Climate and society in Europe: the last thousand years
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bern
Haupt Verlag
2021
|
| Ausgabe: | 1st edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 397 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (farbig) |
| ISBN: | 9783258082349 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV047847306 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
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| 008 | 220222s2021 sz a||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 016 | 7 | |a 1230567259 |2 DE-101 | |
| 020 | |a 9783258082349 |c hbk. |9 978-3-258-08234-9 | ||
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| 035 | |a (DE-599)DNB1230567259 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Pfister, Christian |d 1944- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)124217338 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Climate and society in Europe |b the last thousand years |c Christian Pfister, Heinz Wanner |
| 250 | |a 1st edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Bern |b Haupt Verlag |c 2021 | |
| 300 | |a 397 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (farbig) | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1000-2000 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Umweltveränderung |0 (DE-588)4304982-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Klimavariation |0 (DE-588)4591698-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Gesellschaft |0 (DE-588)4020588-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Europa |0 (DE-588)4015701-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 653 | |a Erde/Klima/Wasser | ||
| 653 | |a Klimageschichte | ||
| 653 | |a Klimawandel | ||
| 653 | |a Sozialgeschichte | ||
| 653 | |a Klimatologie | ||
| 653 | |a Naturkatastrophen | ||
| 653 | |a Umweltgeschichte | ||
| 653 | |a Natur | ||
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Europa |0 (DE-588)4015701-5 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Klimavariation |0 (DE-588)4591698-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Umweltveränderung |0 (DE-588)4304982-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Gesellschaft |0 (DE-588)4020588-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1000-2000 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Wanner, Heinz |d 1945- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)111665558 |4 aut | |
| 710 | 2 | |a Haupt Verlag |0 (DE-588)2017785-9 |4 pbl | |
| 775 | 0 | 8 | |i Parallele Sprachausgabe |a Pfister, Christian |t Klima und Gesellschaft in Europa |z 978-3-258-08182-3 |w (DE-604)BV047272236 |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-3-258-48234-7 |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033230192&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804183408613523456 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
PREFACE
.........................................................................
8
ABBREVIATIONS
...............................................................
10
I.
INTRODUCTION
...........................................................
13
1.1
THE
SWITCH
TO
RAPID
WARMING
-
A
NEW
COMPARATIVE
BASIS
IN
CLIMATE
HISTORY
14
1.2
TWO
SCIENTIFIC
CULTURES
15
1.3
COMMON
GROUND
20
1.4
THE
CLIMATE
SYSTEM
23
1.5
THE
GLOBAL
ENERGY
BALANCE
-
DRIVER
OF
THE
CLIMATE
SYSTEM
26
1.6
WHAT
DETERMINED
THE
HOLOCENE
ENERGY
AND
TEMPERATURE
FLUCTUATIONS?
27
1.7
CIRCULATION,
ENERGY
AND
MASS
EXCHANGE
-
BASIC
ELEMENTS
OF
CLIMATE
DYNAMICS
29
1.8
FORCING
DISTURBANCES
AND
INTERNAL
VARIABILITY
GENERATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
33
1.9
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
BOOK
38
2.
OTZI
S
WAKE-UP
CALL
................................................
41
2.1
INTRODUCTION
42
2.2
FACING
A
NEOLITHIC
MUMMY
42
INSERT
2A:
THE
MOST
THOROUGHLY
INVESTIGATED
BODY
IN
THE
WORLD
2.3
OTZI
S
LAST
HIKE
44
INSERT
2B:
THE
LONGER-TERM
CLIMATIC
BACKGROUND
2.4
OTZI
AND
THE
MID-HOLOCENE
TRANSITION
TO
COOLER
CLIMATE
51
2.5
CONCLUSION
55
3.
THELONGARMOFTAMBORA
.....................................
57
3.1
INTRODUCTION
58
3.2
DARK
NIGHT
AT
MIDDAY
58
3.3
A
GLOBAL
WEATHER
CHAOS
60
INSERT
JA;
DISASTER
ALERT
IN
A
MOUNTAIN
VALLEY
3.4
EUROPE
S
LAST
SUBSISTENCE
CRISIS
65
3.5
CONTRASTING
VULNERABILITIES
68
3.6
TOO
MANY
HUNGER
REFUGEES
73
INSERT
3B:
THE
BIRTH
OF
FRANKENSTEIN
AND
DRACULA
3.7
CONCLUSION
77
4.
FROM
WEATHER
NARRATIVES
TO
CLIMATE
SCIENCE
......
79
4.1
INTRODUCTION
80
4.2
AN
ANIMATED
ENVIRONMENT
81
4.3
DEVELOPING
WEATHER
CHRONICLES
83
4.3.1
THE
GRAECO-ARABIC
LEGACY
4.3.2
THE
12TH-CENTURY
RENAISSANCE
4.3.3
REPORTING
UNDER
CLERICAL
CONTROL
4.3.4
OUTSTANDING
WEATHER
CHRONICLERS
4.4
SYSTEMATIC
WEATHER
REPORTING
90
4.4.1
THE
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
ASTROMETEOROLOGY
4.4.2
WEATHER
REPORTS
FROM
THE
WORLD
S
OCEANS
4.4.3
OUTSTANDING
WEATHER
DIARISTS
4.5
THE
INSTRUMENTAL
MEASUREMENT
OF
THE
WEATHER
98
4.5.1
A
BREEDING
GROUND
FOR
INNOVATIONS
4.5.2
THE
ESTABLISHMENT
OF
METEOROLOGICAL
NETWORKS
4.6
A
FUNDAMENTAL
BREAK
103
4.6.1
THE
RISE
OF
SCIENTIFIC
METEOROLOGY
AND
CLIMATOLOGY
4.6.2
THE
EXCLUSION
OF
EXTREME
EVENTS
4.7
SUMMARY
AND
CONCLUSION
107
5.
RECONSTRUCTING
PAST
CLIMATE
..............................109
5.1
INTRODUCTION
110
5.2
EVIDENCE
FROM
ARCHIVES
OF
NATURE
110
5.2.1
SIGNAL
DETECTION
AND
DATING
5.2.2
TREES
NEVER
FORGET
5.2.3
MUD
WITH
A
LONG-TERM
MEMORY
5.2.4
ICE
CORES
-
LONG
FROZEN
CLIMATE
CALENDARS
5.2.5
STALAGMITES
-
AN
ARCHIVE
GROWING
DROP
BY
DROP
5.2.6
GLACIERS
AND
TREELINES
-
SYNTHETIC
INTEGRA
TORS
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
5.3
EVIDENCE
FROM
ARCHIVES
OF
SOCIETIES
122
5.3.1
A
PUZZLE
WITH
MISSING
PIECES
5.3.2
HOW
GLACIERS
BECAME
PICTURES
5.3.3
THE
BLESSINGS
OF
HISTORICAL
ADMINISTRATIONS
5.3.4
THE
SUMMER
HALF-YEAR
IN
THE
LIGHT
OF
VINE
GROWING
5.3.5
CULTURAL
RESPONSES
TO
CLIMATIC
STRESS
5.4
NUMBERS
OUT
OF
WORDS
-
THE
CONCEPT
OF
INDICES
133
5.5
OUTLOOK
TO
CHAPTERS
6
TO
8
136
6.
EUROPEAN
CLIMATE
-
PRESENT
AND
PAST
................
137
6.1
THE
EUROPEAN
TOPOGRAPHY
AT
A
GLANCE
138
6.2
SPATIAL
OVERVIEW
OF
CURRENT
EUROPEAN
CLIMATE
139
6.3
A
1000-YEAR
LONG
OVERVIEW
144
6.4
A
1000
YEAR-LONG
SIMULATION
149
7.
THE
HIGH
MEDIEVAL
PERIOD
1000
TO
1300
AD...................................................
151
7.1
INTRODUCTION
AND
GUIDE
TO
SOURCE
REFERENCES
152
7.2
A
WARM
PEAK
AROUND
1000
AD
153
INSERT
7
A:
VIKINGS
ON
A
VOYAGE
OF
DISCOVERY
-FROM
ICELAND
TO
THE
NEW
WORLD
7.3
THE
11TH
CENTURY
156
7.3.1
WINTERS
FROM
1000
TO
1099
INSERT
7B:
THE
ROAD
TO
CANOSSA
-PUREFICTION?
7.3.2
SUMMERS
FROM
1000
TO
1099
7.3.3
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
11TH
CENTURY
7.4
THE
12TH
CENTURY
160
7.4.1
WINTERS
FROM
1100
TO
1199
7.4.2
SUMMERS
FROM
1100
TO
1199
7.4.3
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
12TH
CENTURY
5
7-5
THE
13TH
CENTURY
164
7.5.1
WINTERS
FROM
1200
TO
1299
7.5.2
SPRINGS
FROM
1200
TO
1299
7.5.3
SUMMERS
FROM
1200
TO
1299
INSERT
7C:
OLIVE
TREES
IN
COLOGNE
7.5.4
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
13TH
CENTURY
8.
THE
BOREAL
LITTLE
ICE
AGE
AND
THE
SHORT
TWENTIETH
CENTURY
..............................................
171
8.1
INTRODUCTION
172
8.2
THE
FATEFUL
14TH
CENTURY
173
8.2.1
WINTERS
FROM
1300
TO
1399
8.2.2
SPRINGS
FROM
1300
TO
1399
8.2.3
SUMMERS
FROM
1300
TO
1399
INSERT
8A:
THE
MILLENNIUMFLOOD
OF
JULY
1342
8.2.4
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
14TH
CENTURY
INSERT
8B:
THE
FLOWERED
ALP
SAGA
8.3
THE
FROSTY
15TH
CENTURY
182
8.3.1
WINTERS
FROM
1400
TO
1499
8.3.2
SPRINGS
FROM
1400
TO
1499
INSERT
8C:
WOLVES
IN
PARIS
8.3.3
THE
14-MONTH-IONG
HEAT
AND
DROUGHT
IN
1473
TO
1474
INSERT
8D:
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
OUTSTANDING
HOT
AND
DRY
EUROPEAN
SUMMERS
8.3.4
SUMMERS
FROM
1400
TO
1499
8.3.5
AUTUMNS
FROM
1400
TO
1499
8.3.6
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
15TH
CENTURY
8.4
THE
TWO-FACED
16TH
CENTURY
193
8.4.1
WINTERS
FROM
1500
TO
1599
8.4.2
SPRINGS
FROM
1500
TO
1599
8.4.3
SUMMERS
FROM
1500
TO
1599
8.4.4
THE
11-MONTH-LONG
HEAT
AND
DROUGHT
IN
1540
8.4.5
AUTUMNS
FROM
1500
TO
1599
INSERT
8E:
THE
FATE
OFTHE
SPANISH
ARMADA
8.4.6
ANNUAL
TEMPERATURES
FROM
1500
TO
1599
8.4.7
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
16TH
CENTURY
8.5
THE
VOLATILE
17TH
CENTURY
207
8.5.1
WINTERS
FROM
1600
TO
1699
8.5.2
SPRINGS
FROM
1600
TO
1699
8.5.3
SUMMERS
FROM
1600
TO
1699
INSERT
8F:
THE
MOST
DEVASTATING
INFERNO
INPEACETIME
8.5.4
AUTUMNS
FROM
1600
TO
1699
8.5.5
ANNUAL
TEMPERATURES
FROM
1600
TO
1699
8.5.6
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
17TH
CENTURY
INSERT
8G:
WHY
THE
GREENLAND
WHALES
SURVIVED
8.6
THE
QUIET
18TH
CENTURY
219
8.6.1
WINTERS
FROM
1700
TO
1799
INSERT
8H:
SUDDEN
STRATOSPHERIC
WARMING
AND
THE
BIG
CHILL
OF
1709
8.6.2
SPRINGS
FROM
1700
TO
1799
8.6.3
SUMMERS
FROM
1700
TO
1799
INSERT
81:
FIVE
MONTHS
OF
VOLCANIC
HAZE
OVER
EUROPE
8.6.4
AUTUMNS
FROM
1700
TO
1799
8.6.5
ANNUAL
TEMPERATURES
FROM
1700
TO
1799
8.6.6
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
18TH
CENTURY
8.7
THE
RECORD-BREAKING
COLD
19TH
CENTURY
230
8.7.1
INTRODUCTION
8.7.2
WINTERS
FROM
1800
TO
1899
INSERT
8J:
EVENTS
AND
SPORTING
ACTIVITIES
ON
THE
ICE
8.7.3
SPRINGS
FROM
1800
TO
1899
8.7.4
SUMMERS
FROM
1800
TO
1899
8.7.5
AUTUMNS
FROM
1800
TO
1899
8.7.6
ANNUAL
TEMPERATURES
FROM
1800
TO
1899
8.7.7
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
19TH
CENTURY
8.8
THE
SLOW-WARMING
20TH
CENTURY
238
8.8.1
WINTERS
FROM
1900
TO
1999
INSERT
8K:
WINTER
1963
-
THE
LAST
MEMORY
OF
THE
LITTLE
ICE
AGE
8.8.2
SPRINGS
FROM
1900
TO
1999
8.8.3
SUMMERS
FROM
1900
TO
1999
8.8.4
AUTUMNS
FROM
1900
TO
1999
8.8.5
ANNUAL
TEMPERATURES
FROM
1900
TO
1999
8.8.6
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
SHORT
TWENTIETH
CENTURY
8.9
ANNUAL
TEMPERATURES
FROM
1500
TO
1999
246
9.
WEATHER,
CLIMATE,
AND
THE
HUMAN
WORLD
........
247
9.1
INTRODUCTION
248
9.2
POPULATION
SIZE
AS
A
NEW
FOCUS
250
9.3
THE
MEDIEVAL
DEMOGRAPHIC
GREENHOUSE
254
9.4
SETBACK
AND
STAGNATION
263
INSERT
9
A
:
BIOLOGICAL
WARFARE
AND
THE
BLACK
DEATH
INSERT
9B:
FORGING
THE
HAMMER
OF
WITCHES
9.5
THE
TWO-FACED
16TH
CENTURY
271
INSERT
9C:
THE
AGE
OF
WITCH
HUNTS
1570-1630
9.6
A
CORNUCOPIA
OF
INNOVATIONS
277
9.6.1
A
NEW
MOMENTUM
IN
DEMOGRAPHIC
GROWTH
9.6.2
ENFORCING
QUARANTINE
9.6.3
MODERNISING
AGRICULTURE
9.7
SEVERE
FAMINES
AND
OVERCOMING
THEM
281
9.7.1
HUNGER
AND
CLIMATE
VARIABILITY
9.7.2
IMPACTS
OF
CLIMATE
VARIABILITY
9.7.3
THE
MILLENNIUM
FAMINE
OF
1195
TO
1197
9.7.4
13TH-CENTURY
FAMINES
9.7.5
THE
GREAT
EUROPEAN
FAMINE
OF
1315-17
9.7.6
THE
DEADLY
FROST
FAMINE
OF
1437-38
9.7.7
THE
MALTHUSIAN
FAMINE
OF
1569-74
9.7.8
THE
PERENNIAL
CRISIS
OF
1585-1601
9.7.9
FAMINES
DURING
THE
17TH
AND
EARLY
18TH
CENTURIES
9.7.10
SUBSISTENCE
CRISES
AND
FAMINES
IN
THE
LATE
18TH
AND
19TH
CENTURIES
9.8
SUMMARY
AND
CONCLUSION
294
6
IO.
EUROPEAN
CLIMATE
OVER
THE
LAST
MILLENNIUM
...
297
10.1
THE
SEASONALLY
RESOLVED
CLIMATE
OF
THE
PERIOD
1000
TO
1989
AD
298
10.1.1
INTRODUCTION
10.1.2
THE
EVOLUTION
OF
SEASONAL
TEMPERATURES
PRIOR
TO
THE
RECENT
WARMING
PERIOD
(RWP)
10.1.3
FORCING
FACTORS
AND
THE
LONGER-TERM
PICTURE
10.1.4
SEASONAL
OVERVIEW
OF
PAST
MILLENNIUM
CLIMATE
10.1.5
THE
TRANSITIONS
FROM
THE
HMP
TO
THE
BLIA
AND
FROM
THE
STC
TO
THE
RWP
10.2
GLACIER
FLUCTUATIONS
309
10.3
TREE
LINE
FLUCTUATIONS
314
10.4
CLIMATE
AND
HUMAN
AFFAIRS
315
11.
FROM
SLOW-GOING
TO
RAPID
WARMING
................
319
11.1
TRAPPED
IN
THE
GREENHOUSE:
FROM
EARLY
DETECTION
TO
FULL
MANIFESTATION
320
11.1.1
INTRODUCTION
11.1.2
SCIENTIFIC
PIONEERS
AND
EARLY
ALERTERS
11.1.3
THE
GREENHOUSE
DEBATE
REACHES
THE
INTERNATIONAL
LEVEL
11.1.4
THE
GREENHOUSE
CONTROVERSY
11.2
THE
1950S
SYNDROME
328
11.3
THE
SUDDEN
TRANSITION
TO
SUSTAINED
WARMING
334
11.3.1
THE
RECENT
WARM
PERIOD
(RWP)
11.3.2
FUTURE
CLIMATE
SCENARIOS
11.4
THE
RETURN
OF
VULNERABILITY
340
ANNEX
........................................................................
349
ENDNOTES
....................................................................
350
REFERENCES
................................................................
369
SOURCES
......................................................................
387
INDEX
.........................................................................
389
FIGURE
CREDITS
............................................................
392
THANKS
TO
THE
SPONSORS
............................................397
ONLINE
APPENDIX
PFISTER,
CHRISTIAN;
WANNER,
HEINZ
(2021).
CLIMATE
AND
SOCIETY
IN
EUROPE
-
THE
LAST
THOUSAND
YEARS.
DOI:
10.7892^005.148155
OR
HTTPS://BORIS.UNIBE.CH/ID/EPRINT/148155
TABLE
1
SOURCES
FOR
WINTER
TABLE
2
SOURCES
FOR
SPRING
TABLE
3
SOURCES
FOR
SUMMER
LIST
OF
SOURCES
FOR
TABLE
1
TO
3
TABLE
4
CENTENNIAL
SUMS
OF
PFISTER-INDICES
1000-1999
7
|
| adam_txt |
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
PREFACE
.
8
ABBREVIATIONS
.
10
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
13
1.1
THE
SWITCH
TO
RAPID
WARMING
-
A
NEW
COMPARATIVE
BASIS
IN
CLIMATE
HISTORY
14
1.2
TWO
SCIENTIFIC
CULTURES
15
1.3
COMMON
GROUND
20
1.4
THE
CLIMATE
SYSTEM
23
1.5
THE
GLOBAL
ENERGY
BALANCE
-
DRIVER
OF
THE
CLIMATE
SYSTEM
26
1.6
WHAT
DETERMINED
THE
HOLOCENE
ENERGY
AND
TEMPERATURE
FLUCTUATIONS?
27
1.7
CIRCULATION,
ENERGY
AND
MASS
EXCHANGE
-
BASIC
ELEMENTS
OF
CLIMATE
DYNAMICS
29
1.8
FORCING
DISTURBANCES
AND
INTERNAL
VARIABILITY
GENERATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
33
1.9
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
BOOK
38
2.
OTZI
'
S
WAKE-UP
CALL
.
41
2.1
INTRODUCTION
42
2.2
FACING
A
NEOLITHIC
MUMMY
42
INSERT
2A:
THE
MOST
THOROUGHLY
INVESTIGATED
BODY
IN
THE
WORLD
2.3
OTZI
'
S
LAST
HIKE
44
INSERT
2B:
THE
LONGER-TERM
CLIMATIC
BACKGROUND
2.4
OTZI
AND
THE
MID-HOLOCENE
TRANSITION
TO
COOLER
CLIMATE
51
2.5
CONCLUSION
55
3.
THELONGARMOFTAMBORA
.
57
3.1
INTRODUCTION
58
3.2
DARK
NIGHT
AT
MIDDAY
58
3.3
A
GLOBAL
WEATHER
CHAOS
60
INSERT
JA;
DISASTER
ALERT
IN
A
MOUNTAIN
VALLEY
3.4
EUROPE
'
S
LAST
SUBSISTENCE
CRISIS
65
3.5
CONTRASTING
VULNERABILITIES
68
3.6
TOO
MANY
HUNGER
REFUGEES
73
INSERT
3B:
THE
BIRTH
OF
FRANKENSTEIN
AND
DRACULA
3.7
CONCLUSION
77
4.
FROM
WEATHER
NARRATIVES
TO
CLIMATE
SCIENCE
.
79
4.1
INTRODUCTION
80
4.2
AN
ANIMATED
ENVIRONMENT
81
4.3
DEVELOPING
WEATHER
CHRONICLES
83
4.3.1
THE
GRAECO-ARABIC
LEGACY
4.3.2
THE
12TH-CENTURY
RENAISSANCE
4.3.3
REPORTING
UNDER
CLERICAL
CONTROL
4.3.4
OUTSTANDING
WEATHER
CHRONICLERS
4.4
SYSTEMATIC
WEATHER
REPORTING
90
4.4.1
THE
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
ASTROMETEOROLOGY
4.4.2
WEATHER
REPORTS
FROM
THE
WORLD
'
S
OCEANS
4.4.3
OUTSTANDING
WEATHER
DIARISTS
4.5
THE
INSTRUMENTAL
MEASUREMENT
OF
THE
WEATHER
98
4.5.1
A
BREEDING
GROUND
FOR
INNOVATIONS
4.5.2
THE
ESTABLISHMENT
OF
METEOROLOGICAL
NETWORKS
4.6
A
FUNDAMENTAL
BREAK
103
4.6.1
THE
RISE
OF
SCIENTIFIC
METEOROLOGY
AND
CLIMATOLOGY
4.6.2
THE
EXCLUSION
OF
EXTREME
EVENTS
4.7
SUMMARY
AND
CONCLUSION
107
5.
RECONSTRUCTING
PAST
CLIMATE
.109
5.1
INTRODUCTION
110
5.2
EVIDENCE
FROM
ARCHIVES
OF
NATURE
110
5.2.1
SIGNAL
DETECTION
AND
DATING
5.2.2
TREES
NEVER
FORGET
5.2.3
MUD
WITH
A
LONG-TERM
MEMORY
5.2.4
ICE
CORES
-
LONG
FROZEN
CLIMATE
CALENDARS
5.2.5
STALAGMITES
-
AN
ARCHIVE
GROWING
DROP
BY
DROP
5.2.6
GLACIERS
AND
TREELINES
-
SYNTHETIC
INTEGRA
TORS
OF
CLIMATE
CHANGE
5.3
EVIDENCE
FROM
ARCHIVES
OF
SOCIETIES
122
5.3.1
A
PUZZLE
WITH
MISSING
PIECES
5.3.2
HOW
GLACIERS
BECAME
PICTURES
5.3.3
THE
BLESSINGS
OF
HISTORICAL
ADMINISTRATIONS
5.3.4
THE
SUMMER
HALF-YEAR
IN
THE
LIGHT
OF
VINE
GROWING
5.3.5
CULTURAL
RESPONSES
TO
CLIMATIC
STRESS
5.4
NUMBERS
OUT
OF
WORDS
-
THE
CONCEPT
OF
INDICES
133
5.5
OUTLOOK
TO
CHAPTERS
6
TO
8
136
6.
EUROPEAN
CLIMATE
-
PRESENT
AND
PAST
.
137
6.1
THE
EUROPEAN
TOPOGRAPHY
AT
A
GLANCE
138
6.2
SPATIAL
OVERVIEW
OF
CURRENT
EUROPEAN
CLIMATE
139
6.3
A
1000-YEAR
LONG
OVERVIEW
144
6.4
A
1000
YEAR-LONG
SIMULATION
149
7.
THE
HIGH
MEDIEVAL
PERIOD
1000
TO
1300
AD.
151
7.1
INTRODUCTION
AND
GUIDE
TO
SOURCE
REFERENCES
152
7.2
A
WARM
PEAK
AROUND
1000
AD
153
INSERT
7
A:
VIKINGS
ON
A
VOYAGE
OF
DISCOVERY
-FROM
ICELAND
TO
THE
NEW
WORLD
7.3
THE
11TH
CENTURY
156
7.3.1
WINTERS
FROM
1000
TO
1099
INSERT
7B:
THE
ROAD
TO
CANOSSA
-PUREFICTION?
7.3.2
SUMMERS
FROM
1000
TO
1099
7.3.3
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
11TH
CENTURY
7.4
THE
12TH
CENTURY
160
7.4.1
WINTERS
FROM
1100
TO
1199
7.4.2
SUMMERS
FROM
1100
TO
1199
7.4.3
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
12TH
CENTURY
5
7-5
THE
13TH
CENTURY
164
7.5.1
WINTERS
FROM
1200
TO
1299
7.5.2
SPRINGS
FROM
1200
TO
1299
7.5.3
SUMMERS
FROM
1200
TO
1299
INSERT
7C:
OLIVE
TREES
IN
COLOGNE
7.5.4
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
13TH
CENTURY
8.
THE
BOREAL
LITTLE
ICE
AGE
AND
THE
SHORT
TWENTIETH
CENTURY
.
171
8.1
INTRODUCTION
172
8.2
THE
FATEFUL
14TH
CENTURY
173
8.2.1
WINTERS
FROM
1300
TO
1399
8.2.2
SPRINGS
FROM
1300
TO
1399
8.2.3
SUMMERS
FROM
1300
TO
1399
INSERT
8A:
THE
MILLENNIUMFLOOD
OF
JULY
1342
8.2.4
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
14TH
CENTURY
INSERT
8B:
THE
FLOWERED
ALP
SAGA
8.3
THE
FROSTY
15TH
CENTURY
182
8.3.1
WINTERS
FROM
1400
TO
1499
8.3.2
SPRINGS
FROM
1400
TO
1499
INSERT
8C:
WOLVES
IN
PARIS
8.3.3
THE
14-MONTH-IONG
HEAT
AND
DROUGHT
IN
1473
TO
1474
INSERT
8D:
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
OUTSTANDING
HOT
AND
DRY
EUROPEAN
SUMMERS
8.3.4
SUMMERS
FROM
1400
TO
1499
8.3.5
AUTUMNS
FROM
1400
TO
1499
8.3.6
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
15TH
CENTURY
8.4
THE
TWO-FACED
16TH
CENTURY
193
8.4.1
WINTERS
FROM
1500
TO
1599
8.4.2
SPRINGS
FROM
1500
TO
1599
8.4.3
SUMMERS
FROM
1500
TO
1599
8.4.4
THE
11-MONTH-LONG
HEAT
AND
DROUGHT
IN
1540
8.4.5
AUTUMNS
FROM
1500
TO
1599
INSERT
8E:
THE
FATE
OFTHE
SPANISH
ARMADA
8.4.6
ANNUAL
TEMPERATURES
FROM
1500
TO
1599
8.4.7
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
16TH
CENTURY
8.5
THE
VOLATILE
17TH
CENTURY
207
8.5.1
WINTERS
FROM
1600
TO
1699
8.5.2
SPRINGS
FROM
1600
TO
1699
8.5.3
SUMMERS
FROM
1600
TO
1699
INSERT
8F:
THE
MOST
DEVASTATING
INFERNO
INPEACETIME
8.5.4
AUTUMNS
FROM
1600
TO
1699
8.5.5
ANNUAL
TEMPERATURES
FROM
1600
TO
1699
8.5.6
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
17TH
CENTURY
INSERT
8G:
WHY
THE
GREENLAND
WHALES
SURVIVED
8.6
THE
QUIET
18TH
CENTURY
219
8.6.1
WINTERS
FROM
1700
TO
1799
INSERT
8H:
SUDDEN
STRATOSPHERIC
WARMING
AND
THE
BIG
CHILL
OF
1709
8.6.2
SPRINGS
FROM
1700
TO
1799
8.6.3
SUMMERS
FROM
1700
TO
1799
INSERT
81:
FIVE
MONTHS
OF
VOLCANIC
HAZE
OVER
EUROPE
8.6.4
AUTUMNS
FROM
1700
TO
1799
8.6.5
ANNUAL
TEMPERATURES
FROM
1700
TO
1799
8.6.6
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
18TH
CENTURY
8.7
THE
RECORD-BREAKING
COLD
19TH
CENTURY
230
8.7.1
INTRODUCTION
8.7.2
WINTERS
FROM
1800
TO
1899
INSERT
8J:
EVENTS
AND
SPORTING
ACTIVITIES
ON
THE
ICE
8.7.3
SPRINGS
FROM
1800
TO
1899
8.7.4
SUMMERS
FROM
1800
TO
1899
8.7.5
AUTUMNS
FROM
1800
TO
1899
8.7.6
ANNUAL
TEMPERATURES
FROM
1800
TO
1899
8.7.7
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
19TH
CENTURY
8.8
THE
SLOW-WARMING
20TH
CENTURY
238
8.8.1
WINTERS
FROM
1900
TO
1999
INSERT
8K:
WINTER
1963
-
THE
LAST
MEMORY
OF
THE
LITTLE
ICE
AGE
8.8.2
SPRINGS
FROM
1900
TO
1999
8.8.3
SUMMERS
FROM
1900
TO
1999
8.8.4
AUTUMNS
FROM
1900
TO
1999
8.8.5
ANNUAL
TEMPERATURES
FROM
1900
TO
1999
8.8.6
GENERAL
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
IN
THE
SHORT
TWENTIETH
CENTURY
8.9
ANNUAL
TEMPERATURES
FROM
1500
TO
1999
246
9.
WEATHER,
CLIMATE,
AND
THE
HUMAN
WORLD
.
247
9.1
INTRODUCTION
248
9.2
POPULATION
SIZE
AS
A
NEW
FOCUS
250
9.3
THE
MEDIEVAL
DEMOGRAPHIC
GREENHOUSE
254
9.4
SETBACK
AND
STAGNATION
263
INSERT
9
A
:
BIOLOGICAL
WARFARE
AND
THE
BLACK
DEATH
INSERT
9B:
FORGING
THE
HAMMER
OF
WITCHES
9.5
THE
TWO-FACED
16TH
CENTURY
271
INSERT
9C:
THE
AGE
OF
WITCH
HUNTS
1570-1630
9.6
A
CORNUCOPIA
OF
INNOVATIONS
277
9.6.1
A
NEW
MOMENTUM
IN
DEMOGRAPHIC
GROWTH
9.6.2
ENFORCING
QUARANTINE
9.6.3
MODERNISING
AGRICULTURE
9.7
SEVERE
FAMINES
AND
OVERCOMING
THEM
281
9.7.1
HUNGER
AND
CLIMATE
VARIABILITY
9.7.2
IMPACTS
OF
CLIMATE
VARIABILITY
9.7.3
THE
MILLENNIUM
FAMINE
OF
1195
TO
1197
9.7.4
13TH-CENTURY
FAMINES
9.7.5
THE
GREAT
EUROPEAN
FAMINE
OF
1315-17
9.7.6
THE
DEADLY
FROST
FAMINE
OF
1437-38
9.7.7
THE
MALTHUSIAN
FAMINE
OF
1569-74
9.7.8
THE
PERENNIAL
CRISIS
OF
1585-1601
9.7.9
FAMINES
DURING
THE
17TH
AND
EARLY
18TH
CENTURIES
9.7.10
SUBSISTENCE
CRISES
AND
FAMINES
IN
THE
LATE
18TH
AND
19TH
CENTURIES
9.8
SUMMARY
AND
CONCLUSION
294
6
IO.
EUROPEAN
CLIMATE
OVER
THE
LAST
MILLENNIUM
.
297
10.1
THE
SEASONALLY
RESOLVED
CLIMATE
OF
THE
PERIOD
1000
TO
1989
AD
298
10.1.1
INTRODUCTION
10.1.2
THE
EVOLUTION
OF
SEASONAL
TEMPERATURES
PRIOR
TO
THE
RECENT
WARMING
PERIOD
(RWP)
10.1.3
FORCING
FACTORS
AND
THE
LONGER-TERM
PICTURE
10.1.4
SEASONAL
OVERVIEW
OF
PAST
MILLENNIUM
CLIMATE
10.1.5
THE
TRANSITIONS
FROM
THE
HMP
TO
THE
BLIA
AND
FROM
THE
STC
TO
THE
RWP
10.2
GLACIER
FLUCTUATIONS
309
10.3
TREE
LINE
FLUCTUATIONS
314
10.4
CLIMATE
AND
HUMAN
AFFAIRS
315
11.
FROM
SLOW-GOING
TO
RAPID
WARMING
.
319
11.1
TRAPPED
IN
THE
GREENHOUSE:
FROM
EARLY
DETECTION
TO
FULL
MANIFESTATION
320
11.1.1
INTRODUCTION
11.1.2
SCIENTIFIC
PIONEERS
AND
EARLY
ALERTERS
11.1.3
THE
GREENHOUSE
DEBATE
REACHES
THE
INTERNATIONAL
LEVEL
11.1.4
THE
GREENHOUSE
CONTROVERSY
11.2
THE
"
1950S
SYNDROME
"
328
11.3
THE
SUDDEN
TRANSITION
TO
SUSTAINED
WARMING
334
11.3.1
THE
RECENT
WARM
PERIOD
(RWP)
11.3.2
FUTURE
CLIMATE
SCENARIOS
11.4
THE
RETURN
OF
VULNERABILITY
340
ANNEX
.
349
ENDNOTES
.
350
REFERENCES
.
369
SOURCES
.
387
INDEX
.
389
FIGURE
CREDITS
.
392
THANKS
TO
THE
SPONSORS
.397
ONLINE
APPENDIX
PFISTER,
CHRISTIAN;
WANNER,
HEINZ
(2021).
CLIMATE
AND
SOCIETY
IN
EUROPE
-
THE
LAST
THOUSAND
YEARS.
DOI:
10.7892^005.148155
OR
HTTPS://BORIS.UNIBE.CH/ID/EPRINT/148155
TABLE
1
SOURCES
FOR
WINTER
TABLE
2
SOURCES
FOR
SPRING
TABLE
3
SOURCES
FOR
SUMMER
LIST
OF
SOURCES
FOR
TABLE
1
TO
3
TABLE
4
CENTENNIAL
SUMS
OF
PFISTER-INDICES
1000-1999
7 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Pfister, Christian 1944- Wanner, Heinz 1945- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124217338 (DE-588)111665558 |
| author_facet | Pfister, Christian 1944- Wanner, Heinz 1945- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Pfister, Christian 1944- |
| author_variant | c p cp h w hw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047847306 |
| classification_rvk | AR 12600 RC 10438 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1274128101 (DE-599)DNB1230567259 |
| discipline | Allgemeines Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Allgemeines Geographie |
| edition | 1st edition |
| era | Geschichte 1000-2000 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1000-2000 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europa |
| id | DE-604.BV047847306 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:13:54Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:22:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)2017785-9 |
| isbn | 9783258082349 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033230192 |
| oclc_num | 1274128101 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 DE-1046 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 DE-1046 |
| physical | 397 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (farbig) |
| psigel | UBM-RCC BSB_NED_20220510 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Haupt Verlag |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Pfister, Christian 1944- Verfasser (DE-588)124217338 aut Climate and society in Europe the last thousand years Christian Pfister, Heinz Wanner 1st edition Bern Haupt Verlag 2021 397 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (farbig) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1000-2000 gnd rswk-swf Umweltveränderung (DE-588)4304982-5 gnd rswk-swf Klimavariation (DE-588)4591698-6 gnd rswk-swf Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf Erde/Klima/Wasser Klimageschichte Klimawandel Sozialgeschichte Klimatologie Naturkatastrophen Umweltgeschichte Natur Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Klimavariation (DE-588)4591698-6 s Umweltveränderung (DE-588)4304982-5 s Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 s Geschichte 1000-2000 z DE-604 Wanner, Heinz 1945- Verfasser (DE-588)111665558 aut Haupt Verlag (DE-588)2017785-9 pbl Parallele Sprachausgabe Pfister, Christian Klima und Gesellschaft in Europa 978-3-258-08182-3 (DE-604)BV047272236 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-258-48234-7 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=a8df0dc0d7c74c03afd199d2215c08c0&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033230192&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pfister, Christian 1944- Wanner, Heinz 1945- Climate and society in Europe the last thousand years Umweltveränderung (DE-588)4304982-5 gnd Klimavariation (DE-588)4591698-6 gnd Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4304982-5 (DE-588)4591698-6 (DE-588)4020588-5 (DE-588)4015701-5 |
| title | Climate and society in Europe the last thousand years |
| title_auth | Climate and society in Europe the last thousand years |
| title_exact_search | Climate and society in Europe the last thousand years |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Climate and society in Europe the last thousand years |
| title_full | Climate and society in Europe the last thousand years Christian Pfister, Heinz Wanner |
| title_fullStr | Climate and society in Europe the last thousand years Christian Pfister, Heinz Wanner |
| title_full_unstemmed | Climate and society in Europe the last thousand years Christian Pfister, Heinz Wanner |
| title_short | Climate and society in Europe |
| title_sort | climate and society in europe the last thousand years |
| title_sub | the last thousand years |
| topic | Umweltveränderung (DE-588)4304982-5 gnd Klimavariation (DE-588)4591698-6 gnd Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umweltveränderung Klimavariation Gesellschaft Europa |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=a8df0dc0d7c74c03afd199d2215c08c0&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033230192&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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