The bleeding wound: the Soviet war in Afghanistan and the collapse of the Soviet system
"This book considers the significance of the the Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) to Soviet politics, society, and the military in the twilight of the USSR, and its indirect influence on the evolution of its successor states. Yaacov Ro'i argues that the war had significant effects beyond its...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Stanford, California
Stanford University Press
[2022]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Cold War International History Project Series
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| Zusammenfassung: | "This book considers the significance of the the Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) to Soviet politics, society, and the military in the twilight of the USSR, and its indirect influence on the evolution of its successor states. Yaacov Ro'i argues that the war had significant effects beyond its direct impact on the large number of Soviet citizens who served in Afghanistan during its course, either as soldiers (afghantsy) sent into Afghanistan to uphold the PDPA Marxist regime that had taken power in Kabul in April 1978, or as advisers and civilian specialists dispatched to Afghanistan to build up and modernize the country on the Soviet model and bring it closer to the Soviet Union. Even if officially the Soviets did not lose the war, the very fact that they were unable to decisively defeat the mujahidin comprised a blow to the self-esteem of the Soviet armed forces and undermined their prestige at home. In this comprehensive examination of the effects of the war on Soviet society and politics, Ro'i considers the portrayal of the war in Soviet media, and the struggles that afghantsy veterans faced as they readapted to civilian life. The war and the way it came to be understood by Soviet citizens also served to highlight the weaknesses of the Soviet regime during glasnost'. Through a detailed account of public opinion surrounding the war and its impact on Soviet politics and society in the Gorbachev era, including extensive interviews that the author conducted with Soviet war veterans in the early 1990s, Ro'i argues that the effects of the war certainly precipitated processes that would tear the country asunder in 1991"-- |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 405 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781503628748 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The bleeding wound |b the Soviet war in Afghanistan and the collapse of the Soviet system |c Yaacov Ro'i |
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| 505 | 8 | |a The decision to intervene militarily in Afghanistan -- The course of the war -- The Fortieth Army -- The position of the Soviet political establishment -- The implications of the Soviet-Afghan War for the Soviet military -- Coverage of the war in the Soviet media -- Public opinion -- The afgantsy -- Central Asia and the Soviet "Muslim" peoples -- The war and the demise of the Soviet Union | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "This book considers the significance of the the Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) to Soviet politics, society, and the military in the twilight of the USSR, and its indirect influence on the evolution of its successor states. Yaacov Ro'i argues that the war had significant effects beyond its direct impact on the large number of Soviet citizens who served in Afghanistan during its course, either as soldiers (afghantsy) sent into Afghanistan to uphold the PDPA Marxist regime that had taken power in Kabul in April 1978, or as advisers and civilian specialists dispatched to Afghanistan to build up and modernize the country on the Soviet model and bring it closer to the Soviet Union. Even if officially the Soviets did not lose the war, the very fact that they were unable to decisively defeat the mujahidin comprised a blow to the self-esteem of the Soviet armed forces and undermined their prestige at home. In this comprehensive examination of the effects of the war on Soviet society and politics, Ro'i considers the portrayal of the war in Soviet media, and the struggles that afghantsy veterans faced as they readapted to civilian life. The war and the way it came to be understood by Soviet citizens also served to highlight the weaknesses of the Soviet regime during glasnost'. Through a detailed account of public opinion surrounding the war and its impact on Soviet politics and society in the Gorbachev era, including extensive interviews that the author conducted with Soviet war veterans in the early 1990s, Ro'i argues that the effects of the war certainly precipitated processes that would tear the country asunder in 1991"-- | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Afghanistan / History / Soviet occupation, 1979-1989 | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Soviet Union / Politics and government / 1945-1991 | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Politics and government | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Afghanistan | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Soviet Union | |
| 653 | 4 | |a 1945-1991 | |
| 653 | 6 | |a History | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Afghanistan / History / Soviet occupation, 1979-1989 | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Soviet Union / Politics and government / 1945-1991 | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Afghānistān / Histoire / 1979-1989 (Intervention soviétique) | |
| 653 | 2 | |a URSS / Politique et gouvernement / 1945-1991 | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Politics and government | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Afghanistan | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Soviet Union | |
| 653 | 4 | |a 1945-1991 | |
| 653 | 6 | |a History | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List of Tables and Figures Acknowledgments Glossary and Abbreviations Introduction i The Decision to Intervene Militarily in Afghanistan vii xi xiii i 9 г The Course of the War 26 3 The Fortieth Army 57 4 The Position of the Soviet Political Establishment 98 5 The Implications of the Soviet-Afghan War for the Soviet Military 123 6 Coverage of the War in the Soviet Media 136 7 Public Opinion 161 8 TheAfgantsy 203 9 Central Asia and the Soviet “Muslim” Peoples 251 to The War and the Demise of the Soviet Union 279 Notes Bibliography 309 381 Index 393
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Index In this index fig refers to figures and f to tables. Abdujabbor, Tohir, 275 Abramkin, Valerii, 21-22 Adamovich, Ales’, 180 AJģanets (film, 1991), 197 Afganskii izlom (Afghan fracture) (film, 199Д I97 2I7 afgantsy: acclimatization to civilian life, 215-20; attitude to Soviet-Afghan war, 225-32, 2i6fig, 2i7fig, ii^fig, 212t; careers and employment, 118, 142, 184, 220-22, 289, 298, 362Ш42; on casualties, 90Г, 91Г, 211; Central Asian afgantsy, 269-71; crime, 218-22, 234-35, 235?^ 339Ո160; excesses against Afghan civilians, 217, 228-30; experience in Afghanistan, 209-11; families, 224-25. See ако mothers; glasnost, 213-14, 235, 238, 293; Great Patriotic War veterans and, 203-4, 208-9, 214, 232, 270; on hazing, 81; invalids, 117, 141-42, 223-24, 242, 249, 331Ո288; as lost generation, 153, 181, 235-36, 247-48, 248$ on misinformation, 189, 211, 213; official status, 116-і 7; perceived social status, 203, 292-301, 29 9 Г, perestroika, 218, 238, 293; political participation, 287-88, 292-301, 299Z; popular culture, 192, 198; protests by, 23 5-36, 236л psychological toll on, 203-5, 215-16, 218-20, 224, 242, 244-50. See PTSD; public activity of, 237fig, rehabilitation, 244-50; relations among, 217, 219?, the return home, 204-5, 211-12, 236г, 245-46, 269; social attitudes, 232-38; subsequent military experience, 297-302; suicide, 207, 220, 245, 249; Vietnam comparison, 248 z; vigilantism, 234-3 5, 295; violence, 218-19; See also alcohol; attitudes toward afgantsy; drugs; media; veterans’ associations Afghan citizens in Soviet Union, 107, j 257-58 Afghanistan Commission, 35, 46,
101-2, in, 115 Afghan opposition. See mujahidin Afghan Syndrome, 193, 214, 245, 248-50 Afghan War songs. See popular culture :agitprop, 136-37 Airepetov, Pavel, 21 Akhromeev, Sergei, 52, 86, no—11; August 1991 coup, 302; effects of war, 286; leadership role, 16, 30-31, 132; suicide, 302; withdrawal, 109-10
394 INDEX alcohol: afgantsy, among, 214, 218, 244, 249, 290-91; attitudes toward veteran use of, 214; in Fortieth Army, 83, 85; Gorbachev campaign against, 290 Aleksandrov-Agentov, Andrei, 12-13, 16 Alexiev, Alex, 264 Alexievich, Svetlana, 5, 244, 248 Alma-Ata, 29, 190, 196, 254-55, 259, 264, 370Ո16 Amin, Hazifullah, 12-15, 18-19, 30-31, 266 Andropov, Yuri: attitudes toward afgantsy, 116; corruption, 259; decision to intervene, 10-16, 18-19, 25, 27, 99, 104-5, ՅՅ4Ո44; justification for intervention, 100; leadership role, 36, 53; media, 141; Muslim Battalion, 266; political control, 9; withdrawal, 99-100, 105, 116 “April Revolution” (1978), 10, 15, 36, 46, 68, 87, 106, 146, 154 Arbatov, Georgii, 109 attitude to Soviet-Afghan War of: afgantsy, 225-32, ľtáfig, iiyfig, ii8ßg, 232Л media, 143-157; Politburo, 98-106; senior military personnel in Kabul, 45-47; society, 24, 162, 168-75, ^^ßg, 170A ijifig, 1711, 179. See abo Baltics, national republics; withdrawal attitudes toward afgantsy: in Central Asia, 270; discrimination, 184, 23 2; distinction between war and veterans, 186, 213-14, 246-47; 121; excesses toward Afghan civilians, 214-15; inability to rehabilitate, 121; influenced by attitude to the war, 182-83, 114-15; local government, 119, 182, 223, 348Ո153; medals, 119; misinformation engenders negative attitudes, 180 ; negative characterizations, 180-84, 186, 214-15, 247; pensions, 119; Politburo, 116-22; POWs, 120-21; PTSD, 245-47; public opinion, 180-87; reception home, 212-15; rehabilitation, 245-47, 301; responses, 214, 232-38; return to civilian life, 186-87, 115-20;
scapegoating, 183; service agencies, 184; shared dilemma, 205; social debt, 184-8 5; surveys, 180-81, 18 5-86, 186г, 215Λ 245; veteran benefits, 118-19, 182; veteran status denied, 180, 210II. See aba afgantsy August Coup (1991), 297, 301-7 Aushev, Ruslan, 74, 119, 299 Azerbaijan, 135, 258. 271, 290, 292, 29798. See abo Baku Azizov, Mukhimjon, 277 Bai, Nikolai, 119 Baklanov, Grigorii, 114 Baku (January 1990), 236, 297, 305, 379Ո87 Baltic republics, 22, 24, 72, 75, 150, 170, 174, 187-88, 222, 289, 297-98, 306. See abo Lithuania; samizdat, Baltic Basmachi, 85, 104, 141, 145, 251, 275 Batekhin, L., 128 Batygin, Gennadii, 176 Bekboev, Mels, 264, 267 Beliaev, Igor’, 12, 254, 283 benefits. See entitlements Bethell, Nicholas, 95 The Black Tulip (film, 1987), 161,196 Black Tulips, 75, 161, 166, 196 bleeding wound, no, 151, 197, 281 Bocharov, Gennadii, 158 Bogomolov, Oleg, 7, 20-21, 289 50/(1988), 188, 192, 197 Borovik, Artem: afgantsy, 72-73, 82, 216; attitude toward afgantsy, 95-97; censorship, 157-58; criticism, 157-58; justification for intervention, 289-90; media, 77, 152-54; perestroika, 282 Borovik, G. A., 257 Bovin, Aleksandr, 140, 144, 151, 154, 156 Braithwaite, Rodric, 5 Brezhnev Doctrine, 19, 279 Brezhnev, Leonid: Brezhnev Doctrine, 19, 279; decision making, 4, 156; decision to intervene, i, 9, 12, 14-19, 99, 104; justification for intervention, 100, 162; media, 141; stroke, 9; Taraki’s assassination, 12; withdrawal, 101-2, 109 Brown, Archie, 280 Brutents, Karen, 14, 16, 252
INDEX bureaucracy, 7, 156, 157, 203, 218, 245, 280, 288, 295; army, 39, 63, 171; Party, 16, 304. See ako attitudes toward afgantsy; local government Cargo-200s. S« Black Tulips Carrère d’Encausse, Hélène, 3 Carter, Jimmy, 13, 306 casualties: afgantsy on, 90Г, 91Г, 211; avoiding casualties, 33-34, 49; burial honors missing, 164; challenge of identifying, 165-66; data, 89-92; fits։ casualties, 31; lack of knowledge, 164, 164/; media, 13 8, 14 5-49, 164-67; misinformation, 104, 116, 163-65, 189, 213?, mistrust of official data, 213Հ MoD, 187-88, 330Ո277, 355Ո163; mujahidin, 166; public opinion, 16267, 171,187-89. See ako Black Tulips; zinc coffins censorship, 137-40, 150, 153, 157 Central Asia: afgantsy, 269-71; attitudes toward afgantsy, 270; as developmental model, 256; discrimination, 265; draft dodging, 264-65, 277; drugs, 255, 263; female service members, 268; general support for intervention and war, i6gfig, i7ļfig, 251, 272-73; glasnost, 251, 277; hazing, 265; interpreters, 267-68; Islam, 251-55, 262-63, շ69, 271, 274-78; KGB, 2 54; loyalty of soldiers, 254-55, 260-61, 263, 268-70, 272-73; media, 2 5 3, 270, 274; mujahid military penetration into, 48, 260, 268, 271, 274; nationalism, 274-76, 278; Politburo, 252; Russian language skills, 314Ш 5; strategic importance of, 256-58, 268; surveys, 273 г, 277; trade, 263; veterans’ associations, 270. See ako Basmachi; draft dodging; Muslim Battalions; Soviet Muslims and “Muslim” peoples; specific Central Asian countries Central Asian MD, 11, 58, 260 Central Committee. See CPSU Central Committee Chebrikov, Vladimir, 254-55
Chechnya: Chechen draftees and recruits, 187, 271; Chechen-Ingush ASSR, 242; 395 declares independence, 298; insurgents, 299. See also First Chechen War Chernenko, Konstantin, 17-18, 43, 53, 102, 104-5, H7 14і, 334Ո42 Cherniaev, Anatolii, 18, 108-11, 175 Chernobyl nuclear disaster (1986), 121, 139, 179 Chervonopysky, Serhii, 114-15, 223, 286-87 Chronicle ofthe Catholic Church in Ukraine, 17З-74 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), 298, 299. See also successor states Cisdnistria, 298 Cold War strategy of Soviet Union, 62, 107-8, 141, 255-56 Committee for the Affairs of SoldierInternationalists, 24, 58, 121, 185, 234, 246, 287-78, 292-93, 296, 298-99 Committee of Soldiers’ Mothers (Nadezhda), 190 Committee of State Security. See KGB Congress of People’s Deputies, 108, 11415. 178, 183-84, 215, 245, 283-87, 294, 337ΠΙΙ7 corruption and bribery, 1, 63-64, 81-82, 202, 259, 289 counter-insurgency warfare, 42-43, 45, 54, 56, 75, 124, 128, 133, 144, 271. See also guerrilla warfare CPSU Central Committee: afgantsy benefits, 243; attitudes toward afgantsy, 118; Central Asia, 314Ո15; decision to intervene, 76, 113; Islam, 253; lack of debate on war, 98; Letter on Afghanistan, 118, 156; letters, 76, 109; plenum, 49, 98, 105; tactics review, 49; withdrawal, 105, 109-10. See ако MPA; Politburo crime, 85, 218-22, 234-35, zy^fig, 290-91, 339Ո160 Crimson Land (film, 1989), 197 Czechoslovakia (August 1968), 12, 19, 31, 102, 314Ո94, 321Ш Danchev, Vladimir, 23 Daniloff, Nicholas, 149 Dashichev, Viacheslav, 156
396 INDEX death knell of Soviet Union, war as, 1,4, 7, 131, 13 5, 279-81, 283, 289-90, 291, 303-7 deception. See misinformation and deception decision making, 7, 9, 14, 17, no-її, 115, 121,125, 140, 156, 190, 281-82, 303, 305, 31Ш26; in armed forces, 27, 41 decision to intervene, 10, 12-18, її 5, 31ІП26; belief in short intervention, 19; CPSU Central Committee, 76, 113; development into longer war, 19-20; goals, 16; instant criticism and protest, 16, 20-23; international condemnation, 13, 20; media on, 20, 156; military intelligence, 14-13; official condemnation, 114-15, 215, 245-46, 283, 287; opposition within military, 16-17; Politburo, 10-11, 13-19, 21, 25, 99-102, 104-5; procedures for, 14, 17, 27; public opinion, 22-24, 168; reassessment, 113-і 6; the Soviet Union’s southern border, 23-24, 51, 53, 100, 169-70, 209, 227-29, 251, 263, 284; warnings about risks, 11-12, 16; See ako decision making dedovshchina. See hazing Democratic Party of Communists of Russia (DPKR), 301 Democratic Republic of Afghanisan (DRA): alienation from population, 10, 32, 53; and Central Asia, 255-59; civil war, 10, 2 5, 31, 3 8-3 9, 46, 5 2, 121, 271; criticism, 36, 63; decision to intervene, 99; desertion, 32-33, 37; foreign threats, 12, 18; ineffectiveness of armed forces, 3б-37 39, 56; media, 137-38, 143-45, 158; misinformation, 150; morale, 76; requests for Soviet military aid, іо-ii; unpopularity, 33; uprisings, 38; withdrawal, 50-51, 53. See also Amin, Hazifiillah; “April Revolution”; Karmal, Babrak; mujahidin, Najibullah; Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan; Taraki, Nur Muhammad
Democratic Union Party, 188 desertion, 32-33, 37, 78, 83, 92-97, 93А 207, 261268 disease, 33, 54, 59, 69, 71, 75, 82, 90, 249, 282. See ако hepatitis; medical aid Doig (Moscow veterans’ association), 208, 240 “Doig (artide, 1984), 117, 141-42, 156, 171, 208 DOSAAF (Voluntary Society for Assistance to the Army, Aviation and Fleet), 144, 167, 239 draft dodging, 150, 171-72, 177, 254, 264-65, 287. See ако Central Asia; Komsomol drugs: addiction, 290; afgantsy, 215, 29091; Central Asia, 255, 263; corruption, 81; crime, 85, 291; in Fortieth Army, 29-30, 59, 83-85; glasnost, 290; hashish, 84; media, 290, 378Ո47; morale, 75, 81, 83-85; mujahidin, 84-8 5; necessity, 84; prevalence, 836 psychological effects, 84; smuggling, 81-82; in Soviet Union, 290-91; surveys, 290 Dubynin, Viktor, 46-47, 62 Dudaev, Johar, 271-72 Dushanbe, 21, 71, 240, 270, 274, 276-77, 298 economic cost of war, 1, 105-8, 154, 201, 284 Egorychev, Nikolai, 105 entitlements (ľgotý), 116-19, i52 2O3 214, 219-20, 224-25, 235, 365Ո228, 377ՈՅՅ· Epishev, Aleksei, 12 Ermakov, Oleg, 192, 193 Ermakov, Viktor, 62 ethnicity and ethnic relations, 3, 29, 65, 72-75, 746 94, 259-69, 281, 306; ethnic unrest, 3, 301, 306. See ако Baku; Tbilisi; Vilniius Evtushenko, Evgenii, 193, 198 excesses against Afghan civilian population, 85-89, 214-15, 217, 228-30 expert opinion, 9-10, 12, 14, 25, 104, in, n6, 256, 284 Finogenov, Vladimir, 232 First Chechen War (1994-1996), 132, 134
INDEX Fortieth Army: airsupport, 44-45, 54; alcohol, 83; change in tactics, 43-44, 47; chemical weapons, 36; civilian employees, 55, 68,116; command structure, 27-28, 39-40, 46, 49, 54, 62; composition, ethnic and social, 3, 29, 65, 72-75, 746 80, 94, 152, 213-14, 259-69; creation, u, 18, 57; criticism of, 29-30, 39-40, 193; decision making, 39, 41; disbanding, 97; drug use, 29-30, 59, 83-85; economic considerations, 106-8; effective communication, 39-40; effectiveness, 43; equipment, 39, 49; excesses against population 42, 44; force structure, 33; fraternization, 79, 170, 260-61; goals, 32-33; irrelevance of instructions, 31-32, 37; coordination and joint operations with DRA army, 32, 36-37, 43-44, 53; junior officers, 60, 63-65, 73, 80, 90, 13 5, 137; KGB, 45, 66; lack of explicit directives, 26-27; leadership, 30, 3 5-36, 43, 46-47, 48-49; limits, 38; logistical challenges, 33, 39-42, 125-26; military intelligence, 37, 40, 42-43, 45, 64, 66, 90; mobilization, 26-29; MoD, 61, 72-73; performance improvement, 37; political officers, 6364, 67, 68, 77, 87, 89, 145, 157, 208-9, 263, 284; popular culture, 193-94; POWs, 92-97; preparedness, 26, 29-30, 49; proletarianization, 72-73; size, 5758, 321Ո7; strategy, 26, 32, 39-44, 49; training, 16, 24, 26, 30, 33, 37, 39-44, 47, 60-62, 64, 66-68, 90, 96, 125, 146, 206-9, շ55 շ6օ, 267-68, 3 24Ո94; uprisings, 36; withdrawal, 46, 48, 50-51, 53, 62. See ako afgantsy; attitudes toward afgantsy; counterinsurgency warfare; guerrilla warfare; helicopters; military operations in Afghanistan, mines; morale Freedom House, 94-9 5 Frunze Military
Academy, 41, 45, 124, 127, 134 Frunzovets (newspaper ofTurkestan MD), 77 Galeotti, Mark, 4-6, 58, 65-66, 121, 140, 182-83, 219, 241-42, 300-301, 303 397 Galula, David, 56 Gankovsky, Iurii, 284 Gareev, Makhmut, 53, 314Ո90 Generalov, Leonid, 43, 46, 62 General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces. See GS Geneva Accords (1988), 49, 51, 54, 92, 112 Georgia, 3, 73, 131, 187, 290, 299, 300. See also Tbilisi Gerasimov, Gennadii, 51 Girardet, Edward, 41 Glantz, David, 90 glasnost: afgantsy, 213-14, 235, 238, 293; Central Asia, 251, 277; development, 139; drugs, 290; glasnost from below, 139, 160; important aspects, 160; media, 136, 139-40, 148-61; misinformation, 159; public opinion, 160-63, 178, 187-88; strategic use, 143, 152; withdrawal, 153. See also Chernobyl nuclear disaster Glukhov, Yuri, 279 Golubye berety (pop band), 195, 353nın Göransson, Markus, 5 Gorbachev, Mikhail: airsupport, 50-51; anti-alcohol campaign, 290; attitude toward afgantsy, 117-18, 120, 182-83; bleeding wound comment, no, 151, 281; Chernobyl, 179; criticism of, 156; economic cost of war, 106, 284; Fortieth Army, 57; Islam, 253; media, 136-37, 142-43, 149, 152; National Reconciliation (in Afghanistan), 48, 111-і 2; POWs, 92; propaganda offensive of, 149; public opinion, 109, 175, 201; reassessment of intervention, 113-15; withdrawal, 47-50, 53-54, 98, 108-12, 116, 153-55, 199, 306. See ako glasnost; New Thinking; perestroika Grachev, Pavel, 298, 302-3, 374Ш58 Grazhdanskaia (band), 192-93, 2I4 Great Patriotic War, 75, 116-17, 151-52, 176, 181-82, 214, 232, 270; veterans of, 86, 116-17, 119, 152, 176, 181-82,
208, 214, 222, 232, 270 Grekov, Iurii, 123-24, 13 3 Gromov, Boris: 46, 48, 61, 8 2, 131, 297, 301, 318Ո134; and afgantsy, 221,
398 INDEX 235, 380Ш05; as witness, 6, 34, 63; assessment of war and intervention, 5 2, 127, 286, 314Ո94; and August Coup, 297, 302-3; Fortieth Army, 73-74; 314Ո94; leadership role, 6, 28, 33, 48-49, 55, 63; military intelligence, 45; misinformation, 104, 286; praise for Fortieth Army, 132, 177, 297; public opinion, 177-78; reception of returning soldiers, 97; sickness, 38; unwinnability of war, 46; supports a strong military, 177-78; withdrawal, 49, 62 Gromyko, Anatolii, 28 3 Gromyko, Andrei: decision to intervene, n, 17, 19, 105; misinformation, 104; political control under Brezhnev, 9; US involvement in Afghanistan, 13; withdrawal, 11,17, 19 GRU (Main Military Intelligence Directorate), 27, 263-67, 278 GS (General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces): casualties, 89; decision to intervene, 16; doubts on reporting, 37; logistical challenges, 40; MIA, 94; political challenges, 46; withdrawal, 50 guerrilla warfare, 16, 26, 32, 37, 40-45, 52, 116, 123, 133 Halbaev, Habib, 28 hazing, 59, 68, 75, 78-81, 131, 158, 265 Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 273, 276 helicopters, 39-41, 47-48, 54-55, 125-26, 128-29 hepatitis, 58, 70-71, 78, 90 Hindustonyi, Muhammadjon, 275 How Difficult It Is to Be Young (film; 1987), 197 “I didn’t send you to Afghanistan” (Studenikin), 156-57, 348Ո153 IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan), 2·75 internationalist aid, 19, 108, 120, 283, 337Ո33, 365Ո228 internationalist duty, 51, 67, 76, 86, no, 118-20, 148, 150-52, 179, 209 invalids, 117, 167-68, 223-24, 242, 249, 305, 331Ո288 IPRT (Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan), 253. See abo Nuri, Said Abdullo Iran and
Soviet-Afghan intervention, 10, 12, 28, 51, 144, 179, 252-53. 275· See abo media, Iranian and Afghan broadcasts Islam: in Central Asia, 251-5 5, 262-63, 269, 271, 274-78; and communism, 256, 258; Islamic extremism, 12, 179, 252, 310Ո18; Islamic literature and broadcasts, 254m 274; Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRPT), 253; Islamic revival, 259, 274-77; KGB and, 254-55, 274, 276; Muslim identity, 2 5 5, 262, 267, 276; nationalism and, 274-75; official Soviet attitude to, 20, 155, 179, 251-52, 284; Pan-Islam, 252; political Islam, 253-54, 271, 275; public opinion, 179; radical Islam, 253, 254, 275; 284; soldiers’ attitude to, 269; threat posed by, 251, 252-53. See abo Basmachi; IMU; SADŮM; Soviet Muslim establishment; Soviet Muslims and “Muslim” peoples Ivanov, Boris, 15 Ivanov, Nikolai, 193 Izvestiia (newspaper): criticism of intervention, 21; effects of war, 285; glasnost, 140, 143; misinformation, 136, 140, 157; POWs, 147, 157, 189 Juventus Academica·, journal, 174; youth association, 289 Kalinovsky, Artemy, 5 Karmai, Babrak, 15-16, 31, 38, 48, 52, 101-3, 107, 145, 276 Karpenko, Aleksandr, 192, 196 Kaskad (ensemble), 79, 195 Kazakhstan, 79, 246, 249, 260, 266. See abo Alma-Ata Kaznacheev, Viktor, 119 Kerimbaev, Boris, 266 KGB (Committee of State Security), 20, 222; assessment of war, 24, 103, 173; in Azerbaijan, 271; censorship, 142; Central Asia, 2 54-5 5, 276;
INDEX conduct of war, 31, 35-36,45, 55, 63, 87; documentation, 6-7, 309Ո9, 315Ո16; Fortieth Army, 45, 57, 66, 314П10; goals, 66; Islam, 254-55; joint operations, 66; media, 142; military intelligence, 63; monitors domestic reaction, 22, 187, 220; operations, 310Ո9; prior to intervention, 10, 12-15, 23, 29, 31, 310Ո9, 310Ո23; public opinion, 163, 187; Soviet-Afghan role, 35-36, 103. See abo Andropov, Yuri; Chebrikov, Vladimir; Kriuchkov, Vladimir; Pekteľ, Vladimir; Yusif-zade, Z.M. Khrobostov, Valentin, 120 Khrushchev, Nikita, 2, 107, 255 Kirpichenko, Vadim, 13, 142 Kobzon, Iosif, 79 Kolodeznikov, Aleksandr, 240 Kommunist vooruzhennikh sil (military journal), 149 Komsomol: afgantsy active in, 240 - 2, 295; look to for support, 242-43; bans antiwar song, 192; concern for afgantsy, 215; enlists afgantsy, 206, 239, 264; initiatives among afgantsy, 117, 185, 239, Komsomol republican press, 151-52, 192, 270; patronizes afgantsy, 238-89; prosecutes members for drań dodging, 265; youth driń away from and subsequent inadequacies, 204, 238-39 Komsomoľskaiapravda (newspaper): 141, attitudes toward afgantsy, 215, 234; casualties, 145, 163; invalids, 145, 305; justification for intervention, 151, 230-31; misinformation, 147; public opinion, 170; survey, 215, 220, 230, 23 5-36; youth enthuse for Afghansitan service, 208. See “Dolg”; Sobesednik Kondrashov, Sergei, 144 Kornienko, Georgii, 109, 142 Korotich, Vitalii, 152-53, 274 Kosogovskii, Aleksandr, 14 Kosygin, Aleksei, 10-11,17, 28, 259, 312Ո51 Kotenov, Aleksandr, 203, 240, 288, 294 Kovalevskii, Vladimir, 130 Kozlov, Vasilii, 266 399
Kozyrev, N. I., 189 Krakhmalov, Sergei, 17, 38, 55, 104, 31ІП26 Kravchuk, Leonid, 289 Kremeniuk, Viktor, 109 Kriuchkov, Vladimir, 50, 109, 112, 114, 142, 255, 302 Kudlai, V. S., 62 Kushka, 28, 30-31, 58, 81, 89, 212, 25 5 Kuznetsov, lu., 129 Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan afgantsy: afganets political party, 299; Islam enhanced, 276; OMON in, 297-98; Russianlanguage skills, 315ПІ5; veterans’ association, 270 LAWA (Leningrad Association of Veterans of the War in Afghanistan), 249, 29 5, 303 Lebed,’Aleksandr, 132, 302 Lebedev, A. P, 130 Leningrad, 22, 72, 131, 158, 166, 173-74, 187-88, 295, 303, 354Ш52, 367Ո274. See also LAWA Leshchinskii, Mikhail, 109, 139, 195, 197 Liakhovskii, Aleksandr: decision to intervene, 14, 24, 29, 45; Fortieth Army, 53, 58, 64; MIA, 93-94; mujahidin, 273; Politburo, 14, 99; withdrawal, 53, 99 Limited Contingent of Soviet Troops in Afghanistan. See Fortieth Army Literaturnaiagazeta (newspaper), 157, 184, 188 Lithuania, 22, 29, 131, 150, 164, 214, 289, 298. See abo Juventus Academica; Vilnius Lizichev, Aleksei, 89, 239 local government, 119, 182, 223, 348Ո153 long-term significance of war for Soviet military, 131-35 Luk’ianov, Anatolii, 49, 108 Lukyanchikov, Sergei, 188 Lushev, Petr, 130 Magometov, Soitan, 14 Main Military Intelligence Directorate. See GRU
400 INDEX Maiorov, Aleksandr, 36-38, 87, 102 Maksimov, Iurii, 130 Malyshev, Leonid, 21 Marchenko, Anatolii, 21 Mariia (womens group), 22, 190 Massoud, Ahmad Shah, 50 Mazhaev, F., 151 Mazur, Dmitrii, 21 media: afgantsy, 116, 142-43, 156-57, 211, 224, 234, 238, 248, 295; aftermath of war, 157-60; attitudes toward afgantsy, 116-19, 141, 149, 151-53, 156-57, 180-81, 184-85, 234, 377n33; attitude to war, 138-39, 143-44, M1! casualties, 138, 145-49, 164-67; censorship, 137-40, 142, 150, 153’ 1575 Central Asia, 253, 270, 274; control of reportage, 20, 22, 137-38, 148; criticism of intervention, 138, 155-57; decision to intervene, 20, 156; development of reporting, 141, 146-49; draft dodging, 150, 172; drugs, 290, 378Ո47; economic cost of war, 284; first five years, 143-48; glasnost, 136, 139-40, 143, 148-57, 159-61; heroic war reporting, 137, 146-47; horrors of war, 145-48, 152-53; increase in reporting, 150; investigative reporting, 137, 148, 152-53; Iranian and Afghan broadcasts, 274; last four years, 148-57; MIA, 154; misinformation, 77, 103, 136, 140-46, 150-60, 180, 211; MoD, 144, 146, 150; moral distortion, 158; mujahidin, depiction of, 148-49; partial truth, 146; party line, 140-43; Politburo, 103, 137-43, 152, 156; POWs, 93, 95, 154; propaganda, 137-39, 151! public opinion, 4, 48, 52, 109, 136, 148, 154, 161, 175-76; recruitment of soldiers, 149-50; soldiers’ reaction to, 77fig, staff changes, 152; surveys, 136-37, 159/5 taboos, 148-49, 154; unknown/unacknowledged war reporting, 116, 137, 143-45; unnecessary and shameful war reporting, 137, 148; withdrawal, 48, 154-5 5,
15758, 177, 306. See aho misinformation and deception; samizdat·, television; Western broadcasts; specificfilms, journals, and newspapers medical aid, 60, 69-72, 90-91. 126, 191, 219, 223-24, 294 MIA soldiers, 92-97,154, 188 Mickiewicz, Ellen, 137 military operations in Afghanistan: achievements, 54-56; aims, 51; air support, 50-51, 54-55; alienation from population, 42, 52; backlash against, 38; defeats in specific operations, 52, 54-56; definition of success in, 43; doubts on reporting, 37; early stages of war, 30-40; first major operation, 34; impossibility of military victory, 38-39; ineffective operations, 34-35; initiation, 31-32; Kabul captured, 31-32; logistics, 33, 41-42; major offenses, 39; Operation Magistral, 49; Operation Typhoon, 50; overview, 26-27; Panjshir offensives, 43; political lessons, 56; preparedness, 26-30, 55-56; recruitment, 35; scorched earth tactics, 42; search for victory, 40-47; Soviet troops introduced, 27-30; status reports, 43-44; strategy, 30-34, 40-44; uprisings, 36, 38; Vietnam comparison, 32, 116. See aho casualties; decision to intervene; Fortieth Army; withdrawal military-patriotic education, 150, 181, 225, 239-42, 287, 294 mines, 34, 40-41, 47, 49, 61, 83, 90, 92, 96, 127, 140, 144-49 Ministry of Defense of USSR. See MoD Mironov, Leonid, 23 Mironov, Valerii, 303 misinformation and deception: afgantsy, 189, 211, 213; engender negative attitudes toward afgantsy, 180; backfiring of policy, 159-60; casualties, 104, 116, 163-65,189, 213η, cause moral distortion, 158; censorship, 137— 40, 150, 153, 157; deceptive language, 99; denial of
intervention, 100; glasnost, 159; internal reporting, 34-3 5, 46-47, 57, 77, 102, 140, 154; media. See media; MoD, 157; effect on morale, 75-77; Politburo, 99-104, 156,162; public
INDEX opinion, 162, 168-70, 189; secrecy, 103; survey findings, 159Г Mitrokhin, Vasiliy, 29 MoD (Ministry of Defense): achievements, 55; alienation of Afghan population, 53; attitudes toward afgantsy, 118; Book of Memory, 82; casualties, 187-88, 3 30Ո277, 3 5 5Ո163; economic considerations, 106; Fortieth Army, 61, 72-73; guerrilla warfare, 40; instructions for officers, tot; logistical challenges, 3 3, 40; media, 144, 146, 150; MIA, 92, 94; misinformation, 157; morale, 75-76; Operations Group, 27, 30-31, 61; regulations, 47; role in intervention, 103; withdrawal, 48, 101 Moiseev, Mikhail, 132, 299, 302 morale (of Fortieth Army): 63, 65, 67, 7583; alienation from population, 76-77; camaraderie, 83; conditions of service, 78-79; desertion, 78, 83; drugs, 75, 81, 83-85; fear, 75, 79, 82, 87; hazing, 79-80; media, 76-77; misgivings about war’s purpose, 67, 75-78, 83; misinformation, 75-77; MoD, 75-76; music, 79; POWs, 96; propaganda, 76; protests, 78-79; public opinion, 177, 202; religion, 82-83; self-inflicted wounds, 78; suicide, 78-79 Morozov, Igor’, 194-95, 229 Moscow, 7, 11-17, 72, 131, 168, 174, 187 motherhood, 224 mothers, 143, 161; of afgantsy. 213, 224; 234, 248; of KIA, 97, 114, 131, 154, 163, mothers’ letters, no, 170, 199, 305-6; mothers’ organizations, 190, 225; mothers’ protest 134-35, 190-91, 191í, 264; 166-67, 190, 224-5, 23 2, 248, 281; of soldiers, 148-49, 151,15 3, 15 8, 170-71, 190-91, 207-8, 210, 219, 224-25. See also Committee of Soldiers’ Mothers MPA (Main Political Administration), 12, 15, 91, 120, 142, 149, 158, 193, 284, 348Ш41 mujahidin: alienation
from population, 52; antiaircraft capabilities, 48; casualties, 166; comparative 40I advantages, 33, 42-44; corruption, 63; counterinsurgency against, 42-43; decisive blow impossible against, 45; desertion, 93-94; drugs, 84-85; enhanced capabilities, 43-45; Fortieth Army, 73; Islam, 254; media, 148-49; mobility, 42; morale, 8 2, 8 5, 3 26Ш5 3; mujahid POWs, 93; relations with Central Asian soldiers, 73, 260-63, 265, 268; Soviet Central Asia and, 254, 260, 268, 271, 274-75; in Soviet popular culture, 193; strategy, 34, 4142; territorial gains, 38; US aid, 106 Muslim Battalions, 3, 28, 260, 264-67 myths, 4, 75, 176-77, 179, 238-39, 246, 280 Najibullah (Muhammad Najib), 48, 50-51, 103, 109, in, 154, 319Ո152 Namangoni, Jumma, 275 nationalism, 299. See ako individual republics; Russian nationalsim national republics, 3, 131,173, 281; nationalism in 187, 198, 289, 297-98 narcotics. See drugs NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 13, 62, 102, 125 Nevzorov, Aleksandr, 222 New Thinking, 113, 115-16, 143, 199, 279, 283 Noga (film, 1991), 197-98 Nuri, Said Abdullo, 253, 275, 369Ш3 Ochirov, Valerii, 287, 289 Odom, William, 7, 87, 130, 171, 324Ո90 Odzhiev, Rezo, 298 Ogarkov, Nikolai, 11, 13, 16-18, 37-38, ΙΟΙ, 266, 312Ո41 Ogonek (newspaper), 152, 157, 297 Ol’shanskii, Dmitrii, 245-46, 281 Ostrov, Vladimir, 134 Pakistan and Soviet-Afghan intervention, 10, 12, 16-17, 45, 51, 99, 141 Pavlovskih Ivan, 12, 14-16, 310Ш5 Pekteľ, Vladimr, 254-55 People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA): decision to intervene, 10,
402 INDEX 12, 15-16, 18; establishment, 2, 10; infighting, 37; interpreters, 267; recruitment, 63; Soviet aid, 10; unpopularity, 3 2; unwinnability of war, 46; withdrawal, 53, 102 perestroika: 203, 238, 279-80, 284, 293, 336; afgantsy and, 118, 132, 143, 218, 234, 236, 288; wars impact on, 2, 4, 109, 114, 133, 176, 188, 232, 233^, 282, 290, 304 Pitirim, Metropolitan, 181-82, 184, 299 Podvig (military journal), 193 Poliakov, Iurii, 193, 3411146 Polianichko, Viktor, 50 Politburo: attitudes toward afgantsy, 116-22; Central Asia, 252; citizens’letters, 103, 109-11, 162, 175, 199, 305; criticism of, 104; debate on intervention lacking, 98-99; decision to intervene, I O-XI, X5-18, 21, 25, 99, 104; disagreement within, 109-10; economic considerations, 105-8; indecisiveness, 105; justification for intervention, 99-102, 162, 289-90, 297; media, 103, 137-43, 152, 156; misinformation, 99-104, 156, 162; mistakes, inability to admit, 104; official statements, 98-105; POWs, 120-21; public opinion, 162, 175; reassessment of intervention, 99, 113-16; resolutions, 98-105; strategic mistakes, 103-4; troika leaders, 9, 12, 101,158; withdrawal, 19, 99-102,104,108-12,116, X2I-22. See aho Afghanistan Commission; specific Soviet leaders Ponomarev, Boris, 11, 13, 17, 19, 100, 103 Popov, Yurii, 21 popular culture: afgantsy, 192, 198; 196; Afghan War songs, 79, 151, 182 19199, 198, 229, 243, 3 57Ո2Օ1; censorship, 192; films, 166, 181, 196-98, 292; in Fortieth Army, 193-94; literature, 191-93; music, 191-96; party line, 193; poems, 191, 196; religious dimension, 192; themes, 191-92; withdrawal, 255.
See aho individualfilms Posev (émigré journal), 92, 141, 169, 271 POWs (prisoners of war): amnesty, 120-21; attitude of afgantsy towards, 241; civilian POWs, 95; Committee for the Affairs of Soldier-Internationalists, 287-88; data, 93-94; Fortieth Army, 92-97; killing and torture, 93; media, 93, 95, 154, 3 54ПІ50; morale, 96; mujahidin and, 93, 95; organizations for return, 189; Politburo, 120-21; public opinion, 188-89; refusal to return, 94; regime attitude, 92-93, 95, 98, 188-89; Supreme Soviet on, 120-21; in West, 94, 95, 261, 332Ո319. See aho desertion Pravda·, afgantsy, 225; attitudes toward afgantsy, 120, 152, 157; casualties, 149; decision to intervene, 99; draft dodging, 150; effects of war, 284-85; glasnost, 160; justification for intervention, 144-45; misinformation, 99, 136-37, 145-46, 150; Politburo, 99; recruitment of soldiers, 150; withdrawal, 48 prestige of Soviet military, 131,135, 17678, 279 Primakov, Evgenii, 114 prisoners of war. See POWs procuracy and procurator-general, 95, 118, 120, 178, 184, 334Ո160 Prokhanov, Aleksandr, 62,121,155, 19193, 195, 205, 252-53, 282, 289-90 propaganda (domestic context): in Central Asia, 2 5 6-5 8, 270, 274-7 5; justification for intervention, 103, 151; media, 137-38- 14З- 149- 151- 279-80; misinformation, 76, 96, 194; popular culture, 191—92; public opinion, 173, 181. See aho agitprop PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), 242, 2-44-49 public opinion: attitudes toward afgantsy, 180-87; attitudes towards the war, 162, 168-7 5, th^fig, 170í, lytfig, 1726 179; becomes vocal, 175; casualties, 162-67, 171, 187-89;
characteristics of, 20, 72, 153-54, 159-60, 175, 181,198-99; corruption, 202; decision to intervene, 20-24, 168; discussion of intervention, 172^-, draft dodging, 171-72, 177; Fortieth Army, 162; glasnost, 160-63, 175-76, 178, 187-88; growing public awareness, 167-76; images and
INDEX perceptions, 176-80; invalids, 167-68; Islam, 179; KGB on, 163,187; in large cities, 162; letters, 142, 150, 156, 160, 170-71, 175, 189, 199; media, 4, 48, 52, 109, 136, 148, 154, 161, 175-76; misinformation, 162, 168-70, 189; morale, 177, 202; overview of, 199-202; Politburo, 162, 175; POWs, 188-89; protests, 163, 171, 173, 187-89, 1901, 199; public anxiety, 176; threat, 162-63; variation, 173; Vietnam comparison, 178; withdrawal, in, 116, 162-63, 167, 174-75, 2 99, շ8օ. See aho mothers public protests, 21-25, 78-79, 161, 171, 187-89, 190í, 23 5-36, 236í Radio Free Europe, 172-74 Rakhmanin, Oleg, 101 Reagan, Ronald, 121, 281, 368Ո28 5 religion, 75, 82, 192, 220, 225, 276. See aho Islam; Russian Orthodox Church reporting, changes in, 141, 148, 150, 153, 160; early years, 168; investigative, 90, 152; soldiers’ reaction to 77, 78fig, 154; themes, 143; within establishment, 34-3 5, 47՝ 57 Reshetnikov, Mikhail, 72-73 Riabchenko, Ivan, 28 Rodionov, Igor, 47, 62, 129, 132, 134, 297, 301 Romanov, Grigorii, 17 Romanov, Yuri, 296 Rozenbaum, Aleksandr, 79, 192 rumors and rumor-mongering, 20, 140, 162-64, 170, 215, 277 Russian nationalism, 3, 187,281, 288, 301, 306 Russian Orthodox Church, 82-83, շ63, 277· See aho Pitirim, Metropolitan Rutskoi, Aleksandr, 4, 296, 298-99, 301 Rybakov, Vladimir, 175 Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 106-7, 119 SADUM, 258. Safronchuk, Vasilii, 14 Safronov, V. G., 56 Sakharov, Andrei, 21, 23, 25, 156, 158, 180, 213, 285-86, 313Ո74 4ՕՅ samizdat, 3, 21-22, 136, 141,173-74, ī88, 271, 281; magnitizdat, 196; samizdat, Baltic, 3, 22, 174, 281; samizdat Ukrainian, 3, 22,
281, 306 {See aho Chronicle ofthe Catholic Church in Ukraine}·, tamizdat, 141 Sapper, Manfred, 4-6 Selikhov, Kim, 152, 356Ш71 Semenov, Dmitrii, 192 Sevruk, Vladimir, 114, 141-42 Shcherbakov, V. L, 119 Shcherbytsky, Volodomyr, 17 Shebarshin, Leonid, 16, 24, 45, 103, 25 5 Shershnev, Leonid, 38, 103-4, 170 Shet’ko, Pavel, 232, 287-88 Shevarnadze, Eduard, 50, 52-53, 109-13, 115-16, 255, 283 Shkidchenko, Petr, 145 Shulman, Marshall, 7 Shultz, George, 112,121 Simoniia, Nodari, in, 175, 197 Smith, Hedrick, 23, 152-53, շ4շ, շ6ւ, 285-86 Snegirev, Vladimir, 145-46, 151, 158, 197 Sobesednik {Komsomol’skaia pravda supplement), 149, 151, 154, 217 Sobir, Bozor, 276 Sokolov, Sergei, 30-31, 38, 43, 45-46, 124 Soviet Muslim establishment, 272, 289. See aho SADUM Soviet Muslims and “Muslim” peoples, 252, 255-56, 271-78 Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. See SADUM Spol’nikov, Viktor, 102, 274 Stankevich, Sergei, 23 Stovba, Aleksandr, 146, 191-92, 194 substance abuse. See alcohol; drugs successor states 1, 4, 131, 134 suicide, 78-79, 90, 190, 207, 220, 244-45, 249, 302 Sukharev, Aleksandr. See procuracy and procurator-general Suny, Ron, 3, 336η 8 о Supreme Soviet: afgantsy representation, 287; attitudes toward afgantsy, 116, 118-21; censure of intervention,
404 INDEX 287; decision to intervene, 17, XI 5; misinformation, 116; POWs, 120; reassessment of intervention, 115. See ako Committee for the Affairs of Soviet Internationalists Suslov, Mikhail, 15,17, 25, 102-3, strategic importance, 11; training, 37; withdrawal, 212 Turkmenistan, 58, 96, 121, 150, 231, 239, 251, 256-59, 266, 271-72, 274; Turkmen, 81, 256, 259, 266-67, 274. See ako Kushka Tabeev, Fikrat, 14, 102 Tajikistan: afgantsy, 205, 214, 262, 264, 269-70, 278, 296; attitudes toward afgantsy, 117; casualties, 163; civil war, 270, 277-78; Islam, 254-55, 274-77; media, 274; mujahid incursions, 48, 254-5 5, 275-76; nationalism, 274-76, 278; political parties, 296; support for mujahidin, 27 5-76; surveys, 277; veterans’ associations, 270. See ako Dushanbe; IPRT; Nuri, Said Abdullo Tajik Union of Veterans of the Afghan War (SVAV), 270 Taraki, Nur Muhammad, 11-12, 14, 17, 28, 259, 266, 284 Tashkent, 177-78, 212, 253-54, 256-58, 272 Tbilisi, 72; demonstration (April 1989), 134, 236, 289-90, 297-98, 305, 379Ո87 television, 145-48; censorship, 140, 154 distortions, 2, 103, 146, 153-54; in Fortieth Army, 77, 79, 80; influence on public opinion, 136-37, 186; reporting, 139, 149, 197, 292. See ako Vzgliad Ter-Grigor’iants, Norat, 37-38 Termez, 18, 30-32, 120, 212, 272 Third World, i, 7, 13, 19-20, 107, 255, 306 Tikhonov, Nikolai, 17, 102-3 Titarenko, Aleksei, 117 Tkach, Boris, 30, 62 Tkachenko, Petr, 198, 209 Tsagolov, Kim, 25, 52, 63, 130, 154, 156, 218, 249, 285 Tukharinov, Yurii, 28, 62 Turkestan Military District (MD): command structure, 61; coordinating role, 255; decision to
intervene, 28-29; Fortieth Army, 18, 27-28, 58, 61, 255; media, 77, 138; Muslim Battalions, 266; Operation Group, 37; Ukraine, 3, 22, 74, 96, 117, 142, 151-52, 163-64, 172, 173-74, 187-88, 191-92, 210, 286, 289, 299, 306; afgantsy, 117, 289; in Fortieth Army, 81. See ako samizdat, Ukrainian Union of Afghan Veterans (SVA), 222, 238, 249, 294 United States: Amin, 13, 15; Cold War, 13, 102, 306, 314Ո94; justification for intervention, 13, 251, 314Ո90, 314Ո94; POWs, 95, 261; Soviet-Afghan war involvement, 12-13, 15, 17, 99-100, 141; Vietnam war comparison, 130, 199; withdrawal, 112 Usmankhojaev, Inamjon, 265 USSR Supreme Soviet. See Supreme Soviet Ustinov, Dmitrii: alienation from population, 87; decision to intervene, їх, 15, 18-19, 27 99! leadership role, 36; political control, 9; unwinnability of war, 45; withdrawal, 99-100, 102 Uzbekistan: afgantsy, 260, 264, 299, 368Ո312; corruption, 259; Islam, 253, 255, 275; media, 270, 274; nationalism, 253; Tashkent, 272; veterans’ associations, 270. See ako IMU; Tashkent; Termez Vannikov, Aleksandr, 192 Varennikov, Valentin: decision to intervene, її, 16-17, 19, 21, 32, 231, 252, 3121141; Fortieth Army, 57; Islam, 252; leadership role, 61; media, 35, 153; political role in war’s aftermath, 301-2, 312; quells domestic unrest, 297, 299; unwinnability of war, 46, 5 5-56; withdrawal, 50-51, 109 Vasil’ev, Boris, 297-98 Verstakov, Viktor, 139, 194-95 veterans (of Soviet-Afghan War). See afgantsy; attitudes toward afgantsy
INDEX veterans’ associations, 238-44, 2417?^, 242í, 270, 294-95, 303. See aho Dolg; LAWA; Tajik Union of Veterans of the Afghan War Vietnam War comparison, 27, 32, 40, 51, 57, 78, 116, 130, 178, 196, 199, 248г, 352Ո93; no lessons learned, 130; Soviet intervention in, 120, 235, 248, 379Ո33; vets, 245, 287; Vietnam Syndrome, 367-68Ո285 Vilnius, 29, 164, 214; January 1991, 297-98, 306 Voennaia mysľ (journal), 131, 281-82 Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal (journal), 132 Voennye znaniia (journal), 144 Voluntary Society for Assistance to the Army, Aviation and Fleet. See DOSAAF Vorontsov, Yurii, 189 VPV See military-patriotic education Vzgliad (TV program, 1987), 153 Wahhabi, 253, 369Ո15 Western broadcasts, 2, 22, 136, 170, 174, 342Ш. See ако Radio Free Europe withdrawal, 19; afgantsy, 225-26; calls for, 21-22; circumstances surrounding, 505 3, 15 7, 164, 177, 212, 360Ո66; decision to intervene, 113-16; development, 10812; disagreement over, 109-11; domestic opposition to, 54, 109, 148, 361Ո5; DRA against, 50-51, 53; economic considerations, 105-6; Fortieth Army, 405 46, 48, 50-51, 5 3, 62, 102; glasnost, 153; Gorbachev on, 47-48, 53, 98, 106, 108-14, 160, 167,178, 280; KGB on, 255; media, 48, 153-54֊ I57֊5S, 177. 306; minor pullout (1986), 47-48, no, ՅՅՅՈ21; overview, 47-54; perestroika, 114, 279; Politburo, 19, 99-102, 104, 108-12, 121-22; political constraints, 105, 109, in; popular culture, 255; preparations, 51, 212; public opinion, iii, 116, 162-63, 167, I74~75 199, 280; stages, 49-50; timetables, 48-49, in-12, 117; United States, 112. See also Geneva Accords women in Fortieth
Army, 68-69, 190-91, 190 ŕ, 268 World War II, 75, 116-17, 151-52, 176, 214, 232, 270. See also Great Patriotic War Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 17-18, 109, 112, 116, 136-37, 139-40, 143, 148, 152, 306 Yakushin, V V, 244 Yazov, Dmitrii, 47, 50-51, 109, 131, 221, 297 Yeltsin, Boris, 301, 303 Yukubov, A., 294 Yusif-zade, Z. Μ., 271 Zaitsev, Mikhail, 44, 82, 108, 323Ո54 Zaslavskaia, Tat’iana, 140, 349ПП zinc coffins, 163-64, 207
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Contents List of Tables and Figures Acknowledgments Glossary and Abbreviations Introduction i The Decision to Intervene Militarily in Afghanistan vii xi xiii i 9 г The Course of the War 26 3 The Fortieth Army 57 4 The Position of the Soviet Political Establishment 98 5 The Implications of the Soviet-Afghan War for the Soviet Military 123 6 Coverage of the War in the Soviet Media 136 7 Public Opinion 161 8 TheAfgantsy 203 9 Central Asia and the Soviet “Muslim” Peoples 251 to The War and the Demise of the Soviet Union 279 Notes Bibliography 309 381 Index 393
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Index In this index fig refers to figures and f to tables. Abdujabbor, Tohir, 275 Abramkin, Valerii, 21-22 Adamovich, Ales’, 180 AJģanets (film, 1991), 197 Afganskii izlom (Afghan fracture) (film, 199Д I97 2I7 afgantsy: acclimatization to civilian life, 215-20; attitude to Soviet-Afghan war, 225-32, 2i6fig, 2i7fig, ii^fig, 212t; careers and employment, 118, 142, 184, 220-22, 289, 298, 362Ш42; on casualties, 90Г, 91Г, 211; Central Asian afgantsy, 269-71; crime, 218-22, 234-35, 235?^ 339Ո160; excesses against Afghan civilians, 217, 228-30; experience in Afghanistan, 209-11; families, 224-25. See ако mothers; glasnost, 213-14, 235, 238, 293; Great Patriotic War veterans and, 203-4, 208-9, 214, 232, 270; on hazing, 81; invalids, 117, 141-42, 223-24, 242, 249, 331Ո288; as lost generation, 153, 181, 235-36, 247-48, 248$ on misinformation, 189, 211, 213; official status, 116-і 7; perceived social status, 203, 292-301, 29 9 Г, perestroika, 218, 238, 293; political participation, 287-88, 292-301, 299Z; popular culture, 192, 198; protests by, 23 5-36, 236л psychological toll on, 203-5, 215-16, 218-20, 224, 242, 244-50. See PTSD; public activity of, 237fig, rehabilitation, 244-50; relations among, 217, 219?, the return home, 204-5, 211-12, 236г, 245-46, 269; social attitudes, 232-38; subsequent military experience, 297-302; suicide, 207, 220, 245, 249; Vietnam comparison, 248 z; vigilantism, 234-3 5, 295; violence, 218-19; See also alcohol; attitudes toward afgantsy; drugs; media; veterans’ associations Afghan citizens in Soviet Union, 107, j 257-58 Afghanistan Commission, 35, 46,
101-2, in, 115 Afghan opposition. See mujahidin Afghan Syndrome, 193, 214, 245, 248-50 Afghan War songs. See popular culture :agitprop, 136-37 Airepetov, Pavel, 21 Akhromeev, Sergei, 52, 86, no—11; August 1991 coup, 302; effects of war, 286; leadership role, 16, 30-31, 132; suicide, 302; withdrawal, 109-10
394 INDEX alcohol: afgantsy, among, 214, 218, 244, 249, 290-91; attitudes toward veteran use of, 214; in Fortieth Army, 83, 85; Gorbachev campaign against, 290 Aleksandrov-Agentov, Andrei, 12-13, 16 Alexiev, Alex, 264 Alexievich, Svetlana, 5, 244, 248 Alma-Ata, 29, 190, 196, 254-55, 259, 264, 370Ո16 Amin, Hazifullah, 12-15, 18-19, 30-31, 266 Andropov, Yuri: attitudes toward afgantsy, 116; corruption, 259; decision to intervene, 10-16, 18-19, 25, 27, 99, 104-5, ՅՅ4Ո44; justification for intervention, 100; leadership role, 36, 53; media, 141; Muslim Battalion, 266; political control, 9; withdrawal, 99-100, 105, 116 “April Revolution” (1978), 10, 15, 36, 46, 68, 87, 106, 146, 154 Arbatov, Georgii, 109 attitude to Soviet-Afghan War of: afgantsy, 225-32, ľtáfig, iiyfig, ii8ßg, 232Л media, 143-157; Politburo, 98-106; senior military personnel in Kabul, 45-47; society, 24, 162, 168-75, ^^ßg, 170A ijifig, 1711, 179. See abo Baltics, national republics; withdrawal attitudes toward afgantsy: in Central Asia, 270; discrimination, 184, 23 2; distinction between war and veterans, 186, 213-14, 246-47; 121; excesses toward Afghan civilians, 214-15; inability to rehabilitate, 121; influenced by attitude to the war, 182-83, 114-15; local government, 119, 182, 223, 348Ո153; medals, 119; misinformation engenders negative attitudes, 180 ; negative characterizations, 180-84, 186, 214-15, 247; pensions, 119; Politburo, 116-22; POWs, 120-21; PTSD, 245-47; public opinion, 180-87; reception home, 212-15; rehabilitation, 245-47, 301; responses, 214, 232-38; return to civilian life, 186-87, 115-20;
scapegoating, 183; service agencies, 184; shared dilemma, 205; social debt, 184-8 5; surveys, 180-81, 18 5-86, 186г, 215Λ 245; veteran benefits, 118-19, 182; veteran status denied, 180, 210II. See aba afgantsy August Coup (1991), 297, 301-7 Aushev, Ruslan, 74, 119, 299 Azerbaijan, 135, 258. 271, 290, 292, 29798. See abo Baku Azizov, Mukhimjon, 277 Bai, Nikolai, 119 Baklanov, Grigorii, 114 Baku (January 1990), 236, 297, 305, 379Ո87 Baltic republics, 22, 24, 72, 75, 150, 170, 174, 187-88, 222, 289, 297-98, 306. See abo Lithuania; samizdat, Baltic Basmachi, 85, 104, 141, 145, 251, 275 Batekhin, L., 128 Batygin, Gennadii, 176 Bekboev, Mels, 264, 267 Beliaev, Igor’, 12, 254, 283 benefits. See entitlements Bethell, Nicholas, 95 The Black Tulip (film, 1987), 161,196 Black Tulips, 75, 161, 166, 196 bleeding wound, no, 151, 197, 281 Bocharov, Gennadii, 158 Bogomolov, Oleg, 7, 20-21, 289 50/(1988), 188, 192, 197 Borovik, Artem: afgantsy, 72-73, 82, 216; attitude toward afgantsy, 95-97; censorship, 157-58; criticism, 157-58; justification for intervention, 289-90; media, 77, 152-54; perestroika, 282 Borovik, G. A., 257 Bovin, Aleksandr, 140, 144, 151, 154, 156 Braithwaite, Rodric, 5 Brezhnev Doctrine, 19, 279 Brezhnev, Leonid: Brezhnev Doctrine, 19, 279; decision making, 4, 156; decision to intervene, i, 9, 12, 14-19, 99, 104; justification for intervention, 100, 162; media, 141; stroke, 9; Taraki’s assassination, 12; withdrawal, 101-2, 109 Brown, Archie, 280 Brutents, Karen, 14, 16, 252
INDEX bureaucracy, 7, 156, 157, 203, 218, 245, 280, 288, 295; army, 39, 63, 171; Party, 16, 304. See ako attitudes toward afgantsy; local government Cargo-200s. S« Black Tulips Carrère d’Encausse, Hélène, 3 Carter, Jimmy, 13, 306 casualties: afgantsy on, 90Г, 91Г, 211; avoiding casualties, 33-34, 49; burial honors missing, 164; challenge of identifying, 165-66; data, 89-92; fits։ casualties, 31; lack of knowledge, 164, 164/; media, 13 8, 14 5-49, 164-67; misinformation, 104, 116, 163-65, 189, 213?, mistrust of official data, 213Հ MoD, 187-88, 330Ո277, 355Ո163; mujahidin, 166; public opinion, 16267, 171,187-89. See ako Black Tulips; zinc coffins censorship, 137-40, 150, 153, 157 Central Asia: afgantsy, 269-71; attitudes toward afgantsy, 270; as developmental model, 256; discrimination, 265; draft dodging, 264-65, 277; drugs, 255, 263; female service members, 268; general support for intervention and war, i6gfig, i7ļfig, 251, 272-73; glasnost, 251, 277; hazing, 265; interpreters, 267-68; Islam, 251-55, 262-63, շ69, 271, 274-78; KGB, 2 54; loyalty of soldiers, 254-55, 260-61, 263, 268-70, 272-73; media, 2 5 3, 270, 274; mujahid military penetration into, 48, 260, 268, 271, 274; nationalism, 274-76, 278; Politburo, 252; Russian language skills, 314Ш 5; strategic importance of, 256-58, 268; surveys, 273 г, 277; trade, 263; veterans’ associations, 270. See ako Basmachi; draft dodging; Muslim Battalions; Soviet Muslims and “Muslim” peoples; specific Central Asian countries Central Asian MD, 11, 58, 260 Central Committee. See CPSU Central Committee Chebrikov, Vladimir, 254-55
Chechnya: Chechen draftees and recruits, 187, 271; Chechen-Ingush ASSR, 242; 395 declares independence, 298; insurgents, 299. See also First Chechen War Chernenko, Konstantin, 17-18, 43, 53, 102, 104-5, H7 14і, 334Ո42 Cherniaev, Anatolii, 18, 108-11, 175 Chernobyl nuclear disaster (1986), 121, 139, 179 Chervonopysky, Serhii, 114-15, 223, 286-87 Chronicle ofthe Catholic Church in Ukraine, 17З-74 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), 298, 299. See also successor states Cisdnistria, 298 Cold War strategy of Soviet Union, 62, 107-8, 141, 255-56 Committee for the Affairs of SoldierInternationalists, 24, 58, 121, 185, 234, 246, 287-78, 292-93, 296, 298-99 Committee of Soldiers’ Mothers (Nadezhda), 190 Committee of State Security. See KGB Congress of People’s Deputies, 108, 11415. 178, 183-84, 215, 245, 283-87, 294, 337ΠΙΙ7 corruption and bribery, 1, 63-64, 81-82, 202, 259, 289 counter-insurgency warfare, 42-43, 45, 54, 56, 75, 124, 128, 133, 144, 271. See also guerrilla warfare CPSU Central Committee: afgantsy benefits, 243; attitudes toward afgantsy, 118; Central Asia, 314Ո15; decision to intervene, 76, 113; Islam, 253; lack of debate on war, 98; Letter on Afghanistan, 118, 156; letters, 76, 109; plenum, 49, 98, 105; tactics review, 49; withdrawal, 105, 109-10. See ако MPA; Politburo crime, 85, 218-22, 234-35, zy^fig, 290-91, 339Ո160 Crimson Land (film, 1989), 197 Czechoslovakia (August 1968), 12, 19, 31, 102, 314Ո94, 321Ш Danchev, Vladimir, 23 Daniloff, Nicholas, 149 Dashichev, Viacheslav, 156
396 INDEX death knell of Soviet Union, war as, 1,4, 7, 131, 13 5, 279-81, 283, 289-90, 291, 303-7 deception. See misinformation and deception decision making, 7, 9, 14, 17, no-її, 115, 121,125, 140, 156, 190, 281-82, 303, 305, 31Ш26; in armed forces, 27, 41 decision to intervene, 10, 12-18, її 5, 31ІП26; belief in short intervention, 19; CPSU Central Committee, 76, 113; development into longer war, 19-20; goals, 16; instant criticism and protest, 16, 20-23; international condemnation, 13, 20; media on, 20, 156; military intelligence, 14-13; official condemnation, 114-15, 215, 245-46, 283, 287; opposition within military, 16-17; Politburo, 10-11, 13-19, 21, 25, 99-102, 104-5; procedures for, 14, 17, 27; public opinion, 22-24, 168; reassessment, 113-і 6; the Soviet Union’s southern border, 23-24, 51, 53, 100, 169-70, 209, 227-29, 251, 263, 284; warnings about risks, 11-12, 16; See ako decision making dedovshchina. See hazing Democratic Party of Communists of Russia (DPKR), 301 Democratic Republic of Afghanisan (DRA): alienation from population, 10, 32, 53; and Central Asia, 255-59; civil war, 10, 2 5, 31, 3 8-3 9, 46, 5 2, 121, 271; criticism, 36, 63; decision to intervene, 99; desertion, 32-33, 37; foreign threats, 12, 18; ineffectiveness of armed forces, 3б-37 39, 56; media, 137-38, 143-45, 158; misinformation, 150; morale, 76; requests for Soviet military aid, іо-ii; unpopularity, 33; uprisings, 38; withdrawal, 50-51, 53. See also Amin, Hazifiillah; “April Revolution”; Karmal, Babrak; mujahidin, Najibullah; Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan; Taraki, Nur Muhammad
Democratic Union Party, 188 desertion, 32-33, 37, 78, 83, 92-97, 93А 207, 261268 disease, 33, 54, 59, 69, 71, 75, 82, 90, 249, 282. See ако hepatitis; medical aid Doig (Moscow veterans’ association), 208, 240 “Doig (artide, 1984), 117, 141-42, 156, 171, 208 DOSAAF (Voluntary Society for Assistance to the Army, Aviation and Fleet), 144, 167, 239 draft dodging, 150, 171-72, 177, 254, 264-65, 287. See ако Central Asia; Komsomol drugs: addiction, 290; afgantsy, 215, 29091; Central Asia, 255, 263; corruption, 81; crime, 85, 291; in Fortieth Army, 29-30, 59, 83-85; glasnost, 290; hashish, 84; media, 290, 378Ո47; morale, 75, 81, 83-85; mujahidin, 84-8 5; necessity, 84; prevalence, 836 psychological effects, 84; smuggling, 81-82; in Soviet Union, 290-91; surveys, 290 Dubynin, Viktor, 46-47, 62 Dudaev, Johar, 271-72 Dushanbe, 21, 71, 240, 270, 274, 276-77, 298 economic cost of war, 1, 105-8, 154, 201, 284 Egorychev, Nikolai, 105 entitlements (ľgotý), 116-19, i52 2O3 214, 219-20, 224-25, 235, 365Ո228, 377ՈՅՅ· Epishev, Aleksei, 12 Ermakov, Oleg, 192, 193 Ermakov, Viktor, 62 ethnicity and ethnic relations, 3, 29, 65, 72-75, 746 94, 259-69, 281, 306; ethnic unrest, 3, 301, 306. See ако Baku; Tbilisi; Vilniius Evtushenko, Evgenii, 193, 198 excesses against Afghan civilian population, 85-89, 214-15, 217, 228-30 expert opinion, 9-10, 12, 14, 25, 104, in, n6, 256, 284 Finogenov, Vladimir, 232 First Chechen War (1994-1996), 132, 134
INDEX Fortieth Army: airsupport, 44-45, 54; alcohol, 83; change in tactics, 43-44, 47; chemical weapons, 36; civilian employees, 55, 68,116; command structure, 27-28, 39-40, 46, 49, 54, 62; composition, ethnic and social, 3, 29, 65, 72-75, 746 80, 94, 152, 213-14, 259-69; creation, u, 18, 57; criticism of, 29-30, 39-40, 193; decision making, 39, 41; disbanding, 97; drug use, 29-30, 59, 83-85; economic considerations, 106-8; effective communication, 39-40; effectiveness, 43; equipment, 39, 49; excesses against population 42, 44; force structure, 33; fraternization, 79, 170, 260-61; goals, 32-33; irrelevance of instructions, 31-32, 37; coordination and joint operations with DRA army, 32, 36-37, 43-44, 53; junior officers, 60, 63-65, 73, 80, 90, 13 5, 137; KGB, 45, 66; lack of explicit directives, 26-27; leadership, 30, 3 5-36, 43, 46-47, 48-49; limits, 38; logistical challenges, 33, 39-42, 125-26; military intelligence, 37, 40, 42-43, 45, 64, 66, 90; mobilization, 26-29; MoD, 61, 72-73; performance improvement, 37; political officers, 6364, 67, 68, 77, 87, 89, 145, 157, 208-9, 263, 284; popular culture, 193-94; POWs, 92-97; preparedness, 26, 29-30, 49; proletarianization, 72-73; size, 5758, 321Ո7; strategy, 26, 32, 39-44, 49; training, 16, 24, 26, 30, 33, 37, 39-44, 47, 60-62, 64, 66-68, 90, 96, 125, 146, 206-9, շ55 շ6օ, 267-68, 3 24Ո94; uprisings, 36; withdrawal, 46, 48, 50-51, 53, 62. See ako afgantsy; attitudes toward afgantsy; counterinsurgency warfare; guerrilla warfare; helicopters; military operations in Afghanistan, mines; morale Freedom House, 94-9 5 Frunze Military
Academy, 41, 45, 124, 127, 134 Frunzovets (newspaper ofTurkestan MD), 77 Galeotti, Mark, 4-6, 58, 65-66, 121, 140, 182-83, 219, 241-42, 300-301, 303 397 Galula, David, 56 Gankovsky, Iurii, 284 Gareev, Makhmut, 53, 314Ո90 Generalov, Leonid, 43, 46, 62 General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces. See GS Geneva Accords (1988), 49, 51, 54, 92, 112 Georgia, 3, 73, 131, 187, 290, 299, 300. See also Tbilisi Gerasimov, Gennadii, 51 Girardet, Edward, 41 Glantz, David, 90 glasnost: afgantsy, 213-14, 235, 238, 293; Central Asia, 251, 277; development, 139; drugs, 290; glasnost from below, 139, 160; important aspects, 160; media, 136, 139-40, 148-61; misinformation, 159; public opinion, 160-63, 178, 187-88; strategic use, 143, 152; withdrawal, 153. See also Chernobyl nuclear disaster Glukhov, Yuri, 279 Golubye berety (pop band), 195, 353nın Göransson, Markus, 5 Gorbachev, Mikhail: airsupport, 50-51; anti-alcohol campaign, 290; attitude toward afgantsy, 117-18, 120, 182-83; bleeding wound comment, no, 151, 281; Chernobyl, 179; criticism of, 156; economic cost of war, 106, 284; Fortieth Army, 57; Islam, 253; media, 136-37, 142-43, 149, 152; National Reconciliation (in Afghanistan), 48, 111-і 2; POWs, 92; propaganda offensive of, 149; public opinion, 109, 175, 201; reassessment of intervention, 113-15; withdrawal, 47-50, 53-54, 98, 108-12, 116, 153-55, 199, 306. See ako glasnost; New Thinking; perestroika Grachev, Pavel, 298, 302-3, 374Ш58 Grazhdanskaia (band), 192-93, 2I4 Great Patriotic War, 75, 116-17, 151-52, 176, 181-82, 214, 232, 270; veterans of, 86, 116-17, 119, 152, 176, 181-82,
208, 214, 222, 232, 270 Grekov, Iurii, 123-24, 13 3 Gromov, Boris: 46, 48, 61, 8 2, 131, 297, 301, 318Ո134; and afgantsy, 221,
398 INDEX 235, 380Ш05; as witness, 6, 34, 63; assessment of war and intervention, 5 2, 127, 286, 314Ո94; and August Coup, 297, 302-3; Fortieth Army, 73-74; 314Ո94; leadership role, 6, 28, 33, 48-49, 55, 63; military intelligence, 45; misinformation, 104, 286; praise for Fortieth Army, 132, 177, 297; public opinion, 177-78; reception of returning soldiers, 97; sickness, 38; unwinnability of war, 46; supports a strong military, 177-78; withdrawal, 49, 62 Gromyko, Anatolii, 28 3 Gromyko, Andrei: decision to intervene, n, 17, 19, 105; misinformation, 104; political control under Brezhnev, 9; US involvement in Afghanistan, 13; withdrawal, 11,17, 19 GRU (Main Military Intelligence Directorate), 27, 263-67, 278 GS (General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces): casualties, 89; decision to intervene, 16; doubts on reporting, 37; logistical challenges, 40; MIA, 94; political challenges, 46; withdrawal, 50 guerrilla warfare, 16, 26, 32, 37, 40-45, 52, 116, 123, 133 Halbaev, Habib, 28 hazing, 59, 68, 75, 78-81, 131, 158, 265 Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 273, 276 helicopters, 39-41, 47-48, 54-55, 125-26, 128-29 hepatitis, 58, 70-71, 78, 90 Hindustonyi, Muhammadjon, 275 How Difficult It Is to Be Young (film; 1987), 197 “I didn’t send you to Afghanistan” (Studenikin), 156-57, 348Ո153 IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan), 2·75 internationalist aid, 19, 108, 120, 283, 337Ո33, 365Ո228 internationalist duty, 51, 67, 76, 86, no, 118-20, 148, 150-52, 179, 209 invalids, 117, 167-68, 223-24, 242, 249, 305, 331Ո288 IPRT (Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan), 253. See abo Nuri, Said Abdullo Iran and
Soviet-Afghan intervention, 10, 12, 28, 51, 144, 179, 252-53. 275· See abo media, Iranian and Afghan broadcasts Islam: in Central Asia, 251-5 5, 262-63, 269, 271, 274-78; and communism, 256, 258; Islamic extremism, 12, 179, 252, 310Ո18; Islamic literature and broadcasts, 254m 274; Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRPT), 253; Islamic revival, 259, 274-77; KGB and, 254-55, 274, 276; Muslim identity, 2 5 5, 262, 267, 276; nationalism and, 274-75; official Soviet attitude to, 20, 155, 179, 251-52, 284; Pan-Islam, 252; political Islam, 253-54, 271, 275; public opinion, 179; radical Islam, 253, 254, 275; 284; soldiers’ attitude to, 269; threat posed by, 251, 252-53. See abo Basmachi; IMU; SADŮM; Soviet Muslim establishment; Soviet Muslims and “Muslim” peoples Ivanov, Boris, 15 Ivanov, Nikolai, 193 Izvestiia (newspaper): criticism of intervention, 21; effects of war, 285; glasnost, 140, 143; misinformation, 136, 140, 157; POWs, 147, 157, 189 Juventus Academica·, journal, 174; youth association, 289 Kalinovsky, Artemy, 5 Karmai, Babrak, 15-16, 31, 38, 48, 52, 101-3, 107, 145, 276 Karpenko, Aleksandr, 192, 196 Kaskad (ensemble), 79, 195 Kazakhstan, 79, 246, 249, 260, 266. See abo Alma-Ata Kaznacheev, Viktor, 119 Kerimbaev, Boris, 266 KGB (Committee of State Security), 20, 222; assessment of war, 24, 103, 173; in Azerbaijan, 271; censorship, 142; Central Asia, 2 54-5 5, 276;
INDEX conduct of war, 31, 35-36,45, 55, 63, 87; documentation, 6-7, 309Ո9, 315Ո16; Fortieth Army, 45, 57, 66, 314П10; goals, 66; Islam, 254-55; joint operations, 66; media, 142; military intelligence, 63; monitors domestic reaction, 22, 187, 220; operations, 310Ո9; prior to intervention, 10, 12-15, 23, 29, 31, 310Ո9, 310Ո23; public opinion, 163, 187; Soviet-Afghan role, 35-36, 103. See abo Andropov, Yuri; Chebrikov, Vladimir; Kriuchkov, Vladimir; Pekteľ, Vladimir; Yusif-zade, Z.M. Khrobostov, Valentin, 120 Khrushchev, Nikita, 2, 107, 255 Kirpichenko, Vadim, 13, 142 Kobzon, Iosif, 79 Kolodeznikov, Aleksandr, 240 Kommunist vooruzhennikh sil (military journal), 149 Komsomol: afgantsy active in, 240 - 2, 295; look to for support, 242-43; bans antiwar song, 192; concern for afgantsy, 215; enlists afgantsy, 206, 239, 264; initiatives among afgantsy, 117, 185, 239, Komsomol republican press, 151-52, 192, 270; patronizes afgantsy, 238-89; prosecutes members for drań dodging, 265; youth driń away from and subsequent inadequacies, 204, 238-39 Komsomoľskaiapravda (newspaper): 141, attitudes toward afgantsy, 215, 234; casualties, 145, 163; invalids, 145, 305; justification for intervention, 151, 230-31; misinformation, 147; public opinion, 170; survey, 215, 220, 230, 23 5-36; youth enthuse for Afghansitan service, 208. See “Dolg”; Sobesednik Kondrashov, Sergei, 144 Kornienko, Georgii, 109, 142 Korotich, Vitalii, 152-53, 274 Kosogovskii, Aleksandr, 14 Kosygin, Aleksei, 10-11,17, 28, 259, 312Ո51 Kotenov, Aleksandr, 203, 240, 288, 294 Kovalevskii, Vladimir, 130 Kozlov, Vasilii, 266 399
Kozyrev, N. I., 189 Krakhmalov, Sergei, 17, 38, 55, 104, 31ІП26 Kravchuk, Leonid, 289 Kremeniuk, Viktor, 109 Kriuchkov, Vladimir, 50, 109, 112, 114, 142, 255, 302 Kudlai, V. S., 62 Kushka, 28, 30-31, 58, 81, 89, 212, 25 5 Kuznetsov, lu., 129 Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan afgantsy: afganets political party, 299; Islam enhanced, 276; OMON in, 297-98; Russianlanguage skills, 315ПІ5; veterans’ association, 270 LAWA (Leningrad Association of Veterans of the War in Afghanistan), 249, 29 5, 303 Lebed,’Aleksandr, 132, 302 Lebedev, A. P, 130 Leningrad, 22, 72, 131, 158, 166, 173-74, 187-88, 295, 303, 354Ш52, 367Ո274. See also LAWA Leshchinskii, Mikhail, 109, 139, 195, 197 Liakhovskii, Aleksandr: decision to intervene, 14, 24, 29, 45; Fortieth Army, 53, 58, 64; MIA, 93-94; mujahidin, 273; Politburo, 14, 99; withdrawal, 53, 99 Limited Contingent of Soviet Troops in Afghanistan. See Fortieth Army Literaturnaiagazeta (newspaper), 157, 184, 188 Lithuania, 22, 29, 131, 150, 164, 214, 289, 298. See abo Juventus Academica; Vilnius Lizichev, Aleksei, 89, 239 local government, 119, 182, 223, 348Ո153 long-term significance of war for Soviet military, 131-35 Luk’ianov, Anatolii, 49, 108 Lukyanchikov, Sergei, 188 Lushev, Petr, 130 Magometov, Soitan, 14 Main Military Intelligence Directorate. See GRU
400 INDEX Maiorov, Aleksandr, 36-38, 87, 102 Maksimov, Iurii, 130 Malyshev, Leonid, 21 Marchenko, Anatolii, 21 Mariia (womens group), 22, 190 Massoud, Ahmad Shah, 50 Mazhaev, F., 151 Mazur, Dmitrii, 21 media: afgantsy, 116, 142-43, 156-57, 211, 224, 234, 238, 248, 295; aftermath of war, 157-60; attitudes toward afgantsy, 116-19, 141, 149, 151-53, 156-57, 180-81, 184-85, 234, 377n33; attitude to war, 138-39, 143-44, M1! casualties, 138, 145-49, 164-67; censorship, 137-40, 142, 150, 153’ 1575 Central Asia, 253, 270, 274; control of reportage, 20, 22, 137-38, 148; criticism of intervention, 138, 155-57; decision to intervene, 20, 156; development of reporting, 141, 146-49; draft dodging, 150, 172; drugs, 290, 378Ո47; economic cost of war, 284; first five years, 143-48; glasnost, 136, 139-40, 143, 148-57, 159-61; heroic war reporting, 137, 146-47; horrors of war, 145-48, 152-53; increase in reporting, 150; investigative reporting, 137, 148, 152-53; Iranian and Afghan broadcasts, 274; last four years, 148-57; MIA, 154; misinformation, 77, 103, 136, 140-46, 150-60, 180, 211; MoD, 144, 146, 150; moral distortion, 158; mujahidin, depiction of, 148-49; partial truth, 146; party line, 140-43; Politburo, 103, 137-43, 152, 156; POWs, 93, 95, 154; propaganda, 137-39, 151! public opinion, 4, 48, 52, 109, 136, 148, 154, 161, 175-76; recruitment of soldiers, 149-50; soldiers’ reaction to, 77fig, staff changes, 152; surveys, 136-37, 159/5 taboos, 148-49, 154; unknown/unacknowledged war reporting, 116, 137, 143-45; unnecessary and shameful war reporting, 137, 148; withdrawal, 48, 154-5 5,
15758, 177, 306. See aho misinformation and deception; samizdat·, television; Western broadcasts; specificfilms, journals, and newspapers medical aid, 60, 69-72, 90-91. 126, 191, 219, 223-24, 294 MIA soldiers, 92-97,154, 188 Mickiewicz, Ellen, 137 military operations in Afghanistan: achievements, 54-56; aims, 51; air support, 50-51, 54-55; alienation from population, 42, 52; backlash against, 38; defeats in specific operations, 52, 54-56; definition of success in, 43; doubts on reporting, 37; early stages of war, 30-40; first major operation, 34; impossibility of military victory, 38-39; ineffective operations, 34-35; initiation, 31-32; Kabul captured, 31-32; logistics, 33, 41-42; major offenses, 39; Operation Magistral, 49; Operation Typhoon, 50; overview, 26-27; Panjshir offensives, 43; political lessons, 56; preparedness, 26-30, 55-56; recruitment, 35; scorched earth tactics, 42; search for victory, 40-47; Soviet troops introduced, 27-30; status reports, 43-44; strategy, 30-34, 40-44; uprisings, 36, 38; Vietnam comparison, 32, 116. See aho casualties; decision to intervene; Fortieth Army; withdrawal military-patriotic education, 150, 181, 225, 239-42, 287, 294 mines, 34, 40-41, 47, 49, 61, 83, 90, 92, 96, 127, 140, 144-49 Ministry of Defense of USSR. See MoD Mironov, Leonid, 23 Mironov, Valerii, 303 misinformation and deception: afgantsy, 189, 211, 213; engender negative attitudes toward afgantsy, 180; backfiring of policy, 159-60; casualties, 104, 116, 163-65,189, 213η, cause moral distortion, 158; censorship, 137— 40, 150, 153, 157; deceptive language, 99; denial of
intervention, 100; glasnost, 159; internal reporting, 34-3 5, 46-47, 57, 77, 102, 140, 154; media. See media; MoD, 157; effect on morale, 75-77; Politburo, 99-104, 156,162; public
INDEX opinion, 162, 168-70, 189; secrecy, 103; survey findings, 159Г Mitrokhin, Vasiliy, 29 MoD (Ministry of Defense): achievements, 55; alienation of Afghan population, 53; attitudes toward afgantsy, 118; Book of Memory, 82; casualties, 187-88, 3 30Ո277, 3 5 5Ո163; economic considerations, 106; Fortieth Army, 61, 72-73; guerrilla warfare, 40; instructions for officers, tot; logistical challenges, 3 3, 40; media, 144, 146, 150; MIA, 92, 94; misinformation, 157; morale, 75-76; Operations Group, 27, 30-31, 61; regulations, 47; role in intervention, 103; withdrawal, 48, 101 Moiseev, Mikhail, 132, 299, 302 morale (of Fortieth Army): 63, 65, 67, 7583; alienation from population, 76-77; camaraderie, 83; conditions of service, 78-79; desertion, 78, 83; drugs, 75, 81, 83-85; fear, 75, 79, 82, 87; hazing, 79-80; media, 76-77; misgivings about war’s purpose, 67, 75-78, 83; misinformation, 75-77; MoD, 75-76; music, 79; POWs, 96; propaganda, 76; protests, 78-79; public opinion, 177, 202; religion, 82-83; self-inflicted wounds, 78; suicide, 78-79 Morozov, Igor’, 194-95, 229 Moscow, 7, 11-17, 72, 131, 168, 174, 187 motherhood, 224 mothers, 143, 161; of afgantsy. 213, 224; 234, 248; of KIA, 97, 114, 131, 154, 163, mothers’ letters, no, 170, 199, 305-6; mothers’ organizations, 190, 225; mothers’ protest 134-35, 190-91, 191í, 264; 166-67, 190, 224-5, 23 2, 248, 281; of soldiers, 148-49, 151,15 3, 15 8, 170-71, 190-91, 207-8, 210, 219, 224-25. See also Committee of Soldiers’ Mothers MPA (Main Political Administration), 12, 15, 91, 120, 142, 149, 158, 193, 284, 348Ш41 mujahidin: alienation
from population, 52; antiaircraft capabilities, 48; casualties, 166; comparative 40I advantages, 33, 42-44; corruption, 63; counterinsurgency against, 42-43; decisive blow impossible against, 45; desertion, 93-94; drugs, 84-85; enhanced capabilities, 43-45; Fortieth Army, 73; Islam, 254; media, 148-49; mobility, 42; morale, 8 2, 8 5, 3 26Ш5 3; mujahid POWs, 93; relations with Central Asian soldiers, 73, 260-63, 265, 268; Soviet Central Asia and, 254, 260, 268, 271, 274-75; in Soviet popular culture, 193; strategy, 34, 4142; territorial gains, 38; US aid, 106 Muslim Battalions, 3, 28, 260, 264-67 myths, 4, 75, 176-77, 179, 238-39, 246, 280 Najibullah (Muhammad Najib), 48, 50-51, 103, 109, in, 154, 319Ո152 Namangoni, Jumma, 275 nationalism, 299. See ako individual republics; Russian nationalsim national republics, 3, 131,173, 281; nationalism in 187, 198, 289, 297-98 narcotics. See drugs NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 13, 62, 102, 125 Nevzorov, Aleksandr, 222 New Thinking, 113, 115-16, 143, 199, 279, 283 Noga (film, 1991), 197-98 Nuri, Said Abdullo, 253, 275, 369Ш3 Ochirov, Valerii, 287, 289 Odom, William, 7, 87, 130, 171, 324Ո90 Odzhiev, Rezo, 298 Ogarkov, Nikolai, 11, 13, 16-18, 37-38, ΙΟΙ, 266, 312Ո41 Ogonek (newspaper), 152, 157, 297 Ol’shanskii, Dmitrii, 245-46, 281 Ostrov, Vladimir, 134 Pakistan and Soviet-Afghan intervention, 10, 12, 16-17, 45, 51, 99, 141 Pavlovskih Ivan, 12, 14-16, 310Ш5 Pekteľ, Vladimr, 254-55 People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA): decision to intervene, 10,
402 INDEX 12, 15-16, 18; establishment, 2, 10; infighting, 37; interpreters, 267; recruitment, 63; Soviet aid, 10; unpopularity, 3 2; unwinnability of war, 46; withdrawal, 53, 102 perestroika: 203, 238, 279-80, 284, 293, 336; afgantsy and, 118, 132, 143, 218, 234, 236, 288; wars impact on, 2, 4, 109, 114, 133, 176, 188, 232, 233^, 282, 290, 304 Pitirim, Metropolitan, 181-82, 184, 299 Podvig (military journal), 193 Poliakov, Iurii, 193, 3411146 Polianichko, Viktor, 50 Politburo: attitudes toward afgantsy, 116-22; Central Asia, 252; citizens’letters, 103, 109-11, 162, 175, 199, 305; criticism of, 104; debate on intervention lacking, 98-99; decision to intervene, I O-XI, X5-18, 21, 25, 99, 104; disagreement within, 109-10; economic considerations, 105-8; indecisiveness, 105; justification for intervention, 99-102, 162, 289-90, 297; media, 103, 137-43, 152, 156; misinformation, 99-104, 156, 162; mistakes, inability to admit, 104; official statements, 98-105; POWs, 120-21; public opinion, 162, 175; reassessment of intervention, 99, 113-16; resolutions, 98-105; strategic mistakes, 103-4; troika leaders, 9, 12, 101,158; withdrawal, 19, 99-102,104,108-12,116, X2I-22. See aho Afghanistan Commission; specific Soviet leaders Ponomarev, Boris, 11, 13, 17, 19, 100, 103 Popov, Yurii, 21 popular culture: afgantsy, 192, 198; 196; Afghan War songs, 79, 151, 182 19199, 198, 229, 243, 3 57Ո2Օ1; censorship, 192; films, 166, 181, 196-98, 292; in Fortieth Army, 193-94; literature, 191-93; music, 191-96; party line, 193; poems, 191, 196; religious dimension, 192; themes, 191-92; withdrawal, 255.
See aho individualfilms Posev (émigré journal), 92, 141, 169, 271 POWs (prisoners of war): amnesty, 120-21; attitude of afgantsy towards, 241; civilian POWs, 95; Committee for the Affairs of Soldier-Internationalists, 287-88; data, 93-94; Fortieth Army, 92-97; killing and torture, 93; media, 93, 95, 154, 3 54ПІ50; morale, 96; mujahidin and, 93, 95; organizations for return, 189; Politburo, 120-21; public opinion, 188-89; refusal to return, 94; regime attitude, 92-93, 95, 98, 188-89; Supreme Soviet on, 120-21; in West, 94, 95, 261, 332Ո319. See aho desertion Pravda·, afgantsy, 225; attitudes toward afgantsy, 120, 152, 157; casualties, 149; decision to intervene, 99; draft dodging, 150; effects of war, 284-85; glasnost, 160; justification for intervention, 144-45; misinformation, 99, 136-37, 145-46, 150; Politburo, 99; recruitment of soldiers, 150; withdrawal, 48 prestige of Soviet military, 131,135, 17678, 279 Primakov, Evgenii, 114 prisoners of war. See POWs procuracy and procurator-general, 95, 118, 120, 178, 184, 334Ո160 Prokhanov, Aleksandr, 62,121,155, 19193, 195, 205, 252-53, 282, 289-90 propaganda (domestic context): in Central Asia, 2 5 6-5 8, 270, 274-7 5; justification for intervention, 103, 151; media, 137-38- 14З- 149- 151- 279-80; misinformation, 76, 96, 194; popular culture, 191—92; public opinion, 173, 181. See aho agitprop PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), 242, 2-44-49 public opinion: attitudes toward afgantsy, 180-87; attitudes towards the war, 162, 168-7 5, th^fig, 170í, lytfig, 1726 179; becomes vocal, 175; casualties, 162-67, 171, 187-89;
characteristics of, 20, 72, 153-54, 159-60, 175, 181,198-99; corruption, 202; decision to intervene, 20-24, 168; discussion of intervention, 172^-, draft dodging, 171-72, 177; Fortieth Army, 162; glasnost, 160-63, 175-76, 178, 187-88; growing public awareness, 167-76; images and
INDEX perceptions, 176-80; invalids, 167-68; Islam, 179; KGB on, 163,187; in large cities, 162; letters, 142, 150, 156, 160, 170-71, 175, 189, 199; media, 4, 48, 52, 109, 136, 148, 154, 161, 175-76; misinformation, 162, 168-70, 189; morale, 177, 202; overview of, 199-202; Politburo, 162, 175; POWs, 188-89; protests, 163, 171, 173, 187-89, 1901, 199; public anxiety, 176; threat, 162-63; variation, 173; Vietnam comparison, 178; withdrawal, in, 116, 162-63, 167, 174-75, 2 99, շ8օ. See aho mothers public protests, 21-25, 78-79, 161, 171, 187-89, 190í, 23 5-36, 236í Radio Free Europe, 172-74 Rakhmanin, Oleg, 101 Reagan, Ronald, 121, 281, 368Ո28 5 religion, 75, 82, 192, 220, 225, 276. See aho Islam; Russian Orthodox Church reporting, changes in, 141, 148, 150, 153, 160; early years, 168; investigative, 90, 152; soldiers’ reaction to 77, 78fig, 154; themes, 143; within establishment, 34-3 5, 47՝ 57 Reshetnikov, Mikhail, 72-73 Riabchenko, Ivan, 28 Rodionov, Igor, 47, 62, 129, 132, 134, 297, 301 Romanov, Grigorii, 17 Romanov, Yuri, 296 Rozenbaum, Aleksandr, 79, 192 rumors and rumor-mongering, 20, 140, 162-64, 170, 215, 277 Russian nationalism, 3, 187,281, 288, 301, 306 Russian Orthodox Church, 82-83, շ63, 277· See aho Pitirim, Metropolitan Rutskoi, Aleksandr, 4, 296, 298-99, 301 Rybakov, Vladimir, 175 Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 106-7, 119 SADUM, 258. Safronchuk, Vasilii, 14 Safronov, V. G., 56 Sakharov, Andrei, 21, 23, 25, 156, 158, 180, 213, 285-86, 313Ո74 4ՕՅ samizdat, 3, 21-22, 136, 141,173-74, ī88, 271, 281; magnitizdat, 196; samizdat, Baltic, 3, 22, 174, 281; samizdat Ukrainian, 3, 22,
281, 306 {See aho Chronicle ofthe Catholic Church in Ukraine}·, tamizdat, 141 Sapper, Manfred, 4-6 Selikhov, Kim, 152, 356Ш71 Semenov, Dmitrii, 192 Sevruk, Vladimir, 114, 141-42 Shcherbakov, V. L, 119 Shcherbytsky, Volodomyr, 17 Shebarshin, Leonid, 16, 24, 45, 103, 25 5 Shershnev, Leonid, 38, 103-4, 170 Shet’ko, Pavel, 232, 287-88 Shevarnadze, Eduard, 50, 52-53, 109-13, 115-16, 255, 283 Shkidchenko, Petr, 145 Shulman, Marshall, 7 Shultz, George, 112,121 Simoniia, Nodari, in, 175, 197 Smith, Hedrick, 23, 152-53, շ4շ, շ6ւ, 285-86 Snegirev, Vladimir, 145-46, 151, 158, 197 Sobesednik {Komsomol’skaia pravda supplement), 149, 151, 154, 217 Sobir, Bozor, 276 Sokolov, Sergei, 30-31, 38, 43, 45-46, 124 Soviet Muslim establishment, 272, 289. See aho SADUM Soviet Muslims and “Muslim” peoples, 252, 255-56, 271-78 Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. See SADUM Spol’nikov, Viktor, 102, 274 Stankevich, Sergei, 23 Stovba, Aleksandr, 146, 191-92, 194 substance abuse. See alcohol; drugs successor states 1, 4, 131, 134 suicide, 78-79, 90, 190, 207, 220, 244-45, 249, 302 Sukharev, Aleksandr. See procuracy and procurator-general Suny, Ron, 3, 336η 8 о Supreme Soviet: afgantsy representation, 287; attitudes toward afgantsy, 116, 118-21; censure of intervention,
404 INDEX 287; decision to intervene, 17, XI 5; misinformation, 116; POWs, 120; reassessment of intervention, 115. See ako Committee for the Affairs of Soviet Internationalists Suslov, Mikhail, 15,17, 25, 102-3, strategic importance, 11; training, 37; withdrawal, 212 Turkmenistan, 58, 96, 121, 150, 231, 239, 251, 256-59, 266, 271-72, 274; Turkmen, 81, 256, 259, 266-67, 274. See ako Kushka Tabeev, Fikrat, 14, 102 Tajikistan: afgantsy, 205, 214, 262, 264, 269-70, 278, 296; attitudes toward afgantsy, 117; casualties, 163; civil war, 270, 277-78; Islam, 254-55, 274-77; media, 274; mujahid incursions, 48, 254-5 5, 275-76; nationalism, 274-76, 278; political parties, 296; support for mujahidin, 27 5-76; surveys, 277; veterans’ associations, 270. See ako Dushanbe; IPRT; Nuri, Said Abdullo Tajik Union of Veterans of the Afghan War (SVAV), 270 Taraki, Nur Muhammad, 11-12, 14, 17, 28, 259, 266, 284 Tashkent, 177-78, 212, 253-54, 256-58, 272 Tbilisi, 72; demonstration (April 1989), 134, 236, 289-90, 297-98, 305, 379Ո87 television, 145-48; censorship, 140, 154 distortions, 2, 103, 146, 153-54; in Fortieth Army, 77, 79, 80; influence on public opinion, 136-37, 186; reporting, 139, 149, 197, 292. See ako Vzgliad Ter-Grigor’iants, Norat, 37-38 Termez, 18, 30-32, 120, 212, 272 Third World, i, 7, 13, 19-20, 107, 255, 306 Tikhonov, Nikolai, 17, 102-3 Titarenko, Aleksei, 117 Tkach, Boris, 30, 62 Tkachenko, Petr, 198, 209 Tsagolov, Kim, 25, 52, 63, 130, 154, 156, 218, 249, 285 Tukharinov, Yurii, 28, 62 Turkestan Military District (MD): command structure, 61; coordinating role, 255; decision to
intervene, 28-29; Fortieth Army, 18, 27-28, 58, 61, 255; media, 77, 138; Muslim Battalions, 266; Operation Group, 37; Ukraine, 3, 22, 74, 96, 117, 142, 151-52, 163-64, 172, 173-74, 187-88, 191-92, 210, 286, 289, 299, 306; afgantsy, 117, 289; in Fortieth Army, 81. See ako samizdat, Ukrainian Union of Afghan Veterans (SVA), 222, 238, 249, 294 United States: Amin, 13, 15; Cold War, 13, 102, 306, 314Ո94; justification for intervention, 13, 251, 314Ո90, 314Ո94; POWs, 95, 261; Soviet-Afghan war involvement, 12-13, 15, 17, 99-100, 141; Vietnam war comparison, 130, 199; withdrawal, 112 Usmankhojaev, Inamjon, 265 USSR Supreme Soviet. See Supreme Soviet Ustinov, Dmitrii: alienation from population, 87; decision to intervene, їх, 15, 18-19, 27 99! leadership role, 36; political control, 9; unwinnability of war, 45; withdrawal, 99-100, 102 Uzbekistan: afgantsy, 260, 264, 299, 368Ո312; corruption, 259; Islam, 253, 255, 275; media, 270, 274; nationalism, 253; Tashkent, 272; veterans’ associations, 270. See ako IMU; Tashkent; Termez Vannikov, Aleksandr, 192 Varennikov, Valentin: decision to intervene, її, 16-17, 19, 21, 32, 231, 252, 3121141; Fortieth Army, 57; Islam, 252; leadership role, 61; media, 35, 153; political role in war’s aftermath, 301-2, 312; quells domestic unrest, 297, 299; unwinnability of war, 46, 5 5-56; withdrawal, 50-51, 109 Vasil’ev, Boris, 297-98 Verstakov, Viktor, 139, 194-95 veterans (of Soviet-Afghan War). See afgantsy; attitudes toward afgantsy
INDEX veterans’ associations, 238-44, 2417?^, 242í, 270, 294-95, 303. See aho Dolg; LAWA; Tajik Union of Veterans of the Afghan War Vietnam War comparison, 27, 32, 40, 51, 57, 78, 116, 130, 178, 196, 199, 248г, 352Ո93; no lessons learned, 130; Soviet intervention in, 120, 235, 248, 379Ո33; vets, 245, 287; Vietnam Syndrome, 367-68Ո285 Vilnius, 29, 164, 214; January 1991, 297-98, 306 Voennaia mysľ (journal), 131, 281-82 Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal (journal), 132 Voennye znaniia (journal), 144 Voluntary Society for Assistance to the Army, Aviation and Fleet. See DOSAAF Vorontsov, Yurii, 189 VPV See military-patriotic education Vzgliad (TV program, 1987), 153 Wahhabi, 253, 369Ո15 Western broadcasts, 2, 22, 136, 170, 174, 342Ш. See ако Radio Free Europe withdrawal, 19; afgantsy, 225-26; calls for, 21-22; circumstances surrounding, 505 3, 15 7, 164, 177, 212, 360Ո66; decision to intervene, 113-16; development, 10812; disagreement over, 109-11; domestic opposition to, 54, 109, 148, 361Ո5; DRA against, 50-51, 53; economic considerations, 105-6; Fortieth Army, 405 46, 48, 50-51, 5 3, 62, 102; glasnost, 153; Gorbachev on, 47-48, 53, 98, 106, 108-14, 160, 167,178, 280; KGB on, 255; media, 48, 153-54֊ I57֊5S, 177. 306; minor pullout (1986), 47-48, no, ՅՅՅՈ21; overview, 47-54; perestroika, 114, 279; Politburo, 19, 99-102, 104, 108-12, 121-22; political constraints, 105, 109, in; popular culture, 255; preparations, 51, 212; public opinion, iii, 116, 162-63, 167, I74~75 199, 280; stages, 49-50; timetables, 48-49, in-12, 117; United States, 112. See also Geneva Accords women in Fortieth
Army, 68-69, 190-91, 190 ŕ, 268 World War II, 75, 116-17, 151-52, 176, 214, 232, 270. See also Great Patriotic War Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 17-18, 109, 112, 116, 136-37, 139-40, 143, 148, 152, 306 Yakushin, V V, 244 Yazov, Dmitrii, 47, 50-51, 109, 131, 221, 297 Yeltsin, Boris, 301, 303 Yukubov, A., 294 Yusif-zade, Z. Μ., 271 Zaitsev, Mikhail, 44, 82, 108, 323Ո54 Zaslavskaia, Tat’iana, 140, 349ПП zinc coffins, 163-64, 207 |
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| author | Roʾi, Yaʿaḳov 1933- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)122687779 |
| author_facet | Roʾi, Yaʿaḳov 1933- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Roʾi, Yaʿaḳov 1933- |
| author_variant | y r yr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047848975 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 8294 NQ 8306 |
| contents | The decision to intervene militarily in Afghanistan -- The course of the war -- The Fortieth Army -- The position of the Soviet political establishment -- The implications of the Soviet-Afghan War for the Soviet military -- Coverage of the war in the Soviet media -- Public opinion -- The afgantsy -- Central Asia and the Soviet "Muslim" peoples -- The war and the demise of the Soviet Union |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1258040790 (DE-599)BVBBV047848975 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV047848975 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:14:28Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:23:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781503628748 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033231834 |
| oclc_num | 1258040790 |
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| owner | DE-11 DE-29 DE-521 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-29 DE-521 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 |
| physical | XV, 405 Seiten Diagramme |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220708 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Stanford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Cold War International History Project Series |
| spelling | Roʾi, Yaʿaḳov 1933- Verfasser (DE-588)122687779 aut The bleeding wound the Soviet war in Afghanistan and the collapse of the Soviet system Yaacov Ro'i Stanford, California Stanford University Press [2022] © 2022 XV, 405 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cold War International History Project Series The decision to intervene militarily in Afghanistan -- The course of the war -- The Fortieth Army -- The position of the Soviet political establishment -- The implications of the Soviet-Afghan War for the Soviet military -- Coverage of the war in the Soviet media -- Public opinion -- The afgantsy -- Central Asia and the Soviet "Muslim" peoples -- The war and the demise of the Soviet Union "This book considers the significance of the the Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) to Soviet politics, society, and the military in the twilight of the USSR, and its indirect influence on the evolution of its successor states. Yaacov Ro'i argues that the war had significant effects beyond its direct impact on the large number of Soviet citizens who served in Afghanistan during its course, either as soldiers (afghantsy) sent into Afghanistan to uphold the PDPA Marxist regime that had taken power in Kabul in April 1978, or as advisers and civilian specialists dispatched to Afghanistan to build up and modernize the country on the Soviet model and bring it closer to the Soviet Union. Even if officially the Soviets did not lose the war, the very fact that they were unable to decisively defeat the mujahidin comprised a blow to the self-esteem of the Soviet armed forces and undermined their prestige at home. In this comprehensive examination of the effects of the war on Soviet society and politics, Ro'i considers the portrayal of the war in Soviet media, and the struggles that afghantsy veterans faced as they readapted to civilian life. The war and the way it came to be understood by Soviet citizens also served to highlight the weaknesses of the Soviet regime during glasnost'. Through a detailed account of public opinion surrounding the war and its impact on Soviet politics and society in the Gorbachev era, including extensive interviews that the author conducted with Soviet war veterans in the early 1990s, Ro'i argues that the effects of the war certainly precipitated processes that would tear the country asunder in 1991"-- Afghanistan / History / Soviet occupation, 1979-1989 Soviet Union / Politics and government / 1945-1991 Politics and government Afghanistan Soviet Union 1945-1991 History Afghānistān / Histoire / 1979-1989 (Intervention soviétique) URSS / Politique et gouvernement / 1945-1991 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-5036-3106-9 (DE-604)BV048889842 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk. 978-1-5036-3106-9 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033231834&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033231834&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033231834&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Roʾi, Yaʿaḳov 1933- The bleeding wound the Soviet war in Afghanistan and the collapse of the Soviet system The decision to intervene militarily in Afghanistan -- The course of the war -- The Fortieth Army -- The position of the Soviet political establishment -- The implications of the Soviet-Afghan War for the Soviet military -- Coverage of the war in the Soviet media -- Public opinion -- The afgantsy -- Central Asia and the Soviet "Muslim" peoples -- The war and the demise of the Soviet Union |
| title | The bleeding wound the Soviet war in Afghanistan and the collapse of the Soviet system |
| title_auth | The bleeding wound the Soviet war in Afghanistan and the collapse of the Soviet system |
| title_exact_search | The bleeding wound the Soviet war in Afghanistan and the collapse of the Soviet system |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The bleeding wound the Soviet war in Afghanistan and the collapse of the Soviet system |
| title_full | The bleeding wound the Soviet war in Afghanistan and the collapse of the Soviet system Yaacov Ro'i |
| title_fullStr | The bleeding wound the Soviet war in Afghanistan and the collapse of the Soviet system Yaacov Ro'i |
| title_full_unstemmed | The bleeding wound the Soviet war in Afghanistan and the collapse of the Soviet system Yaacov Ro'i |
| title_short | The bleeding wound |
| title_sort | the bleeding wound the soviet war in afghanistan and the collapse of the soviet system |
| title_sub | the Soviet war in Afghanistan and the collapse of the Soviet system |
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