contrary, the virtual elimi nation of the popular assembly
along with minimizing the monar chical element of the political system (the doge) could contribute to the consolidation ofthe elites and to the strengthening and develop ment of more complex republican institutions, which is what hap pened in Venice. At the same time, the political system in Venice did not lose its republican nature. 2. Consistent building of the republican political identity under an almost total domination of monarchies and providentialist • 300·
Summary ideas. Such an identity must have included both the idea of the re public’s right to independence and the justification ofthe republican system itself. In Venice, it was successfully implemented fairly ear ly, when the cult of St. Mark, the Trojan legend and the myth of the first doge arose to serve these purposes. Certain similar attempts were also made in Novgorod, especially in the 15th century. Among them were the actualization of the myth of Gostomysl and the Va rangian legend, some aspects of hagiographie texts related to the veneration of the icon Our Lady ofthe Sign (Panagia), and the cult of St. Sophia, a new expression “All Lord Sovereign Novgorod the Gre at” (ves’gospodin gospodar’ Velikiy Novgorod). However, these trends had not been brought to a close. This was largely given by the fact that Novgorod society traditionally considered itself a part of the Rus’ in its broad sense, and it was also viewed as a hereditary pos session of the Grand Dukes of Vladimir from the second half of the 13th century. Meanwhile, the process of consolidation of the lands of Rus’ around Moscow started as early as in the second half of the 14th century, and a unified Russian state was formed at the end ofthe 15th century. In contrast, Italian unification did not come until the mid-i9th century hence Venice did not experience the same pressure as Novgorod. Thus, the survival of medieval republics was not so much determined by the consistency ofthe political system with the ideals of liberal democracy unknown at that time. It was much more im portant to consolidate the
political community and form the mytho logy that would prove its eternal independence and the right of its specific system to exist both to the population of the republic itself and to the elites of neighbouring countries. There were a number of other factors that prevented the survival of Novgorod as an indepen dent political entity. It was the balance of power between Novgorod and the nascent Muscovy, the absence of direct access to the sea and • 301·
П. В. Лукин · Новгород и Венеция: сравнительно-исторические очерки. its own fleet (unlike Venice), archaic military organization compared to Moscow, etc. Along with those factors, the preservation of the veche as an arena for clashes between various clans and the lack of distinct symbols and ideology of independence led to the events of the second halfofthe 15th century and the downfall ofthe Novgorod Republic. Bayerische Staatsbibnethek München |
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| geographic | Venedig (DE-588)4062501-1 gnd Weliki Nowgorod (DE-588)6033859-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Venedig Weliki Nowgorod |
| id | DE-604.BV047854636 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:15:43Z |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T15:07:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785943803390 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033237404 |
| oclc_num | 1334022387 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-739 DE-521 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-521 DE-12 |
| physical | 301 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220728 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Izdatelʹstvo Evropejskogo universiteta v Sankt-Peterburge |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Res publica |
| series2 | Res publica |
| spelling | 880-01 Lukin, Pavel Vladimirovič 1973- Verfasser (DE-588)1072526069 aut 880-02 Novgorod i Venecija sravnitelʹno-istoričeskie očerki stanovlenija respublikanskogo stroja = Novgorod and Venice : two republican models : essays in comparative history P.V. Lukin Novgorod and Venice 880-03 Sankt-Peterburg Izdatelʹstvo Evropejskogo universiteta v Sankt-Peterburge 2022 301 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier 880-04 Res publica vyp. 15 Text russisch. - Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache In kyrillischer Schrift Geschichte 800-1478 gnd rswk-swf Republik (DE-588)4177823-6 gnd rswk-swf Vergleich (DE-588)4187713-5 gnd rswk-swf Politisches System (DE-588)4046584-6 gnd rswk-swf Venedig (DE-588)4062501-1 gnd rswk-swf Weliki Nowgorod (DE-588)6033859-3 gnd rswk-swf Weliki Nowgorod (DE-588)6033859-3 g Venedig (DE-588)4062501-1 g Politisches System (DE-588)4046584-6 s Republik (DE-588)4177823-6 s Vergleich (DE-588)4187713-5 s Geschichte 800-1478 z DE-604 Res publica vyp. 15 (DE-604)BV036008406 15 Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033237404&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033237404&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033237404&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 100-01/(N Лукин, Павел Владимирович ut 245-02/(N Новгород и Венеция сравнительно-исторические очерки становления республиканского строя П.В. Лукин 264-03/(N Санкт-Петербург Издательство Европейского университета в Санкт-Петербурге 2022 490-04/(N Res Publica вып. 15 |
| spellingShingle | Lukin, Pavel Vladimirovič 1973- Novgorod i Venecija sravnitelʹno-istoričeskie očerki stanovlenija respublikanskogo stroja = Novgorod and Venice : two republican models : essays in comparative history Res publica Republik (DE-588)4177823-6 gnd Vergleich (DE-588)4187713-5 gnd Politisches System (DE-588)4046584-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4177823-6 (DE-588)4187713-5 (DE-588)4046584-6 (DE-588)4062501-1 (DE-588)6033859-3 |
| title | Novgorod i Venecija sravnitelʹno-istoričeskie očerki stanovlenija respublikanskogo stroja = Novgorod and Venice : two republican models : essays in comparative history |
| title_alt | Novgorod and Venice |
| title_auth | Novgorod i Venecija sravnitelʹno-istoričeskie očerki stanovlenija respublikanskogo stroja = Novgorod and Venice : two republican models : essays in comparative history |
| title_exact_search | Novgorod i Venecija sravnitelʹno-istoričeskie očerki stanovlenija respublikanskogo stroja = Novgorod and Venice : two republican models : essays in comparative history |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Novgorod i Venecija sravnitelʹno-istoričeskie očerki stanovlenija respublikanskogo stroja = Novgorod and Venice : two republican models : essays in comparative history |
| title_full | Novgorod i Venecija sravnitelʹno-istoričeskie očerki stanovlenija respublikanskogo stroja = Novgorod and Venice : two republican models : essays in comparative history P.V. Lukin |
| title_fullStr | Novgorod i Venecija sravnitelʹno-istoričeskie očerki stanovlenija respublikanskogo stroja = Novgorod and Venice : two republican models : essays in comparative history P.V. Lukin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Novgorod i Venecija sravnitelʹno-istoričeskie očerki stanovlenija respublikanskogo stroja = Novgorod and Venice : two republican models : essays in comparative history P.V. Lukin |
| title_short | Novgorod i Venecija |
| title_sort | novgorod i venecija sravnitelʹno istoriceskie ocerki stanovlenija respublikanskogo stroja novgorod and venice two republican models essays in comparative history |
| title_sub | sravnitelʹno-istoričeskie očerki stanovlenija respublikanskogo stroja = Novgorod and Venice : two republican models : essays in comparative history |
| topic | Republik (DE-588)4177823-6 gnd Vergleich (DE-588)4187713-5 gnd Politisches System (DE-588)4046584-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Republik Vergleich Politisches System Venedig Weliki Nowgorod |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033237404&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033237404&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033237404&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV036008406 |
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