Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis and Greek irredentism: a life in the shadows
"This study examines the life of Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis (1878-1945), a Greek military officer and undercover agent in the Ottoman Empire. In particular, the author examines his role in Greek irredentism, his ideology, and his other connections to Ion Dragoumis"
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Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London
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| Zusammenfassung: | "This study examines the life of Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis (1878-1945), a Greek military officer and undercover agent in the Ottoman Empire. In particular, the author examines his role in Greek irredentism, his ideology, and his other connections to Ion Dragoumis" |
| Beschreibung: | xi, 195 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781793634443 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a The End of The Line -- Greece at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century -- The Ordinary Life of an Obscure Army Officer -- Cloak and Dagger in the Balkans -- Cloak and Dagger in Constantinople -- Friends and Intellectual Partners -- The Life of Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis -- Last Services Rendered -- Some Final Thoughts | |
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1 The End of the Line 5 2 Greece at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century 9 3 The Ordinary Life of an Obscure Army Officer 43 4 Cloak and Dagger in the Balkans 51 5 Cloak and Dagger in Constantinople 75 6 Friends and Intellectual Partners 97 7 The Life of Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis 129 8 Last Services Rendered 151 9 Some Final Thoughts 165 Appendix : F urther Reading 171 Bibliography 175 Index 183 About the Author 195 vii
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Index Abdul Hamid II (sultan), 64-77 Abdul the Damned, 76 Adana massacre, 85 Agricultural Bank of Greece, 48 Albania, 43 Albanians, 78, 84, 109, 136 Alexander the Great, 62, 115 Alexandras, Apostólos, 83 alliance of convenience, 27 American School of Classical Studies, 6 American War of Independence, 12 Anatolia, 114, 115, 118, 119, 130 ancient history, 9-12 animal husbandry, 18 D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 102 anonymity, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 169-70 anti-capitalism, 155 anti-Ottoman alliance, 131-32 anti-socialism, 155 anti-venizelism, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 137-39, 146 anti-venizelists, 137,139—40,145,159, 160 Appraising Committee for Retirement Fund of Railroad Employees, 144 Arab-Christians, 135 Argyriades, P., 106 Armenians, 78, 85, 88, 94n48, 106, 117, 127ПІ08 Asia Minor, 104-5, 111, 118-19, 124n67, 143, 144 Asia Minor Disaster, 37,130,154 assassinations, 64, 65, 67, 74n76, 79, 135; of Dragoumis, I., 48, 56, 69, 97, 141-42, 149n54, 154; of Kapodistrias, 24,25 “Athanasios Macedón,” 62 Athens, 25, 55-56, 134, 136, 140, 147n26; Souliotis, Athanasios in, 5, 6, 43-46, 87-88 Augustinos, Gerasimos, 113, 115 Αμοιβαία (Mutual), 77 Austria, 13, 14, 112. See also Great Powers Austro-Hungarian Empire, 108, 112-13, 133 Ανατολική Ιδέα or Ανατολική Ομοσπονδία (Eastern Idea or Eastern Federation), 104, 115 background: of Dragoumis, I., 99; of Souliotis, Athanasios, 98-99 balance sheet, 89-91 Balkan Federation. See League for Balkan Federation Balkan League (1912), 90-91 183
184 Index Balkan states, 3, 33-34,106,114-15; Eastern Federation for, 104-5, 111, 118-19, 124n67; Macedonian conflict relating to, 51-53; Ottoman Empire relating to, 51-53, 129-30, 135 Balkan Wars (1912-1913), 7, 36, 48, 80, 89-91, 118, 170; First Balkan War 1912-1913, 129, 138; Second Balkan War, 117, 126ПІ17, 129; Venizelos involvement with, 130, 133-34, 135 banditry, 23, 24 bankruptcies, of Greece, 20, 31, 33, 35, 45 Barrés, Maurice, 102 basic institutions, Souliotis-Nikolaidis questioning of, 157 Bey, Tewfik, 64, 67 birth, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 37 Bolshevik takeover, of Russia, 154 “Bolshevism, Fascism, feminism,” 158 border region post, of SouliotisNikolaidis, 47 borrowing, bonds, and credit, 19-20 British Army, 135 Bulgaria, 33-35, 41n75, 78, 89, 90, 129, 131-32; Greco-Bulgarian alliance, 167; Greco-Bulgarian confrontation, in Macedonia, 53-54, 57-59, 61-69, 71n20, 90-91; rise of nationalism in, 108-9, 110 Bulgarian Army, 132 Bulgarian cause, in Macedonia, 61-63 Bulgarian Exarchate, 34, 53 Bulgarian-Greek confrontation, 116-17 Bulgarian interests, in Ottoman Macedonia, 105, 108, 110, 131-32 Bulgarian irredentism, 53, 108, 111 Bulgarian mission, of SouliotisNikolaidis, 132-34 Bulgarian negotiations, with Constantinople Organization, 90-91 Bulgarian Orthodox Church, 34 Bulgarians, 36, 52-55, 59, 61, 63-68, 167, 168; in Constantinople, 76, 77, 78, 89 Bulgarian Seventh Division, 132 businesses, in Macedonia, 62-63, 65, 66, 73n58 buy Greek campaign, of Thessaloniki Organization, 62-63, 63n60, 65 Byron (lord), 14 Byzantine Empire, 9-10,11, 12, 28-29, 56 Canning, George,
15 career: of Nikolaidis, Athanasios, 56-59, 75, 77, 86, 88-89, 91nl, 94n60, 95n66; of SouliotisNikolaidis, 46-49, 138-39. See also military career Castlereagh (lord), 15 Cavour, Benso, 139 Central Powers, 130 Chaldean Christians in Mosul, 84 Christianity, 9-10 The City, Constantinople as, 76 civil marriage and divorce, 153 Commander’s Cross of the Order of George I, 160, 164n53 Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), 80, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89 communism, 3, 154 Communist Party, of Greece, 26, 159 Communist Russia, 130 confronting twentieth century, 153-58 Congress of Berlin (1881), 32 conservative social values, SouliotisNikolaidis, 151-53, 165 Constantine (crown prince), 46, 132, 133-34 Constantine I (king), 36, 135, 138, 142, 148n35, 160, 168; at German Military Academy, 129, 136; Germanophile sentiments of, 129-30, 136; neutrality advocated by, 130, 136-37 Constantinople, 28, 57, 167, 170; balance sheet relating to, 89-91; Bulgarians in, 76, 77, 78, 89; as The City, 76; Dragoumis, I., and
Index Souliotis, Athanasios, in, 75-80, 81, 82, 85, 86; Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople, 34, 52, 53, 81-83, 85-87; ethnic population of, 76, 92n3; Greek community of, 76, 78-79, 81-84; new realities, new direction, new challenges, 80-89; as Ottoman Empire political center, 4,10-15, 76; Treaty of Constantinople, 17 Constantinople Organization, 93n29, 101, 103; Bulgarian negotiations with, 90-91; Executive of, 79; political parties communication with, 84; pre-election political alliances established by, 84; Souliotis, Athanasios with, 79-91, 93n28. See also Οργάνωσις Κωνσταντινουπόλεως constitution, 26, 28 Constitutional Political League, 83 corruption, 26-28 Corsican exile, of Dragoumis, I., 140 Council of the Sixteen Members of the United Opposition, 141 Cretan Renaissance, 12 Crete, 32-33, 88, 112; SouliotisNikolaidis exile in, 140, 148n48 Crimean War (1852-1856), 29 cultural factors, with fascism, 155 culture, 10, 102, 114 CUP. See Committee of Union and Progress Czech Republic, 68 Danglis, Panagiotis, 77-78, 92n7 death: of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 7, 69, 161; of Venizelos, 142. See also assassinations Dedeagach, 69 Deligiannis, Theodoros, as prime minister, 31-33, 35, 40n63, 45, 46 Delta, Penelope, 98,103-4 democracy, 28, 36, 45, 80, 154 democratization, 31, 81, 82 185 deus ex machina, 12, 13 dictatorship, ofMetaxas, 143, 156, 160-61, 164n50 displaced and/or unemployed fighters, 19 division, with Megali Idea, 29, 31 domestic affairs, of Greece, 17, 20 Dragoumis, I., Souliotis, Athanasios relationship with, 122n37,131, 139, 141-42; common traits with,
100-101; in Constantinople, 75-80, 81, 82, 85, 86; lifetime friendship between, 97-102; mirror image with, 100; political and social beliefs with, 100-104, 122n27 Dragoumis, I., Souliotis-Nikolaidis relationship with, 3, 4, 69, 78, 166; Hellenism relating to, 2, 37, 49,118, 119, 167-68; Megali Idea relating to, 99-100, 107-10, 151-52, 154 Dragoumis, Ion, 165, 170; assassination of, 48, 56, 69, 97, 141-42, 149n54, 154; background of, 99; Corsican exile of, 140; journals of, 97-98, 101, 103-4, 112, 140-41; as political figure, 1, 55-56, 62; as proto-fascist, 156, 163n23; reputation of, 103^1; right-wing ideas of, 101, 121n22, 122n24; Venizelos and, 101, 138-39, 141-42, 149n59; works of, 97-98, 102 Dragoumis, Philip, 97, 98, 103, 113, 140 Dragoumis, Stephen, 1, 55, 99 dual monarchy, 112-13, 125nn77-78 Eastern culture, 114 Eastern Federation, 138; for Balkans and Asia Minor, 104-5, 111, 118-19, 124n67; declining Ottoman Empire relating to, 105-6, 108; friends, intellectual partners and, 104-16; Great Powers relating to, 105; GrecoTurkish state relating to, 105-6, 107, 112, 125n79, 169; as missed
186 Index opportunity, 116-20, 116η 104; Russian Federation and, 105-6; Souliotis-Dragoumis version of, 107-16, 118-19, 124n59, 124n65, 124n72, 125n85, 127nl 14; SouliotisNikolaidis and, 152-53, 169; Young Turks relating to, 113, 114, 115-16, 118, 126n98 Eastern Idea or Eastern Federation. See Ανατολική Ιδέα or Ανατολική Ομοσπονδία Eastern Mediterranean, 15 Eastern Orthodox Church, 13, 34 Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople, 34, 52, 53, 81-83, 85-87 East-West axis, Greece on, 3 East-West continuum, 101 economic boycott, by Thessaloniki Organization, 63 economic factors, with fascism, 156 economy, of Greece, 3, 31,143 education, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 44—45 Egypt, 135 elections, 20, 26-28, 30, 36, 84 elites, of Greeks, before Modem Greece, 10-12 Ελληνικός Πολιτικός Σύνδεσμος Κωνσταντινουπόλεος (Greek Political League of Constantinople), 83 English Party, 22 Enlightenment, 11, 12 Εθνικός Αιχασμός (National Schism), 36, 48, 130, 134-37, 139, 148n29, 167 ethnic affiliation, Macedonia conflict impacted by, 52-53, 70n6, 109, 123n56 ethnic population, of Constantinople, 76, 92n3 Europe, Greek relationship with, 14 European public opinion, of Greek War of Independence, 13-14 European Union, 3 Executive: of Constantinople Organization, 79; of Thessaloniki Organization, 64—65, 67, 73n67 failures, of Kapodistrias, 23 family, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 43-44 fascism, 162nn20-21; appeal of, 156; Dragoumis, I., relating to, 156, 163n23; factors relating to, 155-56; Souliotis-Nikolaidis relating to, 156-58, 163n25, 163n40, 169 Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. (FBI), 68
Federative Union of the Peoples of the East, 106 feminism, 153,158 First Infantry Regiment, SouliotisNikolaidis in, 46 First World War (1914-1918), 36, 89, 135-37, 152, 153, 154, 157 foreign affairs, of Greece, 17, 20 Fourth Balkan Conference (1933), 144 France, 13-15, 20, 22, 31, 102,130, 152. See also Great Powers freedom, of Greece, 16-18 French Military Mission, 131 French Party, 22 French Revolution, 12, 13 friends, intellectual partners and: Eastern Federation, 104-16; friendship of lifetime, 97-102; question of reputations, 103-4 friendship of lifetime, 97-102 Galerius (emperor), 56 gender equality, 153 George I (king), 152, 160, 164n53, 168; as King of Greece, 25-26, 28, 32, 137-38, 148n34; as King of the Hellenes, 32 George II (king), 142 German Military Academy, Constantine I at, 129,136 Germanophile sentiments, of Constantine I, 129-30, 136
Index Germany, 109, 144, 152, 154, 155 Giannopoulos, Pericles, 102 Gounaris, Dimitrios, 152 Grand Dragoman, 10 Grand Tour, 14 Great Britain, 13, 15, 20, 22, 31-32, 130, 169. See also Great Powers Greater Bulgaria, 108 The Great Idea (Souliotis, Athanasios), 115 Great Powers: Austria as, 13, 14, 112; France as, 13-15, 20, 22, 31, 102, 130, 152; Protective Powers relating to, 3, 17, 22-24, 25, 29, 39ո41; Prussia as, 13, 14; responsibilities of, 30, 32-34, 51,107-9, 137, 152, 168; Russia as, 13-16, 105, 169 Greco-Bulgarian alliance, 167 Greco-Bulgarian confrontation, in Macedonia, 53-54, 57-59, 61-69, 71n20, 90-91 Greco-Ottoman rapprochement, 112 Greco-Turkish state, 105-6, 107, 112, 125n79, 169 Greco-Turkish War (1897), 30, 32, 33, 100 Greece, 90, 129; bankruptcies of, 20, 31, 33, 35, 45; BulgarianGreek confrontation, 116-17; buy Greek campaign, of Thessaloniki Organization, 62-63, 63n60, 65; economy of, 3, 31, 143; Europe relationship with, 14; freedom of, 16-18; history of, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9-12; Ionian Islands united with, 32; maritime tradition of, 15; occupation of, 161; as protectorate, 15; in Second World War, 143; SouliotisNikolaidis retirement in, 144-45; Thessaly added to, 32; Turks in, 130, 143-44,153, 169; as western country, 101-2. See also kings of Greece; Modem Greece, Greeks before 187 Greece, growing pains of: with Greek politics, 20-22, 29; King of Greece to King of the Hellenes, 24-32; with poverty of land and people, 18-20; with throne without king, 22-24, 25, 39n41 Greece, politics of, 20-22, 29; Communist Party with, 26, 159; on East-West axis, 3; foreign and
domestic affairs with, 17, 20; military coups and countercoups with, 35, 88, 137, 142; nationalism, 2-3; Ottoman-Greek political party, 167 Greek Army, Souliotis-Nikolaidis in, 46, 130-31, 134, 146n6 Greek Association of Friends of Peace, 144 Greek Church, 52-53 Greek Civil Service, 153 Greek Consulates, 57-58, 59-60, 61, 72n46 Greek Empire, 108 Greek interests, in Ottoman Macedonia, 105, 108, 110, 131-32 Greek irredentism, 2-3, 30, 90, 99, 108-9, 112, 165-66 Greek-language newspapers, 85-86 Greek Macedonian Committee, 54 Greek Orthodox Church, 62, 76, 157 Greek Parliament ( Vouli), 26-27 Greek Political League of Constantinople. See Ελληνικός Πολιτικός Σύνδεσμος Κωνσταντινουπόλεος Greek president, Kapodistrias as, 22, 23-24 Greek Prime Minister, Venizelos as, 35-36, 88,91, 118, 130, 137-39 Greek Revolt. See Greek War of Independence Greeks: in Constantinople, 76, 78-79, 81-84; in Macedonia, 61-62; in Turkey, 130 “Greek Spirit,” 115, 119
188 Index Greek Straggle for Macedonia, 66 Greek War of Independence, 4, 9,21, 29, 43, 99, 136; as cause célébre, 14; deus ex machina relating to, 12, 13; European public opinion of, 13-14; Great Powers relating to, 2, 3,13-16, 17, 20 Gregorian calendar, 4 Guaranteeing or Protective Powers. See Protective Powers Guerrilla bands, in Macedonian fight, 66 Hamline University, 2 health maladies, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 47, 49nl3, 135 Hellenic Army, Souliotis-Nikolaidis in, 4 Hellenism, 4, 58, 64, 104, 110, 139, 152; centers of, 29; Dragoumis, I., and Souliotis-Nikolaidis involvement with, 2, 37, 49, 118, 119, 167-68; philhellenism, 14-15 high sense of duty, of SouliotisNikolaidis, 166 history: ancient, 9-12; of Greece, 2; Modem Greek, 1, 3, 4; Russian, 2 humiliation, with Megali Idea, 33, 40n70, 100, 108 Hungary, 106, 154 ideas, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 3-4 ilinden Uprising (1903), 53 Imperial Germany, 109 Imperial Russia, 51 IMRO. See Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization “Independent Latin America,” 18 information-gathering, of Thessaloniki Organization, 60-61 intellectual side, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 168 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), 53-54 international factors, with fascism, 156 International League for Peace and Liberty, 106 investments, lack of, 19 Ionian Islands, 32 irredentism, 51, 104; Bulgarian, 53, 108, 111; Greek, 2-3, 30, 90,99, 108-9, 112, 165-66; Megali Idea ideology with, 28, 34 Jews, 56, 57, 63-64, 65, 109, 136 Joachim III (ecumenical patriarch), 81, 86-77, 94n55. See also Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople
journals, of Dragoumis, I., 97-98, 101, 103-4, 112, 140-41 Kapodistrias, John: assassination of, 24, 25; failures of, 23; as first president of Greece, 22, 23-24; modem tax system wanted by, 23; national land issues relating to, 24 Karaiskakis, Georgios, 21 Karatheodori (pasha), 105-6 Karatheodori-Zarifis plan, 106 Kingdom of Greece, 107, 110 King of the Hellenes, 24-32 kings of Greece: George II, 142; King of the Hellenes, 24-32; Otto, 24-28, 32. See also Constantine I; George I; throne without king Kolettis, John, 22, 26-27, 28-29 Koliodimitris, Apostólos, 43 Koliopoulos, John, 103,113 Kolokotronis, Theodoros, 21, 22, 25 Kopasis, Andreas (prince), 79 Koromilas, Lambros, 55, 58-59, 62, 67 Kosovo, 52 Kotopouli, Marika, 48, 98, 103-4, 12ІПІ0 Koundouriotis family of Hydra, 22 language and culture, of Greeks, before Modem Greece, 10 last call of duty, 158-61
Index last services rendered: confronting twentieth century, 153-58; last call of duty, 158-61; man without party, 151-54 law school, Souliotis-Nikolaidis in, 44-45, 98 League for Balkan Federation, 106 legacy, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 167-68 Lenin, Vladimir, 130 Leo III, the Isaurian, 10 Leo IV, the Khazar, 10 Letters from the Mountains (SouliotisNikolaidis), 44-45, 47 liberal democracy, 36 Liberal Party, 36, 143, 156 life, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis: 1920-1945, 142-45, 149n67; as parliament member, 143, 152, 168; wars of, 130-42; war years 1912-1920, 129-30, 138 lifelong learner, Souliotis-Nikolaidis as, 166 London Conference of 1832, 17 London Protocol (Treaty of London, 1830), 16-17 Lyons, Edmund, 17 Macedonia, 34, 109,170; Bulgarian cause in, 61-63; businesses in, 62-63, 65, 66, 73n58; GrecoBulgarian confrontation in, 53-54, 57-59, 61-69, 71n20, 90-91; Greek cause in, 61-62; Greek Struggle for Macedonia, 66; Guerrilla bands in fight for, 66; North Macedonia, republic of, 69; Ottoman Macedonia, 4, 56, 68, 80, 105, 108, 110, 131-32, 158; Struggle for Macedonia, 35, 67, 77, 108, 119, 142, 167 Macedonia conflict: Balkan states relating to, 51-53; ethnic affiliation impact on, 52-53, 70n6, 109, 123n56; religious affiliation impact on, 52 Macedonian Center, 77-78, 89 189 Macedonian Committee. See Μακεδονικό Κομιτάτο Macedonian Defense (Μακεδονική Άμυνα), 55 Macedonian fighter. See Makedonomachos Macedonian Struggle, 56, 62, 77,134, 144, 159 Macedonian territory, SouliotisNikolaidis relating to, 132, 147nl0 Macedonian Youth, 144 Mahmud II (sultan), 105 Μακεδονικό Κομιτάτο
(Macedonian Committee), 54, 86, 99-100 Makedonomachos (Macedonian fighter)., 67 Μακεδονική Άμυνα. See Macedonian Defense man without party, Souliotis-Nikolaidis as: conservative social values of, 151-53; political/ideological adjustments of, 151-54; suspicious politicians view by, 151-52 maritime tradition, of Greece, 15 marriage, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 145 Marxism, 158 Mavrokordatos, Alexander, 22 Mavromichalis family of Morea, 22 Megali Idea (Great Idea), 112, 115, 118-19, 143; Deligiannis as champion of, 31-33; division sown with, 29, 31; Dragoumis, L, and Souliotis-Nikolaidis belief in, 99-100, 107-10, 151-52, 154; end of, 130, 154; in Greek politics, 29; irredentist ideology of, 28, 34; moderates impact on, 30-31; populists impact on, 30; radicals impact on, 30-31; Trikoupis as opponent of, 106. See also Μεγάλη Ιδέα Megali Idea (Great Idea), fighting for, 36-37; Byzantine Empire relating to, 28-29; Crete relating to, 32-33; Great Powers impact on, 32-34;
190 Index humiliation with, 33, 40ո70, 100, 108; Ottoman Empire relating to, 29-31,33-35 Μεγάλη Ιδέα (Megali Idea, Great Idea), 28 Mela, Natalia, 98, 124n67, 141 Melas, Pavios, 54-55, 57, 62, 66-67, 80, 98, 141 merchants, sailors and, 18-19 Metaxas, Ioannis, dictatorship of, 143, 156, 160-61, 164n50 Metropolitan of Derkoi, 87 Metropolitan of Prousa, 87 Metternich, Clement, 25 Military Academy, Souliotis-Nikolaidis at, 44-45, 47-48, 88, 98, 131, 145, 166 military career: of Souliotis, Athanasios, 5, 7, 44, 46-48, 57-59, 75, 87, 131, 139, 144, 145; of SouliotisNikolaidis, 138-39 military coups and countercoups, in Greece, 35, 88, 137, 142 Military Party, 21 Minister of Forests and Mines, 84 Minister of State and Governor-General of Thrace, Souliotis-Nikolaidis as, 48, 159-61 Ministry of Defense, 6-7, 131 Ministry of Finance, 44 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 47-48, 54, 56, 59-60, 131, 133-35, 152 Ministry of the Interior, 27 Ministry of Military Affairs, 54, 82, 88, 145 Ministry of War, 82 mirror image, with Dragoumis, I., and Souliotis, Athanasios, 100 moderates, Megali Idea impacted by, 30-31 Modem Greece, Greeks before, 30, 101-2, 110, 131; ancient history of, 9-12; elites of, 10-12; fighting for Megali Idea, 28-37, 40n70, 100, 108; language and culture relating to, 10 Modem Greeks: division among, 136; history of, 1,3,4 Modem Hellenism, 110 modernity, 153 modernization, 31, 36 Monastir, 52,132,133-34 Montenegro, 33, 90, 129,131 Morea, 21 Muslim Albanians, 136 Mutual insurance company, 57, 77 Napoleon, 13 Napoleonic Wars, 12 nationalism, 2-3, 107, 117, 152; in Bulgaria,
108-9, 110; Socialist Nationalism, 157; of Turks, 114-15, 126n92, 130 National Land Bank of Greece, 144 national land issues, 24 National Schism. See Εθνικός Διχασμός Native Americans, 168 NATO, 3 Nazis, 154,155,162nl6 Νέα Ημέρα (New Day), 140 Neohellenic Enlightenment, 12 neutrality , Constantine I as advocate of, 130, 136-37 New Day. See Νέα Ημέρα new realities, new direction, new challenges, 80-89 Nicholas I (emperor), 14-15, 25, 30 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 102, 156 Nikoglou, George, 133 Nikolaidis, Athanasios, 91; career of, 56-59, 75, 77, 86, 88-89, 91nl, 94n60, 95n66. See also SouliotisNikolaidis, Athanasios non-CUP Turks, 84, 89 North Macedonia, republic of, 69 Nothmann, 56-57, 59 occupation, of Greece, 161 Olympic Games, of 2004, 3 Όσοι Ζωντανοί (Those who are Alive) (Dragoumis, I.), 97-98
Index opportunity, with Eastern Federation, 116-20, 116ПІ04 Οργάνωσις Κωνσταντινουπόλεως (Constantinople Organization), 77-78 “Oriental Despotism,” 14 Orthodox Christians, 22, 52 Orthodox Church, 10-11, 15, 53, 152-53 Otto, son of King Ludwig I of Bavaria, as King of Greece, 27, 32; Athens made capital by, 25; constitution granted by, 26, 28; policies enacted by, 25; political mentors of, 25; regency council for, 24-25 Ottoman-Egyptian fleet, 16 Ottoman Empire, 2,17, 23, 80-83, 85, 102, 169-70; Balkan states relating to, 51-53, 129-30, 135; Constantinople as political center of, 4, 10-15, 76; decline of, 105-6, 108; dismemberment of, 138; Megali Idea relating to, 29-31, 33-35 Ottoman-Greek political party, 167 Ottoman Macedonia, 4, 56, 68, 80, 158; Greek and Bulgarian interests in, 105, 108, 110, 131-32 Ottoman Muslim Empire, 11 Ottoman Parliament, 84, 85, 89 Ottoman Sultan, 15, 16-17, 33, 34 Ottoman Turks, Turkokratia relating to, 10 Panayotopoulos, Alkis J., 107, 115 Panhellenic Organization, 77, 78, 82 Panslavism, 34, 51, 70n4 parliaments: Greek Parliament, 26-27; Ottoman Parliament, 84, 85, 89; Souliotis-Nikolaidis in, 143, 152,168 Patriarchate. See Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople patriotism, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 169-70 Paxton, Robert, 157 Payne, Stanley, 155-56 191 pension, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 6-7, 145 philhellenism, 14-15 policies, of Otto, 25 political alliance, pre-election, 84 political and social beliefs, of Dragoumis, I., and Souliotis, Athanasios, 100-104, 122n27 political center, of Constantinople, 4, 10-15, 76 political defeats, of
Venizelos, 36, 48, 130, 142, 143 political factors, with fascism, 155 political figure, Dragoumis, I., 1, 55-56, 62 political/ideological adjustments, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 151-54 political mentors, of Otto, 25 political parties, 21-22, 84, 167 Political Review (Πολιτική Επιθεώριση), 140, 141, 144, 149ո54, 161 politics, of Greece, 20-22, 29 Πολιτική Επιθεώριση. See Political Review population: ethnic, of Constantinople, 76, 92n3; poverty relating to, 19 populists, Megali Idea impacted by, 30 poverty, of land and people: with animal husbandry, 18; with borrowing, bonds, and credit, 19-20; with displaced and/or unemployed fighters, 19; with lack of investments, 19; population relating to, 19; with soil, 18; with warfare, 18-19 pre-election political alliance, 84 prefect of Fiorina district, SouliotisNikolaidis as, 48, 158-60,164n43, 167 prefect of Yannena, Souliotis-Nikolaidis as, 48, 136, 139-40, 153 prime ministers: Deligiannis as, 31-33, 35, 40n63, 45, 46; Dragoumis, S., as, 99; Trikoupis as, 31, 35, 45, 106; Venizelos as, 35-36, 88, 91, 118, 130, 137-39
192 Index promotion, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 7 “The Prophecies of Alexander,” 62 Protective Powers: throne without king relating to, 22-24, 25, 39n41; United Kingdom, France, Austria as, 3, 17, 22, 29. See also Great Powers protectorate, Greece as, 15 proto-fascist, Dragoumis, I., as, 156, 163n23 Prussia, 13, 14. See also Great Powers radicals, Megali Idea impacted by, 30-31 rank and pension petition, during retirement, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 145 recognition, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 2, 144-45, 165-67 Red Sultan, 76 Reformation, 11 reformer, Souliotis-Nikolaidis as, 156 regency council, for Otto, 24-25 regeneration, 154-55 religious affiliation, Macedonia conflict impacted by, 52 Renaissance, 11, 12 Republic Medal of Macedonian Struggle, 144 reputations: of Dragoumis. I., 103—4; of Souliotis, Athanasios, 103—4 responsibilities: of Great Powers, 30, 32-34, 51, 107-9, 137, 152, 168; of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 167 retirement years, of SouliotisNikolaidis: employment during, 144; in Germany, 144, 152; in Greece, 144-45; marriage during, 145; rank and pension petition during, 145; recognition of past services during, 2, 144-45, 165-67 right-wing ideas, of Dragoumis, I., 101, 121n22, 122n24 “The Road Leads to the East, not the West” (Dragoumis, I.), 102 Roccas, Constantine, 106 Romania, 33, 64, 73n64, 77, 129,155 Romaniote Jewish minority, in Yannena, 136 royalist views, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 137-39 Rumeli, 21 Russia, 17, 20, 22-23, 29; Bolshevik takeover of, 154; Communist Russia, 130; as Great Power, 13-16,105, 169; Imperial Russia, 51; Panslavism and, 34, 51, 70n4 Russian
Empire, 109, 118 Russian Federation, Eastern Federation and, 105-6 Russian Party, 22, 23 Russo-Turkish War: of 1828-1829,16, 29; of 1877-1878, 32 Sabahaddin (prince), 84 Sakki, David, 63 salary, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 46, 49n9 Salónica, 52 sanatorium, Souliotis-Nikolaidis in, 5-6, 6, 8nl Second Balkan War, 117, 126nll7, 129 Second World War, 136, 143, 155 secularism, 81 Serbia, 33-34, 51, 53, 90, 109, 129, 131-32 Serbian Army, 132 sick man ofEurope, 30, 76, 105 Slavic people, 34, 56, 61, 65, 159, 167-68 Slovakia, 68 Smyrna, 37, 117 social features, with fascism, 155 socialism, 35, 107, 153,155,157 Socialist Nationalism, 157 soil, poverty relating to, 18 Souliotis, Athanasios: in Athens, 5, 6, 43-46, 87-88; background of, 98-99; in Constantinople Organization, 79-91, 93n28; Koromilas and, 58-59; as lieutenant, 5, 7, 44, 46-48, 57-59, 75, 87; as lieutenant colonel,
Index 131, 139, 144, 145; as major general, 7; Patriarch relationship with, 86-87; reputation of, 103—4; with Thessaloniki Organization, 59-66, 74n73, 75, 77-79, 89-90, 104, 143, 152, 167,169,170; undercover work of, 59-69, 75, 87, 166-67; works of, 115. See also Dragoumis, I., Souliotis, Athanasios relationship with; Souliotis-Nikolaidis, Athanasios Soulioti, Maria (mother), 44 Souliotis, Miltiadis (father), 43-44, 98 Soulioti, Sofia (wife), x, 5-7, 49, 97, 100, 161, 166 Souliotis-Dragoumis version, of Eastern Federation, 107-16, 118-19, 124n59, 124n65, 124n72, 125n85, 127nll4 Souliotis-Nikolaidis, Athanasios, 8n4. See also Nikolaidis, Athanasios; Souliotis, Athanasios; Thanasis; specific topics Struggle for Macedonia, 35, 67, 77,108, 119, 142, 167 sultans, 112; Abdul Hamid II, 64-77; Mahmud II, 105; Ottoman Sultan, 15, 16-17, 33, 34 suspicious politicians, SouliotisNikolaidis view of, 151-52 Switzerland, 18 Syros, 43 Tanzimat era, 105 tax farming, 23-24 tax system, 23 terrorism, 68-69. See also violence Thanasis, 45, 98, 99, 103, 142 Theodoroff Division, SouliotisNikolaidis in, 132-33 Thessaloniki, 56, 90, 104, 130, 132-34, 139; Koromilas as Consul-General of, 55, 58; military coup in, 137 Thessaloniki Merchants Association, 61 Thessaloniki Organization, 132; buy Greek campaign of, 62-63, 63n60, 193 65; economic boycott by, 63; Executive of, 64-65, 67, 73n67; information-gathering of, 60-61; Souliotis, Athanasios work with, 59-66, 74n73, 75, 77-79, 89-90, 104, 143, 152, 167, 169, 170; undercover work of, 59-69, 72n48 Thessaly, 32 Those Who are Alive (Dragoumis). See Όσοι
Ζωντανοί Thrace, 48, 144, 159-61 throne without king: banditry relating to, 23, 24; Protective Powers relating to, 22-24,25, 39n41; tax farming relating to, 23-24 Tolstoy, Leo, 102 traits, of Dragoumis, I., and Souliotis, Athanasios, 100-101 Treaty of Adrianople, 16 Treaty of Constantinople, 17 Treaty of Lausanne (1923), 37 Treaty of London. See London Protocol Trikoupis, Charilaos, as prime minister, 31,35,45, 106 Turkey, 33, 37, 130; nationalism in, 114-15, 126n92, 130 Turkokratia, 10 Turks, 16, 21, 37, 58, 77-78, 106, 109; Great Powers with, 33; in Greece, 130, 143-44, 153, 169; nationalism of, 114-15, 126n92, 130; Ottoman, 10; in Thessaloniki, 56 twentieth century, Souliotis-Nikolaidis confronting of, 153-58 undercover work: of Souliotis, Athanasios as, 59-69, 75, 87,16667; of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 4, 131; of Thessaloniki Organization, 59-69, 72n48 Undersecretary for Foreign Affairs, 10 unemployment, during retirement, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 144 United Kingdom. See Great Britain United Opposition, 141, 143, 168
194 Index United States, 18, 38n22 venizelists, 36, 48, 136-37, 139-41, 145, 156, 159 Venizelos, Eleftherios: Balkan Wars involvement of, 130, 133-34, 135; Dragoumis, L, and, 101,138-39, 141-42, 149n59; as Greek prime minister, 35-36, 88, 91, 118,130, 137-39; last years and death of, 142; Liberal Party of, 36, 143, 156; political defeats of, 36,48, 130,142, 143; Souliotis-Nikolaidis views of, 137—40, 152, 168 Vėrėmis, Thanos, 103, 113, 114 violence, 64-69, 74n68 Vlachs, 109 Vouli. See Greek Parliament warfare, poverty relating to, 18-19 wars: Ministry of War, 82. See also specific wars wars, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis: ailments relating to, 135; anti-Ottoman alliance relating to, 131-32; antivenizelism relating to, 137-39; assassination target relating to, 135; British contact relating to, 135; Bulgarian mission of, 132-34; Bulgarian Seventh Division relating to, 132; civilian job relating to, 13536; contact missions with, 134-35, 147nl8; as Diplomatic Messenger, 134; in Greek Army, 130-31,134, 146n6; Macedonian territory relating to, 132, 147n 10; prefect position relating to, 137, 139; royalist views relating to, 137-39; stalled military career relating to, 138-39; in Theodoroff Division, 132-33; travels relating to, 134 war years 1912-1920, 130; First Balkan War 1912-1913,129,138; First World War, 129, 138; Second Balkan War 1913,117,126nll7,129 Western Civilization, 102 western country, Greece as, 101-2 western culture, critics of, 102 Western-style democracy, 80 wife, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis. See Soulioti, Sofia working people, plight of, 157 Xanalatos, Diogenis, 113
Yannena, 43, 48, 135-36, 139,153 Young Turk revolt (1908-1909), 82, 86, 105,111 Young Turks, 64, 78, 80, 83, 88, 90, 94n58; Eastern Federation relating to, 113, 114, 115-16, 118, 126n98. See also Committee of Union and Progress Zannas, Alexander D., 109 Zarifis, George, 105-6 |
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1 The End of the Line 5 2 Greece at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century 9 3 The Ordinary Life of an Obscure Army Officer 43 4 Cloak and Dagger in the Balkans 51 5 Cloak and Dagger in Constantinople 75 6 Friends and Intellectual Partners 97 7 The Life of Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis 129 8 Last Services Rendered 151 9 Some Final Thoughts 165 Appendix : F urther Reading 171 Bibliography 175 Index 183 About the Author 195 vii
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Index Abdul Hamid II (sultan), 64-77 Abdul the Damned, 76 Adana massacre, 85 Agricultural Bank of Greece, 48 Albania, 43 Albanians, 78, 84, 109, 136 Alexander the Great, 62, 115 Alexandras, Apostólos, 83 alliance of convenience, 27 American School of Classical Studies, 6 American War of Independence, 12 Anatolia, 114, 115, 118, 119, 130 ancient history, 9-12 animal husbandry, 18 D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 102 anonymity, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 169-70 anti-capitalism, 155 anti-Ottoman alliance, 131-32 anti-socialism, 155 anti-venizelism, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 137-39, 146 anti-venizelists, 137,139—40,145,159, 160 Appraising Committee for Retirement Fund of Railroad Employees, 144 Arab-Christians, 135 Argyriades, P., 106 Armenians, 78, 85, 88, 94n48, 106, 117, 127ПІ08 Asia Minor, 104-5, 111, 118-19, 124n67, 143, 144 Asia Minor Disaster, 37,130,154 assassinations, 64, 65, 67, 74n76, 79, 135; of Dragoumis, I., 48, 56, 69, 97, 141-42, 149n54, 154; of Kapodistrias, 24,25 “Athanasios Macedón,” 62 Athens, 25, 55-56, 134, 136, 140, 147n26; Souliotis, Athanasios in, 5, 6, 43-46, 87-88 Augustinos, Gerasimos, 113, 115 Αμοιβαία (Mutual), 77 Austria, 13, 14, 112. See also Great Powers Austro-Hungarian Empire, 108, 112-13, 133 Ανατολική Ιδέα or Ανατολική Ομοσπονδία (Eastern Idea or Eastern Federation), 104, 115 background: of Dragoumis, I., 99; of Souliotis, Athanasios, 98-99 balance sheet, 89-91 Balkan Federation. See League for Balkan Federation Balkan League (1912), 90-91 183
184 Index Balkan states, 3, 33-34,106,114-15; Eastern Federation for, 104-5, 111, 118-19, 124n67; Macedonian conflict relating to, 51-53; Ottoman Empire relating to, 51-53, 129-30, 135 Balkan Wars (1912-1913), 7, 36, 48, 80, 89-91, 118, 170; First Balkan War 1912-1913, 129, 138; Second Balkan War, 117, 126ПІ17, 129; Venizelos involvement with, 130, 133-34, 135 banditry, 23, 24 bankruptcies, of Greece, 20, 31, 33, 35, 45 Barrés, Maurice, 102 basic institutions, Souliotis-Nikolaidis questioning of, 157 Bey, Tewfik, 64, 67 birth, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 37 Bolshevik takeover, of Russia, 154 “Bolshevism, Fascism, feminism,” 158 border region post, of SouliotisNikolaidis, 47 borrowing, bonds, and credit, 19-20 British Army, 135 Bulgaria, 33-35, 41n75, 78, 89, 90, 129, 131-32; Greco-Bulgarian alliance, 167; Greco-Bulgarian confrontation, in Macedonia, 53-54, 57-59, 61-69, 71n20, 90-91; rise of nationalism in, 108-9, 110 Bulgarian Army, 132 Bulgarian cause, in Macedonia, 61-63 Bulgarian Exarchate, 34, 53 Bulgarian-Greek confrontation, 116-17 Bulgarian interests, in Ottoman Macedonia, 105, 108, 110, 131-32 Bulgarian irredentism, 53, 108, 111 Bulgarian mission, of SouliotisNikolaidis, 132-34 Bulgarian negotiations, with Constantinople Organization, 90-91 Bulgarian Orthodox Church, 34 Bulgarians, 36, 52-55, 59, 61, 63-68, 167, 168; in Constantinople, 76, 77, 78, 89 Bulgarian Seventh Division, 132 businesses, in Macedonia, 62-63, 65, 66, 73n58 buy Greek campaign, of Thessaloniki Organization, 62-63, 63n60, 65 Byron (lord), 14 Byzantine Empire, 9-10,11, 12, 28-29, 56 Canning, George,
15 career: of Nikolaidis, Athanasios, 56-59, 75, 77, 86, 88-89, 91nl, 94n60, 95n66; of SouliotisNikolaidis, 46-49, 138-39. See also military career Castlereagh (lord), 15 Cavour, Benso, 139 Central Powers, 130 Chaldean Christians in Mosul, 84 Christianity, 9-10 The City, Constantinople as, 76 civil marriage and divorce, 153 Commander’s Cross of the Order of George I, 160, 164n53 Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), 80, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89 communism, 3, 154 Communist Party, of Greece, 26, 159 Communist Russia, 130 confronting twentieth century, 153-58 Congress of Berlin (1881), 32 conservative social values, SouliotisNikolaidis, 151-53, 165 Constantine (crown prince), 46, 132, 133-34 Constantine I (king), 36, 135, 138, 142, 148n35, 160, 168; at German Military Academy, 129, 136; Germanophile sentiments of, 129-30, 136; neutrality advocated by, 130, 136-37 Constantinople, 28, 57, 167, 170; balance sheet relating to, 89-91; Bulgarians in, 76, 77, 78, 89; as The City, 76; Dragoumis, I., and
Index Souliotis, Athanasios, in, 75-80, 81, 82, 85, 86; Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople, 34, 52, 53, 81-83, 85-87; ethnic population of, 76, 92n3; Greek community of, 76, 78-79, 81-84; new realities, new direction, new challenges, 80-89; as Ottoman Empire political center, 4,10-15, 76; Treaty of Constantinople, 17 Constantinople Organization, 93n29, 101, 103; Bulgarian negotiations with, 90-91; Executive of, 79; political parties communication with, 84; pre-election political alliances established by, 84; Souliotis, Athanasios with, 79-91, 93n28. See also Οργάνωσις Κωνσταντινουπόλεως constitution, 26, 28 Constitutional Political League, 83 corruption, 26-28 Corsican exile, of Dragoumis, I., 140 Council of the Sixteen Members of the United Opposition, 141 Cretan Renaissance, 12 Crete, 32-33, 88, 112; SouliotisNikolaidis exile in, 140, 148n48 Crimean War (1852-1856), 29 cultural factors, with fascism, 155 culture, 10, 102, 114 CUP. See Committee of Union and Progress Czech Republic, 68 Danglis, Panagiotis, 77-78, 92n7 death: of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 7, 69, 161; of Venizelos, 142. See also assassinations Dedeagach, 69 Deligiannis, Theodoros, as prime minister, 31-33, 35, 40n63, 45, 46 Delta, Penelope, 98,103-4 democracy, 28, 36, 45, 80, 154 democratization, 31, 81, 82 185 deus ex machina, 12, 13 dictatorship, ofMetaxas, 143, 156, 160-61, 164n50 displaced and/or unemployed fighters, 19 division, with Megali Idea, 29, 31 domestic affairs, of Greece, 17, 20 Dragoumis, I., Souliotis, Athanasios relationship with, 122n37,131, 139, 141-42; common traits with,
100-101; in Constantinople, 75-80, 81, 82, 85, 86; lifetime friendship between, 97-102; mirror image with, 100; political and social beliefs with, 100-104, 122n27 Dragoumis, I., Souliotis-Nikolaidis relationship with, 3, 4, 69, 78, 166; Hellenism relating to, 2, 37, 49,118, 119, 167-68; Megali Idea relating to, 99-100, 107-10, 151-52, 154 Dragoumis, Ion, 165, 170; assassination of, 48, 56, 69, 97, 141-42, 149n54, 154; background of, 99; Corsican exile of, 140; journals of, 97-98, 101, 103-4, 112, 140-41; as political figure, 1, 55-56, 62; as proto-fascist, 156, 163n23; reputation of, 103^1; right-wing ideas of, 101, 121n22, 122n24; Venizelos and, 101, 138-39, 141-42, 149n59; works of, 97-98, 102 Dragoumis, Philip, 97, 98, 103, 113, 140 Dragoumis, Stephen, 1, 55, 99 dual monarchy, 112-13, 125nn77-78 Eastern culture, 114 Eastern Federation, 138; for Balkans and Asia Minor, 104-5, 111, 118-19, 124n67; declining Ottoman Empire relating to, 105-6, 108; friends, intellectual partners and, 104-16; Great Powers relating to, 105; GrecoTurkish state relating to, 105-6, 107, 112, 125n79, 169; as missed
186 Index opportunity, 116-20, 116η 104; Russian Federation and, 105-6; Souliotis-Dragoumis version of, 107-16, 118-19, 124n59, 124n65, 124n72, 125n85, 127nl 14; SouliotisNikolaidis and, 152-53, 169; Young Turks relating to, 113, 114, 115-16, 118, 126n98 Eastern Idea or Eastern Federation. See Ανατολική Ιδέα or Ανατολική Ομοσπονδία Eastern Mediterranean, 15 Eastern Orthodox Church, 13, 34 Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople, 34, 52, 53, 81-83, 85-87 East-West axis, Greece on, 3 East-West continuum, 101 economic boycott, by Thessaloniki Organization, 63 economic factors, with fascism, 156 economy, of Greece, 3, 31,143 education, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 44—45 Egypt, 135 elections, 20, 26-28, 30, 36, 84 elites, of Greeks, before Modem Greece, 10-12 Ελληνικός Πολιτικός Σύνδεσμος Κωνσταντινουπόλεος (Greek Political League of Constantinople), 83 English Party, 22 Enlightenment, 11, 12 Εθνικός Αιχασμός (National Schism), 36, 48, 130, 134-37, 139, 148n29, 167 ethnic affiliation, Macedonia conflict impacted by, 52-53, 70n6, 109, 123n56 ethnic population, of Constantinople, 76, 92n3 Europe, Greek relationship with, 14 European public opinion, of Greek War of Independence, 13-14 European Union, 3 Executive: of Constantinople Organization, 79; of Thessaloniki Organization, 64—65, 67, 73n67 failures, of Kapodistrias, 23 family, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 43-44 fascism, 162nn20-21; appeal of, 156; Dragoumis, I., relating to, 156, 163n23; factors relating to, 155-56; Souliotis-Nikolaidis relating to, 156-58, 163n25, 163n40, 169 Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. (FBI), 68
Federative Union of the Peoples of the East, 106 feminism, 153,158 First Infantry Regiment, SouliotisNikolaidis in, 46 First World War (1914-1918), 36, 89, 135-37, 152, 153, 154, 157 foreign affairs, of Greece, 17, 20 Fourth Balkan Conference (1933), 144 France, 13-15, 20, 22, 31, 102,130, 152. See also Great Powers freedom, of Greece, 16-18 French Military Mission, 131 French Party, 22 French Revolution, 12, 13 friends, intellectual partners and: Eastern Federation, 104-16; friendship of lifetime, 97-102; question of reputations, 103-4 friendship of lifetime, 97-102 Galerius (emperor), 56 gender equality, 153 George I (king), 152, 160, 164n53, 168; as King of Greece, 25-26, 28, 32, 137-38, 148n34; as King of the Hellenes, 32 George II (king), 142 German Military Academy, Constantine I at, 129,136 Germanophile sentiments, of Constantine I, 129-30, 136
Index Germany, 109, 144, 152, 154, 155 Giannopoulos, Pericles, 102 Gounaris, Dimitrios, 152 Grand Dragoman, 10 Grand Tour, 14 Great Britain, 13, 15, 20, 22, 31-32, 130, 169. See also Great Powers Greater Bulgaria, 108 The Great Idea (Souliotis, Athanasios), 115 Great Powers: Austria as, 13, 14, 112; France as, 13-15, 20, 22, 31, 102, 130, 152; Protective Powers relating to, 3, 17, 22-24, 25, 29, 39ո41; Prussia as, 13, 14; responsibilities of, 30, 32-34, 51,107-9, 137, 152, 168; Russia as, 13-16, 105, 169 Greco-Bulgarian alliance, 167 Greco-Bulgarian confrontation, in Macedonia, 53-54, 57-59, 61-69, 71n20, 90-91 Greco-Ottoman rapprochement, 112 Greco-Turkish state, 105-6, 107, 112, 125n79, 169 Greco-Turkish War (1897), 30, 32, 33, 100 Greece, 90, 129; bankruptcies of, 20, 31, 33, 35, 45; BulgarianGreek confrontation, 116-17; buy Greek campaign, of Thessaloniki Organization, 62-63, 63n60, 65; economy of, 3, 31, 143; Europe relationship with, 14; freedom of, 16-18; history of, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9-12; Ionian Islands united with, 32; maritime tradition of, 15; occupation of, 161; as protectorate, 15; in Second World War, 143; SouliotisNikolaidis retirement in, 144-45; Thessaly added to, 32; Turks in, 130, 143-44,153, 169; as western country, 101-2. See also kings of Greece; Modem Greece, Greeks before 187 Greece, growing pains of: with Greek politics, 20-22, 29; King of Greece to King of the Hellenes, 24-32; with poverty of land and people, 18-20; with throne without king, 22-24, 25, 39n41 Greece, politics of, 20-22, 29; Communist Party with, 26, 159; on East-West axis, 3; foreign and
domestic affairs with, 17, 20; military coups and countercoups with, 35, 88, 137, 142; nationalism, 2-3; Ottoman-Greek political party, 167 Greek Army, Souliotis-Nikolaidis in, 46, 130-31, 134, 146n6 Greek Association of Friends of Peace, 144 Greek Church, 52-53 Greek Civil Service, 153 Greek Consulates, 57-58, 59-60, 61, 72n46 Greek Empire, 108 Greek interests, in Ottoman Macedonia, 105, 108, 110, 131-32 Greek irredentism, 2-3, 30, 90, 99, 108-9, 112, 165-66 Greek-language newspapers, 85-86 Greek Macedonian Committee, 54 Greek Orthodox Church, 62, 76, 157 Greek Parliament ( Vouli), 26-27 Greek Political League of Constantinople. See Ελληνικός Πολιτικός Σύνδεσμος Κωνσταντινουπόλεος Greek president, Kapodistrias as, 22, 23-24 Greek Prime Minister, Venizelos as, 35-36, 88,91, 118, 130, 137-39 Greek Revolt. See Greek War of Independence Greeks: in Constantinople, 76, 78-79, 81-84; in Macedonia, 61-62; in Turkey, 130 “Greek Spirit,” 115, 119
188 Index Greek Straggle for Macedonia, 66 Greek War of Independence, 4, 9,21, 29, 43, 99, 136; as cause célébre, 14; deus ex machina relating to, 12, 13; European public opinion of, 13-14; Great Powers relating to, 2, 3,13-16, 17, 20 Gregorian calendar, 4 Guaranteeing or Protective Powers. See Protective Powers Guerrilla bands, in Macedonian fight, 66 Hamline University, 2 health maladies, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 47, 49nl3, 135 Hellenic Army, Souliotis-Nikolaidis in, 4 Hellenism, 4, 58, 64, 104, 110, 139, 152; centers of, 29; Dragoumis, I., and Souliotis-Nikolaidis involvement with, 2, 37, 49, 118, 119, 167-68; philhellenism, 14-15 high sense of duty, of SouliotisNikolaidis, 166 history: ancient, 9-12; of Greece, 2; Modem Greek, 1, 3, 4; Russian, 2 humiliation, with Megali Idea, 33, 40n70, 100, 108 Hungary, 106, 154 ideas, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 3-4 ilinden Uprising (1903), 53 Imperial Germany, 109 Imperial Russia, 51 IMRO. See Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization “Independent Latin America,” 18 information-gathering, of Thessaloniki Organization, 60-61 intellectual side, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 168 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), 53-54 international factors, with fascism, 156 International League for Peace and Liberty, 106 investments, lack of, 19 Ionian Islands, 32 irredentism, 51, 104; Bulgarian, 53, 108, 111; Greek, 2-3, 30, 90,99, 108-9, 112, 165-66; Megali Idea ideology with, 28, 34 Jews, 56, 57, 63-64, 65, 109, 136 Joachim III (ecumenical patriarch), 81, 86-77, 94n55. See also Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople
journals, of Dragoumis, I., 97-98, 101, 103-4, 112, 140-41 Kapodistrias, John: assassination of, 24, 25; failures of, 23; as first president of Greece, 22, 23-24; modem tax system wanted by, 23; national land issues relating to, 24 Karaiskakis, Georgios, 21 Karatheodori (pasha), 105-6 Karatheodori-Zarifis plan, 106 Kingdom of Greece, 107, 110 King of the Hellenes, 24-32 kings of Greece: George II, 142; King of the Hellenes, 24-32; Otto, 24-28, 32. See also Constantine I; George I; throne without king Kolettis, John, 22, 26-27, 28-29 Koliodimitris, Apostólos, 43 Koliopoulos, John, 103,113 Kolokotronis, Theodoros, 21, 22, 25 Kopasis, Andreas (prince), 79 Koromilas, Lambros, 55, 58-59, 62, 67 Kosovo, 52 Kotopouli, Marika, 48, 98, 103-4, 12ІПІ0 Koundouriotis family of Hydra, 22 language and culture, of Greeks, before Modem Greece, 10 last call of duty, 158-61
Index last services rendered: confronting twentieth century, 153-58; last call of duty, 158-61; man without party, 151-54 law school, Souliotis-Nikolaidis in, 44-45, 98 League for Balkan Federation, 106 legacy, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 167-68 Lenin, Vladimir, 130 Leo III, the Isaurian, 10 Leo IV, the Khazar, 10 Letters from the Mountains (SouliotisNikolaidis), 44-45, 47 liberal democracy, 36 Liberal Party, 36, 143, 156 life, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis: 1920-1945, 142-45, 149n67; as parliament member, 143, 152, 168; wars of, 130-42; war years 1912-1920, 129-30, 138 lifelong learner, Souliotis-Nikolaidis as, 166 London Conference of 1832, 17 London Protocol (Treaty of London, 1830), 16-17 Lyons, Edmund, 17 Macedonia, 34, 109,170; Bulgarian cause in, 61-63; businesses in, 62-63, 65, 66, 73n58; GrecoBulgarian confrontation in, 53-54, 57-59, 61-69, 71n20, 90-91; Greek cause in, 61-62; Greek Struggle for Macedonia, 66; Guerrilla bands in fight for, 66; North Macedonia, republic of, 69; Ottoman Macedonia, 4, 56, 68, 80, 105, 108, 110, 131-32, 158; Struggle for Macedonia, 35, 67, 77, 108, 119, 142, 167 Macedonia conflict: Balkan states relating to, 51-53; ethnic affiliation impact on, 52-53, 70n6, 109, 123n56; religious affiliation impact on, 52 Macedonian Center, 77-78, 89 189 Macedonian Committee. See Μακεδονικό Κομιτάτο Macedonian Defense (Μακεδονική Άμυνα), 55 Macedonian fighter. See Makedonomachos Macedonian Struggle, 56, 62, 77,134, 144, 159 Macedonian territory, SouliotisNikolaidis relating to, 132, 147nl0 Macedonian Youth, 144 Mahmud II (sultan), 105 Μακεδονικό Κομιτάτο
(Macedonian Committee), 54, 86, 99-100 Makedonomachos (Macedonian fighter)., 67 Μακεδονική Άμυνα. See Macedonian Defense man without party, Souliotis-Nikolaidis as: conservative social values of, 151-53; political/ideological adjustments of, 151-54; suspicious politicians view by, 151-52 maritime tradition, of Greece, 15 marriage, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 145 Marxism, 158 Mavrokordatos, Alexander, 22 Mavromichalis family of Morea, 22 Megali Idea (Great Idea), 112, 115, 118-19, 143; Deligiannis as champion of, 31-33; division sown with, 29, 31; Dragoumis, L, and Souliotis-Nikolaidis belief in, 99-100, 107-10, 151-52, 154; end of, 130, 154; in Greek politics, 29; irredentist ideology of, 28, 34; moderates impact on, 30-31; populists impact on, 30; radicals impact on, 30-31; Trikoupis as opponent of, 106. See also Μεγάλη Ιδέα Megali Idea (Great Idea), fighting for, 36-37; Byzantine Empire relating to, 28-29; Crete relating to, 32-33; Great Powers impact on, 32-34;
190 Index humiliation with, 33, 40ո70, 100, 108; Ottoman Empire relating to, 29-31,33-35 Μεγάλη Ιδέα (Megali Idea, Great Idea), 28 Mela, Natalia, 98, 124n67, 141 Melas, Pavios, 54-55, 57, 62, 66-67, 80, 98, 141 merchants, sailors and, 18-19 Metaxas, Ioannis, dictatorship of, 143, 156, 160-61, 164n50 Metropolitan of Derkoi, 87 Metropolitan of Prousa, 87 Metternich, Clement, 25 Military Academy, Souliotis-Nikolaidis at, 44-45, 47-48, 88, 98, 131, 145, 166 military career: of Souliotis, Athanasios, 5, 7, 44, 46-48, 57-59, 75, 87, 131, 139, 144, 145; of SouliotisNikolaidis, 138-39 military coups and countercoups, in Greece, 35, 88, 137, 142 Military Party, 21 Minister of Forests and Mines, 84 Minister of State and Governor-General of Thrace, Souliotis-Nikolaidis as, 48, 159-61 Ministry of Defense, 6-7, 131 Ministry of Finance, 44 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 47-48, 54, 56, 59-60, 131, 133-35, 152 Ministry of the Interior, 27 Ministry of Military Affairs, 54, 82, 88, 145 Ministry of War, 82 mirror image, with Dragoumis, I., and Souliotis, Athanasios, 100 moderates, Megali Idea impacted by, 30-31 Modem Greece, Greeks before, 30, 101-2, 110, 131; ancient history of, 9-12; elites of, 10-12; fighting for Megali Idea, 28-37, 40n70, 100, 108; language and culture relating to, 10 Modem Greeks: division among, 136; history of, 1,3,4 Modem Hellenism, 110 modernity, 153 modernization, 31, 36 Monastir, 52,132,133-34 Montenegro, 33, 90, 129,131 Morea, 21 Muslim Albanians, 136 Mutual insurance company, 57, 77 Napoleon, 13 Napoleonic Wars, 12 nationalism, 2-3, 107, 117, 152; in Bulgaria,
108-9, 110; Socialist Nationalism, 157; of Turks, 114-15, 126n92, 130 National Land Bank of Greece, 144 national land issues, 24 National Schism. See Εθνικός Διχασμός Native Americans, 168 NATO, 3 Nazis, 154,155,162nl6 Νέα Ημέρα (New Day), 140 Neohellenic Enlightenment, 12 neutrality , Constantine I as advocate of, 130, 136-37 New Day. See Νέα Ημέρα new realities, new direction, new challenges, 80-89 Nicholas I (emperor), 14-15, 25, 30 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 102, 156 Nikoglou, George, 133 Nikolaidis, Athanasios, 91; career of, 56-59, 75, 77, 86, 88-89, 91nl, 94n60, 95n66. See also SouliotisNikolaidis, Athanasios non-CUP Turks, 84, 89 North Macedonia, republic of, 69 Nothmann, 56-57, 59 occupation, of Greece, 161 Olympic Games, of 2004, 3 Όσοι Ζωντανοί (Those who are Alive) (Dragoumis, I.), 97-98
Index opportunity, with Eastern Federation, 116-20, 116ПІ04 Οργάνωσις Κωνσταντινουπόλεως (Constantinople Organization), 77-78 “Oriental Despotism,” 14 Orthodox Christians, 22, 52 Orthodox Church, 10-11, 15, 53, 152-53 Otto, son of King Ludwig I of Bavaria, as King of Greece, 27, 32; Athens made capital by, 25; constitution granted by, 26, 28; policies enacted by, 25; political mentors of, 25; regency council for, 24-25 Ottoman-Egyptian fleet, 16 Ottoman Empire, 2,17, 23, 80-83, 85, 102, 169-70; Balkan states relating to, 51-53, 129-30, 135; Constantinople as political center of, 4, 10-15, 76; decline of, 105-6, 108; dismemberment of, 138; Megali Idea relating to, 29-31, 33-35 Ottoman-Greek political party, 167 Ottoman Macedonia, 4, 56, 68, 80, 158; Greek and Bulgarian interests in, 105, 108, 110, 131-32 Ottoman Muslim Empire, 11 Ottoman Parliament, 84, 85, 89 Ottoman Sultan, 15, 16-17, 33, 34 Ottoman Turks, Turkokratia relating to, 10 Panayotopoulos, Alkis J., 107, 115 Panhellenic Organization, 77, 78, 82 Panslavism, 34, 51, 70n4 parliaments: Greek Parliament, 26-27; Ottoman Parliament, 84, 85, 89; Souliotis-Nikolaidis in, 143, 152,168 Patriarchate. See Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople patriotism, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 169-70 Paxton, Robert, 157 Payne, Stanley, 155-56 191 pension, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 6-7, 145 philhellenism, 14-15 policies, of Otto, 25 political alliance, pre-election, 84 political and social beliefs, of Dragoumis, I., and Souliotis, Athanasios, 100-104, 122n27 political center, of Constantinople, 4, 10-15, 76 political defeats, of
Venizelos, 36, 48, 130, 142, 143 political factors, with fascism, 155 political figure, Dragoumis, I., 1, 55-56, 62 political/ideological adjustments, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 151-54 political mentors, of Otto, 25 political parties, 21-22, 84, 167 Political Review (Πολιτική Επιθεώριση), 140, 141, 144, 149ո54, 161 politics, of Greece, 20-22, 29 Πολιτική Επιθεώριση. See Political Review population: ethnic, of Constantinople, 76, 92n3; poverty relating to, 19 populists, Megali Idea impacted by, 30 poverty, of land and people: with animal husbandry, 18; with borrowing, bonds, and credit, 19-20; with displaced and/or unemployed fighters, 19; with lack of investments, 19; population relating to, 19; with soil, 18; with warfare, 18-19 pre-election political alliance, 84 prefect of Fiorina district, SouliotisNikolaidis as, 48, 158-60,164n43, 167 prefect of Yannena, Souliotis-Nikolaidis as, 48, 136, 139-40, 153 prime ministers: Deligiannis as, 31-33, 35, 40n63, 45, 46; Dragoumis, S., as, 99; Trikoupis as, 31, 35, 45, 106; Venizelos as, 35-36, 88, 91, 118, 130, 137-39
192 Index promotion, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 7 “The Prophecies of Alexander,” 62 Protective Powers: throne without king relating to, 22-24, 25, 39n41; United Kingdom, France, Austria as, 3, 17, 22, 29. See also Great Powers protectorate, Greece as, 15 proto-fascist, Dragoumis, I., as, 156, 163n23 Prussia, 13, 14. See also Great Powers radicals, Megali Idea impacted by, 30-31 rank and pension petition, during retirement, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 145 recognition, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 2, 144-45, 165-67 Red Sultan, 76 Reformation, 11 reformer, Souliotis-Nikolaidis as, 156 regency council, for Otto, 24-25 regeneration, 154-55 religious affiliation, Macedonia conflict impacted by, 52 Renaissance, 11, 12 Republic Medal of Macedonian Struggle, 144 reputations: of Dragoumis. I., 103—4; of Souliotis, Athanasios, 103—4 responsibilities: of Great Powers, 30, 32-34, 51, 107-9, 137, 152, 168; of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 167 retirement years, of SouliotisNikolaidis: employment during, 144; in Germany, 144, 152; in Greece, 144-45; marriage during, 145; rank and pension petition during, 145; recognition of past services during, 2, 144-45, 165-67 right-wing ideas, of Dragoumis, I., 101, 121n22, 122n24 “The Road Leads to the East, not the West” (Dragoumis, I.), 102 Roccas, Constantine, 106 Romania, 33, 64, 73n64, 77, 129,155 Romaniote Jewish minority, in Yannena, 136 royalist views, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 137-39 Rumeli, 21 Russia, 17, 20, 22-23, 29; Bolshevik takeover of, 154; Communist Russia, 130; as Great Power, 13-16,105, 169; Imperial Russia, 51; Panslavism and, 34, 51, 70n4 Russian
Empire, 109, 118 Russian Federation, Eastern Federation and, 105-6 Russian Party, 22, 23 Russo-Turkish War: of 1828-1829,16, 29; of 1877-1878, 32 Sabahaddin (prince), 84 Sakki, David, 63 salary, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 46, 49n9 Salónica, 52 sanatorium, Souliotis-Nikolaidis in, 5-6, 6, 8nl Second Balkan War, 117, 126nll7, 129 Second World War, 136, 143, 155 secularism, 81 Serbia, 33-34, 51, 53, 90, 109, 129, 131-32 Serbian Army, 132 sick man ofEurope, 30, 76, 105 Slavic people, 34, 56, 61, 65, 159, 167-68 Slovakia, 68 Smyrna, 37, 117 social features, with fascism, 155 socialism, 35, 107, 153,155,157 Socialist Nationalism, 157 soil, poverty relating to, 18 Souliotis, Athanasios: in Athens, 5, 6, 43-46, 87-88; background of, 98-99; in Constantinople Organization, 79-91, 93n28; Koromilas and, 58-59; as lieutenant, 5, 7, 44, 46-48, 57-59, 75, 87; as lieutenant colonel,
Index 131, 139, 144, 145; as major general, 7; Patriarch relationship with, 86-87; reputation of, 103—4; with Thessaloniki Organization, 59-66, 74n73, 75, 77-79, 89-90, 104, 143, 152, 167,169,170; undercover work of, 59-69, 75, 87, 166-67; works of, 115. See also Dragoumis, I., Souliotis, Athanasios relationship with; Souliotis-Nikolaidis, Athanasios Soulioti, Maria (mother), 44 Souliotis, Miltiadis (father), 43-44, 98 Soulioti, Sofia (wife), x, 5-7, 49, 97, 100, 161, 166 Souliotis-Dragoumis version, of Eastern Federation, 107-16, 118-19, 124n59, 124n65, 124n72, 125n85, 127nll4 Souliotis-Nikolaidis, Athanasios, 8n4. See also Nikolaidis, Athanasios; Souliotis, Athanasios; Thanasis; specific topics Struggle for Macedonia, 35, 67, 77,108, 119, 142, 167 sultans, 112; Abdul Hamid II, 64-77; Mahmud II, 105; Ottoman Sultan, 15, 16-17, 33, 34 suspicious politicians, SouliotisNikolaidis view of, 151-52 Switzerland, 18 Syros, 43 Tanzimat era, 105 tax farming, 23-24 tax system, 23 terrorism, 68-69. See also violence Thanasis, 45, 98, 99, 103, 142 Theodoroff Division, SouliotisNikolaidis in, 132-33 Thessaloniki, 56, 90, 104, 130, 132-34, 139; Koromilas as Consul-General of, 55, 58; military coup in, 137 Thessaloniki Merchants Association, 61 Thessaloniki Organization, 132; buy Greek campaign of, 62-63, 63n60, 193 65; economic boycott by, 63; Executive of, 64-65, 67, 73n67; information-gathering of, 60-61; Souliotis, Athanasios work with, 59-66, 74n73, 75, 77-79, 89-90, 104, 143, 152, 167, 169, 170; undercover work of, 59-69, 72n48 Thessaly, 32 Those Who are Alive (Dragoumis). See Όσοι
Ζωντανοί Thrace, 48, 144, 159-61 throne without king: banditry relating to, 23, 24; Protective Powers relating to, 22-24,25, 39n41; tax farming relating to, 23-24 Tolstoy, Leo, 102 traits, of Dragoumis, I., and Souliotis, Athanasios, 100-101 Treaty of Adrianople, 16 Treaty of Constantinople, 17 Treaty of Lausanne (1923), 37 Treaty of London. See London Protocol Trikoupis, Charilaos, as prime minister, 31,35,45, 106 Turkey, 33, 37, 130; nationalism in, 114-15, 126n92, 130 Turkokratia, 10 Turks, 16, 21, 37, 58, 77-78, 106, 109; Great Powers with, 33; in Greece, 130, 143-44, 153, 169; nationalism of, 114-15, 126n92, 130; Ottoman, 10; in Thessaloniki, 56 twentieth century, Souliotis-Nikolaidis confronting of, 153-58 undercover work: of Souliotis, Athanasios as, 59-69, 75, 87,16667; of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 4, 131; of Thessaloniki Organization, 59-69, 72n48 Undersecretary for Foreign Affairs, 10 unemployment, during retirement, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis, 144 United Kingdom. See Great Britain United Opposition, 141, 143, 168
194 Index United States, 18, 38n22 venizelists, 36, 48, 136-37, 139-41, 145, 156, 159 Venizelos, Eleftherios: Balkan Wars involvement of, 130, 133-34, 135; Dragoumis, L, and, 101,138-39, 141-42, 149n59; as Greek prime minister, 35-36, 88, 91, 118,130, 137-39; last years and death of, 142; Liberal Party of, 36, 143, 156; political defeats of, 36,48, 130,142, 143; Souliotis-Nikolaidis views of, 137—40, 152, 168 Vėrėmis, Thanos, 103, 113, 114 violence, 64-69, 74n68 Vlachs, 109 Vouli. See Greek Parliament warfare, poverty relating to, 18-19 wars: Ministry of War, 82. See also specific wars wars, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis: ailments relating to, 135; anti-Ottoman alliance relating to, 131-32; antivenizelism relating to, 137-39; assassination target relating to, 135; British contact relating to, 135; Bulgarian mission of, 132-34; Bulgarian Seventh Division relating to, 132; civilian job relating to, 13536; contact missions with, 134-35, 147nl8; as Diplomatic Messenger, 134; in Greek Army, 130-31,134, 146n6; Macedonian territory relating to, 132, 147n 10; prefect position relating to, 137, 139; royalist views relating to, 137-39; stalled military career relating to, 138-39; in Theodoroff Division, 132-33; travels relating to, 134 war years 1912-1920, 130; First Balkan War 1912-1913,129,138; First World War, 129, 138; Second Balkan War 1913,117,126nll7,129 Western Civilization, 102 western country, Greece as, 101-2 western culture, critics of, 102 Western-style democracy, 80 wife, of Souliotis-Nikolaidis. See Soulioti, Sofia working people, plight of, 157 Xanalatos, Diogenis, 113
Yannena, 43, 48, 135-36, 139,153 Young Turk revolt (1908-1909), 82, 86, 105,111 Young Turks, 64, 78, 80, 83, 88, 90, 94n58; Eastern Federation relating to, 113, 114, 115-16, 118, 126n98. See also Committee of Union and Progress Zannas, Alexander D., 109 Zarifis, George, 105-6 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Mazis, John Athanasios |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1254554114 |
| author_facet | Mazis, John Athanasios |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Mazis, John Athanasios |
| author_variant | j a m ja jam |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047847465 |
| contents | The End of The Line -- Greece at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century -- The Ordinary Life of an Obscure Army Officer -- Cloak and Dagger in the Balkans -- Cloak and Dagger in Constantinople -- Friends and Intellectual Partners -- The Life of Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis -- Last Services Rendered -- Some Final Thoughts |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1310242088 (DE-599)BVBBV047847465 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Griechenland |
| id | DE-604.BV047847465 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:13:58Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-31T00:53:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781793634443 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033230344 |
| oclc_num | 1310242088 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | xi, 195 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220404 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Lexington Books |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Mazis, John Athanasios Verfasser (DE-588)1254554114 aut Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis and Greek irredentism a life in the shadows John Athanasios Mazis Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Lexington Books [2022] xi, 195 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The End of The Line -- Greece at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century -- The Ordinary Life of an Obscure Army Officer -- Cloak and Dagger in the Balkans -- Cloak and Dagger in Constantinople -- Friends and Intellectual Partners -- The Life of Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis -- Last Services Rendered -- Some Final Thoughts "This study examines the life of Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis (1878-1945), a Greek military officer and undercover agent in the Ottoman Empire. In particular, the author examines his role in Greek irredentism, his ideology, and his other connections to Ion Dragoumis" Suliōtēs-Nikolaïdēs, Athanasios 1878-1945 (DE-588)10323845X gnd rswk-swf Irredentismus (DE-588)4269920-4 gnd rswk-swf Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 gnd rswk-swf Souliōtēs-Nikolaidēs, Athanasios / 1878-1945 Irredentism / Greece / History / 20th century Greece / History / 1917-1944 Dragoumēs, Iōn / 1878-1920 / Friends and associates Greece / Stratos / Geniko Epiteleio / Biography Organōsis Thessalonikēs (Thessalonikē, Greece) / History Intelligence officers / Greece / Biography Dragoumēs, Iōn / 1878-1920 Greece / Stratos / Geniko Epiteleio Friendship Intelligence officers Irredentism Greece 1900-1999 Biographies History Suliōtēs-Nikolaïdēs, Athanasios 1878-1945 (DE-588)10323845X p Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 g Irredentismus (DE-588)4269920-4 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-79363-445-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033230344&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033230344&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033230344&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Mazis, John Athanasios Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis and Greek irredentism a life in the shadows The End of The Line -- Greece at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century -- The Ordinary Life of an Obscure Army Officer -- Cloak and Dagger in the Balkans -- Cloak and Dagger in Constantinople -- Friends and Intellectual Partners -- The Life of Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis -- Last Services Rendered -- Some Final Thoughts Suliōtēs-Nikolaïdēs, Athanasios 1878-1945 (DE-588)10323845X gnd Irredentismus (DE-588)4269920-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)10323845X (DE-588)4269920-4 (DE-588)4022047-3 |
| title | Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis and Greek irredentism a life in the shadows |
| title_auth | Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis and Greek irredentism a life in the shadows |
| title_exact_search | Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis and Greek irredentism a life in the shadows |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis and Greek irredentism a life in the shadows |
| title_full | Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis and Greek irredentism a life in the shadows John Athanasios Mazis |
| title_fullStr | Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis and Greek irredentism a life in the shadows John Athanasios Mazis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis and Greek irredentism a life in the shadows John Athanasios Mazis |
| title_short | Athanasios Souliotis-Nikolaidis and Greek irredentism |
| title_sort | athanasios souliotis nikolaidis and greek irredentism a life in the shadows |
| title_sub | a life in the shadows |
| topic | Suliōtēs-Nikolaïdēs, Athanasios 1878-1945 (DE-588)10323845X gnd Irredentismus (DE-588)4269920-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Suliōtēs-Nikolaïdēs, Athanasios 1878-1945 Irredentismus Griechenland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033230344&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033230344&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033230344&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mazisjohnathanasios athanasiossouliotisnikolaidisandgreekirredentismalifeintheshadows |