Making Ukraine: negotiating, contesting, and drawing the borders in the twentieth century
Russia’s illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the ongoing war in eastern Ukraine have brought scholarly and public attention to Ukraine’s borders. Making Ukraine aims to investigate the various processes of negotiation, delineation, and contestation that have shaped the country’s borders through...
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Montreal ; Kingston ; London ; Chicago
McGill-Queen's University Press
[2022]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | Russia’s illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the ongoing war in eastern Ukraine have brought scholarly and public attention to Ukraine’s borders. Making Ukraine aims to investigate the various processes of negotiation, delineation, and contestation that have shaped the country’s borders throughout the past century. Essays by contributors from various historical fields consider how, when, and under what conditions the borders that historically define the country were agreed upon. A diverse set of national and transnational contexts are explored, with a primary focus on the critical period between 1917 and 1954. Chapters are organized around three main themes: the interstate treaties that brought about the new international order in Eastern Europe in the aftermath of the world wars, the formation of the internal boundaries between Ukraine and other Soviet republics, and the delineation of Ukraine’s borders with its western neighbours. Investigating the process of bordering Ukraine in the post-Soviet era, contributors also pay close attention to the competing visions of future relations between Ukraine and Russia. |
| Beschreibung: | xx, 386 Seiten Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780228011019 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Making Ukraine |b negotiating, contesting, and drawing the borders in the twentieth century |c edited by Olena Palko and Constantin Ardeleanu |
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| 520 | 3 | |a Russia’s illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the ongoing war in eastern Ukraine have brought scholarly and public attention to Ukraine’s borders. Making Ukraine aims to investigate the various processes of negotiation, delineation, and contestation that have shaped the country’s borders throughout the past century. Essays by contributors from various historical fields consider how, when, and under what conditions the borders that historically define the country were agreed upon. A diverse set of national and transnational contexts are explored, with a primary focus on the critical period between 1917 and 1954. Chapters are organized around three main themes: the interstate treaties that brought about the new international order in Eastern Europe in the aftermath of the world wars, the formation of the internal boundaries between Ukraine and other Soviet republics, and the delineation of Ukraine’s borders with its western neighbours. Investigating the process of bordering Ukraine in the post-Soviet era, contributors also pay close attention to the competing visions of future relations between Ukraine and Russia. | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents Maps vii Foreword xi Ulrich Schmid Acknowledgements xix Note on Transliteration and Translation xxi Introduction: Making the Borders of Contemporary Ukraine Olena Palko and Constantin Ardeleanu PART ONE 3 NEGOTIATING BORDERS: GREAT POWER DIPLOMACY AND UKRAINE’S BORDERS i Ukraine’s Borders at the Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference, 1917-18 67 Borislav Chernev 2 Poland’s “Civilizing Mission” and Ukrainian Statehood at the Paris Peace Conference 86 Elżbieta Kwiecińska 3 The Path to the Treaty of Riga: The Establishment of the Polish-Ukrainian Border, 1918-21 109 Jan Jacek Bruski 4 From the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact to the Territorial Agreement of “the Big Three”: Redrawing the Polish-Ukrainian Border in 1939-52 138 Damian Karol Markowski
vi Contents PART TWO ESTABLISHING THE BORDERS OF THE SOVIET REPUBLICS 5 Emerging States and Border-Making in Times of War: Negotiating the Ukrainian-Belarusian Borders in 1918 Dorota Michaluk 6 Contested Lines: The Russo-Ukrainian Border, 1917-29 Stephan Rindlisbacher 7 Overlapping Spaces: Negotiating and Delineating the Ukrainian-Moldovan Border during the Interwar and Wartime Years 210 Alexandr Voronovici 8 Crimea’s 1954 Transfer to Ukraine: A Practical yet Contested Union 238 Austin Charron PART THREE 9 163 189 DELINEATING UKRAINE’S WESTERN BORDER The Formation of the Polish-Ukrainian Border in Volhynia, 1918-21 263 Serhii Hladyshuk 10 To Reach beyond the Carpathians: The Integration of Transcarpathia into Soviet Ukraine, 1944-4 5 289 laroslav Kovalchuk 11 The Making of the Romanian-Ukrainian-Moldovan Border at the Maritime Danube in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 307 Constantin Ardeleanu Conclusion: Making and Unmaking the Ukrainian-Russian Border since 1991 329 Tatiana Zhurzhenko Contributors 355 Index 359
Index Abramson, Henry, 272 Adzhubei, Alexei, 248 Allied Powers (of the Second World War), xvii. See also “Big Three” conferences, Tehran; Yalta Conference All-Russian Constituent Assembly, 163 All-Ukrainian Council of Military Delegates, 172 All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks, ѵкр(Ь), 1925-51), 189; Communist Party of the Soviet Union (kpsu, 1952-91), 246-7, 255, 290, 295; Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, 247; Joint State Political Directorate (ogpu), 195; Politburo (Presidium) of the tsk kpsu, 247-8; Red Army of the Soviet Union, 31,146,148, 243, 289-90, 297-304, 306Ո29, 322; Supreme Council of the Soviet Union, 148, 243, 248-52, 254, 335, 340 Ananyiv, 227 antisemitism, 21, 89 Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir, 74 Antonových, Volodymyr, 11 Arabatska Spit, 257Ո9 Arciszewski, Tomasz, 15г Ardeleanu, Constantin, 34, 37, 39-40 Arkhangelsk, 13 Armenia, xii, 99 Armstrong, John A., 11 Asia, 20 atrocities, 98-9 Aurescu, Bogdan, 307 Austria, 168 Austria-Hungary, xi, 69, 71, 88, 268; accepts a Habsburg Ukrainian crownland, 75-6; AustroHungarian forces, 23, 80,113,190, 269, 281; borders of, 12Ճ, 2Ճ6; at the Brest-Litovsk negotiations, 69-71; Bukovina’s borders in case of Austria-Hungary’s defeat, 3 22; collapse of, 113,190; division of, xv; Great January Strike, 73, 75-6; languages and ethnicities, 5,13; maps published in, 80; Poland’s orientation toward Germany and, in; provinces in, 68, 89, 94; and Ukraine’s recognition in 1918, 22-3, 26, 168-9, 2-68; Ukraine
З бо Index supplying Austria-Hungary with foodstuffs, xv, 76, 78; Ukrainian lands in, 5,15,17, 67, 73, 109, 263. See also Central Powers Averescu, Alexandru, 214 Axis Powers, 142. See also Germany Azerbaijan, xii Azov Sea, 39, 257Ո9, 331, 342-4 Babina, 315 Badeev, Iosif, 225 Baikal, 13 Baku, 3 7 Balkans, xvi, 38, 99, 218; Communist Balkan Federation, 215 Balta, 2.24-5, 227 Baltic: provinces, 112; region, 100, 149; Sea, 100; states, 164, 332, 335 Barthélemy, Joseph (Barthélemy Line), 115 Baumann, Fabian, 7 Belarus, xii, 112,182, 336; АП-Belarusian Congress, 164; Belarusian People’s Republic (bnr), 163-82; Belarusization, 193,199; Bolshevik position on, 126; borders of, 38,xoi, in, 163-82,188Ո65; borders with Ukraine after the collapse of the ussr, 329-30, 335, 338, 348; First Constituent Charter, 164; Lithuanian-Byelorussian ssr, 187Ո64; nationalism in, 198; as part of the Polish-Lithuania Commonwealth, 92-3; Polesia’s importance to, 170; Polish-Soviet borders, 139; population in Central, 170; recognition of, 168; Red Army occupation of, 31; relations between Ukraine and, 168,180; Soviet Belarus/Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia/ Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (bssr), 181-2,192,199, 281; Soviet control of, 163; and the Treaty of Riga, 281 Belgorod/Bilhorod, 14,197 Beloborodov, Aleksandr, 195 Belostok, 14,117 Belovezha, 18, 20, 336 Belozyrka, 281 Belsk, 14,165,167,169,175,181, Г84П8 Belz/Belz, 152,154 Bender/Bendery, 216 Beneš, Edvard, xvi, 297, 299-301 Bereg, 15 Berehovo, 293, 298 Berezhany, 15 Berezina, 178 Berezovsky, Ia., 277 Berlin, 69, 70,168,175; Peace
Treaty (1878), 313; conferences held in (1917-18), 70, 77; Ukrainian books published in, 17-18,179; University of, 16 Beseda Creek, 176 Bessarabia, 18,120, 228, 232Ո26; Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic (Bessarabian ssr), 214-16; borders of Southern, 37, 312-13; contested character of Southern, 322-3; importance in relation to Danube navigation, 317-18; maps of, 225; MoldovanUkrainian border in, 227-9, 319; as part of Romania, 211-15, 222, 226; population, 221; revolutionary groups in, 215-16; during the Second World War, 226, 314-15; Southern Bessarabia as part of
Index Ukraine, 31; Soviet control in, 142; and Transnistria, 218; Ukraine’s and Soviet Ukraine’s claims over, 212, 214, 219-20, 226; Ukrainian population in, 13-14; 212, 227, 229. See also Moldova Bezruchko, 278 Bialystok/Belostok, 117,149,166, 270 Bieszczady Mountains, 140,143, 153-4,156 “Big Three” conferences, xvi, 145, 149,151. See also Allied Powers; Tehran; Yalta Conference Bilgoraj/Bilgoray, 78,169 Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi/Cetatea Albă/ Akkerman, 228, 318 Bilozersky, Vasyl, 12 Biriuchensk, 14 Birzula, 224 Black Sea, xi, 11,18, 63Ո145,100; continental shelf, 34, 40, 307-8, 320-1; Cossacks, 13,15; Fleet, 214, 243,254, 330, 339-41, 347; imperial Russia as power in, 239; as part of the Danube’s border region, 315,317-19; as part of Ukraine’s border system, 20, 37; ports, 97, 313; rivers flowing into, 245, 309, 312. See also Azov Sea; Serpents Island; Sevastopol Blotnia, 154 Bóbrka/Bibrka, 115 Bobrovsky, Pavel, 170 Bobruisk, 173,177 Bodiansky, Osyp, 11 Boguchary, 14 Boiechko, Vasyl, 26 Boikivshchyna/Bojkowszczyzna, 150-1 Bolgrad/Bolhrad, 227, 317-18, 320 361 Boncz-Uzdowski, Wladyslaw, 270 borderization, xii Borisenok, Elena, 29, 31 Borisov, 178 Boryslav/Boryslaw, 113,115-17,146, 151-2 Bös, Mattias, 347-8 Botha, Louis, n 5 Brandenberger, David, 62Ш43 Brest, 14,113,167,169-75,177, 181-2,186Ո31, 268; Brest-Moscow railway, 171; Brest-Pinsk-Gomel railway, 173-4; negotiations and treaties of Brest-Litovsk, xv, 22-6, 33, 36, 38, 67-81, ni, 113,164, 168, 268 Briansk (Bryansk), 30, 39,178-9,194, 196-8 Brodii, Andrei, 293-4 Brody-Zdolbunów/Zdolbuniv-Sarny railway, 118 Brotherhood of
Saints Cyril and Methodius, 7 Brovko, Feodor, 318 Bruski, Jan Jacek, 33, 37, 52092 Bucharest, 214, 228, 302, 308, 314. See also Romania Budapest, 294; Budapest Memorandum (1994), 4, 330, 344. See also Hungary Budei, 224 Budionnyi, Semion, 278 Budjak, 317-20, 324 Bug, 67; as border, 89,115,117,140, 145,152,156,176,269,315; military clashes in the region, 113 Bukcha, 281 Bukovina, 142, 218, 322; as a contested territory, 322; in the context of the Brest-Litovsk
362 Index Peace Conference, 71, 74; incorporation of Northern Bukovina to Ukraine, 30-1, 226, 314, 317; Ukraine’s claims over, 25, 179; Ukrainian communities in, 13, 15, 22,73 Bulak-Balachowicz, Stanislaw, 278 Bulgaria, xvi, 67,168-9 Burba, Pavlo, 195 bureaucracy, 210, 248, 296, 313 Burián, István, 76 Bush, George H.W., 334 Butsenko, Panas, 193-6,199, 202-3, 206П16 Bystroe/Bystre/Bîstroe Canal, 308, 316 Carpathia, 39; Carpathian Rus, xvi, 91, 290-4, 298, 304; Carpathian Ruthenia, 142, 179; Carpathian Sich, 293 Carpathians (mountains), 138,143, 289-304 Carpathian Ukrainian People’s Republic (unr), 19, 23, 25, 28, 67, 70, 88,98-9,109,118,171,181, 212, 269; All-Ukrainian Council of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, 11; anti-Soviet Polish-Ukrainian cooperation, 24, 26,122,124, 275; army of, 121,123,126-7, 2-72-4, 276, 278; border negotiations with Poland, 37, no-11; and the border with Poland, no-11,117,120,122, 135Ո42, 281; and the border with Russia, 3, 23, 28-9, 33, 37, 78, 168-9,178,194-8, 3 29, 3 3 2, 338-9, 342-6; British position on the Ukrainian question in Versailles, 89; central government-in-exile, 88; Central Rada (Council) of, xiv, 11, 21-2, 69-70, 72-4, 76-8, 80, in, 164,168-6,172,176,179, 190-1, 240, 267-8, 270; delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, 18-19, 33, 86, 88,97-103,107Ո48; diplomatic mission to Warsaw, 119, 274; Directory of, 112,117,119-22,I2-4 179; First Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) signatory, xv, 22, 67, 78-81, 168,174, 268; founding of, xiv, 22, 69,164, 212, 240; independence of, 22, 72, 78,164,190; negotiations with the Belarusian government,
29, 33, 38,168,172-6; People’s Secretariat of Ukraine (government), 10,18, 22, 24, 26, 29, 3 6-8, in, 118-21,127,176-7,180, 264, 273-4; as a Polish protectorate, 118; Polish-Ukrainian Alliance (Union, 1920), 52Ո92,119-23,12Д 2-76, 282; Polish-Ukrainian war (1918-19), 90,99, in-13,116, 266, 270-5; Polish-Ukrainian war against Russia, 24,109,121,124, 126, 275; recognition at BrestLitovsk, 22, 25-6, 33, 36, 38, 68, 71, 73, 268; and relations with the Central Powers, 22-3, 26, 36, 38, 67, 69-72, 77,113,168,173, 268; and relations with Poland, 33, 36, 109-10,112-13,116-22, 270, 273; territorial claims, 22, 39, 67, 73-4, 99,100,121,125-6,167-8, 190, 212, 240, 264, 270; territorial conflict with Poland 90,109-10; trade agreement with Poland, 112, 119; unification with the zunr, 114-15,179; war with Bolshevik Russia, 22, 26, 74, 76, 80, 88, 98, 117, 268, 273-4
Index Caspian deserts, 20 Caspian Sea, 18 Catherine II, tsarina, 196 Caucasus, 18, 20,193-4, 196, 2O°; North Caucasus region, 194,196, 200; South Caucasus, 193; Sub-Caucasus, 18 Central Asia, 192-3, շօւ, 243 Central Europe/Eastern and Central Europe/East-Central Europe, 25; export of revolutions to, 38; 218, 304; federation in, 92; liberal democracies in, 349; multi-ethnic spaces in, 74; as part of Poland’s “civilizing mission,” 86-7, 92; power relations in, 163, 303; states and nations in, 87, 96, 297, 301; struggle for supremacy in, 81; territorialization of ethnicities in, 67; Versailles order in, 196. See also Eastern Europe/Central and Eastern Europe Central Intelligence Agency (cia), 299 Central Powers, xv, 22-4, 26, 3 5-6, 38, 67-81, 88,109,113,131Ո6, 131П14,164,168,173-4, 177,180, 265,268,270 Cernovca, 315 Charna/Czarna, 154 Charron, Austin, 34, 37, 40 Chechnya, 341 Chelm/Kholm (Cholm), 22, 26, 68, 73-5, 78, no-13,117,119-20, 131Ո6,132Ո13,148,151,167,190, 268-70, 274, 276-7 Cherche, 99 Chernev, Borislav, 33, 35-6 Chernihiv, 5,13-14,165-7,172-4, 176-7,179,190, Հ92·, 344 Chernobyl, 330 363 Chertkovo, 200 Cherviakov, Aleksandr (Cherviakov Commission), 194-8, 203 Chervonohrad, 140 Chicherin, Georgy, 89 Chior-Ianachi, Pavel, 225 Chișinău, 212-13, ^Ѕ, 318 Chodorów/Khodoriv, 115 Chop, 301 Choma, 227 Chortkiv, 15 Chubar, Via., 222 Chubynsky, Pavlo, 13-14 Chupis, Mykola, 149 Churchill, Winston, xvi, 145-6,149 Cieszyn Silesia, 94, 297 civilizing mission, xiv, 86-7, 91-3, 97-101,103,112; German, 100; Polish, xiv, 38, 86, .91-4, 97-100, 103,112; Soviet, 38; Ukrainian, i о 1-2
Clemenceau, Georges, 98 colonization, 86, 98-9,102 Comintern, 217 Commonwealth of Independent States (cis), 336-9, 341, 344 Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine (кр(Ь)и), 140,190,192, 217, 247, 301; Politbiuro of the Kp(b)u, 19 5, 202, 206П16, 220, 224, 226, 234Ո43; Ukrainian Central Executive Committee (vutsvk), 193,199, 202, 221-2, 224; Ukrainian Soviet Government - Council of People’s Commissariat, Council of Ministers {Sovnarkom), xy, 30, 39, 76, 214, 222, 224, 278; Ukrainian Planning Commission (UkrDerzhplan), 194; Ukrainian Supreme Soviet (Council),
364 Index 227, 249-51, 318; Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian ssr 332-5; Western Border District, 336 Comrat, 317, 320 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (csce), 4 continental shelf. See Black Sea Cossack/Cossacks, 6, ίο-n; Black Sea, 13,15; Chronicles, 9-10; Cossack Hetmanate, 8, 246; Cossackdom, 11,13,15, 39,192, 194; Don Cossack Host, 192; Free Cossacks, 10; territories, 6, 8 Cotul Morii, 317 Crimea, 18, 33,167,190, 258Ո15 343; Autonomous Republic of, 341, 345; Black Sea fleet in, 330, 342; Commission on the AdministrativeEconomic Zoning of, 242; as a contested territory, xii, 33, 37, 238, 253-6; Crimean assr, 241-2, 257Ո6; Crimean Khanate, 239-40; Crimean oblast, 39, 238, 244, 246, 254; Crimean Peninsula, 238-42, 250, 252, 331, 346; Crimean People’s Republic, 167, 240; Crimean Tatars, 23 8-40, 242-4, 253-4, 257Ո7; Crimean War, xiii, 3II, 317, 320; in current Ukrainian-Russian relations, 345-8; illegal annexation of, xi-xii, 3-4, 239, 343; North Crimean Canal, 246,248, 253, 256, 259Ո49; pro-Russian separatism in, 341, 352Ո43; Republic of, 3, 340; revocation of special status, 243; within the Russian Empire and in Russian imagination, 23 8-40, 243; transfer of, 28, 30, 239, 244-253, 331. See also Taurida Cripps, Stafford, 142 Curzon, George, 89; Curzon Line, xiii, 89-91, 94, in, 125,139,144-53 Czechoslovakia, xi, xv-xvi, 31, 34, 81, 88,114,152, 202, 218, 289-304; Communist Party of, 298; Czechoslovak government-in-exile, 289,297 Czernig, Karl, 179 Czernin, Ottokar, 71-3, 75-8 Czmelyk, Roman, 155 Dąbrowski, Henryk, 178 Daleru Mare, 315 Daler u Mie, 315
Danechkin, P., 198-9 D’Anieri, Paul, 337, 344, 349 Danube, ii, 20, 37, 39, 100, 227, 309-24; Danube Delta, 34, 307-16, 320-1, 323-4. See also European Commission of the Danube Danubian Principalities, 3 20 Danylo of Halych (king), 111 Daugava, 93,178 Davies, Norman, 89 Dębski, Jan, 278 Dekanozov, Vladimir, 314 Denikin, Anton, 89,120,190, 274 deportations, 138, 243 Desna, 173 dialect, 5-6,12,14-15,18, 92,165, 169-70,194 di Fiore, Laura, 309. Dmowski, Roman, xiii-xv, 89-96, 101,103,112, 269, 272; Dmowski Line, 94,112 Dnieper, 5, 92-3,101, in, 120—3, 174,176, 240, 245—6, 256, 266; Dnieper Ukraine, 68-9,115, 117, 124, 267, 271
Index Dobrogea (Dobrudja), 13, 218, 312 Dobromyl/Dobromil, 154,156 Don, xvi, 18, 20,101,190; Don Cossack Host, 192 Donbas, xi, 29,192, 215, 255, 331, 344-6 Donetsk (Donets), 24, 247, 331, 345; Donetsk coal basin, 3 7; DonetskKryvyi Rih Soviet Republic, 24, 190; Donetsk People’s Republic, 3, 345; industry in Donetsk Basin, 192 Doroshenko, Dmytro, 172,176 Doroshenko, Petro, 10 Dounar-Zapolski, Mitrofan, 165, 170, 172,174-5, *79, ւ8շ Dreszer, Zygmund, 276 Drohiczyn/Dorohychyn, in, 175, 181 Drohobycz/Drohobych, 113,115-16, 146,154,156 Dual Monarchy. See Austria-Hungary Dubno, 123, 266, 274, 276, 281 Dunlop, Catherine, 15 Durnovo, Nikolaj, 174 Dvina (Daugava), 178 Dworakowski, Tadeusz, 267 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 334 Eastern Europe/Central and Eastern Europe, 189, 264; borders in, 109, 128, 145,180,182, 211, 296, 329; Great Powers’ views on, 33,127-8; international order in, 33; multi ethnic populations in, 87; Nazi occupation of, 140; Poland’s views on, 26, 96,117, 125; politics in, xi; Soviet views on, 139-40; states in, xiii, xvi, 35-6,164 Eberhardt, Piotr, 29,139,152 Eden, Anthony, 145,149 365 Eizmont, Nikolai, 194-5 émigrés, 211, 213, 215, 219-20, 222, 294 Entente Powers, 70, 88, 90-1, 99,103, 115-17,128,180, 288Ո81, 322 Enukidze, Avel’, 197 Estonia, 142 Euromaidan, 331 Europe, 4, 35, 40,151,154,181-2, *45 344, 347 European Commission of the Danube, 312-13, 315, 321 European Union (eu), 3, 307, 323, 33°, 340,346-9 experts, 12, 15, 33, 76,119,152-3, 201,312-16, 343 Farbotka, Jazep, 172 Fedorowski, Michal, 178 Fedyshyn, Oleh S., 70 Fentsik, Stepan, 294 Finland, 218-19 Fokke,
Dzhon, 70 France, 70, 88-9,116,128,142, 2-73, 29Յ, 317 Frank, Hans, 9, 78,143 Freytag and Berndt (publisher), 167, 176 Frunze, Mikhail, 220-1, 234Ո46 G8 meeting, 345 Gagauzes, the, 320 Galicia/Eastern Galicia, xv, 5, 13, 25, 35, 38, 73, 89-101,103, 109-28,131П17,138-9, 142-3, 146-7, 179, 191, 218, 263-7, 269, 273-6, 278, 280-2, 288Ո81, 291, 295-6; as Austrian “crownland,” 22 74-6,113; Austrian Galicia, 16; contested status of, 35, 90;
З 66 Index delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, izo; French mission led by General Joseph Barthélemy, 115; Galician Army, 115, 118, izo; Galician Soviet Socialist Republic, 1Z4; Poland’s mandate over, 90-1, 98-9, 103, 116; Poland’s temporary administration of, 90; Revolutionary Committee for Galicia, IZ4; territorial definition of, 115-16, 118-Z1; unification with Dnieper Ukraine, 69; unification with Soviet Ukraine, z6; Western Galicia, 113 Gdansk, 145 Gediminas dynasty, 170 Georgia, xii, xvii, 164, 33z Germany, xv, 4, zz-3, 36, 67, 69, 78, 89, 91-Z, 94, 96, in, 131Ո14, 135Ո39, 146,149,168,169, 175, 181, z68; German Empire, xv, 168; German forces, 143; German Foreign Office, 69, 71; Nazi Germany, 4,140,14Z-3,145,148, 293 2.99, 314, 3*3 347-8 Gershtanskyi, Demian, 277 Giurgiuleşti, 319 Gleiwitz, xv Glukhov/Hlukhiv, 177,199 Glusk, 176 Golczewski, Frank, 78 Golden Horde, Z39 Gomel, 165,167,171-4,177,181-Z Gorbachev, Mikhail, 33 z, 334, 336, 34Գ348 Gorizontov, Leonid, 29 Gorokhiv, z8i Goryn, z8i Grabski, Stanislaw, 1Z5,1 37Ո62 Grabski, Wladyslaw, 1Z4, 126 Graivoron, 14 Great Britain, xvi, 70, 88-9, iz8, 14z, 144,147,149,15z, i8z, 293. See also United Kingdom Great Powers, xvii, 17, 33, 36, 39, 70, 89-90, no, izz, 1Z4,139, Z16, 304, 31Z, 319 Greater Russia, 294; Great Russians, 6,9, 89,199, 330 Grechukha, Mykhailo, 227-9, 318 Greece, xvi Grodno/Hrodno, 13-14,94,165-7, 169,175-7,179,181-Z, 184Ո8 Gross, Jan T., 296, 299 Groza, Petru, 303, 315, 322 Grusecky, Ivan, 150 Habsburg Empire. See Austria-Hungary Hague, the, 307 Halicz, 153 Haller, Józef, 98, ii6, 273 Haller,
Stanislaw, 122 Halych, Hi; Halych-Volhynia Rus, 271; Metropolitan of, 114 Hanzha, Oksana, 26 Haraida, Ivan, 294 Harriman, Averell, 149 Hartmann, Wilhelm (publisher in Berlin), 179 Helsinki Accords (1975), 4, 33z, 348 Hertza, 317 Hillis, Faith, 6-7 Himka, John-Paul, 291 Hirsch, Francine, 14, 75,198 Hitler, Adolf, 36,14Z-3; Hitler-Stalin Pact, 14z Hladyshuk, Serhii, 34, 38, 40 Holocaust, zi
Index Holubových, Vsevolod, 72-3 Homel, 169,174 Horkí, 178 Horodnia, 165,167,179 Horthy, Miklós, xi Horynets ’/Horyniec, 152-3 Hotin. See Khotyn/Hotin Hrabianka, Hryhorii, 8 Hremach, 173 ֊ Hroch, Miroslav, 264 Hrodna, 13 Hromada, 12-13 Hrubeshiv/Hrubieszów, 148,156 Hrushevsky, Mykhailo, 5, n, 16-17, 97,101, in, 164,194 Hungary, xi, xvi-xvi, 3, 6, 13,15,17, 31, 34, 74, 76,142, 215, 293-4, 300, 329-30 lalpuh, 317 laroslav/Jaroslaw, 143,148 lefimenko, Henmadii, 30 leremich, Ivab, 170 Igeligowski, Lucjan, 278 Insula Șerpilor. See Serpents Island International Court of Justice (icj), 307-8,320-1,323,325 Ioffe, Adolf, 126 Iraq, 334 Ismail/Izmail, 227-8, 318-19 Istanbul, 320 Italy, 293 luzovka, 246 Izvestiia (newspaper), 146 Janowski, Maciej, 86 Jellinek, Georg, xii-xiv Jews/Jewish communities, 20, 89, 97, 99, 222, 272, 277 Józewski, Henryk, 265 367 Kaganovich, Lazar, 200 Kakhovka, 246, 253 Kaląkuty, 131Ո6 Kalinin, Mikhail, 197 Kamenets Litevsky/Kamieniec Litewski, 78, 169,176 Kamenev, Lev, 37,193 Kamianets-Podilsky (Kamianets/ Kamieniec), 118,121,123,126, 268, 275 Kamień-Koszyrski, 181-2 Kamionka Strumilowa/Kam’ianka, 115 Kappeler, Andreas, 264 Karamzin, Nikolai, 10 Karelian Republic, 218 Karnicki, Aleksander, 273 Karski, lefim, 165,167,173-4 Kasianov, Heorhii, 62Ո143 Katerynoslav (Ekaterinoslav), 5, 13-14,167,190,192-3 Katyn Forest, 146 Kerch Strait, 245, 331, 342-4 KGB, 334 Kharkiv, 5-6,12,14,17, 22, 39, 72, 76,117,167,181,191, 201, 211, 219-20, 222, 298; Kharkiv Accords, 342, 347; Kharkiv University, 195 Kherson, 5,13-14,167,190, 246 Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, 8-ю, 246 Khodoriv, 115
Kholm. See Chelm/Kholm (Cholm) Khorobriv/Chorobrów, 154 Khotyn/Hotin, 14, 227-8, 318 Khrushchev, Nikita, 140,148-50, 246-8, 252, 254-5, 301-3, 318,331 Khrushchev, Nina, 248 Khrushchev, Sergei, 248
368 Khrystiuk, Pavlo, 67 Khust, 29 3, 29 8, 3 01 Khyriv/Chyrów, 153-4, т5б Kievskaia mysl’, 69 Kievskaia Starina, 45Ո39 Kiliia, 309, 313-14, 324 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, 88 Kobrin/Kobryń, 167,169-71, 173, 175,177 Kodyma, 224, 227 Kolomyia, 15 Komancha Republic, 114 Korchova/Korczowa, 153 korenizatsiia, 21, 34, 38-9,190,193, 197,202-4, 219-20, 225, 241 Korets, 273, 281 Korniichuk, Oleksandr, 140 Korniyets, Leonid, 318 Korotchenko, Demian, 250, 252 Korotkoiaksk, 14 Korsun, Oleksii, 299 Kosmowska, Irena, 276 Kosów, 181 Kostomarov, Mykola, 11 Kotenko, Anton, 12 Kotovsk, 224, 227 Kotovsky, Grigory, 217, 221 Kovalchuk, laroslav, 34, 38,40 Kowel/Kovel, 116, 266-7, 2 69, 273-4, 276-9, 281 Kozachkov, Dmytro, 200 Kozlovsky, Ivan, 139 Kozma, Miklós, 294 Krajewski, Franciszek, 278 Krakow, 20-1, 80,114,140,143 Kraskoūski, Ivan, 172,174,179,182 Krasni Okny, 227 Krasnodar, 256, 347 Krasny Roh, 176 Index Krasnystaw/Krasnostav, 169 Kravchuk, Leonid, 333, 336-8, 340 Kremenets/Krzemieniec, 123, 156, 266, 274, 276, 278, 281; Krzemieniec/Kremenets Mountains, 123,156 Kremenetsky, 274 Kremlin, xii, 30, 202, 331, 334, 345-6 Kreuznach, 70 Krivorukov, I.N., 214 Krostenko/Krościenko, 154 Krukenychi/Krukienice, 152 Krupensky, Alexander, 213 Kryliv/Krylów, 152 Krystynopil/Krystynopol (renamed Chervonohrad), 140,154 Kryvyi Rih, 24,190 Krzyżanowski, Tadeusz, 267 Kuban, 10,13,18, 39, 102,194-5, 198 Kubiiovych, Volodymyr, 20-1 Kucharzewski, Jan, 80 Kuchma, Leonid, 331, 338, 341-2 Kulish, Panteleimon, 11 Kun, Béla, 215 Kurdynovsky, Borys, 118-19, 273 Kursk, 13-14, 22, 30, 39,167-8, 175,
190,192,194,196-7,199 Kurylovitch, Ivan, 172 Kuusinen, Otto, 251 Kuzio, Taras, 338 Kviring, Emanuil, 192, 278-9 Kwiecińska, Elżbieta, 35, 37 Kyiv, 100,116, 308; Bolshevik attempts to seize power, 22,191; Central Rada, 69,164,190, 267; during Euromaidan and other pro tests, 3, 340; German envoy to, 175; intellectuals’ nationalism, 7; joint Polish-Ukrainian expedition
Index (1920), xii, IIO-II, 124, 278; negotiations with Russia after dissolution of the USSR, 333-5, 338-41, 344, 346; Polish-Ukrainian negotiations, 267; political organizations in, 21, 69; relation ship with Crimea after 1991, 340-1; Russian imperial narrative, 10—ii; Russian-Ukrainian negotiations (1918), 178; as seat of power of Ukrainian govern ments, 18, 24, 70, 74, 76,111-і 2, 114,175-6,179, 212, 247-8, 254, 264,267-8, 271, 273, 302, 307, 317, 330; Ukrainian armed forces, 72; Ukrainian-Belarusian negotiations, 163,172, 176, 178-81,184Ո8; University, II, 165; in various administrative units, 5։ 13-14» 167, i72 177,190, 2-44» 266, 268-9, І72·; Verkhovna Rada, 334 Kyiv province, 266 Kyivan Rus. See Rus Lasch, Karl, 143 Latsis, Martyn, 195-6 Latvia, 125,142 Lawoczne/Lavochne, 115 League of Nations, 3 5, 91, 96, 99 Lebedeva, V., 29 Lechnicki, Zdzisław, 271 Lemberg. See Lviv/Lwów Lemkivshchyna/Lemkowszczyzna, 147,150 Lemko, 113-14 Lenin, Vladimir, 88,165, 215, 331 Leszczycki, Stanislaw, 153 Leuchenko, Lavon, 172 Levchenko, Mykhailo, 12 369 “Likbez: History without Censorship,” 28, 54П103 Likhniakevich, Anastas, 172,174-5 Limba, island, 315 Lithuania, 9, 92-4, 96,101,112,142, 177-8,180,185Ո19, 265; Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 170-1,182, 185Ո19,186Ո31, 263, 271 Litopys Samovydtsia, 8 Liubinsky, Mykola, 77 Liubycha/Lubycza, 152 Liutovyska/Lutowiska, 154 Livytsky, Andrii, 119, 121-2, 274 Lloyd George, David, 89 Lodomeria, 179 Loiev, 167 Loktyshe, 176 Łomża, 149 London,89,128,142,147-50,152, 298. See also Great Britain; United Kingdom Lubachiv/Lubaczów, 140 Lubashev, 176
Lubavski, Matvey, 165 Lubelszczyzna, 140,154,156 Lublin, 13,15, 73,140,143,147-9, 151,154,170, 263, 269-71; Military Government Lublin, 73 Lubomirski, Zdislaw, 78 Lubomi, 281 Lubyanka Square (Moscow), 334 Łuck, 276 Luhansk, 3, 331, 345; Luhansk People’s Republic, 3, 331, 345 Lukyanov, Fyodor, 331 Luninets/Łuniniec, 171,181 Lutsk, 266-7, 2-69, 273-4, 2-76, 278-9, շ8ւ Lutskevich, Anton, 176 Lutskevych, Marko, 267, 277
370 Index Lviv/Lwów (also, Lemberg), xv, 145, 149; capital of Galicia, xv, 113, 143; contested place, 29, 89, 92-3, 116; Entente mediation, 115; maps and pamphlets published in, 13,18; as part of Poland, 99,103,115-17, 125; Polish attempts to retain, 151-2; during Polish-Ukrainian military disputes and cooperation, 113-14, 124; Polish underground movement, 150; proclamation of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic, 179; railways, 114,116; in Soviet Ukraine, 146, 149-51, 156; symbolism for Ukraine, 114; Ukrainian political activity, 113, 140,147; University, 16-17, 100, 166; in various administrative units, 15,114,140, 143, 146, I5i,i54 Lyzohub, Fedir, 176 Magocsi, Paul Robert, 48Ո58, 290-2, 298,303 Magyarization, 291 Maikan/Maican island, 315-16 Maksymovych, Mykhailo, 11 Malandin, German, 314 Male Krugoviche, 176 Malenkov, Georgy, 247 Malorosia, 28 Malorussians, 92 Malyy Daler. See Daleru Mare mandate system, 86, 91 Manuilsky, Dmytro, 125,192 maps, xi, xvii, 5,12·, 15-17, 20, 26, 28, 80,100-1,127,150,164, 173, 213,225,309, 315, 317-18 Maramureș County, 290, 292, 294, 300-3 Mar’ina, Valentina, 300 Markowski, Damian, 33,37 Markus’, Vasyl’, 299, 306Ո29 Marmoros, 15 Martin, Terry, 31, 295 Martynets, Hnat, 267 Massandra Accords (1993), 340 Masuria, 91 Maxwell, Alexander, 80 Mazepa, Isaak, 121 Mazepa, Ivan, 8,10 Medenychi/Medenice, 152 Mędrzecki, Włodzimierz, 281 Medvedev, Dmitri, 342 Medyka, 152-4 Melnik, 169 Meshkov, Yuriy, 341 Mezherin, A., 318 Mglin, 14,167,173-4,176,178-9 Michaluk, Dorota, 33,38 Mickiewicz, Mieczysław, 268 Międzyrzecze, 78 Miedzyzhėc, 169 Mielnik, 78,176
Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 145-6, 149-50 Mikołaj ów/Mykolaiv, 115 Military Counter-Intelligence agency (smersh), 148 Miller, Alexei, 6 Milove, 200 Mîndrești, ravine of, 319 Minkiewicz, Antoni, 275 Minsk, 13-14, 94,122·, 125-6, 164-6, 169-70,173,175-9,181-2, 269, 346 Miropol’e/Myropillia, 199-200 Mogilev, 166,169,173,176-9,181-2 Moldavia, principality of, 311-і 3, 317,320, 326Ո13
371 Index Moldova, xii, 33, 38, 229, 308-9, 313, 318-19, 324, 329, 332, 336, 348; Moldovan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (massr), 28, 37, 39, 210, 230Ո4, 234Ո44, 235Ո59, 236Ո72, 317; Moldovan Democratic Republic, 212; Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic (mssr), 37, 210, 217, 317; Second Moldovan Congress of Soviets, 225 Moldovanization, 224-5 Molotov, Viacheslav, 138-41,143, 145,147,149,i5i 15З, i55 181, 314-15, 32-2--3 Montevideo, 87 Moscow, 37, 277, 298, 301; Churchill’s visit, xvi; Grand Duchy of, 112; Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 140; negotiations with the Czechoslovaks, 289, 301; part of the Russian imperial narrative, 11; Polish-Soviet negotiations, 152-3; political changes, 193; railway, 171; Romanian commu nists, 217; Russian-Ukrainian co operation for the creation of a Moldovan ASSR, 219-22, 227-8; Russian-Ukrainian negotiations after the dissolution of the USSR, 2-54, ЗЗ0-1, 334-5, 337-41, 343-4, 347, 349; as seat of Soviet power, 121,139,147,175,181,191, 194-5, i97 199-2-01, 203, 211, 214, 226,247, 264, 290, 297, 3024, 319; Soviet party leadership, 30, 39,192, 246, 267; Soviet-Romanian negotiations, 314-15, 317-18, 321-2; Ukrainian Cossacks’ alliance with (1654), 39; Western ambassadors to, 142,149 Mozyr, 14, 165, 167,169,171, 173-4, 177,182 Mukachevo, 290, 293, 298, 300 Munich, xvi, 297; Munich Treaty (1938), 293 Muscovy, 9 Musura, 314-15 Myczkowce-Solina dam, 155 Mykhalchuk, Kostiantyn, 15 Nadsiannia/Nadsanie, 148 Namier, Lewis Bernstein, 89 Narev, 169,177 Narodnyi Ruch, 332 Narol, 152 Nash Holos (Our Voice, periodical), 2-79 323, 330,344,348-9 Němec,
František, 298 Nerusá, 176 Nevel, 178 Niemcewicz, Ursyn, 178 Niemen, battle of, 125 Nietsietsky, Jan, 177 nobility, io, 14, 37, 213, 272 Nove Stepy, 176 Novhorod-Siversky, 165,171,177-8 Novohrad-Volhynsky, 27յ,28յո5 Novo-Oskol, 14 Novorossiya, 28, 331; Novorossiya Governorate, 240 Novozybkov, 167,177,179 Novozybkovsky, 14 Nowogródek, 281 Nowy Sącz, 113 Nyzhankovychi/Nizankowice, 156 nato, Oder, 146 Odesa, 24, 214-15, 221-2, 224, 31920; Odesa Soviet Republic, 24,190
Index Ohiienko, Ivan, 121 Old Stambuł, 313-14 Oleshkovitse, 176 Olevsk-Sarny railway, 281 Operation Barbarossa, 142,144 Oppeln, xv Orange Revolution, 349 Orava, 94 Orda, Bohdan, landowner, 178 Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (oun), 147,151, 291, 293,306Ո29 Orlowski, Henryk, 270 Orsha, 178; Orsha-Starodub railway, 178 Orthodox/Orthodoxy, xiv, 5,9, 185Ո29, 243, 263-4, 267, 277 Oryol, 176-9 Osetsky, Oleksandr, 273 Osmolowski, Jerzy, 272 Osnova, j ournal, 12-13 Ossetia, xii Ostrih, 266, 274, 276, 281 Ostriv Zmiiny. See Serpents Island Ostrogozk, 14 Ottoman Empire, 13, 239, 311-12, 320 Ovruch, 283Ո5 Pacific Ocean, 20 Paderewski, Ignacy Jan, 92,117-18, 273; Paderewski-Kurdynovsky agreement, 118 Palacký, František, 11 Palanca, 319 Paneiko, Vasyl, 120 Pardina, 315 Paris, xv, 4,100,128; Charter of Paris for a New Europe (1990), ,4; delegation from Eastern Galicia in, 120; Paris Peace Conference (1919), xv, 18-19, 33, 35։ 67։ 86-9, 92,95, 98, IIO, II2, II5-I6, II8-21,180, 213, 269, 135Ո42; Paris Peace Congress (1856), 311; Paris Peace Treaty (1947), 311, 317, 320-3; territorial definition of Eastern Galicia in, 115-16; 118-21 Pasyeki, 176 Pavlov, 14 Penck, Albrecht, 100 People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (nkvd), 148,150 Pereiaslav Agreement (1654), 8-9, ' Pereiaslav Council (1654), 39; Treaty of Pereiaslav (1654), 246, 249,252-3 Perekop, 14, 23 8, 240-2, 245 Peremyshl/Przemyśl, 15,114,125, 140,143,146-7,150,153-4 Perestroika, 331 Pervomaisk, 224 Pestkovskii, Stanislav/Pestkowski, Stanislaw, 127 Petliura, Symon, 24,117-18,126-7, 273-6; Pilsudski-Petliura Alliance (Pact)
52Ո92, no-11, 117, 121-5,276 Petrivsky, Tymofii, 172,174-5 Petrograd, 69-70, 72, 76,168,190, 212, 267; Academy of Sciences, 165; and the Russian Revolution 21, 67,164, 267; University, 165 Petrovsky, Nikolai, 148 Petrushchak, Ivan, 301 Petrushevych, levhen, 119-20 Piatakov, Iurii, 192 Pidhirsky, Samiilo, 267 Pifer, Steven, 344
Index Piłsudski, Józef, 103,112, 269-70, 272, 274-6, 281; Piłsudski-Petiiura Alliance (Pact), 52Ո92, по-п, 117,121-5, 276; and the question of Eastern Galicia, 91-3,116-18 Pinsk/Pińsk, 14,100,165,167,169, 170-1,173-4, 177,181-2 Pishchanka, 227 plebiscite, 90, 98,126,168,175,177, 213,281 Plokhy, Serhii, 9,12,43-4Ո20, 335 Ploskirów/Proskuriv, 126, 273, 275 Pochep, 199 Podlachia (also Pidliashshia/Podlasie), 22, 26, no-13,117,119,131Ո6, 169-71,186Ո31, 268, 270, 274 Podolia/Podole, 5,13-14,136Ո47, 222, 224, 244, 270, 275-6; as his toric part of Poland, 266, 269; Jewish pogroms, 272-3; as part of the Second Polish Republic, 101, 274-5; as part of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, 5,118,120, 126-7, t67,190, 274; VolhyniaPodolia Commissariat ( Generalbezirke Volhynia-Podolia), 140,143-4,182; Western Podolia, 94-6,112,136Ո47 Pogost, 176 Poland, xvii, 22, 31, 33-4, 68, 81, 115,124,168,172,174, 263-5, 329-30, 336; administrative division, 181; “civilizing mission,” xiv, 38, 86-7, 91-4, 97-101,103, 112; Constitution of (1921), xiii; control over Eastern Galicia, 90-1, 98-9,103,116, 288n8i; Council of Ministers, 276, 281; eastern borders by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), 22-3, 26, 80, in; eastern 373 policy of, 91-6,112, 281; Great Poland, 98; lands within the Russian Empire, 14; minorities policy, 196, 202, 218; official attitude toward an independent Ukraine, in, 271; at the Paris Peace Conference, 86-9, 92-3, 95, 112, 269; partitions of, 30, 78-80, 101,112,182, 263; population exchange with the Soviet Union, 39, 13 8,146, 151,154; pre-1772 border, xv, 29, 93-6,123, 266, 269,
136Ո49; the Preliminary Peace and Armistice Agreement (1920), signatory of, 126; project of a federation with Belarus, 126; Prometheism, 270, 281; relations with the Ukrainian People’s Republic, 36,109-10,112-13, 116-22, 270, 273; restoration of, 36,109, 264, 269; and the Ruthenian question, 116; in the Second World War, 21, 40,138, 142-143, 148, 296; in Soviet propaganda, 217-18, 267; “Vistula” campaign (1947), 139; war with the Cossacks, 8-9; Woodrow Wilson on, xv, 88,165-6 Poland, Civil Administration of Eastern Lands (Zarząd Cywilny Ziem 'Wschodnich'), 272; Congress, 73, 75,131Ո6; Kingdom of Poland, 94,109, III, 182, 269,131Ո6; Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita), xv, 5, 8-9,14, 29, 75, 92, 95,101,123,128, 263, 271; Polish Soviet Republic, no, 124, 153,155; Provisional Government of National Unity (pgnu) in Poland (1945), 152-3; Republic of Poland,
374 Index 112, 126,170,181-2; Rzeczpospolita ζγτ, ζγ^, 277-8; Second Polish Republic, 26, 29, 33, 36, 90, 92, 95, 99,101,123,128, 145,170,191, 282 Polesie, 18,176,178, 181-2,185Ո29, 269-70, 273, 276, 281; Polesie Voivodeship, 170,181-2; West Polesian dialect, 169 Polish army, 24, 90, no, 113-15, 125-6,145, 266, 269-75, 2·8ι-2; Polish Committee of National Liberation (pcnl), 149,151,153; Polish-Czechoslovakian border, 142; Polish Executive Committee on the Rus (Polski Komitet Wykonawczy na Rusi), 268; Polish-German border, 91, 146, 156; Polish government-in-exile, 112,142,145-7, 149-52; Polish Home Army, 148, 150; Polish Legion in the Habsburg Army, 80; Polish National Committee (Komitet Narodowy Polski, knp), i i 2; Polish Regency Council, 78; Polish-Russian border, in, 117; Polish-Russian relations 92; Polish-Soviet border, 90, 99, 126-7, 139-40,144-6,150-3, 266, 278, 282; Polish-Soviet peace negotiations in Riga, in; PolishSoviet relations, 146-7; PolishSoviet War, 26, 33,121, i8i, 192, 267, 281-2; Polish-Ukrainian Alliance (Union) (1920), 52Ո92, 119-23, 276, 282; Polish-Ukrainian border, 3, 35, 87, 91-2,103, 109-11,117,121-3,127-8, 138-9,145,147,i5G153-4,156, 181,263,265-6, 269, 273, 275, 281-2; Polish-Ukrainian inter ethnic conflict, 40, 60Ո128, 147-8, 282; Polish-Ukrainian offensive, in, 124-5, 274 278; PolishUkrainian relations, 109-10,113, 119,124, 265-8, 280, 282; PolishUkrainian war (1918-19), 90, 99, ш-13,116, 266, 270-5; PolishUkrainian-Soviet War, xii; Polonization, 282 Polish-Russian relations, 92 Polish-Ukrainian inter-ethnic conflict, 40,60Ո128,147-8, 282
Polish-Ukrainian offensive, in, 1245 z74 Polish-Ukrainian relations, 33,109II, 113,119,124, 265-8, 280, 282 Polish-Ukrainian-Soviet War, xii, 3 3 Polotsk, principality of, 170 Poloz, 194-6, 203 Poltava, 5,12,167,190 1 Popov, Gavriil, 335 population exchange, 31, 39,138, I5U *54 Poprad, 13,18, 20,113 Poritsk, 273 Poroshenko, Petro, 347 Potsdam, xvi, 151-2 Powiśle, 91 pows: Ukrainian pows during the First World War, 17 Prague, xvi, 17, 292-3 Prešov, 290, 292-4, 300, 303 Pripyat, 118,122,167,.169-71,174, 179,182 Prokopových, Viacheslav, 117 Prometheism, 270 Pronin, Mikhail, 301 propaganda, 17, 34,151,154, 216, 218, 279
Index pro-Russian separatism in Ukraine, 340-1 Proskuriv. See Ploskirów/Proskuriv Prosvita (Enlightenment) society, 69 Prussia, 99,145,149 Prut, zio, 213, 225-6, 229, 317 Pruzhany, 14, 78,165,167,169-70, 175-7, 181-2 Pskov, 181 Pugachev, 169 Putin, Vladimir, xii, xvii, 3, 255, 331, 342 Putyvl (also Putivi), 14,197 Pylypchuk, Pylyp, 118-19,121—2 Quadruple Alliance. See Central Powers Raczkiewicz, Wladyslaw, 279 Rada (newspaper), 69 Radians’ka Ukraina (newspaper), 148 Radoslavov, Vasil, 73 Radzyń Podlaski/Radzyn, 78,169 Rak-Mikhailoüski, Symon, 172,174-5 Rakovsky, Christian, 214-15, 278 Rapczewski, 277 Rataj, Maciej, 280 Rava-Ruska/Rawa Ruska, 140,153-4 Rechitsa, 165,167,169,171,173-4, 177,181-2 Red Guards, 76 Rehman, Antoni, 100 Remy, Johannes, 7 Reni, 227; Reni-Odesa highway, 319 Reshetar, John S., 136Ո49 revisionism, 4, 324, 331 Ribbentrop-Molotov Treaty (also Pact), 63Ո145,138-41,181, 322-3; German-Soviet Pact, 40; HitlerStalin Pact, 142 375 Rieber, Alfred, 296 Riga, 109,125; Polish-Soviet border negotiations in, 100, in, 125,127, 278-9, 282; Riga Peace Treaty (1921), 26, 33, 36,99,103,109-10, 127-8,137Ո59,181,264-6, 281; Ukrainian reaction to, 128 Rindlisbacher, Stephan, 30, 33, 37, 39-40, z57n5 Rivne/Równe, 123, 266, 274, 276, 278-9, 281 Rogachev, 173,177 Rohyn, 176 Romani communities, 292 Romania, xvi, 3, 31, 34, 76, 88, 92, 168, 217, 290, 292, 309, 324, 329-30, 326Ո13, 348; ambitions in the Black Sea, 40; annexation of Bessarabia, 226; Bessarabian Red Army, 215; border with the Russian Empire, 312-13, 317; conflict with the Soviet Union, 214, 314; and the creation of
the Moldovan assr, 217-22, 317; delegation at the Paris Peace Conference, 97,120, 213; Greater Romania, 213, 307, 323; military administration in Northern Bukovina and Southern Bessarabia, 31; Romanian administration in Bessarabia, 214; Romanian army, 215; in the Second World War, 314-15, 322-3; Soviet occupation of, 322-3; in Soviet propaganda, 38, 215-19, 235Ո53; SovietRomanian Agreement (1940), 315; Soviet ultimatum to, 226; territorial dispute with Transcarpathian Ukraine, 300-4; territorial dispute with Ukraine in the Black Sea region, 63Ո145, 307-8, 316, 323-4;
37б Index Treaty of Friendship, Collaboration, and Mutual Assistance between Romania and the USSR, 315; Ukrainian popula tion in, 202; Ukrainian-Romanian border, 292, 307, 309, 316, 324; Ukrainian-Romanian dispute over Bukovina, 322-3; unification of Bessarabia with, 211-14, 231П12 Romanov Empire. See Russian Empire Romer, Eugeniusz, 100-1 Roosevelt, Franklin D., xvi, 145-7 Rosenberg, Alfred, 143 Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz, 102 Rostov, 347 Równe/Rivne, 123 Roztochchia/Roztocze, 140,143 Rudnytsky, Stepan, 16-21,100-3, 166-8,170, 173,181 Rumcherod (the Central Committee of the Soviets of Romanian Front, Black Sea Fleet, and Odesa), 214 Rus (Rus’), 6; Carpathian Rus (Rus’), xvi, 271, 290-1, 294, 298, 304; Halych-Volhynia Rus, 271; Istoriia Rusiv (Rusov) (History of the Rus), 9-10; Kyivan Rus, 9-11, 97, 263, 271; Southern Rus, 12, 45Ո39; Subcarpathian Rus, 91, 292-4, 297-8 Rusnaks, 6 Russia, 98,168,174,177,181, 213-14, 226, 238-9, 246, 252, 324,329-30, 335, 338,343-4, 348-9; Agreement on Establishing of the Commonwealth of Independent States (cis), signatory of, 336-9, 341, 344; and the annexation of Bessarabia, 311-12, 322; and the annexation of Crimea, xi-xii, xix, 3, 239, 255-6, 331, 344-7; control over Sevastopol, 3, 254-5, 339-40, 342, 347; in the Danube Delta, 311-12, 317; delegation to Brest-Litovsk, 70-2, 76-7,168; delegation to Riga, 125, 278; Dmowski, Roman, on, 92-6; Habsburg-Russian border, 22, 78,118,126,169; negotiations with the Central Powers, 35-6, 67, 75,164; Novorossiya, 28, 331; and the occupation of Ukraine, xii, 3; partition of Eastern Europe, xvi; and
Polish independence, 92; Polish-Ukrainian war against, 109, 121,124, 126, 275; Riga Peace Treaty, signatory of, 26,103,126, 128, 264, 281; Russian-Ukrainian relations, 246, 337, 340; Russification of Crimea, 240-3; Second Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signatory of, 23, 80; in the Second World War, 36, 289; as successor to the Soviet Union, 330; and Swedish invasion (1708-09), 8; Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation, and Partnership between Ukraine and the Russian Federation (1997), signatory of, 330, 333, 347-8; Treaty on the State Border between Ukraine and Russia (2003), signatory of, 331, 342, 344, 348; and the Tuzla conflict, 342-3; and Ukraine’s independence (1991), 335-6, 338; Ukrainian State (Hetmanate), negotiations with, 80; and war in Ukraine, xi, 3, 40, 331, 344-6; in World War One, 67-70, 289
Index Russian Academy of Science, 29, 165, 167 Russian army, 170,178, 266, 345-6; Topographic Division, 178 Russian Black Sea Fleet, 214, 243, 254,330,339-42,347 Russian Civil War, 37, 91,190, 213, 241 Russian claims to Eastern Galicia, 100 Russian Duma, 341 Russian emigration, 213, 294 Russian Empire, 9, 75,177,191, 264, 3 n, 348; annexation of Bessarabia, 311, 315, 3 20; border with AustriaHungary, 126; border with Romania, 313; and the Central Powers, 67-71; collapse of, 67, 69, 112,163-4; Crimea as part of, 28, 238-40, 243; and the First imperial census (1897), 169; in the First World War, 289; and the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 29, 92,182, 263, 271; and Poland’s territorial interests, 112,117, 270; Russian tsars, 8-9; Russo-Turkish War (1768-74), 239; territorial expan sion, 29, 240, 311; Ukrainian lands as part of, 6,12-14, 17, շ·2·, i°9, 131Ո6,168,192, 266, 283Ո5, 320 Russian Fascist Party, 294 Russian Federation, xi-xii, 3, 63Ո145, 69, 120,163-4, 239, 253-4, շ·12-, 256, 268, 329-33, 335, 338, 348 Russian great power chauvinism, 193,195 Russian history, 10-11, 339 Russian identity, 6, 9 Russian Imperial Geographical Society (rgo), 13 377 Russian Messenger (journal), 294 Russian minority, 97, 222 Russian nation, 6,11, 294; Russian nationalism, 6-7, 291, 330 Russian Orthodox Church, 264, 267 Russian-Ottoman border, 239, 308, 311-12 Russian-Polish border, 111,117 Russian Provisional Government, 69, 163-4,190, 212 Russian question in AustriaHungary, 88 Russian Revolution, 21, 211 Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (rsfsr), io, 36-7, 39,
109-10,172,175,191-203, 214, 219, 240-2, 244-5, 248-50, 254, 332-3, 338, 342; All-Russian Central Executive Committee (vtsik), 197-9; Politburo of the TSK RKP(b), 195-6,199, 216-17, 221; Red Army of the rsfsr, xii, 26,98, 124-5,12-7 t8i, 192, 214-15, 2i7, 221, 241, 273-4, 278; Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) RKP(b) (1917-25), xiv, 189,193, 215-17, 220-1; Supreme Council (Soviet of the rsfsr), 248-50, 254 Russian Republic, 72 Russian Revolution, 21, 211 Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (rsdlp), 163 Russian-Ukrainian border, 3, 23, շ8՜9, 33-4, 37, 78,168-9, 178, 189-91,194-8, 203, 242, 329-32, 336,338-9, 342-6 Russian-Ukrainian relations, 34, 68, 71, 246, 332, 335, 338, 340, 346 Russification, 28, 93, 243, 295 Russophiles, 291, 29 3-5, 3 00
378 Rusyn, xvi, 20, 48Ո58, 289-94, 3°°։ 303; Rusynophiles, 291, 295, 304 Rusyn, Vasyľ, 299 Ruthenia, 93-4,142, 179; Ruthenian vernacular, 6; Ruthenian voivodeship, ιοί Rutskoi, Aleksandr, 335 Rylsk, 14 Sabolch, 15 Sąchocki, Wacław, 276 Šafařík, Pavel Jozef, 13 Sahaidachny, Petro, io Saint-Germ.ain-en-Laye, Treaty of (1919), 90. See also Paris: Paris Peace Conference (1919) Salakas/Solokija, 152 Salogor, Nichita, 319 Sambor, 15,152 San, 20, 89,97,113-14,140, 146, 155 Sănătescu, Constantin, 314 Sandech, 15 Sarnaki, 78,169,176 Sarny, 118,181, 273, 274; SarnyKorosten-Kovel railway, 273 Saslavsk, 274 Sasse, Gwendolyn, 340 Schäffer, Dietrich, 167,173-4 Schenke, Cornelia, 265 Schlögel, Karl, 4 Schmidt, Karl, 213 Second Constituent Charter (Belarus, 1918), 164 Sedlets, 15 Seegel, Steven, 18, 20 self-determination, national: hierarchy of, 35, 87-8; principle of, xv, 35, 73, 86-8, 95, 97-8, no, 128, 165 Semen, 176 Index Semesenko, Ivan, 273 Serby, 224 Serhiichuk, Volodymyr, 28, 53П100 Serpents Island, 34, 40, 63Ո145, 307, 310, 316, 320-4 Sevastopol, 3, 243, 249, 253-5, 330, 339-42, 345 Severokavkazskii krai (North Caucasus), 194 Sfatul Țării, Bessarabia’s governing legislative body, 212 Shakhmatov, Alexei, 165 Shakhty, 194-6,198, 219 Sharosh, 15 Shchebzheshyn, 78 Shebreshin, 169 Shelukhin, Serhii, 176,178 Shepetoviche, 176 Sheptytsky, Andriy, 68 Shevchenko Scientific Society, 16 Shmigel’, Mikhail, 300 Shpilevsky, Pavel, 170 Shtshara, 176 Shulgin/Shulhyn family, 7 Shulha, Danylo, 279 Shumsky, Oleksandr, 190, 202 Shvernik, Nikolai, 250 Sianik (Sianok)/Sanok, 15,143 Sianki, 152 Siberia,
13 Siedlce, 13 Sighet, 301-4 Sikorski, Wladyslaw, 278 Silesia, xv, 89, 91, 94,145,149 Simferopol, 249, 254, 34o՜1։ 347 Siva, 176 Skhidnytsya/Schodnica, 152 Skirmunt, Konstanty, 127 Skoropadsky, Pavlo, 10, 23-4, 80, 109,112,172,176։ ^79։ *9°։ 2-68
Index Skoropys-Ioltukhovsky, Oleksandr, III Skrypnyk, Mykola, 190,192-3, 2O3 Skulski, Leopold, 276-7, 279-80 “Slavic-Russian” people, ίο-п Slonim, 14 Slovakia, 3, 20, 290, 292-4, 297, 3 00-1, 3 04, 329-30; Eastern Slovakia, 300; territorial claims in Transcarpathian Ukraine, 3 00-1 Slutsk, 173,177 Smirnov, Aleksandr, 196 Smolensk, 166,181 Smólski, Stefan, 275 Snyder, Timothy, 40, 265 Sobchak, Anatolii, 335 Sobibór, 156 Socialist Revolutionary Party (Russia), 163 Society of Borderland Guards, (Towarzystwo Straży Kresowej), 270-2, 276, 278, 282 Sokal, 115,152,156, 273, 278, 281 Sokolovka, 167 Sokolovsky, otaman, 273 Sokov, Nikolai, 174 Soldatenko, Valerii, 68 Solokiia/Solokija, 140 Soroka, Iurii, 139 Sosnkowski, Kazimierz, 145 Sosnytsia, 165 Soviet Ukraine, 27-8, 30, 32, 37, 39, 75,125,142,155,181, 216, 249, 250, 289, 302, 323 Soviet-Ukrainian border, 219, 290 Soviet Union (ussr), 4, 31, 34, 36, 81, 140,144, 150,181,196, 210, 226, 303, 333; Allied Powers, part of the, 142, 145-148,182; annexation of Bessarabia, 313-14, 317; 379 annexation of Transcarpathia, 289-90, 296, 298-301; annexation of western Ukraine and Belarus, 138,140,149,181; border agreement with Nazi Germany, 40, 138-42,181, 322-3; border delineation within, 37-9, 75, 202, 319; border with Poland, 90, 99, 126-7,139-40, 144-6,150-3, 266, 278, 282; collapse/disintegration of, 26, 40, 228, 238, 253, 319, 329, 331-2, 334-8, 340, 347-8; delineation of the border with Romania, 214, 216, 314-16, 321; deportation of Crimean Tatars, 242-3; as empire, 61Ո139, 294, 342; establishment of, 192; forma tion of the Moldovan
assr, 214, 216-17, 219, 313; Nazi aggression against, 42, 144, 323; negotiations with Czechoslovakia, 297-8, 301, 304; Polish-Soviet Border Agreement (1945), 153; PolishSoviet peace negotiations in Riga, in; Polish-Soviet relations, 146-7; population exchange with Poland, 39,13 8,140,146,151,154; Romanian Communist émigrés in, 211 ; in the Second World War, 36, 289, 296-7; Soviet Friendship of the Peoples, 246, 295; Soviet people, 40, 61П139,62Ո143; Soviet Telegraph Agency, 146; Sovietization, 31, 296, 298; territorial definition of Serpents Island, 320-2; territorial exchange with Poland (1951), 153-4; transfer of Crimea, 248-51; Treaty of Friendship, Collaboration and Mutual Assistance between Romania and the USSR (1948), 315;
380 Index war with Hungary, 294; war with Poland, 268; Sozh, 176 Spa, 124 spheres of influence, concept of, xvi Spiš, 94 St George, 309, 311, 314 St Petersburg, 11-13 Stalin, Joseph, 37, 39,197, 221, 228, 246, 296, 303, 348; and Beneš, Edvard, xvi; death of, 156, 203, 247; definition of a nation, 295; deportation of Crimean Tatars, 242; division of Poland, 145-6, 148-51; famine in Ukraine (1932-33), 61П131; as part of the “Big Three” territorial claims in Eastern Europe, xvii, 139,145-6; as People’s Commissar of Nationalities, 76; rise to power, 190, 202-3; territorial agreement with Nazi Germany, 141-2 Stanislav, district, 15,127 Stankevich, Sergey, 335 Stanyslaviv/Stanislawów, 143,145 Starobilsk, 200 Starodub, 14,167,178-9 Starokonstiantyniv, 275, 283Ո5 Staro-Oskol, 14 Staryi, Grigorii, 225 Stempowski, Stanislaw, 275 Stockholm, 18 Stokhid, 266, 273 Stolin, 181 Strabla, 174,177 Strasberg, В., 277 Stryj/Stryi, 15,115,152 Stykalin, Aleksandr, 302 Styr, 118, 273 Subcarpathian Rus, 91, 292-4, 297-8 Sudetenland, 297 Sudost, 173 Sudzhan, 14 Sukmar, 15 Sulina, 309, 311, 313-16, 324 Sumy, 199, 344 Surazh, 14,167,173,177,179 Suveică, Svetlana, 231Ш2 Suzdal, it Svidersky, Mykola, 172,174-5 Sydorenko, Hryhorii, 97 Syenno, 177 Sysyn, Frank E., 9, 25 Syvash, 242, 245, 257Ո9 Szczebrzeszyn/Shchebzheshyn, 78 Szczecin, 149 Szporluk, Roman, 11,43Ո20, 348 Taganrog/Tahanrih, 194-6,198, 219 Talko-Hryntsewich, Julian, 170 Taman Peninsula, 343 Tarasov, Mikhail, 250-2 Tarina (river), 176 Tarnica (river), 153 Tarnogród/Ternohorod, 23, 78 Tarnopol/Ternopil (also Ternopol), 15, 124,143,145
Tatarbunar/Tatarbunary, 216 Tatars, 92,167, 242-3, 254. See also Crimea Tătaru Mare, 315 Tătaru Mic, 315 Taurida (governorate), 5,13-14, 167, 190, 240, 242. See also Crimea Tehran, xvi, 145-6,149,152, 237Ո79. See also Allied Powers; “Big Three” conferences Ter-Gabrielian, Saak, 198-9; Ter-Gabrielian Commission, 199 Territorialization, 4,189,193, 203
Index Těšín, xv Tiachiv, 303 Timoshenko, Semyon, 140 Tiraspol, 215, 221, 224-5 Tisza (Tysa), 20, 303 Tomashiv/Tomaszów Lubelski, 148,156 Transcarpathia, xi, xvi, 30, 34, 38-39, 289-91, 293, 295-8; Transcarpathian Ruthenians, 114; Trans-Carpathian or Ugric Rus, 71, 73-4; Ukrainian question in, 296 Transcarpathian Ukraine, 290, 294, 297, 299-304; Communist Party of (kpzu), 290, 298, 303; First Congress of the People’s Committees of, 298; incorporation of Ukraine into Soviet Ukraine, 31; People’s Committees of, 298; People’s Council of (nrzu), 299-302; Temporary Constitutional Law of, 300 Transcaucasian Federation, 192 Transnistria/Pridnestrov’e/ Transdniestria, 210, 217, 220-1, 228-9, 314, 318, 330; Transnistria Governorate, 314 Transylvania, 87 Trotsky, Leon, 72-3, 76-7,193 Trubchev, 179 Trubchevsk, 176,178 Truskavets/Truskawiec, 152 Tshepele, 176 Tsvikievich, Alyaksandr, 172,174-5 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, xii, 278 Turia/Turiia, 118 Turianytsia, Ivan, 298-9, 301-3 Turkey, 168-9 Turov and Pinsk, principality of, 170-1,182 381 Tutejszye/Tuteishy (“locals”), xiv, 185Ո27 Tuzla, 342-3 Twerd, Franciszek, 277 Ugoch, 15 Ugric Rus, 71, 73-4 Uhniv/Uhnów, 140,143 Ukraine, xi, xiv, xvii, 7, 26, 32, 39-40, 87, 94,112,156,198-9, 214, 238, 241, 245-6, 250, 272, 290, 304, 308, 316, 324, 329, 332, 335, 347-9; Act of Declaration of Independence of (1991), 334, 336; and the all-Union referendum (1991), 334; as an “artificial state,” 331; border negotiations with the RSFSR, 10, 28-30, 33, 39,191, 194-8, 203; as a “breadbasket,” 36-7, 75-6; Budapest Memorandum (1994), signatory of, 4, 330, 344;
competing historical narratives of Ukraine’s borders, 40; and the creation of the Moldovan ASSR, 28, 33-4, 39, 210-11, 219-22, 228; Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine (1990), 333; definition of, 6, 8,12,17-20, 266; and Dmowski, Roman, idea of Poland, 92-6; the exploitation of the Azov Sea and the Kerch Strait, 343-4; famine (Holodomor, 1932-33), 36, 61П136; Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (csce) (1975), signatory of, 4; during the First World War, xii, 17, 21-2, 68, 88,167, 322; historiography of border formation, 26-31, 67-8, 139; history of, 8-12, 28-9, 31,
382 Index 45Ո39, 246, 295; and the incorpor 29, 37, 68-9, 92,115,117, 12-3-4, ation of Bessarabia, 228, 317; and 267-8, 271; and the right to selfthe incorporation of Transcarpathia, determination, 88; Romanian occu 31,34,289-90, 297-300, 304; the pation of, 314-15, 323; in the incorporation of western Ukraine Second World War, 33-4, 36,40, (1939), 28, 30-1, 142,148-9, 297; 56П115, 63Ո143,138,144,181-2, independence (1991), xi, xiii, 4, 68, 248, 258Ո15, 265; Sloboda Ukraine 156, 182, 253, 319, 329-32, 334-6, (Slob ids’ka Ukraina), 6; soborna 341; Kerch Agreement with Russia Ukraine, 124,128; sovereignty (2004), 343; Law on the Border over Crimea, 253-5, 340-2, 345; Troops of Ukraine, 336; Law on the statehood of, xii, xvi, 21-2, 34, 36, Legal Succession of Ukraine (1991), 67-8, 77, 338; and the status of 336; Law on the State Border of Crimea, xi, 3, 33, 37, 238-9, 340, Ukraine, 336; as a legal successor 345-7; territorial dispute between of the Ukrainian SSR, 329, 336, Romania and Ukraine in the Black 34i;.on maps, 5,12-22, 28, 80-1, Sea region, 63Ո145, 307-8, 316, 101-3,164,166-7, 2-2-5; 323-4; transfer of Crimea to Soviet Memorandum on Cooperation in Ukraine (1954), 28, 30, 34, 238, the Protection of the State Borders ' 244, 2-4б-55, ЗЗІ, ՅՅ9-40; Treaty of Ukraine, the Republic of Belarus, on Friendship, Cooperation, and and the Russian Federation, 338; Partnership with the Russian Minsk Agreement with Russia, 346; Federation (1997), signatory of, Narodnyi Ruch (People’s 33°, 333, 347-8; Treaty on the Movement), 332; and nato, 344, State Border with Russia (2003), 349;
occupation (annexation) of signatory of, 331, 342, 344, 348; Crimea, xii, 4, 255-6, 331, 344, and the Tuzla conflict, 342-3; 348-9; as part of Austria-Hungary, Ukrainian delegation to Brest5-6, 71,113; as part of the Litovsk, 70-5, 268; Ukrainian Commonwealth of Independent lands in the Polish-Lithuanian States (cis), 336-8; as part of the Commonwealth, 5, 8-9, 92, 95, roí, 123,128, 263, 271; unification Russian Empire, 5,13-15, 29,109, 240, 283Ո5; Pilsudski, Józef, of Eastern Galicia with Dnieper views on, 93,112; position Ukraine, 69; union with Russia, 246, 250, 3 3 5; war in Ukraine, xi, between Europe and Russia, 3 6; 3, 40, 255, 331, 344-6; western and the referendum on national border of, 3, 22, 31, 33, 40, independence (1991), 336; 56Ш15, 67, 80,120, 263, 303, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (rku), 329-30,349 143,182; Riga Peace Treaty (1921), Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, 17, signatory of, 103,128, 264, 281; 28 Right-Bank (Dnieper) Ukraine, 7,
Index Ukrainian-Belarusian border, i68, 170-82, 242, 336, 338 Ukrainian-Belarusian relations, 172 Ukrainian Border Service, 345-6 Ukrainian Central Committee (итѕк, Krakow), 21 Ukrainian Central Executive Committee (vutsvk), 193,199, 202 Ukrainian Free University, 17 Ukrainian Galician Army, 115, 118, 120 Ukrainian Greek Catholic (or Uniate) Church, 68-9,101,107Ո48, 114, 131Ո6,132Ո17 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (upa), i 5 і; Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, 266 Ukrainian-Lithuanian border, 177 Ukrainian-Moldovan border, 39, 210-13, 217, 227-9, 307,309, 318-20, 324, 330,336 Ukrainian National Committee of the United States, 98-9 Ukrainian National Council, 113 Ukrainian national identity, xiv, 5-7, 9,12-15, շ-o-l, 25, 63Ո143, 69, 291,304 Ukrainian nationalism, n, 20,147, 193,197, 2-91, ЗЗ1 Ukrainian national movement, 7, 20, 3 8, 5ՕՈ83,114,164, 263, 267, 275, 282, 295 Ukrainian People’s Assembly, 140 Ukrainian People’s Republic of Soviets, 22, 72,181 Ukrainian-Polish border, 3, 35, 87, 91-2,103,109-11,117,121-3, 127-8,138-9,145,147, 151, 153-4, 156, i8i, 263, 265-6, 269,273,275, 281-2 383 Ukrainian question, xv, 6, 80, 88, 92, 296, 301; at the Paris Peace Conference, 18, 88,100,180 Ukrainian Revolution, 21-26, 67-8 Ukrainian-Romanian border, 292, 3 07, 3 09, 316, 3 24 Ukrainian-Russian border, 3, 23, 28-9, 33-4, 37, 78,168-9,178, 189-91,194-8, 203, 242, 329-32, 336, 338-9, 342-6; commission on demarcation, 346 Ukrainian-Russian Subcommittee on State Borders, 341 Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of Geography and Cartography, 17 Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries (SRS),
193 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (ukrssR), 182,189,193,198, 329, 333,348 Ukrainian state (April-December 1918, the Hetmanate), 10, 23-4, 109,112, 268; border negotiations with Belarus, 172,176,180; border negotiations with RSFSR, 80 Ukrainization (Ukrainizatsiia), 31, 171,190,193,199, 203, 224-5, 301 Ukrainophiles, 291, 293-5, 299, 304 Union for the Liberation of Ukraine (svu), 17,166 Union of the Soviet Writers of Ukraine, 140 United Kingdom, 4,147, 320 United Nations (un) Security Council, xvii, 334, 340 United States, xv, 80, 88, 98,144,147, 152,182, 330, 340 Ushakov, Dmitrii, 174 Ushytsia, 275
384 Index Ustryki Dolyshni/Ustrzyki Dolne, 154 Uzbekistan, 243 Uzbekization, 193 Uzhetshe, 176 Uzhhorod/Ungvár, xvi, 15, 293, 298 Uzhock/Użok, 152; Pass, 140 Valegotsulovo, 227 Valuiki, 14 Variazh/Waręż, 152,154 Varonka, lazep, 177 Vassylenko, Volodymyr A., 307 Vasynchuk, Antin, 277 vel Grajewski, Przemysław Żurawski, 88 Velychko, Samiilo, 8, 45Ո30 Velyki Ochi/Wielkie Oczy, 152 Velykyy Daler. See Daleru Mic Vepr (Wieprz), 18, 20 Verkhovna Rada, 332-5, 340 Verstiuk, Vladislav, 68 Vienna, xvii, 16-18, 69-70, 75, 77, too, 176,179, 221, 291; Vienna Peace Treaty ( 1815 ), 311. See also Austria; Austria-Hungary; Central Powers Viliia (river), 281 Vilnius, 89, 92, 94, 99,103,166, 269, 272 Vinnytsia, 244 violence, 31, 60Ո131, 81, 107Ո48, 293, 302; inter-ethnic, 35-6, 40, 60Ո128,147-8, 272-3, 282 Viskuli, 336 Vistula, xii; Campaign (1947), 138 Vitebsk, 94,166,181 Vladimir (place), 11 Vladimir, prince, 243 Vlasovsky, Ivan, 280 Vlodava, 174 Volga, 13, 309 Volhynia/Wołyń, 5, 34, 38, 95,100-1, no-12,126,132Ո16,138,146-7, 156, 263-82, 283Ո6, 296; border based on Dmowski Line, 96,112, 269; ethnic cleansing, 57П119,147, 282; during the First World War, 263, 266-9; Halych-Volhynia Rus, 271; incorporation into Poland, 265-6, 270, 277-8; incorporation into Soviet Ukraine, 142; Jewish pogroms, 272-3; under MolotovRibbentrop Pact, 140; as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 263; as part of the Russian Empire, 263, 266; as part of the unr, 167,177, 190, 267-8; plans under the Pilsudski-Petliura Alliance, 117-18; in the Polish-Ukrainian political agreement (1920), 122-3; during the
Polish-Ukrainian war (191819), 113,116, 266, 270-5; Red Army control over, 278, 282; as a springboard for the Bolshevik revolution, 34, 38, 267; Ukrainian national movement, 263-4, 2-82; “Volhynia experiment,” 265; Volhynia guberniia (province), 5, 13-14, 94,131Ո16, 266, 283Ո5; Volhynia oblast of Soviet Ukraine, 140; Volhynia-Podolia Commissariat ( Generalbezirke Volhynia-Podolia), 140,143-4, 182; Wołyń District Administration (Zarząd Powiatów Wołyńskich), 274; Wołyń województwo (voivodeship) 264-5, 281-2 Volodymyr-Volhynsky/Włodzimierz, 113, 266-7, 269-70, 273, 276-8
Index Voloshyn, Avhustyn, 291, 293 von Hagen, Mark, 68 von Hoffmann, Max, 72, 74, 77 von Kühlmann, Richard, 71-3, 76 von Rosenberg, Friedrich Hans, 71 von Schwarzenstein, Alfons Mumm, 175 von Seidler, Ernst, 76 Vorkuta labour camp, 203 Voroby, 176 Voronezh, 13-14, 22, 30, 39,167, 190,194,196-7 Voronovici, Alexandr, 33, 37-40 Voroshilov, Kliment, 251-2 Vydonovsk, 23, 78,169, 173-4, 176-7 Vylkove/Vâlcov, 312 Vynnychenko, Volodymyr, xiv, 70 Vysokoe Litevskoe, 169,176 Wallachia, 312, 326Ո13 Wandycz, Piotr, 124 Wapiński, Roman, 29 Warmia, 91 Warsaw, 80, 98,127,147,153, շ88ո8ւ; Austro-Hungarian Foreign Office Representative in, 78; Battle of Warsaw (1920), 278; capital of Poland, 267, 269-70, 273, 279-80, 91,114,122,128; negotiations with UNR in, 117-21, 273-4, 276, 280; Red Army offensive on, xii, 181, Л78; Regency Council in, 177-8; Ukrainian diplomatic mission in, 274,119; Warsaw Agreement (1920), 52Ո92,124; Warsaw Pact, 334 Washington, 148 Wasilewski, Leon, 116,127, 269 385 Wawryniuk, Andrzej, 139 Wehrmacht, 297 Weiner, Amir, 299 Wekerle, Sándor, 76 West Ukrainian People’s Republic (zunr), 74, 88,113-14,118,179, 191 ; Entente mediation, 115; government-in-exile, 17,127; international recognition of, 115; military conflict with Poland, 29, II3-I5; Split with the UNR, 121; unification with the UNR, 114,179. See also Carpathian Ukrainian People’s Republic (unr); Ukraine Western Powers: at the end of the First World War, no, 116-і 8, 127-8; in nineteenth-century Europe, 3 20; during the Second World War, xvii, 147 Western Russia (Zapadno-Russkii krai), 13-14, 94,96,178 White
Russia, 6, 9,102,117,120, 123,128, 213, 294; White forces (or the Whites), 24, 91,121,192, 213; White Volunteer Army, 190,274 Wielkie Oczy, 152 Wieprz. See Vepr Wilno. See Vilnius Wilson, Woodrow, xv, 88, 94, 96,165 Winichakul, Thongchai, 16 Witos, Wincenty, 279-80 Wojnowski, Zbigniew, 62Ո143 Wołyń. See Volhynia/Wołyń Wysokie Litewskie/Vysoke, 78 Wyszogródek/Vyshhorodok, 123 Yalta Conference, xvi-xvii, 151-2, 182; symbolic meaning, xvii Yanukovych, Viktor, 331, 342
Index 386 Yatseniuk, Arseniy, 346 Yefymenko, Oleksandra, 45Ո39 Yekelchyk, Serhy, 62M43, 295 Yeltsin, Boris, 332-6, 340-2, 348, 352.1143 Yugoslavia, xvi, 88, 348 Yurchuk, Yulia, 54Ո103 Zagórze, 154 Zakharchuk, Borys, 26 Zamostia, 148,278 Zapadno-Russkii krai (western Russia), 13 Zaslavsk, 283Ո5 Zbrucz/Zbruch, 68, 91, 98,103,118, 120,123,125-7,13 5Ո42, 274 Zdolbunów/Zdolbuniv, 118,123 Zelinsky, Viktor, 274 Zemlin, 15 Zhlobin, 176 Zhovkva, 15 Zhurzhenko, Tatiana, 34 Zhytomyr, 22, 76,182, 244, 283Ո5 Ziemie Zabrane (Russian western borderlands), 94,96 Zimmer, Kerstin, 347-8 Zinov’ev, Grigorii, 193 Znob, 198-200 Zolochev, 15 Zviahel, 274 Bayerische i 81аеШ8оМ I кМмћап |
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Contents Maps vii Foreword xi Ulrich Schmid Acknowledgements xix Note on Transliteration and Translation xxi Introduction: Making the Borders of Contemporary Ukraine Olena Palko and Constantin Ardeleanu PART ONE 3 NEGOTIATING BORDERS: GREAT POWER DIPLOMACY AND UKRAINE’S BORDERS i Ukraine’s Borders at the Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference, 1917-18 67 Borislav Chernev 2 Poland’s “Civilizing Mission” and Ukrainian Statehood at the Paris Peace Conference 86 Elżbieta Kwiecińska 3 The Path to the Treaty of Riga: The Establishment of the Polish-Ukrainian Border, 1918-21 109 Jan Jacek Bruski 4 From the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact to the Territorial Agreement of “the Big Three”: Redrawing the Polish-Ukrainian Border in 1939-52 138 Damian Karol Markowski
vi Contents PART TWO ESTABLISHING THE BORDERS OF THE SOVIET REPUBLICS 5 Emerging States and Border-Making in Times of War: Negotiating the Ukrainian-Belarusian Borders in 1918 Dorota Michaluk 6 Contested Lines: The Russo-Ukrainian Border, 1917-29 Stephan Rindlisbacher 7 Overlapping Spaces: Negotiating and Delineating the Ukrainian-Moldovan Border during the Interwar and Wartime Years 210 Alexandr Voronovici 8 Crimea’s 1954 Transfer to Ukraine: A Practical yet Contested Union 238 Austin Charron PART THREE 9 163 189 DELINEATING UKRAINE’S WESTERN BORDER The Formation of the Polish-Ukrainian Border in Volhynia, 1918-21 263 Serhii Hladyshuk 10 To Reach beyond the Carpathians: The Integration of Transcarpathia into Soviet Ukraine, 1944-4 5 289 laroslav Kovalchuk 11 The Making of the Romanian-Ukrainian-Moldovan Border at the Maritime Danube in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 307 Constantin Ardeleanu Conclusion: Making and Unmaking the Ukrainian-Russian Border since 1991 329 Tatiana Zhurzhenko Contributors 355 Index 359
Index Abramson, Henry, 272 Adzhubei, Alexei, 248 Allied Powers (of the Second World War), xvii. See also “Big Three” conferences, Tehran; Yalta Conference All-Russian Constituent Assembly, 163 All-Ukrainian Council of Military Delegates, 172 All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks, ѵкр(Ь), 1925-51), 189; Communist Party of the Soviet Union (kpsu, 1952-91), 246-7, 255, 290, 295; Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, 247; Joint State Political Directorate (ogpu), 195; Politburo (Presidium) of the tsk kpsu, 247-8; Red Army of the Soviet Union, 31,146,148, 243, 289-90, 297-304, 306Ո29, 322; Supreme Council of the Soviet Union, 148, 243, 248-52, 254, 335, 340 Ananyiv, 227 antisemitism, 21, 89 Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir, 74 Antonových, Volodymyr, 11 Arabatska Spit, 257Ո9 Arciszewski, Tomasz, 15г Ardeleanu, Constantin, 34, 37, 39-40 Arkhangelsk, 13 Armenia, xii, 99 Armstrong, John A., 11 Asia, 20 atrocities, 98-9 Aurescu, Bogdan, 307 Austria, 168 Austria-Hungary, xi, 69, 71, 88, 268; accepts a Habsburg Ukrainian crownland, 75-6; AustroHungarian forces, 23, 80,113,190, 269, 281; borders of, 12Ճ, 2Ճ6; at the Brest-Litovsk negotiations, 69-71; Bukovina’s borders in case of Austria-Hungary’s defeat, 3 22; collapse of, 113,190; division of, xv; Great January Strike, 73, 75-6; languages and ethnicities, 5,13; maps published in, 80; Poland’s orientation toward Germany and, in; provinces in, 68, 89, 94; and Ukraine’s recognition in 1918, 22-3, 26, 168-9, 2-68; Ukraine
З бо Index supplying Austria-Hungary with foodstuffs, xv, 76, 78; Ukrainian lands in, 5,15,17, 67, 73, 109, 263. See also Central Powers Averescu, Alexandru, 214 Axis Powers, 142. See also Germany Azerbaijan, xii Azov Sea, 39, 257Ո9, 331, 342-4 Babina, 315 Badeev, Iosif, 225 Baikal, 13 Baku, 3 7 Balkans, xvi, 38, 99, 218; Communist Balkan Federation, 215 Balta, 2.24-5, 227 Baltic: provinces, 112; region, 100, 149; Sea, 100; states, 164, 332, 335 Barthélemy, Joseph (Barthélemy Line), 115 Baumann, Fabian, 7 Belarus, xii, 112,182, 336; АП-Belarusian Congress, 164; Belarusian People’s Republic (bnr), 163-82; Belarusization, 193,199; Bolshevik position on, 126; borders of, 38,xoi, in, 163-82,188Ո65; borders with Ukraine after the collapse of the ussr, 329-30, 335, 338, 348; First Constituent Charter, 164; Lithuanian-Byelorussian ssr, 187Ո64; nationalism in, 198; as part of the Polish-Lithuania Commonwealth, 92-3; Polesia’s importance to, 170; Polish-Soviet borders, 139; population in Central, 170; recognition of, 168; Red Army occupation of, 31; relations between Ukraine and, 168,180; Soviet Belarus/Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia/ Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (bssr), 181-2,192,199, 281; Soviet control of, 163; and the Treaty of Riga, 281 Belgorod/Bilhorod, 14,197 Beloborodov, Aleksandr, 195 Belostok, 14,117 Belovezha, 18, 20, 336 Belozyrka, 281 Belsk, 14,165,167,169,175,181, Г84П8 Belz/Belz, 152,154 Bender/Bendery, 216 Beneš, Edvard, xvi, 297, 299-301 Bereg, 15 Berehovo, 293, 298 Berezhany, 15 Berezina, 178 Berezovsky, Ia., 277 Berlin, 69, 70,168,175; Peace
Treaty (1878), 313; conferences held in (1917-18), 70, 77; Ukrainian books published in, 17-18,179; University of, 16 Beseda Creek, 176 Bessarabia, 18,120, 228, 232Ո26; Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic (Bessarabian ssr), 214-16; borders of Southern, 37, 312-13; contested character of Southern, 322-3; importance in relation to Danube navigation, 317-18; maps of, 225; MoldovanUkrainian border in, 227-9, 319; as part of Romania, 211-15, 222, 226; population, 221; revolutionary groups in, 215-16; during the Second World War, 226, 314-15; Southern Bessarabia as part of
Index Ukraine, 31; Soviet control in, 142; and Transnistria, 218; Ukraine’s and Soviet Ukraine’s claims over, 212, 214, 219-20, 226; Ukrainian population in, 13-14; 212, 227, 229. See also Moldova Bezruchko, 278 Bialystok/Belostok, 117,149,166, 270 Bieszczady Mountains, 140,143, 153-4,156 “Big Three” conferences, xvi, 145, 149,151. See also Allied Powers; Tehran; Yalta Conference Bilgoraj/Bilgoray, 78,169 Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi/Cetatea Albă/ Akkerman, 228, 318 Bilozersky, Vasyl, 12 Biriuchensk, 14 Birzula, 224 Black Sea, xi, 11,18, 63Ո145,100; continental shelf, 34, 40, 307-8, 320-1; Cossacks, 13,15; Fleet, 214, 243,254, 330, 339-41, 347; imperial Russia as power in, 239; as part of the Danube’s border region, 315,317-19; as part of Ukraine’s border system, 20, 37; ports, 97, 313; rivers flowing into, 245, 309, 312. See also Azov Sea; Serpents Island; Sevastopol Blotnia, 154 Bóbrka/Bibrka, 115 Bobrovsky, Pavel, 170 Bobruisk, 173,177 Bodiansky, Osyp, 11 Boguchary, 14 Boiechko, Vasyl, 26 Boikivshchyna/Bojkowszczyzna, 150-1 Bolgrad/Bolhrad, 227, 317-18, 320 361 Boncz-Uzdowski, Wladyslaw, 270 borderization, xii Borisenok, Elena, 29, 31 Borisov, 178 Boryslav/Boryslaw, 113,115-17,146, 151-2 Bös, Mattias, 347-8 Botha, Louis, n 5 Brandenberger, David, 62Ш43 Brest, 14,113,167,169-75,177, 181-2,186Ո31, 268; Brest-Moscow railway, 171; Brest-Pinsk-Gomel railway, 173-4; negotiations and treaties of Brest-Litovsk, xv, 22-6, 33, 36, 38, 67-81, ni, 113,164, 168, 268 Briansk (Bryansk), 30, 39,178-9,194, 196-8 Brodii, Andrei, 293-4 Brody-Zdolbunów/Zdolbuniv-Sarny railway, 118 Brotherhood of
Saints Cyril and Methodius, 7 Brovko, Feodor, 318 Bruski, Jan Jacek, 33, 37, 52092 Bucharest, 214, 228, 302, 308, 314. See also Romania Budapest, 294; Budapest Memorandum (1994), 4, 330, 344. See also Hungary Budei, 224 Budionnyi, Semion, 278 Budjak, 317-20, 324 Bug, 67; as border, 89,115,117,140, 145,152,156,176,269,315; military clashes in the region, 113 Bukcha, 281 Bukovina, 142, 218, 322; as a contested territory, 322; in the context of the Brest-Litovsk
362 Index Peace Conference, 71, 74; incorporation of Northern Bukovina to Ukraine, 30-1, 226, 314, 317; Ukraine’s claims over, 25, 179; Ukrainian communities in, 13, 15, 22,73 Bulak-Balachowicz, Stanislaw, 278 Bulgaria, xvi, 67,168-9 Burba, Pavlo, 195 bureaucracy, 210, 248, 296, 313 Burián, István, 76 Bush, George H.W., 334 Butsenko, Panas, 193-6,199, 202-3, 206П16 Bystroe/Bystre/Bîstroe Canal, 308, 316 Carpathia, 39; Carpathian Rus, xvi, 91, 290-4, 298, 304; Carpathian Ruthenia, 142, 179; Carpathian Sich, 293 Carpathians (mountains), 138,143, 289-304 Carpathian Ukrainian People’s Republic (unr), 19, 23, 25, 28, 67, 70, 88,98-9,109,118,171,181, 212, 269; All-Ukrainian Council of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, 11; anti-Soviet Polish-Ukrainian cooperation, 24, 26,122,124, 275; army of, 121,123,126-7, 2-72-4, 276, 278; border negotiations with Poland, 37, no-11; and the border with Poland, no-11,117,120,122, 135Ո42, 281; and the border with Russia, 3, 23, 28-9, 33, 37, 78, 168-9,178,194-8, 3 29, 3 3 2, 338-9, 342-6; British position on the Ukrainian question in Versailles, 89; central government-in-exile, 88; Central Rada (Council) of, xiv, 11, 21-2, 69-70, 72-4, 76-8, 80, in, 164,168-6,172,176,179, 190-1, 240, 267-8, 270; delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, 18-19, 33, 86, 88,97-103,107Ո48; diplomatic mission to Warsaw, 119, 274; Directory of, 112,117,119-22,I2-4 179; First Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) signatory, xv, 22, 67, 78-81, 168,174, 268; founding of, xiv, 22, 69,164, 212, 240; independence of, 22, 72, 78,164,190; negotiations with the Belarusian government,
29, 33, 38,168,172-6; People’s Secretariat of Ukraine (government), 10,18, 22, 24, 26, 29, 3 6-8, in, 118-21,127,176-7,180, 264, 273-4; as a Polish protectorate, 118; Polish-Ukrainian Alliance (Union, 1920), 52Ո92,119-23,12Д 2-76, 282; Polish-Ukrainian war (1918-19), 90,99, in-13,116, 266, 270-5; Polish-Ukrainian war against Russia, 24,109,121,124, 126, 275; recognition at BrestLitovsk, 22, 25-6, 33, 36, 38, 68, 71, 73, 268; and relations with the Central Powers, 22-3, 26, 36, 38, 67, 69-72, 77,113,168,173, 268; and relations with Poland, 33, 36, 109-10,112-13,116-22, 270, 273; territorial claims, 22, 39, 67, 73-4, 99,100,121,125-6,167-8, 190, 212, 240, 264, 270; territorial conflict with Poland 90,109-10; trade agreement with Poland, 112, 119; unification with the zunr, 114-15,179; war with Bolshevik Russia, 22, 26, 74, 76, 80, 88, 98, 117, 268, 273-4
Index Caspian deserts, 20 Caspian Sea, 18 Catherine II, tsarina, 196 Caucasus, 18, 20,193-4, 196, 2O°; North Caucasus region, 194,196, 200; South Caucasus, 193; Sub-Caucasus, 18 Central Asia, 192-3, շօւ, 243 Central Europe/Eastern and Central Europe/East-Central Europe, 25; export of revolutions to, 38; 218, 304; federation in, 92; liberal democracies in, 349; multi-ethnic spaces in, 74; as part of Poland’s “civilizing mission,” 86-7, 92; power relations in, 163, 303; states and nations in, 87, 96, 297, 301; struggle for supremacy in, 81; territorialization of ethnicities in, 67; Versailles order in, 196. See also Eastern Europe/Central and Eastern Europe Central Intelligence Agency (cia), 299 Central Powers, xv, 22-4, 26, 3 5-6, 38, 67-81, 88,109,113,131Ո6, 131П14,164,168,173-4, 177,180, 265,268,270 Cernovca, 315 Charna/Czarna, 154 Charron, Austin, 34, 37, 40 Chechnya, 341 Chelm/Kholm (Cholm), 22, 26, 68, 73-5, 78, no-13,117,119-20, 131Ո6,132Ո13,148,151,167,190, 268-70, 274, 276-7 Cherche, 99 Chernev, Borislav, 33, 35-6 Chernihiv, 5,13-14,165-7,172-4, 176-7,179,190, Հ92·, 344 Chernobyl, 330 363 Chertkovo, 200 Cherviakov, Aleksandr (Cherviakov Commission), 194-8, 203 Chervonohrad, 140 Chicherin, Georgy, 89 Chior-Ianachi, Pavel, 225 Chișinău, 212-13, ^Ѕ, 318 Chodorów/Khodoriv, 115 Chop, 301 Choma, 227 Chortkiv, 15 Chubar, Via., 222 Chubynsky, Pavlo, 13-14 Chupis, Mykola, 149 Churchill, Winston, xvi, 145-6,149 Cieszyn Silesia, 94, 297 civilizing mission, xiv, 86-7, 91-3, 97-101,103,112; German, 100; Polish, xiv, 38, 86, .91-4, 97-100, 103,112; Soviet, 38; Ukrainian, i о 1-2
Clemenceau, Georges, 98 colonization, 86, 98-9,102 Comintern, 217 Commonwealth of Independent States (cis), 336-9, 341, 344 Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine (кр(Ь)и), 140,190,192, 217, 247, 301; Politbiuro of the Kp(b)u, 19 5, 202, 206П16, 220, 224, 226, 234Ո43; Ukrainian Central Executive Committee (vutsvk), 193,199, 202, 221-2, 224; Ukrainian Soviet Government - Council of People’s Commissariat, Council of Ministers {Sovnarkom), xy, 30, 39, 76, 214, 222, 224, 278; Ukrainian Planning Commission (UkrDerzhplan), 194; Ukrainian Supreme Soviet (Council),
364 Index 227, 249-51, 318; Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian ssr 332-5; Western Border District, 336 Comrat, 317, 320 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (csce), 4 continental shelf. See Black Sea Cossack/Cossacks, 6, ίο-n; Black Sea, 13,15; Chronicles, 9-10; Cossack Hetmanate, 8, 246; Cossackdom, 11,13,15, 39,192, 194; Don Cossack Host, 192; Free Cossacks, 10; territories, 6, 8 Cotul Morii, 317 Crimea, 18, 33,167,190, 258Ո15 343; Autonomous Republic of, 341, 345; Black Sea fleet in, 330, 342; Commission on the AdministrativeEconomic Zoning of, 242; as a contested territory, xii, 33, 37, 238, 253-6; Crimean assr, 241-2, 257Ո6; Crimean Khanate, 239-40; Crimean oblast, 39, 238, 244, 246, 254; Crimean Peninsula, 238-42, 250, 252, 331, 346; Crimean People’s Republic, 167, 240; Crimean Tatars, 23 8-40, 242-4, 253-4, 257Ո7; Crimean War, xiii, 3II, 317, 320; in current Ukrainian-Russian relations, 345-8; illegal annexation of, xi-xii, 3-4, 239, 343; North Crimean Canal, 246,248, 253, 256, 259Ո49; pro-Russian separatism in, 341, 352Ո43; Republic of, 3, 340; revocation of special status, 243; within the Russian Empire and in Russian imagination, 23 8-40, 243; transfer of, 28, 30, 239, 244-253, 331. See also Taurida Cripps, Stafford, 142 Curzon, George, 89; Curzon Line, xiii, 89-91, 94, in, 125,139,144-53 Czechoslovakia, xi, xv-xvi, 31, 34, 81, 88,114,152, 202, 218, 289-304; Communist Party of, 298; Czechoslovak government-in-exile, 289,297 Czernig, Karl, 179 Czernin, Ottokar, 71-3, 75-8 Czmelyk, Roman, 155 Dąbrowski, Henryk, 178 Daleru Mare, 315 Daler u Mie, 315
Danechkin, P., 198-9 D’Anieri, Paul, 337, 344, 349 Danube, ii, 20, 37, 39, 100, 227, 309-24; Danube Delta, 34, 307-16, 320-1, 323-4. See also European Commission of the Danube Danubian Principalities, 3 20 Danylo of Halych (king), 111 Daugava, 93,178 Davies, Norman, 89 Dębski, Jan, 278 Dekanozov, Vladimir, 314 Denikin, Anton, 89,120,190, 274 deportations, 138, 243 Desna, 173 dialect, 5-6,12,14-15,18, 92,165, 169-70,194 di Fiore, Laura, 309. Dmowski, Roman, xiii-xv, 89-96, 101,103,112, 269, 272; Dmowski Line, 94,112 Dnieper, 5, 92-3,101, in, 120—3, 174,176, 240, 245—6, 256, 266; Dnieper Ukraine, 68-9,115, 117, 124, 267, 271
Index Dobrogea (Dobrudja), 13, 218, 312 Dobromyl/Dobromil, 154,156 Don, xvi, 18, 20,101,190; Don Cossack Host, 192 Donbas, xi, 29,192, 215, 255, 331, 344-6 Donetsk (Donets), 24, 247, 331, 345; Donetsk coal basin, 3 7; DonetskKryvyi Rih Soviet Republic, 24, 190; Donetsk People’s Republic, 3, 345; industry in Donetsk Basin, 192 Doroshenko, Dmytro, 172,176 Doroshenko, Petro, 10 Dounar-Zapolski, Mitrofan, 165, 170, 172,174-5, *79, ւ8շ Dreszer, Zygmund, 276 Drohiczyn/Dorohychyn, in, 175, 181 Drohobycz/Drohobych, 113,115-16, 146,154,156 Dual Monarchy. See Austria-Hungary Dubno, 123, 266, 274, 276, 281 Dunlop, Catherine, 15 Durnovo, Nikolaj, 174 Dvina (Daugava), 178 Dworakowski, Tadeusz, 267 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 334 Eastern Europe/Central and Eastern Europe, 189, 264; borders in, 109, 128, 145,180,182, 211, 296, 329; Great Powers’ views on, 33,127-8; international order in, 33; multi ethnic populations in, 87; Nazi occupation of, 140; Poland’s views on, 26, 96,117, 125; politics in, xi; Soviet views on, 139-40; states in, xiii, xvi, 35-6,164 Eberhardt, Piotr, 29,139,152 Eden, Anthony, 145,149 365 Eizmont, Nikolai, 194-5 émigrés, 211, 213, 215, 219-20, 222, 294 Entente Powers, 70, 88, 90-1, 99,103, 115-17,128,180, 288Ո81, 322 Enukidze, Avel’, 197 Estonia, 142 Euromaidan, 331 Europe, 4, 35, 40,151,154,181-2, *45 344, 347 European Commission of the Danube, 312-13, 315, 321 European Union (eu), 3, 307, 323, 33°, 340,346-9 experts, 12, 15, 33, 76,119,152-3, 201,312-16, 343 Farbotka, Jazep, 172 Fedorowski, Michal, 178 Fedyshyn, Oleh S., 70 Fentsik, Stepan, 294 Finland, 218-19 Fokke,
Dzhon, 70 France, 70, 88-9,116,128,142, 2-73, 29Յ, 317 Frank, Hans, 9, 78,143 Freytag and Berndt (publisher), 167, 176 Frunze, Mikhail, 220-1, 234Ո46 G8 meeting, 345 Gagauzes, the, 320 Galicia/Eastern Galicia, xv, 5, 13, 25, 35, 38, 73, 89-101,103, 109-28,131П17,138-9, 142-3, 146-7, 179, 191, 218, 263-7, 269, 273-6, 278, 280-2, 288Ո81, 291, 295-6; as Austrian “crownland,” 22 74-6,113; Austrian Galicia, 16; contested status of, 35, 90;
З 66 Index delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, izo; French mission led by General Joseph Barthélemy, 115; Galician Army, 115, 118, izo; Galician Soviet Socialist Republic, 1Z4; Poland’s mandate over, 90-1, 98-9, 103, 116; Poland’s temporary administration of, 90; Revolutionary Committee for Galicia, IZ4; territorial definition of, 115-16, 118-Z1; unification with Dnieper Ukraine, 69; unification with Soviet Ukraine, z6; Western Galicia, 113 Gdansk, 145 Gediminas dynasty, 170 Georgia, xii, xvii, 164, 33z Germany, xv, 4, zz-3, 36, 67, 69, 78, 89, 91-Z, 94, 96, in, 131Ո14, 135Ո39, 146,149,168,169, 175, 181, z68; German Empire, xv, 168; German forces, 143; German Foreign Office, 69, 71; Nazi Germany, 4,140,14Z-3,145,148, 293 2.99, 314, 3*3 347-8 Gershtanskyi, Demian, 277 Giurgiuleşti, 319 Gleiwitz, xv Glukhov/Hlukhiv, 177,199 Glusk, 176 Golczewski, Frank, 78 Golden Horde, Z39 Gomel, 165,167,171-4,177,181-Z Gorbachev, Mikhail, 33 z, 334, 336, 34Գ348 Gorizontov, Leonid, 29 Gorokhiv, z8i Goryn, z8i Grabski, Stanislaw, 1Z5,1 37Ո62 Grabski, Wladyslaw, 1Z4, 126 Graivoron, 14 Great Britain, xvi, 70, 88-9, iz8, 14z, 144,147,149,15z, i8z, 293. See also United Kingdom Great Powers, xvii, 17, 33, 36, 39, 70, 89-90, no, izz, 1Z4,139, Z16, 304, 31Z, 319 Greater Russia, 294; Great Russians, 6,9, 89,199, 330 Grechukha, Mykhailo, 227-9, 318 Greece, xvi Grodno/Hrodno, 13-14,94,165-7, 169,175-7,179,181-Z, 184Ո8 Gross, Jan T., 296, 299 Groza, Petru, 303, 315, 322 Grusecky, Ivan, 150 Habsburg Empire. See Austria-Hungary Hague, the, 307 Halicz, 153 Haller, Józef, 98, ii6, 273 Haller,
Stanislaw, 122 Halych, Hi; Halych-Volhynia Rus, 271; Metropolitan of, 114 Hanzha, Oksana, 26 Haraida, Ivan, 294 Harriman, Averell, 149 Hartmann, Wilhelm (publisher in Berlin), 179 Helsinki Accords (1975), 4, 33z, 348 Hertza, 317 Hillis, Faith, 6-7 Himka, John-Paul, 291 Hirsch, Francine, 14, 75,198 Hitler, Adolf, 36,14Z-3; Hitler-Stalin Pact, 14z Hladyshuk, Serhii, 34, 38, 40 Holocaust, zi
Index Holubových, Vsevolod, 72-3 Homel, 169,174 Horkí, 178 Horodnia, 165,167,179 Horthy, Miklós, xi Horynets ’/Horyniec, 152-3 Hotin. See Khotyn/Hotin Hrabianka, Hryhorii, 8 Hremach, 173 ֊ Hroch, Miroslav, 264 Hrodna, 13 Hromada, 12-13 Hrubeshiv/Hrubieszów, 148,156 Hrushevsky, Mykhailo, 5, n, 16-17, 97,101, in, 164,194 Hungary, xi, xvi-xvi, 3, 6, 13,15,17, 31, 34, 74, 76,142, 215, 293-4, 300, 329-30 lalpuh, 317 laroslav/Jaroslaw, 143,148 lefimenko, Henmadii, 30 leremich, Ivab, 170 Igeligowski, Lucjan, 278 Insula Șerpilor. See Serpents Island International Court of Justice (icj), 307-8,320-1,323,325 Ioffe, Adolf, 126 Iraq, 334 Ismail/Izmail, 227-8, 318-19 Istanbul, 320 Italy, 293 luzovka, 246 Izvestiia (newspaper), 146 Janowski, Maciej, 86 Jellinek, Georg, xii-xiv Jews/Jewish communities, 20, 89, 97, 99, 222, 272, 277 Józewski, Henryk, 265 367 Kaganovich, Lazar, 200 Kakhovka, 246, 253 Kaląkuty, 131Ո6 Kalinin, Mikhail, 197 Kamenets Litevsky/Kamieniec Litewski, 78, 169,176 Kamenev, Lev, 37,193 Kamianets-Podilsky (Kamianets/ Kamieniec), 118,121,123,126, 268, 275 Kamień-Koszyrski, 181-2 Kamionka Strumilowa/Kam’ianka, 115 Kappeler, Andreas, 264 Karamzin, Nikolai, 10 Karelian Republic, 218 Karnicki, Aleksander, 273 Karski, lefim, 165,167,173-4 Kasianov, Heorhii, 62Ո143 Katerynoslav (Ekaterinoslav), 5, 13-14,167,190,192-3 Katyn Forest, 146 Kerch Strait, 245, 331, 342-4 KGB, 334 Kharkiv, 5-6,12,14,17, 22, 39, 72, 76,117,167,181,191, 201, 211, 219-20, 222, 298; Kharkiv Accords, 342, 347; Kharkiv University, 195 Kherson, 5,13-14,167,190, 246 Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, 8-ю, 246 Khodoriv, 115
Kholm. See Chelm/Kholm (Cholm) Khorobriv/Chorobrów, 154 Khotyn/Hotin, 14, 227-8, 318 Khrushchev, Nikita, 140,148-50, 246-8, 252, 254-5, 301-3, 318,331 Khrushchev, Nina, 248 Khrushchev, Sergei, 248
368 Khrystiuk, Pavlo, 67 Khust, 29 3, 29 8, 3 01 Khyriv/Chyrów, 153-4, т5б Kievskaia mysl’, 69 Kievskaia Starina, 45Ո39 Kiliia, 309, 313-14, 324 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, 88 Kobrin/Kobryń, 167,169-71, 173, 175,177 Kodyma, 224, 227 Kolomyia, 15 Komancha Republic, 114 Korchova/Korczowa, 153 korenizatsiia, 21, 34, 38-9,190,193, 197,202-4, 219-20, 225, 241 Korets, 273, 281 Korniichuk, Oleksandr, 140 Korniyets, Leonid, 318 Korotchenko, Demian, 250, 252 Korotkoiaksk, 14 Korsun, Oleksii, 299 Kosmowska, Irena, 276 Kosów, 181 Kostomarov, Mykola, 11 Kotenko, Anton, 12 Kotovsk, 224, 227 Kotovsky, Grigory, 217, 221 Kovalchuk, laroslav, 34, 38,40 Kowel/Kovel, 116, 266-7, 2 69, 273-4, 276-9, 281 Kozachkov, Dmytro, 200 Kozlovsky, Ivan, 139 Kozma, Miklós, 294 Krajewski, Franciszek, 278 Krakow, 20-1, 80,114,140,143 Kraskoūski, Ivan, 172,174,179,182 Krasni Okny, 227 Krasnodar, 256, 347 Krasny Roh, 176 Index Krasnystaw/Krasnostav, 169 Kravchuk, Leonid, 333, 336-8, 340 Kremenets/Krzemieniec, 123, 156, 266, 274, 276, 278, 281; Krzemieniec/Kremenets Mountains, 123,156 Kremenetsky, 274 Kremlin, xii, 30, 202, 331, 334, 345-6 Kreuznach, 70 Krivorukov, I.N., 214 Krostenko/Krościenko, 154 Krukenychi/Krukienice, 152 Krupensky, Alexander, 213 Kryliv/Krylów, 152 Krystynopil/Krystynopol (renamed Chervonohrad), 140,154 Kryvyi Rih, 24,190 Krzyżanowski, Tadeusz, 267 Kuban, 10,13,18, 39, 102,194-5, 198 Kubiiovych, Volodymyr, 20-1 Kucharzewski, Jan, 80 Kuchma, Leonid, 331, 338, 341-2 Kulish, Panteleimon, 11 Kun, Béla, 215 Kurdynovsky, Borys, 118-19, 273 Kursk, 13-14, 22, 30, 39,167-8, 175,
190,192,194,196-7,199 Kurylovitch, Ivan, 172 Kuusinen, Otto, 251 Kuzio, Taras, 338 Kviring, Emanuil, 192, 278-9 Kwiecińska, Elżbieta, 35, 37 Kyiv, 100,116, 308; Bolshevik attempts to seize power, 22,191; Central Rada, 69,164,190, 267; during Euromaidan and other pro tests, 3, 340; German envoy to, 175; intellectuals’ nationalism, 7; joint Polish-Ukrainian expedition
Index (1920), xii, IIO-II, 124, 278; negotiations with Russia after dissolution of the USSR, 333-5, 338-41, 344, 346; Polish-Ukrainian negotiations, 267; political organizations in, 21, 69; relation ship with Crimea after 1991, 340-1; Russian imperial narrative, 10—ii; Russian-Ukrainian negotiations (1918), 178; as seat of power of Ukrainian govern ments, 18, 24, 70, 74, 76,111-і 2, 114,175-6,179, 212, 247-8, 254, 264,267-8, 271, 273, 302, 307, 317, 330; Ukrainian armed forces, 72; Ukrainian-Belarusian negotiations, 163,172, 176, 178-81,184Ո8; University, II, 165; in various administrative units, 5։ 13-14» 167, i72 177,190, 2-44» 266, 268-9, І72·; Verkhovna Rada, 334 Kyiv province, 266 Kyivan Rus. See Rus Lasch, Karl, 143 Latsis, Martyn, 195-6 Latvia, 125,142 Lawoczne/Lavochne, 115 League of Nations, 3 5, 91, 96, 99 Lebedeva, V., 29 Lechnicki, Zdzisław, 271 Lemberg. See Lviv/Lwów Lemkivshchyna/Lemkowszczyzna, 147,150 Lemko, 113-14 Lenin, Vladimir, 88,165, 215, 331 Leszczycki, Stanislaw, 153 Leuchenko, Lavon, 172 Levchenko, Mykhailo, 12 369 “Likbez: History without Censorship,” 28, 54П103 Likhniakevich, Anastas, 172,174-5 Limba, island, 315 Lithuania, 9, 92-4, 96,101,112,142, 177-8,180,185Ո19, 265; Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 170-1,182, 185Ո19,186Ո31, 263, 271 Litopys Samovydtsia, 8 Liubinsky, Mykola, 77 Liubycha/Lubycza, 152 Liutovyska/Lutowiska, 154 Livytsky, Andrii, 119, 121-2, 274 Lloyd George, David, 89 Lodomeria, 179 Loiev, 167 Loktyshe, 176 Łomża, 149 London,89,128,142,147-50,152, 298. See also Great Britain; United Kingdom Lubachiv/Lubaczów, 140 Lubashev, 176
Lubavski, Matvey, 165 Lubelszczyzna, 140,154,156 Lublin, 13,15, 73,140,143,147-9, 151,154,170, 263, 269-71; Military Government Lublin, 73 Lubomirski, Zdislaw, 78 Lubomi, 281 Lubyanka Square (Moscow), 334 Łuck, 276 Luhansk, 3, 331, 345; Luhansk People’s Republic, 3, 331, 345 Lukyanov, Fyodor, 331 Luninets/Łuniniec, 171,181 Lutsk, 266-7, 2-69, 273-4, 2-76, 278-9, շ8ւ Lutskevich, Anton, 176 Lutskevych, Marko, 267, 277
370 Index Lviv/Lwów (also, Lemberg), xv, 145, 149; capital of Galicia, xv, 113, 143; contested place, 29, 89, 92-3, 116; Entente mediation, 115; maps and pamphlets published in, 13,18; as part of Poland, 99,103,115-17, 125; Polish attempts to retain, 151-2; during Polish-Ukrainian military disputes and cooperation, 113-14, 124; Polish underground movement, 150; proclamation of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic, 179; railways, 114,116; in Soviet Ukraine, 146, 149-51, 156; symbolism for Ukraine, 114; Ukrainian political activity, 113, 140,147; University, 16-17, 100, 166; in various administrative units, 15,114,140, 143, 146, I5i,i54 Lyzohub, Fedir, 176 Magocsi, Paul Robert, 48Ո58, 290-2, 298,303 Magyarization, 291 Maikan/Maican island, 315-16 Maksymovych, Mykhailo, 11 Malandin, German, 314 Male Krugoviche, 176 Malenkov, Georgy, 247 Malorosia, 28 Malorussians, 92 Malyy Daler. See Daleru Mare mandate system, 86, 91 Manuilsky, Dmytro, 125,192 maps, xi, xvii, 5,12·, 15-17, 20, 26, 28, 80,100-1,127,150,164, 173, 213,225,309, 315, 317-18 Maramureș County, 290, 292, 294, 300-3 Mar’ina, Valentina, 300 Markowski, Damian, 33,37 Markus’, Vasyl’, 299, 306Ո29 Marmoros, 15 Martin, Terry, 31, 295 Martynets, Hnat, 267 Massandra Accords (1993), 340 Masuria, 91 Maxwell, Alexander, 80 Mazepa, Isaak, 121 Mazepa, Ivan, 8,10 Medenychi/Medenice, 152 Mędrzecki, Włodzimierz, 281 Medvedev, Dmitri, 342 Medyka, 152-4 Melnik, 169 Meshkov, Yuriy, 341 Mezherin, A., 318 Mglin, 14,167,173-4,176,178-9 Michaluk, Dorota, 33,38 Mickiewicz, Mieczysław, 268 Międzyrzecze, 78 Miedzyzhėc, 169 Mielnik, 78,176
Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 145-6, 149-50 Mikołaj ów/Mykolaiv, 115 Military Counter-Intelligence agency (smersh), 148 Miller, Alexei, 6 Milove, 200 Mîndrești, ravine of, 319 Minkiewicz, Antoni, 275 Minsk, 13-14, 94,122·, 125-6, 164-6, 169-70,173,175-9,181-2, 269, 346 Miropol’e/Myropillia, 199-200 Mogilev, 166,169,173,176-9,181-2 Moldavia, principality of, 311-і 3, 317,320, 326Ո13
371 Index Moldova, xii, 33, 38, 229, 308-9, 313, 318-19, 324, 329, 332, 336, 348; Moldovan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (massr), 28, 37, 39, 210, 230Ո4, 234Ո44, 235Ո59, 236Ո72, 317; Moldovan Democratic Republic, 212; Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic (mssr), 37, 210, 217, 317; Second Moldovan Congress of Soviets, 225 Moldovanization, 224-5 Molotov, Viacheslav, 138-41,143, 145,147,149,i5i 15З, i55 181, 314-15, 32-2--3 Montevideo, 87 Moscow, 37, 277, 298, 301; Churchill’s visit, xvi; Grand Duchy of, 112; Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 140; negotiations with the Czechoslovaks, 289, 301; part of the Russian imperial narrative, 11; Polish-Soviet negotiations, 152-3; political changes, 193; railway, 171; Romanian commu nists, 217; Russian-Ukrainian co operation for the creation of a Moldovan ASSR, 219-22, 227-8; Russian-Ukrainian negotiations after the dissolution of the USSR, 2-54, ЗЗ0-1, 334-5, 337-41, 343-4, 347, 349; as seat of Soviet power, 121,139,147,175,181,191, 194-5, i97 199-2-01, 203, 211, 214, 226,247, 264, 290, 297, 3024, 319; Soviet party leadership, 30, 39,192, 246, 267; Soviet-Romanian negotiations, 314-15, 317-18, 321-2; Ukrainian Cossacks’ alliance with (1654), 39; Western ambassadors to, 142,149 Mozyr, 14, 165, 167,169,171, 173-4, 177,182 Mukachevo, 290, 293, 298, 300 Munich, xvi, 297; Munich Treaty (1938), 293 Muscovy, 9 Musura, 314-15 Myczkowce-Solina dam, 155 Mykhalchuk, Kostiantyn, 15 Nadsiannia/Nadsanie, 148 Namier, Lewis Bernstein, 89 Narev, 169,177 Narodnyi Ruch, 332 Narol, 152 Nash Holos (Our Voice, periodical), 2-79 323, 330,344,348-9 Němec,
František, 298 Nerusá, 176 Nevel, 178 Niemcewicz, Ursyn, 178 Niemen, battle of, 125 Nietsietsky, Jan, 177 nobility, io, 14, 37, 213, 272 Nove Stepy, 176 Novhorod-Siversky, 165,171,177-8 Novohrad-Volhynsky, 27յ,28յո5 Novo-Oskol, 14 Novorossiya, 28, 331; Novorossiya Governorate, 240 Novozybkov, 167,177,179 Novozybkovsky, 14 Nowogródek, 281 Nowy Sącz, 113 Nyzhankovychi/Nizankowice, 156 nato, Oder, 146 Odesa, 24, 214-15, 221-2, 224, 31920; Odesa Soviet Republic, 24,190
Index Ohiienko, Ivan, 121 Old Stambuł, 313-14 Oleshkovitse, 176 Olevsk-Sarny railway, 281 Operation Barbarossa, 142,144 Oppeln, xv Orange Revolution, 349 Orava, 94 Orda, Bohdan, landowner, 178 Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (oun), 147,151, 291, 293,306Ո29 Orlowski, Henryk, 270 Orsha, 178; Orsha-Starodub railway, 178 Orthodox/Orthodoxy, xiv, 5,9, 185Ո29, 243, 263-4, 267, 277 Oryol, 176-9 Osetsky, Oleksandr, 273 Osmolowski, Jerzy, 272 Osnova, j ournal, 12-13 Ossetia, xii Ostrih, 266, 274, 276, 281 Ostriv Zmiiny. See Serpents Island Ostrogozk, 14 Ottoman Empire, 13, 239, 311-12, 320 Ovruch, 283Ո5 Pacific Ocean, 20 Paderewski, Ignacy Jan, 92,117-18, 273; Paderewski-Kurdynovsky agreement, 118 Palacký, František, 11 Palanca, 319 Paneiko, Vasyl, 120 Pardina, 315 Paris, xv, 4,100,128; Charter of Paris for a New Europe (1990), ,4; delegation from Eastern Galicia in, 120; Paris Peace Conference (1919), xv, 18-19, 33, 35։ 67։ 86-9, 92,95, 98, IIO, II2, II5-I6, II8-21,180, 213, 269, 135Ո42; Paris Peace Congress (1856), 311; Paris Peace Treaty (1947), 311, 317, 320-3; territorial definition of Eastern Galicia in, 115-16; 118-21 Pasyeki, 176 Pavlov, 14 Penck, Albrecht, 100 People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (nkvd), 148,150 Pereiaslav Agreement (1654), 8-9, ' Pereiaslav Council (1654), 39; Treaty of Pereiaslav (1654), 246, 249,252-3 Perekop, 14, 23 8, 240-2, 245 Peremyshl/Przemyśl, 15,114,125, 140,143,146-7,150,153-4 Perestroika, 331 Pervomaisk, 224 Pestkovskii, Stanislav/Pestkowski, Stanislaw, 127 Petliura, Symon, 24,117-18,126-7, 273-6; Pilsudski-Petliura Alliance (Pact)
52Ո92, no-11, 117, 121-5,276 Petrivsky, Tymofii, 172,174-5 Petrograd, 69-70, 72, 76,168,190, 212, 267; Academy of Sciences, 165; and the Russian Revolution 21, 67,164, 267; University, 165 Petrovsky, Nikolai, 148 Petrushchak, Ivan, 301 Petrushevych, levhen, 119-20 Piatakov, Iurii, 192 Pidhirsky, Samiilo, 267 Pifer, Steven, 344
Index Piłsudski, Józef, 103,112, 269-70, 272, 274-6, 281; Piłsudski-Petiiura Alliance (Pact), 52Ո92, по-п, 117,121-5, 276; and the question of Eastern Galicia, 91-3,116-18 Pinsk/Pińsk, 14,100,165,167,169, 170-1,173-4, 177,181-2 Pishchanka, 227 plebiscite, 90, 98,126,168,175,177, 213,281 Plokhy, Serhii, 9,12,43-4Ո20, 335 Ploskirów/Proskuriv, 126, 273, 275 Pochep, 199 Podlachia (also Pidliashshia/Podlasie), 22, 26, no-13,117,119,131Ո6, 169-71,186Ո31, 268, 270, 274 Podolia/Podole, 5,13-14,136Ո47, 222, 224, 244, 270, 275-6; as his toric part of Poland, 266, 269; Jewish pogroms, 272-3; as part of the Second Polish Republic, 101, 274-5; as part of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, 5,118,120, 126-7, t67,190, 274; VolhyniaPodolia Commissariat ( Generalbezirke Volhynia-Podolia), 140,143-4,182; Western Podolia, 94-6,112,136Ո47 Pogost, 176 Poland, xvii, 22, 31, 33-4, 68, 81, 115,124,168,172,174, 263-5, 329-30, 336; administrative division, 181; “civilizing mission,” xiv, 38, 86-7, 91-4, 97-101,103, 112; Constitution of (1921), xiii; control over Eastern Galicia, 90-1, 98-9,103,116, 288n8i; Council of Ministers, 276, 281; eastern borders by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), 22-3, 26, 80, in; eastern 373 policy of, 91-6,112, 281; Great Poland, 98; lands within the Russian Empire, 14; minorities policy, 196, 202, 218; official attitude toward an independent Ukraine, in, 271; at the Paris Peace Conference, 86-9, 92-3, 95, 112, 269; partitions of, 30, 78-80, 101,112,182, 263; population exchange with the Soviet Union, 39, 13 8,146, 151,154; pre-1772 border, xv, 29, 93-6,123, 266, 269,
136Ո49; the Preliminary Peace and Armistice Agreement (1920), signatory of, 126; project of a federation with Belarus, 126; Prometheism, 270, 281; relations with the Ukrainian People’s Republic, 36,109-10,112-13, 116-22, 270, 273; restoration of, 36,109, 264, 269; and the Ruthenian question, 116; in the Second World War, 21, 40,138, 142-143, 148, 296; in Soviet propaganda, 217-18, 267; “Vistula” campaign (1947), 139; war with the Cossacks, 8-9; Woodrow Wilson on, xv, 88,165-6 Poland, Civil Administration of Eastern Lands (Zarząd Cywilny Ziem 'Wschodnich'), 272; Congress, 73, 75,131Ո6; Kingdom of Poland, 94,109, III, 182, 269,131Ո6; Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita), xv, 5, 8-9,14, 29, 75, 92, 95,101,123,128, 263, 271; Polish Soviet Republic, no, 124, 153,155; Provisional Government of National Unity (pgnu) in Poland (1945), 152-3; Republic of Poland,
374 Index 112, 126,170,181-2; Rzeczpospolita ζγτ, ζγ^, 277-8; Second Polish Republic, 26, 29, 33, 36, 90, 92, 95, 99,101,123,128, 145,170,191, 282 Polesie, 18,176,178, 181-2,185Ո29, 269-70, 273, 276, 281; Polesie Voivodeship, 170,181-2; West Polesian dialect, 169 Polish army, 24, 90, no, 113-15, 125-6,145, 266, 269-75, 2·8ι-2; Polish Committee of National Liberation (pcnl), 149,151,153; Polish-Czechoslovakian border, 142; Polish Executive Committee on the Rus (Polski Komitet Wykonawczy na Rusi), 268; Polish-German border, 91, 146, 156; Polish government-in-exile, 112,142,145-7, 149-52; Polish Home Army, 148, 150; Polish Legion in the Habsburg Army, 80; Polish National Committee (Komitet Narodowy Polski, knp), i i 2; Polish Regency Council, 78; Polish-Russian border, in, 117; Polish-Russian relations 92; Polish-Soviet border, 90, 99, 126-7, 139-40,144-6,150-3, 266, 278, 282; Polish-Soviet peace negotiations in Riga, in; PolishSoviet relations, 146-7; PolishSoviet War, 26, 33,121, i8i, 192, 267, 281-2; Polish-Ukrainian Alliance (Union) (1920), 52Ո92, 119-23, 276, 282; Polish-Ukrainian border, 3, 35, 87, 91-2,103, 109-11,117,121-3,127-8, 138-9,145,147,i5G153-4,156, 181,263,265-6, 269, 273, 275, 281-2; Polish-Ukrainian inter ethnic conflict, 40, 60Ո128, 147-8, 282; Polish-Ukrainian offensive, in, 124-5, 274 278; PolishUkrainian relations, 109-10,113, 119,124, 265-8, 280, 282; PolishUkrainian war (1918-19), 90, 99, ш-13,116, 266, 270-5; PolishUkrainian-Soviet War, xii; Polonization, 282 Polish-Russian relations, 92 Polish-Ukrainian inter-ethnic conflict, 40,60Ո128,147-8, 282
Polish-Ukrainian offensive, in, 1245 z74 Polish-Ukrainian relations, 33,109II, 113,119,124, 265-8, 280, 282 Polish-Ukrainian-Soviet War, xii, 3 3 Polotsk, principality of, 170 Poloz, 194-6, 203 Poltava, 5,12,167,190 1 Popov, Gavriil, 335 population exchange, 31, 39,138, I5U *54 Poprad, 13,18, 20,113 Poritsk, 273 Poroshenko, Petro, 347 Potsdam, xvi, 151-2 Powiśle, 91 pows: Ukrainian pows during the First World War, 17 Prague, xvi, 17, 292-3 Prešov, 290, 292-4, 300, 303 Pripyat, 118,122,167,.169-71,174, 179,182 Prokopových, Viacheslav, 117 Prometheism, 270 Pronin, Mikhail, 301 propaganda, 17, 34,151,154, 216, 218, 279
Index pro-Russian separatism in Ukraine, 340-1 Proskuriv. See Ploskirów/Proskuriv Prosvita (Enlightenment) society, 69 Prussia, 99,145,149 Prut, zio, 213, 225-6, 229, 317 Pruzhany, 14, 78,165,167,169-70, 175-7, 181-2 Pskov, 181 Pugachev, 169 Putin, Vladimir, xii, xvii, 3, 255, 331, 342 Putyvl (also Putivi), 14,197 Pylypchuk, Pylyp, 118-19,121—2 Quadruple Alliance. See Central Powers Raczkiewicz, Wladyslaw, 279 Rada (newspaper), 69 Radians’ka Ukraina (newspaper), 148 Radoslavov, Vasil, 73 Radzyń Podlaski/Radzyn, 78,169 Rak-Mikhailoüski, Symon, 172,174-5 Rakovsky, Christian, 214-15, 278 Rapczewski, 277 Rataj, Maciej, 280 Rava-Ruska/Rawa Ruska, 140,153-4 Rechitsa, 165,167,169,171,173-4, 177,181-2 Red Guards, 76 Rehman, Antoni, 100 Remy, Johannes, 7 Reni, 227; Reni-Odesa highway, 319 Reshetar, John S., 136Ո49 revisionism, 4, 324, 331 Ribbentrop-Molotov Treaty (also Pact), 63Ո145,138-41,181, 322-3; German-Soviet Pact, 40; HitlerStalin Pact, 142 375 Rieber, Alfred, 296 Riga, 109,125; Polish-Soviet border negotiations in, 100, in, 125,127, 278-9, 282; Riga Peace Treaty (1921), 26, 33, 36,99,103,109-10, 127-8,137Ո59,181,264-6, 281; Ukrainian reaction to, 128 Rindlisbacher, Stephan, 30, 33, 37, 39-40, z57n5 Rivne/Równe, 123, 266, 274, 276, 278-9, 281 Rogachev, 173,177 Rohyn, 176 Romani communities, 292 Romania, xvi, 3, 31, 34, 76, 88, 92, 168, 217, 290, 292, 309, 324, 329-30, 326Ո13, 348; ambitions in the Black Sea, 40; annexation of Bessarabia, 226; Bessarabian Red Army, 215; border with the Russian Empire, 312-13, 317; conflict with the Soviet Union, 214, 314; and the creation of
the Moldovan assr, 217-22, 317; delegation at the Paris Peace Conference, 97,120, 213; Greater Romania, 213, 307, 323; military administration in Northern Bukovina and Southern Bessarabia, 31; Romanian administration in Bessarabia, 214; Romanian army, 215; in the Second World War, 314-15, 322-3; Soviet occupation of, 322-3; in Soviet propaganda, 38, 215-19, 235Ո53; SovietRomanian Agreement (1940), 315; Soviet ultimatum to, 226; territorial dispute with Transcarpathian Ukraine, 300-4; territorial dispute with Ukraine in the Black Sea region, 63Ո145, 307-8, 316, 323-4;
37б Index Treaty of Friendship, Collaboration, and Mutual Assistance between Romania and the USSR, 315; Ukrainian popula tion in, 202; Ukrainian-Romanian border, 292, 307, 309, 316, 324; Ukrainian-Romanian dispute over Bukovina, 322-3; unification of Bessarabia with, 211-14, 231П12 Romanov Empire. See Russian Empire Romer, Eugeniusz, 100-1 Roosevelt, Franklin D., xvi, 145-7 Rosenberg, Alfred, 143 Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz, 102 Rostov, 347 Równe/Rivne, 123 Roztochchia/Roztocze, 140,143 Rudnytsky, Stepan, 16-21,100-3, 166-8,170, 173,181 Rumcherod (the Central Committee of the Soviets of Romanian Front, Black Sea Fleet, and Odesa), 214 Rus (Rus’), 6; Carpathian Rus (Rus’), xvi, 271, 290-1, 294, 298, 304; Halych-Volhynia Rus, 271; Istoriia Rusiv (Rusov) (History of the Rus), 9-10; Kyivan Rus, 9-11, 97, 263, 271; Southern Rus, 12, 45Ո39; Subcarpathian Rus, 91, 292-4, 297-8 Rusnaks, 6 Russia, 98,168,174,177,181, 213-14, 226, 238-9, 246, 252, 324,329-30, 335, 338,343-4, 348-9; Agreement on Establishing of the Commonwealth of Independent States (cis), signatory of, 336-9, 341, 344; and the annexation of Bessarabia, 311-12, 322; and the annexation of Crimea, xi-xii, xix, 3, 239, 255-6, 331, 344-7; control over Sevastopol, 3, 254-5, 339-40, 342, 347; in the Danube Delta, 311-12, 317; delegation to Brest-Litovsk, 70-2, 76-7,168; delegation to Riga, 125, 278; Dmowski, Roman, on, 92-6; Habsburg-Russian border, 22, 78,118,126,169; negotiations with the Central Powers, 35-6, 67, 75,164; Novorossiya, 28, 331; and the occupation of Ukraine, xii, 3; partition of Eastern Europe, xvi; and
Polish independence, 92; Polish-Ukrainian war against, 109, 121,124, 126, 275; Riga Peace Treaty, signatory of, 26,103,126, 128, 264, 281; Russian-Ukrainian relations, 246, 337, 340; Russification of Crimea, 240-3; Second Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signatory of, 23, 80; in the Second World War, 36, 289; as successor to the Soviet Union, 330; and Swedish invasion (1708-09), 8; Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation, and Partnership between Ukraine and the Russian Federation (1997), signatory of, 330, 333, 347-8; Treaty on the State Border between Ukraine and Russia (2003), signatory of, 331, 342, 344, 348; and the Tuzla conflict, 342-3; and Ukraine’s independence (1991), 335-6, 338; Ukrainian State (Hetmanate), negotiations with, 80; and war in Ukraine, xi, 3, 40, 331, 344-6; in World War One, 67-70, 289
Index Russian Academy of Science, 29, 165, 167 Russian army, 170,178, 266, 345-6; Topographic Division, 178 Russian Black Sea Fleet, 214, 243, 254,330,339-42,347 Russian Civil War, 37, 91,190, 213, 241 Russian claims to Eastern Galicia, 100 Russian Duma, 341 Russian emigration, 213, 294 Russian Empire, 9, 75,177,191, 264, 3 n, 348; annexation of Bessarabia, 311, 315, 3 20; border with AustriaHungary, 126; border with Romania, 313; and the Central Powers, 67-71; collapse of, 67, 69, 112,163-4; Crimea as part of, 28, 238-40, 243; and the First imperial census (1897), 169; in the First World War, 289; and the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 29, 92,182, 263, 271; and Poland’s territorial interests, 112,117, 270; Russian tsars, 8-9; Russo-Turkish War (1768-74), 239; territorial expan sion, 29, 240, 311; Ukrainian lands as part of, 6,12-14, 17, շ·2·, i°9, 131Ո6,168,192, 266, 283Ո5, 320 Russian Fascist Party, 294 Russian Federation, xi-xii, 3, 63Ո145, 69, 120,163-4, 239, 253-4, շ·12-, 256, 268, 329-33, 335, 338, 348 Russian great power chauvinism, 193,195 Russian history, 10-11, 339 Russian identity, 6, 9 Russian Imperial Geographical Society (rgo), 13 377 Russian Messenger (journal), 294 Russian minority, 97, 222 Russian nation, 6,11, 294; Russian nationalism, 6-7, 291, 330 Russian Orthodox Church, 264, 267 Russian-Ottoman border, 239, 308, 311-12 Russian-Polish border, 111,117 Russian Provisional Government, 69, 163-4,190, 212 Russian question in AustriaHungary, 88 Russian Revolution, 21, 211 Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (rsfsr), io, 36-7, 39,
109-10,172,175,191-203, 214, 219, 240-2, 244-5, 248-50, 254, 332-3, 338, 342; All-Russian Central Executive Committee (vtsik), 197-9; Politburo of the TSK RKP(b), 195-6,199, 216-17, 221; Red Army of the rsfsr, xii, 26,98, 124-5,12-7 t8i, 192, 214-15, 2i7, 221, 241, 273-4, 278; Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) RKP(b) (1917-25), xiv, 189,193, 215-17, 220-1; Supreme Council (Soviet of the rsfsr), 248-50, 254 Russian Republic, 72 Russian Revolution, 21, 211 Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (rsdlp), 163 Russian-Ukrainian border, 3, 23, շ8՜9, 33-4, 37, 78,168-9, 178, 189-91,194-8, 203, 242, 329-32, 336,338-9, 342-6 Russian-Ukrainian relations, 34, 68, 71, 246, 332, 335, 338, 340, 346 Russification, 28, 93, 243, 295 Russophiles, 291, 29 3-5, 3 00
378 Rusyn, xvi, 20, 48Ո58, 289-94, 3°°։ 303; Rusynophiles, 291, 295, 304 Rusyn, Vasyľ, 299 Ruthenia, 93-4,142, 179; Ruthenian vernacular, 6; Ruthenian voivodeship, ιοί Rutskoi, Aleksandr, 335 Rylsk, 14 Sabolch, 15 Sąchocki, Wacław, 276 Šafařík, Pavel Jozef, 13 Sahaidachny, Petro, io Saint-Germ.ain-en-Laye, Treaty of (1919), 90. See also Paris: Paris Peace Conference (1919) Salakas/Solokija, 152 Salogor, Nichita, 319 Sambor, 15,152 San, 20, 89,97,113-14,140, 146, 155 Sănătescu, Constantin, 314 Sandech, 15 Sarnaki, 78,169,176 Sarny, 118,181, 273, 274; SarnyKorosten-Kovel railway, 273 Saslavsk, 274 Sasse, Gwendolyn, 340 Schäffer, Dietrich, 167,173-4 Schenke, Cornelia, 265 Schlögel, Karl, 4 Schmidt, Karl, 213 Second Constituent Charter (Belarus, 1918), 164 Sedlets, 15 Seegel, Steven, 18, 20 self-determination, national: hierarchy of, 35, 87-8; principle of, xv, 35, 73, 86-8, 95, 97-8, no, 128, 165 Semen, 176 Index Semesenko, Ivan, 273 Serby, 224 Serhiichuk, Volodymyr, 28, 53П100 Serpents Island, 34, 40, 63Ո145, 307, 310, 316, 320-4 Sevastopol, 3, 243, 249, 253-5, 330, 339-42, 345 Severokavkazskii krai (North Caucasus), 194 Sfatul Țării, Bessarabia’s governing legislative body, 212 Shakhmatov, Alexei, 165 Shakhty, 194-6,198, 219 Sharosh, 15 Shchebzheshyn, 78 Shebreshin, 169 Shelukhin, Serhii, 176,178 Shepetoviche, 176 Sheptytsky, Andriy, 68 Shevchenko Scientific Society, 16 Shmigel’, Mikhail, 300 Shpilevsky, Pavel, 170 Shtshara, 176 Shulgin/Shulhyn family, 7 Shulha, Danylo, 279 Shumsky, Oleksandr, 190, 202 Shvernik, Nikolai, 250 Sianik (Sianok)/Sanok, 15,143 Sianki, 152 Siberia,
13 Siedlce, 13 Sighet, 301-4 Sikorski, Wladyslaw, 278 Silesia, xv, 89, 91, 94,145,149 Simferopol, 249, 254, 34o՜1։ 347 Siva, 176 Skhidnytsya/Schodnica, 152 Skirmunt, Konstanty, 127 Skoropadsky, Pavlo, 10, 23-4, 80, 109,112,172,176։ ^79։ *9°։ 2-68
Index Skoropys-Ioltukhovsky, Oleksandr, III Skrypnyk, Mykola, 190,192-3, 2O3 Skulski, Leopold, 276-7, 279-80 “Slavic-Russian” people, ίο-п Slonim, 14 Slovakia, 3, 20, 290, 292-4, 297, 3 00-1, 3 04, 329-30; Eastern Slovakia, 300; territorial claims in Transcarpathian Ukraine, 3 00-1 Slutsk, 173,177 Smirnov, Aleksandr, 196 Smolensk, 166,181 Smólski, Stefan, 275 Snyder, Timothy, 40, 265 Sobchak, Anatolii, 335 Sobibór, 156 Socialist Revolutionary Party (Russia), 163 Society of Borderland Guards, (Towarzystwo Straży Kresowej), 270-2, 276, 278, 282 Sokal, 115,152,156, 273, 278, 281 Sokolovka, 167 Sokolovsky, otaman, 273 Sokov, Nikolai, 174 Soldatenko, Valerii, 68 Solokiia/Solokija, 140 Soroka, Iurii, 139 Sosnkowski, Kazimierz, 145 Sosnytsia, 165 Soviet Ukraine, 27-8, 30, 32, 37, 39, 75,125,142,155,181, 216, 249, 250, 289, 302, 323 Soviet-Ukrainian border, 219, 290 Soviet Union (ussr), 4, 31, 34, 36, 81, 140,144, 150,181,196, 210, 226, 303, 333; Allied Powers, part of the, 142, 145-148,182; annexation of Bessarabia, 313-14, 317; 379 annexation of Transcarpathia, 289-90, 296, 298-301; annexation of western Ukraine and Belarus, 138,140,149,181; border agreement with Nazi Germany, 40, 138-42,181, 322-3; border delineation within, 37-9, 75, 202, 319; border with Poland, 90, 99, 126-7,139-40, 144-6,150-3, 266, 278, 282; collapse/disintegration of, 26, 40, 228, 238, 253, 319, 329, 331-2, 334-8, 340, 347-8; delineation of the border with Romania, 214, 216, 314-16, 321; deportation of Crimean Tatars, 242-3; as empire, 61Ո139, 294, 342; establishment of, 192; forma tion of the Moldovan
assr, 214, 216-17, 219, 313; Nazi aggression against, 42, 144, 323; negotiations with Czechoslovakia, 297-8, 301, 304; Polish-Soviet Border Agreement (1945), 153; PolishSoviet peace negotiations in Riga, in; Polish-Soviet relations, 146-7; population exchange with Poland, 39,13 8,140,146,151,154; Romanian Communist émigrés in, 211 ; in the Second World War, 36, 289, 296-7; Soviet Friendship of the Peoples, 246, 295; Soviet people, 40, 61П139,62Ո143; Soviet Telegraph Agency, 146; Sovietization, 31, 296, 298; territorial definition of Serpents Island, 320-2; territorial exchange with Poland (1951), 153-4; transfer of Crimea, 248-51; Treaty of Friendship, Collaboration and Mutual Assistance between Romania and the USSR (1948), 315;
380 Index war with Hungary, 294; war with Poland, 268; Sozh, 176 Spa, 124 spheres of influence, concept of, xvi Spiš, 94 St George, 309, 311, 314 St Petersburg, 11-13 Stalin, Joseph, 37, 39,197, 221, 228, 246, 296, 303, 348; and Beneš, Edvard, xvi; death of, 156, 203, 247; definition of a nation, 295; deportation of Crimean Tatars, 242; division of Poland, 145-6, 148-51; famine in Ukraine (1932-33), 61П131; as part of the “Big Three” territorial claims in Eastern Europe, xvii, 139,145-6; as People’s Commissar of Nationalities, 76; rise to power, 190, 202-3; territorial agreement with Nazi Germany, 141-2 Stanislav, district, 15,127 Stankevich, Sergey, 335 Stanyslaviv/Stanislawów, 143,145 Starobilsk, 200 Starodub, 14,167,178-9 Starokonstiantyniv, 275, 283Ո5 Staro-Oskol, 14 Staryi, Grigorii, 225 Stempowski, Stanislaw, 275 Stockholm, 18 Stokhid, 266, 273 Stolin, 181 Strabla, 174,177 Strasberg, В., 277 Stryj/Stryi, 15,115,152 Stykalin, Aleksandr, 302 Styr, 118, 273 Subcarpathian Rus, 91, 292-4, 297-8 Sudetenland, 297 Sudost, 173 Sudzhan, 14 Sukmar, 15 Sulina, 309, 311, 313-16, 324 Sumy, 199, 344 Surazh, 14,167,173,177,179 Suveică, Svetlana, 231Ш2 Suzdal, it Svidersky, Mykola, 172,174-5 Sydorenko, Hryhorii, 97 Syenno, 177 Sysyn, Frank E., 9, 25 Syvash, 242, 245, 257Ո9 Szczebrzeszyn/Shchebzheshyn, 78 Szczecin, 149 Szporluk, Roman, 11,43Ո20, 348 Taganrog/Tahanrih, 194-6,198, 219 Talko-Hryntsewich, Julian, 170 Taman Peninsula, 343 Tarasov, Mikhail, 250-2 Tarina (river), 176 Tarnica (river), 153 Tarnogród/Ternohorod, 23, 78 Tarnopol/Ternopil (also Ternopol), 15, 124,143,145
Tatarbunar/Tatarbunary, 216 Tatars, 92,167, 242-3, 254. See also Crimea Tătaru Mare, 315 Tătaru Mic, 315 Taurida (governorate), 5,13-14, 167, 190, 240, 242. See also Crimea Tehran, xvi, 145-6,149,152, 237Ո79. See also Allied Powers; “Big Three” conferences Ter-Gabrielian, Saak, 198-9; Ter-Gabrielian Commission, 199 Territorialization, 4,189,193, 203
Index Těšín, xv Tiachiv, 303 Timoshenko, Semyon, 140 Tiraspol, 215, 221, 224-5 Tisza (Tysa), 20, 303 Tomashiv/Tomaszów Lubelski, 148,156 Transcarpathia, xi, xvi, 30, 34, 38-39, 289-91, 293, 295-8; Transcarpathian Ruthenians, 114; Trans-Carpathian or Ugric Rus, 71, 73-4; Ukrainian question in, 296 Transcarpathian Ukraine, 290, 294, 297, 299-304; Communist Party of (kpzu), 290, 298, 303; First Congress of the People’s Committees of, 298; incorporation of Ukraine into Soviet Ukraine, 31; People’s Committees of, 298; People’s Council of (nrzu), 299-302; Temporary Constitutional Law of, 300 Transcaucasian Federation, 192 Transnistria/Pridnestrov’e/ Transdniestria, 210, 217, 220-1, 228-9, 314, 318, 330; Transnistria Governorate, 314 Transylvania, 87 Trotsky, Leon, 72-3, 76-7,193 Trubchev, 179 Trubchevsk, 176,178 Truskavets/Truskawiec, 152 Tshepele, 176 Tsvikievich, Alyaksandr, 172,174-5 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, xii, 278 Turia/Turiia, 118 Turianytsia, Ivan, 298-9, 301-3 Turkey, 168-9 Turov and Pinsk, principality of, 170-1,182 381 Tutejszye/Tuteishy (“locals”), xiv, 185Ո27 Tuzla, 342-3 Twerd, Franciszek, 277 Ugoch, 15 Ugric Rus, 71, 73-4 Uhniv/Uhnów, 140,143 Ukraine, xi, xiv, xvii, 7, 26, 32, 39-40, 87, 94,112,156,198-9, 214, 238, 241, 245-6, 250, 272, 290, 304, 308, 316, 324, 329, 332, 335, 347-9; Act of Declaration of Independence of (1991), 334, 336; and the all-Union referendum (1991), 334; as an “artificial state,” 331; border negotiations with the RSFSR, 10, 28-30, 33, 39,191, 194-8, 203; as a “breadbasket,” 36-7, 75-6; Budapest Memorandum (1994), signatory of, 4, 330, 344;
competing historical narratives of Ukraine’s borders, 40; and the creation of the Moldovan ASSR, 28, 33-4, 39, 210-11, 219-22, 228; Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine (1990), 333; definition of, 6, 8,12,17-20, 266; and Dmowski, Roman, idea of Poland, 92-6; the exploitation of the Azov Sea and the Kerch Strait, 343-4; famine (Holodomor, 1932-33), 36, 61П136; Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (csce) (1975), signatory of, 4; during the First World War, xii, 17, 21-2, 68, 88,167, 322; historiography of border formation, 26-31, 67-8, 139; history of, 8-12, 28-9, 31,
382 Index 45Ո39, 246, 295; and the incorpor 29, 37, 68-9, 92,115,117, 12-3-4, ation of Bessarabia, 228, 317; and 267-8, 271; and the right to selfthe incorporation of Transcarpathia, determination, 88; Romanian occu 31,34,289-90, 297-300, 304; the pation of, 314-15, 323; in the incorporation of western Ukraine Second World War, 33-4, 36,40, (1939), 28, 30-1, 142,148-9, 297; 56П115, 63Ո143,138,144,181-2, independence (1991), xi, xiii, 4, 68, 248, 258Ո15, 265; Sloboda Ukraine 156, 182, 253, 319, 329-32, 334-6, (Slob ids’ka Ukraina), 6; soborna 341; Kerch Agreement with Russia Ukraine, 124,128; sovereignty (2004), 343; Law on the Border over Crimea, 253-5, 340-2, 345; Troops of Ukraine, 336; Law on the statehood of, xii, xvi, 21-2, 34, 36, Legal Succession of Ukraine (1991), 67-8, 77, 338; and the status of 336; Law on the State Border of Crimea, xi, 3, 33, 37, 238-9, 340, Ukraine, 336; as a legal successor 345-7; territorial dispute between of the Ukrainian SSR, 329, 336, Romania and Ukraine in the Black 34i;.on maps, 5,12-22, 28, 80-1, Sea region, 63Ո145, 307-8, 316, 101-3,164,166-7, 2-2-5; 323-4; transfer of Crimea to Soviet Memorandum on Cooperation in Ukraine (1954), 28, 30, 34, 238, the Protection of the State Borders ' 244, 2-4б-55, ЗЗІ, ՅՅ9-40; Treaty of Ukraine, the Republic of Belarus, on Friendship, Cooperation, and and the Russian Federation, 338; Partnership with the Russian Minsk Agreement with Russia, 346; Federation (1997), signatory of, Narodnyi Ruch (People’s 33°, 333, 347-8; Treaty on the Movement), 332; and nato, 344, State Border with Russia (2003), 349;
occupation (annexation) of signatory of, 331, 342, 344, 348; Crimea, xii, 4, 255-6, 331, 344, and the Tuzla conflict, 342-3; 348-9; as part of Austria-Hungary, Ukrainian delegation to Brest5-6, 71,113; as part of the Litovsk, 70-5, 268; Ukrainian Commonwealth of Independent lands in the Polish-Lithuanian States (cis), 336-8; as part of the Commonwealth, 5, 8-9, 92, 95, roí, 123,128, 263, 271; unification Russian Empire, 5,13-15, 29,109, 240, 283Ո5; Pilsudski, Józef, of Eastern Galicia with Dnieper views on, 93,112; position Ukraine, 69; union with Russia, 246, 250, 3 3 5; war in Ukraine, xi, between Europe and Russia, 3 6; 3, 40, 255, 331, 344-6; western and the referendum on national border of, 3, 22, 31, 33, 40, independence (1991), 336; 56Ш15, 67, 80,120, 263, 303, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (rku), 329-30,349 143,182; Riga Peace Treaty (1921), Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, 17, signatory of, 103,128, 264, 281; 28 Right-Bank (Dnieper) Ukraine, 7,
Index Ukrainian-Belarusian border, i68, 170-82, 242, 336, 338 Ukrainian-Belarusian relations, 172 Ukrainian Border Service, 345-6 Ukrainian Central Committee (итѕк, Krakow), 21 Ukrainian Central Executive Committee (vutsvk), 193,199, 202 Ukrainian Free University, 17 Ukrainian Galician Army, 115, 118, 120 Ukrainian Greek Catholic (or Uniate) Church, 68-9,101,107Ո48, 114, 131Ո6,132Ո17 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (upa), i 5 і; Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, 266 Ukrainian-Lithuanian border, 177 Ukrainian-Moldovan border, 39, 210-13, 217, 227-9, 307,309, 318-20, 324, 330,336 Ukrainian National Committee of the United States, 98-9 Ukrainian National Council, 113 Ukrainian national identity, xiv, 5-7, 9,12-15, շ-o-l, 25, 63Ո143, 69, 291,304 Ukrainian nationalism, n, 20,147, 193,197, 2-91, ЗЗ1 Ukrainian national movement, 7, 20, 3 8, 5ՕՈ83,114,164, 263, 267, 275, 282, 295 Ukrainian People’s Assembly, 140 Ukrainian People’s Republic of Soviets, 22, 72,181 Ukrainian-Polish border, 3, 35, 87, 91-2,103,109-11,117,121-3, 127-8,138-9,145,147, 151, 153-4, 156, i8i, 263, 265-6, 269,273,275, 281-2 383 Ukrainian question, xv, 6, 80, 88, 92, 296, 301; at the Paris Peace Conference, 18, 88,100,180 Ukrainian Revolution, 21-26, 67-8 Ukrainian-Romanian border, 292, 3 07, 3 09, 316, 3 24 Ukrainian-Russian border, 3, 23, 28-9, 33-4, 37, 78,168-9,178, 189-91,194-8, 203, 242, 329-32, 336, 338-9, 342-6; commission on demarcation, 346 Ukrainian-Russian Subcommittee on State Borders, 341 Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of Geography and Cartography, 17 Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries (SRS),
193 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (ukrssR), 182,189,193,198, 329, 333,348 Ukrainian state (April-December 1918, the Hetmanate), 10, 23-4, 109,112, 268; border negotiations with Belarus, 172,176,180; border negotiations with RSFSR, 80 Ukrainization (Ukrainizatsiia), 31, 171,190,193,199, 203, 224-5, 301 Ukrainophiles, 291, 293-5, 299, 304 Union for the Liberation of Ukraine (svu), 17,166 Union of the Soviet Writers of Ukraine, 140 United Kingdom, 4,147, 320 United Nations (un) Security Council, xvii, 334, 340 United States, xv, 80, 88, 98,144,147, 152,182, 330, 340 Ushakov, Dmitrii, 174 Ushytsia, 275
384 Index Ustryki Dolyshni/Ustrzyki Dolne, 154 Uzbekistan, 243 Uzbekization, 193 Uzhetshe, 176 Uzhhorod/Ungvár, xvi, 15, 293, 298 Uzhock/Użok, 152; Pass, 140 Valegotsulovo, 227 Valuiki, 14 Variazh/Waręż, 152,154 Varonka, lazep, 177 Vassylenko, Volodymyr A., 307 Vasynchuk, Antin, 277 vel Grajewski, Przemysław Żurawski, 88 Velychko, Samiilo, 8, 45Ո30 Velyki Ochi/Wielkie Oczy, 152 Velykyy Daler. See Daleru Mic Vepr (Wieprz), 18, 20 Verkhovna Rada, 332-5, 340 Verstiuk, Vladislav, 68 Vienna, xvii, 16-18, 69-70, 75, 77, too, 176,179, 221, 291; Vienna Peace Treaty ( 1815 ), 311. See also Austria; Austria-Hungary; Central Powers Viliia (river), 281 Vilnius, 89, 92, 94, 99,103,166, 269, 272 Vinnytsia, 244 violence, 31, 60Ո131, 81, 107Ո48, 293, 302; inter-ethnic, 35-6, 40, 60Ո128,147-8, 272-3, 282 Viskuli, 336 Vistula, xii; Campaign (1947), 138 Vitebsk, 94,166,181 Vladimir (place), 11 Vladimir, prince, 243 Vlasovsky, Ivan, 280 Vlodava, 174 Volga, 13, 309 Volhynia/Wołyń, 5, 34, 38, 95,100-1, no-12,126,132Ո16,138,146-7, 156, 263-82, 283Ո6, 296; border based on Dmowski Line, 96,112, 269; ethnic cleansing, 57П119,147, 282; during the First World War, 263, 266-9; Halych-Volhynia Rus, 271; incorporation into Poland, 265-6, 270, 277-8; incorporation into Soviet Ukraine, 142; Jewish pogroms, 272-3; under MolotovRibbentrop Pact, 140; as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 263; as part of the Russian Empire, 263, 266; as part of the unr, 167,177, 190, 267-8; plans under the Pilsudski-Petliura Alliance, 117-18; in the Polish-Ukrainian political agreement (1920), 122-3; during the
Polish-Ukrainian war (191819), 113,116, 266, 270-5; Red Army control over, 278, 282; as a springboard for the Bolshevik revolution, 34, 38, 267; Ukrainian national movement, 263-4, 2-82; “Volhynia experiment,” 265; Volhynia guberniia (province), 5, 13-14, 94,131Ո16, 266, 283Ո5; Volhynia oblast of Soviet Ukraine, 140; Volhynia-Podolia Commissariat ( Generalbezirke Volhynia-Podolia), 140,143-4, 182; Wołyń District Administration (Zarząd Powiatów Wołyńskich), 274; Wołyń województwo (voivodeship) 264-5, 281-2 Volodymyr-Volhynsky/Włodzimierz, 113, 266-7, 269-70, 273, 276-8
Index Voloshyn, Avhustyn, 291, 293 von Hagen, Mark, 68 von Hoffmann, Max, 72, 74, 77 von Kühlmann, Richard, 71-3, 76 von Rosenberg, Friedrich Hans, 71 von Schwarzenstein, Alfons Mumm, 175 von Seidler, Ernst, 76 Vorkuta labour camp, 203 Voroby, 176 Voronezh, 13-14, 22, 30, 39,167, 190,194,196-7 Voronovici, Alexandr, 33, 37-40 Voroshilov, Kliment, 251-2 Vydonovsk, 23, 78,169, 173-4, 176-7 Vylkove/Vâlcov, 312 Vynnychenko, Volodymyr, xiv, 70 Vysokoe Litevskoe, 169,176 Wallachia, 312, 326Ո13 Wandycz, Piotr, 124 Wapiński, Roman, 29 Warmia, 91 Warsaw, 80, 98,127,147,153, շ88ո8ւ; Austro-Hungarian Foreign Office Representative in, 78; Battle of Warsaw (1920), 278; capital of Poland, 267, 269-70, 273, 279-80, 91,114,122,128; negotiations with UNR in, 117-21, 273-4, 276, 280; Red Army offensive on, xii, 181, Л78; Regency Council in, 177-8; Ukrainian diplomatic mission in, 274,119; Warsaw Agreement (1920), 52Ո92,124; Warsaw Pact, 334 Washington, 148 Wasilewski, Leon, 116,127, 269 385 Wawryniuk, Andrzej, 139 Wehrmacht, 297 Weiner, Amir, 299 Wekerle, Sándor, 76 West Ukrainian People’s Republic (zunr), 74, 88,113-14,118,179, 191 ; Entente mediation, 115; government-in-exile, 17,127; international recognition of, 115; military conflict with Poland, 29, II3-I5; Split with the UNR, 121; unification with the UNR, 114,179. See also Carpathian Ukrainian People’s Republic (unr); Ukraine Western Powers: at the end of the First World War, no, 116-і 8, 127-8; in nineteenth-century Europe, 3 20; during the Second World War, xvii, 147 Western Russia (Zapadno-Russkii krai), 13-14, 94,96,178 White
Russia, 6, 9,102,117,120, 123,128, 213, 294; White forces (or the Whites), 24, 91,121,192, 213; White Volunteer Army, 190,274 Wielkie Oczy, 152 Wieprz. See Vepr Wilno. See Vilnius Wilson, Woodrow, xv, 88, 94, 96,165 Winichakul, Thongchai, 16 Witos, Wincenty, 279-80 Wojnowski, Zbigniew, 62Ո143 Wołyń. See Volhynia/Wołyń Wysokie Litewskie/Vysoke, 78 Wyszogródek/Vyshhorodok, 123 Yalta Conference, xvi-xvii, 151-2, 182; symbolic meaning, xvii Yanukovych, Viktor, 331, 342
Index 386 Yatseniuk, Arseniy, 346 Yefymenko, Oleksandra, 45Ո39 Yekelchyk, Serhy, 62M43, 295 Yeltsin, Boris, 332-6, 340-2, 348, 352.1143 Yugoslavia, xvi, 88, 348 Yurchuk, Yulia, 54Ո103 Zagórze, 154 Zakharchuk, Borys, 26 Zamostia, 148,278 Zapadno-Russkii krai (western Russia), 13 Zaslavsk, 283Ո5 Zbrucz/Zbruch, 68, 91, 98,103,118, 120,123,125-7,13 5Ո42, 274 Zdolbunów/Zdolbuniv, 118,123 Zelinsky, Viktor, 274 Zemlin, 15 Zhlobin, 176 Zhovkva, 15 Zhurzhenko, Tatiana, 34 Zhytomyr, 22, 76,182, 244, 283Ո5 Ziemie Zabrane (Russian western borderlands), 94,96 Zimmer, Kerstin, 347-8 Zinov’ev, Grigorii, 193 Znob, 198-200 Zolochev, 15 Zviahel, 274 Bayerische i 81аеШ8оМ I кМмћап |
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| author2 | Palko, Olena Ardeleanu, Constantin 1976- |
| author2_role | edt edt |
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| author_GND | (DE-588)1229006818 (DE-588)1209632020 |
| author_facet | Palko, Olena Ardeleanu, Constantin 1976- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047849118 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 5067 MG 82094 MG 82097 ML 1100 ML 7260 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1302327410 (DE-599)BVBBV047849118 |
| dewey-full | 947.708/4 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 947 - Russia & east Europe |
| dewey-raw | 947.708/4 |
| dewey-search | 947.708/4 |
| dewey-sort | 3947.708 14 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1917-2021 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1917-2021 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ukraine |
| id | DE-604.BV047849118 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:14:32Z |
| indexdate | 2025-02-06T21:00:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780228011019 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033231974 |
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| physical | xx, 386 Seiten Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230222 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | McGill-Queen's University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Making Ukraine negotiating, contesting, and drawing the borders in the twentieth century edited by Olena Palko and Constantin Ardeleanu Montreal ; Kingston ; London ; Chicago McGill-Queen's University Press [2022] xx, 386 Seiten Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Russia’s illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the ongoing war in eastern Ukraine have brought scholarly and public attention to Ukraine’s borders. Making Ukraine aims to investigate the various processes of negotiation, delineation, and contestation that have shaped the country’s borders throughout the past century. Essays by contributors from various historical fields consider how, when, and under what conditions the borders that historically define the country were agreed upon. A diverse set of national and transnational contexts are explored, with a primary focus on the critical period between 1917 and 1954. Chapters are organized around three main themes: the interstate treaties that brought about the new international order in Eastern Europe in the aftermath of the world wars, the formation of the internal boundaries between Ukraine and other Soviet republics, and the delineation of Ukraine’s borders with its western neighbours. Investigating the process of bordering Ukraine in the post-Soviet era, contributors also pay close attention to the competing visions of future relations between Ukraine and Russia. Geschichte 1917-2021 gnd rswk-swf Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 gnd rswk-swf Grenze (DE-588)4130793-8 gnd rswk-swf Grenzpolitik (DE-588)4455072-8 gnd rswk-swf Historische Geografie (DE-588)4025103-2 gnd rswk-swf Grenzvertrag (DE-588)4259533-2 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine / Boundaries / History / 20th century Ukraine / Historical geography Boundaries Ukraine 1900-1999 History (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 g Historische Geografie (DE-588)4025103-2 s Grenze (DE-588)4130793-8 s Geschichte 1917-2021 z DE-604 Grenzpolitik (DE-588)4455072-8 s Grenzvertrag (DE-588)4259533-2 s Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 s Palko, Olena (DE-588)1229006818 edt Ardeleanu, Constantin 1976- (DE-588)1209632020 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ePDF 978-0-2280-1333-4 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe; ePub 978-0-2280-1334-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033231974&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033231974&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Making Ukraine negotiating, contesting, and drawing the borders in the twentieth century Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 gnd Grenze (DE-588)4130793-8 gnd Grenzpolitik (DE-588)4455072-8 gnd Historische Geografie (DE-588)4025103-2 gnd Grenzvertrag (DE-588)4259533-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4075230-6 (DE-588)4130793-8 (DE-588)4455072-8 (DE-588)4025103-2 (DE-588)4259533-2 (DE-588)4061496-7 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Making Ukraine negotiating, contesting, and drawing the borders in the twentieth century |
| title_auth | Making Ukraine negotiating, contesting, and drawing the borders in the twentieth century |
| title_exact_search | Making Ukraine negotiating, contesting, and drawing the borders in the twentieth century |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Making Ukraine negotiating, contesting, and drawing the borders in the twentieth century |
| title_full | Making Ukraine negotiating, contesting, and drawing the borders in the twentieth century edited by Olena Palko and Constantin Ardeleanu |
| title_fullStr | Making Ukraine negotiating, contesting, and drawing the borders in the twentieth century edited by Olena Palko and Constantin Ardeleanu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Making Ukraine negotiating, contesting, and drawing the borders in the twentieth century edited by Olena Palko and Constantin Ardeleanu |
| title_short | Making Ukraine |
| title_sort | making ukraine negotiating contesting and drawing the borders in the twentieth century |
| title_sub | negotiating, contesting, and drawing the borders in the twentieth century |
| topic | Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 gnd Grenze (DE-588)4130793-8 gnd Grenzpolitik (DE-588)4455072-8 gnd Historische Geografie (DE-588)4025103-2 gnd Grenzvertrag (DE-588)4259533-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nationenbildung Grenze Grenzpolitik Historische Geografie Grenzvertrag Ukraine Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033231974&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033231974&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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