Comparing police corruption: Bulgaria, Germany, Russia and Singapore
"This book analyses police corruption across four country case studies, exploring how the problem manifests in each country and how it can be reduced. The problem of police corruption ranges from having to pay a bribe to a traffic cop to avoid a speeding fine, right up to more serious forms, su...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2022
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| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge corruption and anti-corruption studies
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "This book analyses police corruption across four country case studies, exploring how the problem manifests in each country and how it can be reduced. The problem of police corruption ranges from having to pay a bribe to a traffic cop to avoid a speeding fine, right up to more serious forms, such as collusion with organised crime groups and terrorists. The issue therefore constitutes a significant security threat and a human rights issue, but it is often difficult to understand the extent of the problem, and how it varies across contexts. This book analyses the corruption situation in Bulgaria, Germany, Russia and Singapore, identifies similarities and differences across them, and analyses the various means of addressing the problem: punitive, incentivising, technological, administrative, imaging, and the role of civil society. Drawing on existing literature and research, the book also makes extensive use of local sources and original survey data across the four countries. As comparative literature on police corruption remains rare, this book's survey of the situation in two developed states and two post-communist transition states will be of considerable interest to students and researchers across corruption studies, criminology, police studies, and security studies, as well as practitioners working in anti-corruption and law enforcement agencies"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xvii, 218 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780367742706 9780367742737 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents List of tables Acknowledgements Acronyms and initialisms 1 Introduction XI Xlll XV 1 Defining police corruption 5 Key terms 9 Case selection 13 Comparing overall corruption levels 19 Structures and size of the policeforces 20 Hypotheses 24 Methodology 24 Local conceptions ofpolice corruption 27 Structure of this book 35 Conclusions 36 2 Types and scale of police corruption 49 Towards a taxonomy 49 Examples ofpolice corruption 54 On the scale ofpolice corruption 67 Conclusions 86 3 Perceived causes of police corruption 99 Existing explanations of criminality and police corruption 99 The survey findings 121 Conclusions 129 4 Addressing the problem Legal and regulatory measures 143 Selection and monitoring 149 142
x Contents Managerial, administrative and technical measures І54 Stick (punitive or disincentivising) measures 160 Carrot (incentivising orfacilitating) measures 163 Technological measures 166 Public imaging and interaction 168 Other state-managed methods 170 The role of civil society 171 The most important factor 178 What not to do 178 Conclusions 179 5 Conclusions 198 Limitations 198 Hypotheses revisited 199 Political will and capacity 203 Policy proposals 205 Thefuture 206 Afinal observation 207 Index 211
Index Note: Page numbers followed by “n” refer to end notes. ACAs 152-3,179 accountability 2,110,154—5, 200 addiction: drug 103, 121, 150; gambling 121,150; sex 121,150 Agnew, Robert 105—6 Ah Long San 59,86,202 Akers, Ronald 107—8 Alatas,Vivi 116 Albanese,Jay 155 Albrecht, James 107,149 alienation 117-19,168,177, 207 Altukhov, Sergei 72-3 America: Latin 104—5; United States of see USA Amin, Mohammad 198 amnesties 165-6 anomie 101,103,105—6,108 anti-corruption agencies see ACAs approach: 3D 143; 4A 143 Arab Spring 115 Argandoña, Antonio 7 Aristotle 113 Arrigo, Bruce 149 Arter, Michael 106 asset declarations 151 Atkins, Burton 100,101 Aultman, M. G. 108 Australia 12, 36nl, 115-16,118,159 Azfar, Omar 198 Bahn, Charles 8 Bailey, Kenneth 49 Bannenberg, Britta 71 Barker, Thomas 8,26, 51-2, 54 Barnes,Tiffany 159 Bastick, Megan 160 Bates, Robert 112 Bayley, David 3,108,168,206 Beaulieu, Emily 159 Beck, Adrian 104, 126 Becker, Gary 103,110 Behr, Rafael 11,159 Belgium 106—7 Belianin, Alexis 107 Bennetts, M. 67 Benson, Bruce 110 Berlin 151,161 Beslan 2, 66 Bezlov, Tihomir 1, 71,112 Bhargava,Vinay 36n4 ‘biological niceness’ 109 ‘birds’ 10,114, 117 BKA 21,71-2,157,206 blackmail 3,149 blat 130 Blonder, Irena 11 blue code 11 blue curtain 11 blue shield 11 blue wall 11,68,114,116,179,207 Blume, Andreas 7 bodycams see cameras Boehm, Frédéric 115 Borisov, Boyko 178, 204, 207 bounded rationality 104 Bourdieu, Pierre 113—15,205 BPI 16-18 Bracey, Dorothy 154 Bribe Payers Index see BPI bribery 82—4,117,162; rate 76,199 Brinkerhoff, Derick 203, 208n2 Brooks, Graham 107 Brotherhood, the 114,116,
207 Brown, Archie 204
212 Index Buckley, Noah 158 Budak, Jelena 198-9 Bulgaria: area 16; basic information 14—15; cases of police corruption 55-67; corruption level (overall) 15, 19-20; and EU 14-15, 71,129,152; laws 143—4, 157,176; Ministry of the Interior see MVR; police brutality 37,86,169; police size 20-1; police structure 20-1 ; population size 15; survey details 26-7 Bundeskriminalamt see BKA Bunt, Henk van de 13,51, 202 Buridan’s Ass 104, ІЗІпЗ business community, role of 172-3 Buttle. John 117 Caiden, Gerald 146,198 Caldero, Michael 12 cameras: use of by citizens 110,130,176; use of by the state 166,179; see also CC.TV Çaparini, Marina 120 Capasso, Salvatore 179 capital: bonding 117; cultural 114; economic 114; negative 114; social 114; symbolic 114-15 case-study analysis 24-5,38nl6 CCTV 166 cellphones see mobile phones Center for the Study of Democracy 175 Certis 23,62 Chan, Janet 114,117 Chappell, Allison 107—8 Cheloukine, Serguei 72,158 Chêne, Marie 156 Chicago 31 Christianity 101—2 CISCO 23,62 civil society 24,171—9 Clarke, Ronald 103 Claussen, Natalie 149 CLCC 147 . Cloward, Richard 109—10 CMEA 14,130 Coalition 2000 173 Cockcroft,Tom 8,19, 68,120 codes: of conduct 145-6,148; of ethics 145-6,168 C ofE 165 Cohen, Lawrence 108 collectivism 118—19 Comecon see CMEA Commercial and Industrial Security Corporation see CISCO commissions 114; Fitzgerald 69; Knapp 10, 69; Mollen 37n6,69;Wood 69,118 Common Reporting Standards 18 Communism 120,130,131n2,159 Con cianism 120 Constantinou, Angelo 50 conventions, international 147-9 conviction rates 121-6 Cooperation and Verification Mechanism see
CVM Corbett, Claire 151 Cornish, Derek 103 corruption (both general and police): and affluence 24,199; black 10; campaigns against see measures (against corruption); cases of 54-67; causes 2,121-31; conceptions of 27-35; definitions 5-9, 36n4; and democracy 199—202; and discretion 2,110,145,179; ehte 9, 82; examples 54-67; experiences of 82-7; fined for publishing on 36; grabbers 51; grand 9, 82; grass-eating 10,51—2,56; grey 10; group 19; intermediate 9,82; key terms 9-13; laws against see under laws of individual countries; levels 9,162; measurement of35,67-87; meateating 10,51—3, 56, 61; perceptions of 75-82,87; and personality 103,106, 121-30,149; petty 9, 82; planned 51; polychromatic 10; process see noble cause corruption; and protection 57-8; see abo roofing; and rule of law 121,179, 200-1; scale of 67-87,117; scenarios 27-35; as a serious issue 1-4, 77—8; significance 1—4; situational 51; and size of countries 198-9; and size of government 198; social 53, 86,156; see aho cronyism, favouritism, nepotism; and socio-economic development 118; spontaneous 51; statistics on 69-74; structural 51; systematic 51; taxonomies 49-54; typologies 49-54; under-reporting 68; see also measures (against corruption); noble cause corruption; theories Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau see CPIB Corruption Perceptions Index see CPI Corsianos, Marilyn 116 cost-benefit analysis 103—4,110 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance see CMEA Council of Europe see C ofE CPI 15-19,37nl2,118,162
Index CPIB 153,158,170,179nl, 206 Crank, John 112 crime rates 4 Criminal Law Convention on Corruption see CLCC cronyism 53, 63 cross-case study 24-5,38nl6 crying wolf syndrome 161 CSOs 174, 205; see abo NGOs culture 100,130,204; defined 118; and historical legacy 120; patriarchal 116; shared 117; see ako police culture CVM 15 Cyprus 50 dashcams see cameras David, Roman 166 Davidson, Juha 53,101 Davies, Sharyn 117 Davis, Michael 146 Delattre, Edwin 12 De Maio, Giovanna 175 Democracy Index 14, 206 democracy scores 14, 37n9 demonstrations see mass activism Denver 100,143,171 Diekert, Florian 108 Dirty Harry problem see noble cause corruption dispositions 113-14 document checking 177 Dombrink, John 156 ‘donkeys’ 13, 51 Donner, Christopher 111 Dormaels,Arne 106-7 Dorosiev, Rashko 26 Douglas, Mary 51 doxa 113-15,130-1,205 Drescher, Melvin 109 drones 167—8,180n7 drug dealing 57-8,61,105,124—5 Dubova, Anastasiya 36,55 Duéñez-Guzmán, Edgar 109 Durkheim, Émile 105 Dymovskii, Aleksei 165 Dzhekova, Rositsa 70,102,112 ECHR 67,164 Economist Intelligence Unit see EIU Eggers, Tobias 164 EIU 14,37n9 embezzlement 9,53, 59-60,153 Engels, Friedrich 131n5 Englehart, Neil 120 entrapment 120,154,179-80n2 213 envy 101—2 Eterno, John 8 ethnic composition 117 ethnic profiling 61 EU 1,14-15,129,152,169 Eurobarometer 75,169—70,180ո8 European Court of Human Rights see ECHR European Union see EU Europol 7 Eurostat 20 extortion 52, 53, 59,61,105 Facebook 175 factors: constant 101; variable 101 false consciousness 113 favouritism 53, 63 Federal Ministry of the Interior 21—2 Federal Security Service see
FSB federalism 16, 21—2,201 Felson, Marcus 108 femininity 118-19,131n6 field 114 Financial Secrecy Index 18—19 Fishman, Janet 27 fixes 53,58—9, 111 flaking 53,61,126 Fletcher, Clare 7 Flood, Merrill 109 forgery 54 France 170 fraud 54, 64—5 Freedom House 37n9 freedom scores 37n9 Fridell,Lorie 111 Friebel, Guido 149 FSB 55,118 Fujimori, Alberto 116 Galeotti, Mark 17 Gallup 18 GCB 1,18,75-6,178,199 GCR 17,19-20, 37-8ПІ4,123,132nl0 Georgia 75,115,162—3,204 Georgieva, Irena 167 Gerber,Theodore 201 Germany: area 16; basic information 15-16; cases of police corruption 54—67; corruption level (overall) 16, 19-20; laws 8, 22,144,176; police size 22; police structure 21—2; population size 15—16; survey details 25—7; unification 37n8 Gerring,John 24, 38nl6 gift 107,117
214 Index Gittell, Ross 117 Gladarev, Boris 36 Global Competitiveness Report see GCR Global Corruption Barometer see GCB Global Law and Order Index 18, ЗбпІЗ Goel, Rajeev 198-9 Goetz, Anne Marie 116 Goldstein, Herman 50 Golubev, Anatoly 173 Gottfredson,Michael 111 Gottschalk, Peter 53,101 Gounev, Philip 1,112 Graaf, Gjalt de 113-14 Gramsci, Antonio 131n5 GRECO 148, 206 greed 101-2,121-5,127,130 Group of States against Corruption see GRECO Gryzlov, Boris 161 habitus 113-14 Hadler, Markus 111 Halderen, Robin van 12 Hanauer, Florian 71 Harrison, Lawrence 120 ‘hawks’ 13,51 Heidenheimer, Arnold 10,19 Herold, Nico 165 Herrmann, Daniela 7 Hewlett Packard 63—4 Heywood, Paul 7 Hirschi,Travis 111 Hobbs, Dick 117 Hofstede, Geert 118—20,131ո6֊ո7 Holgersson, Stefan 10,11 homicide see police murder Hong Kong 165—6.169 honour boards 164 Hope, Kempe Ronald 8 hotlines 165,174,176 Huber, Wm. Dennis 118 Human Rights Watch 56 Huntington, Samuel 6,120 hypotheses 24,199—202 IAUs 151 IGEC 5-6, 36n3 IMF 6 immunity 178-9 ‘incongruent imperatives’108 India 156 individualism 118-19 Indonesia 117 indulgence 118—20,131n7 insecurity 102 institutions 111-12,121,179,205 Internal Affairs Units see IAUs International Monetary Fund see IMF Interpol 5-6,7, 9 Interpol Group of Experts on Corruption see IGEC interviews 25,26—7,123-4 Ireland 170 Izyumov, Aleksei 131n2,171 Jetter, Michael 120—1 Jonsson, Sofia 2 journalism, investigative 172, 206 journalists, murder of 172 judiciary 146—7; see aka police frustration with courts junzi 120,132n8 Juraev, Javlon 104 Juvenal 151 Kabanov, Kirill 174 Kant, Immanuel 113
KGB 118,123 Khader, Majeed 150 kickbacks 52, 55-6,180n4 Kleinig,John 9,12,103 Klitgaard, Robert 2,110,145,179 Klockars, Carl 27 Knack, Stephen 198 Knorre,Alex 61 Kölbel, Ralf 165 Kolthoff, Emile 12 Korczak, Dieter 151,170 Kosals, Leonid 36,55,107,131n2, 171, 178 Kovarskii, Nikolai 203-4 Krouwel, André 104 kryshevanie — see roofing Kubiciel, Michael 117 Kurer, Oskar 6 Kutnjak Ivkovič, Sanja 69,70,110 ladder metaphor 102—З Lambsdorff, Johann Graf 6 laws: anti-corruption 143-5; ambiguity of 122—5; conflict of interest 144; see also under laws of individual countries Lee Kuan Yew 120,130, 202, 204-5, 207 Lee, Ruth 104,126 Lee-Jones, Krista 50-1,178 legacy, historical 120,130 legal nihilism 161
Index Legalism 120 leniency (of courts) 122—5,128, 204 Lenin,Vladimir 102 Levada Center 170 lie detectors see polygraphs lifestyle auditing 68,72,151 limitations (of project) 26,198-9 London 117 Loyens,Kim 11 lust 101-2 Luxembourg Leaks 19 Mafia - Nein Danke 124 magic pencil 12 Maguire, Mike 151 Maiorov,V. 1.168 Marcuse, Herbert 131n5 Marenin, Otwin 120 Mars, Gerald 51 Maskalyjon 111 masculinity 118—19,131n6 mass activism 174-5 McCarthy, Lauren 158 McCarthy, Niall 23 McDevitt, Andy 155 measures (against corruption): administrative 151,156-7; campaigns 161—2; décriminalisation 149; carrot 163-6; legal 143-5; managerial 154-5; monitoring 149—51; see abo asset declarations, lifestyle auditing; radical 149,162—3,165-6; regulatory 145—6; selection 149—51; stick 160-3; technological 151,166-8 media: mass 24, 172,202, 205; social 175 Medvedev, Dmitry 3,17, 22,102,157—8, 161,169,180n9,204 Melaha, Adrianus 117 Mendelson, Sarah 201 Merrington, Shannon 117 Merton, Robert 105,106,108 Mexico 159 Meyer, John 112 Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia) see MVD Ministry of the Interior (Bulgaria) see MVR Mischkowitz, Robert 131 mobile phones see cameras money-laundering 18,144 moonlighting 55,145 Morgenstern, Oscar 108 Moscow 55,154,161 Murphy, Patrick 31 215 MVD 22-3,55,73 MVR 20-1, 38nl5, 70-1,146,152 NATO 14 Navaľ nyi, Alexei 115,174 Nazism 120 'Ndrangheta 124 neo-institutionalism see under theories neo-liberalism 200; see abo under theories nepotism 53 Netherlands,The 51,155, 202 Neumann, John von 108 Newburn,Tim 8,101,152 New Public Management see under theories New York Police
Department see NYPD NGOs, role of 24,173-5 noble cause corruption 8-9,12-13,24, 32-5,38nl8; causes of 102,112,114, 117-18,127-9,171,202-3 norms, social 107,115 normal, meaning of 115 North Atlan tic Treaty Organisation see NATO North, Douglass 112 Nye, Joseph 6 NYPD 31,36n6,146,151 ombudspersons 153 OCGs 2-3,60, 65—6,155; threats from 104-5,121,123,206 OECD 18 Ohlin, Lloyd 109-10 Oleinik, Anton 57,166 opportunity 121-5; see abo theories, opportunity Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development see OECD organised crime groups see OCGs Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe see OSCE orientation: long-term 118-19; short term 118—19 OSCE 145 padding 53, 61 Panama Papers 19 Panfilova, Elena 174 PAP 120 Parmeter, Christopher 121 patronage 53 pay see police salaries payments, ordine 167 People’s Action Party see PAP
216 Index Perito, Robert 108, 206 159,162—3,166,177; training 170-1; Peru 116,159 trust in 159,169-70,178,180n8,207; Piquero, Alex 107-8 violence see police brutality plata o plomo 105 political will 121,178,203—5 Plato 113 political capacity 121,178,203-5 plausibility probe 25 polygraphs 167 plea-bargains 171 Porter, Louise 12 Pogrebin, Mark 100,101 Portugal 149 Poland 157 power distance 118-19 police: acting like organised crime groups Pozsgai-Alvarez, Joseph 7 3; arrest quotas 114,126-9,158,206; press, freedom of 172 attitudes towards different kinds of pressure: from above 121-6; from peers activity 107; benefits 163; brutality 1, 122-5 8, 36-7n5, 67, 86,107-8,146,175; pride 102 clearance rates 3,158; collusion 54, prisoner’s dilemma 108-9,131n4 65—6,73, 111, 129,160; communityProoijen, Jan-Willem van 104 based 156,177—8; conditions 163—4; propiska system 112 cooperation 158-9; see aho linkages; protests see mass activism corruption see corruption; cover-ups Prussia 168 54, 66—7,111; as criminal businesses 3; Punch, Maurice 8,12,19, 51-2,72,143, culture 11-12, 84,101, 114,117,120, 160-1 131n2,207; definitions 9; donations Putin,Vladimir 2,120,122-3,130,156, to 157,164,173,179; downsizing 204,206-7 102,113; education 170; and ethnicity Putnam, Robert 117 117,169; force 36nl; see also police brutality; frustration with courts Quahjon 74,86,156,158 121-9,147; ‘gardening clubs’ 61; and quotas, arrest 122-6 gender 114-17,159-60,169,180n5; Quran 104 honour boards 164; inappropriate assistance 53—4, 62-3,111 ; internal ‘raiders in epaulettes’ 3 payoffs 53, 61; kidnapping
59-60, raiding 66, 85,126,173,174,199 65; and legitimacy 4; linkages 170; Raikov, Evgeni 70 see aho cooperation; murder 60, Rechtsstaat 200 reiderstvo see raiding 67; name of 169; and opportunity 121-6; pay see police salaries; Reiss,Albert 111 pejorative terms for 123; personality Reporters Without Borders 172,208n3 traits 121—30,149—50; pressure from researchers, role of 175 above 121—6; procurement 54, 63-4, respect, lack of 122—5 167; Professional Standards Units see restraint 118—20,131n7 IAUs; protection rackets 53,59—61, Reuker, Ulf 164 85-6; public imaging 168-9,207; revolutions 123; colour 115 punishments 122—5; purges 162-3; Reynolds, Michael 8,169 reform 102,112,120,150,157-8, Rigby,T. H. 200 204; regulations 145-6; rewards 164; risk assessments 108,155-6,180n3 salaries 122-6,163-4,180n6,206; Roebuck, Juhan 51-2,54 satisfaction with 170; and security 4; role-modelling 100,104,155,179 Romania 15,154 sense of duty 127—9; service 36nl; and sexual exploitation 61; shaming 162; roofing 60, 86,126,173,199; see aho size of force/service 20—3; sponsorship corruption and protection rotation 156,180n4 of 157,179; structures 20-3; targets Rotberg, Robert 203 126; see also arrest quotas; and terrorists Rothstein, Bo 203,206—7 2,66; theft 52, 56, 59,107,109,130; rotten apples 12,19, 24,51, 86, 99,101, threats to 121—6; see also plata o plomo; traffic 56-7,71,76, НО, 116,125, 112,116,202
Index rotten barrels 12,24, 55,58, 65,86, 99, 101,116,154,202 rotten orchards 12,19, 24,86, 99, 202 rotten pockets 12 Rowan, Brian 112 rule of law 121,130, 200-2 Rule of Law Index 126,200—1 Runciman, Walter 105 Russia: area 16; basic information 16-17; cases of police corruption 17, 55—67; Constitution 201; contrast to Singapore 17,23; corruption level (overall) 16—17,19—20; identity crisis 130; laws 7,55,144,157-8; police reform 17,22; police size 23; police structure 22-3; population size 16; problems of publishing in 36,175; quintuple loss 130; survey details 26—7 Saakashvili, Mikheil 162, 207 Sadedin, Suzanne 109 satellite tracking 168 Saxton, Gregory 159 schemata 113-14 Schengen zone 4, 15 Semukhina, Olga 8,169 Serpico, Frank 10 seven deadly sins 101-2 Sevrugin,V. E. 168 shakedowns 52,56-7 Shammas, Victor 113 Sherman, Lawrence 8,12,31 siloviki 122—3 Silverman, Eh 8 Singapore: area 16; basic information 17—19; cases of police corruption 55-67; contrast to Russia 17,23; corruption level (overall) 17-20; laws 8,59,144-5; police size 20, 23; police structure 23; population size 16, 17; ‘sex-for-contracts’ case 62; survey details 25-7 slippery slope 31,100,102—3 Smilov, Daniel 26 social construction 25,115 Soh,Yew Chong 198 sousveillance 130 South Africa 162 Soviet Union see USSR ‘squirrel’s nuts’ 102 state: hypocrisy 171; interaction with public 176—7; support 127—9, 203 Statista 23 Stepan, Alfred 167 217 Stepashin, Sergei 174 sting operations 55-6,154. 164, 179-80n2 Stouffer, Samuel 105 Strakhov, Alexander 120 surveys 23,25-35, 75-87,121-9,169-70, 176-7,178,180n8, 203;
see ako CPI, GCB Sutherland, Edwin 106 Svensson, Jakob 6 Tänzler, Dirk 16 Tax Justice Network seeTJN Taylor, Brian 22—3, 61,118,120 technology: impact of 130; use of (by citizens) 110 Teck Hin Koh 143 testilying 12, 34—5,144 testing: drug 150; psychological 149-50 ‘them and us’ see alienation theories: agency 101; behavioural 101; code of silence 101; context-related 111—21; control 101,110—111, 131, 155; cultural 116—21; cultural constraints 117; differential association 101,106-7,126,149; game 108-9, 110; grounded 131; individualoriented 101—4; interaction-based 104—11; managerial 101; neo institutionalism 111—12,131; neo liberalism 113,157; New Public Management 113,157; opportunity 109-10,116,130,155; organisational 101; organisational culture 116; principal-agent 101; rational choice 103-4,106,108,110,130-1,166; relative deprivation 105; routine activity 108; social control see control; social learning 107—8,130; strain 102, 105-6,110,130 threat assessments see risk assessments TIT, 6-7,174; Bulgaria 173; Germany 174; Russia 174,177; UK 171 Titaev, Kirill 158 TJN 18 totalitarianism 120,154 trafficking: arms 125; drug 21,124; human 4 tragedy of the commons 109-10 transparency 2,18,71,205—6 Transparency International see TI Triads 60
218 Index triage 69, 206 Trunova, Ekaterina 36 Tucker, Albert W. 109,131ո4 turning 164,171 Úbeda, Francisco 109 UK 120,151,180n6 Ukraine 163 umbrella policy 164 UN 145; Convention Against Corruption see UNCAC; Office on Drugs and Crime see UNODC UNCAC 7-8,147 uncertainty avoidance 118—19 undercover operations see entrapment, sting operations United Kingdom see UK United Nations see UN UNODC 147 USA 106,109-11,116,159 USSR 120,130; as empire 16 Vannucci, Alberto 171 verbaffing 12 Vidal, Avis 117 Vigneswaran, Darshan 68 vruzkt 130 ‘vultures’ 13,51 Warren, Mark 7 Warrender, Celia 12 Warsaw Pact ree WTO Warsaw Treaty Organisation ree WTO Weber, Max 200,207-8nl WEF 17,19-20 Werdes, Bärbel 116 ‘werewolves in epaulettes’ 160-1 Werner, Simcha 7 whistleblowing 10—12, 68,80-2,148, 164-5,173,179 wicked problem 142 Williams, Hubert 100 Wilson, O. W 31 witness protection 165 WJP 200-1 Włodarczyk, Adam 7,51 ‘wolves’ 13, 51 World Bank 6,148,163 World Governance Indicators 148-9 World Economic Forum ree WEF World Justice Project ree WJP World Press Freedom Index 205 wrath 102 WTO 14,130 Wysmulek, Ilona 7 Xi Jinping 200 Yeganeh, Hamid 118—19 Yeltsin, Boris 130 Zwart, Frank de 156 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek |
| adam_txt |
Contents List of tables Acknowledgements Acronyms and initialisms 1 Introduction XI Xlll XV 1 Defining police corruption 5 Key terms 9 Case selection 13 Comparing overall corruption levels 19 Structures and size of the policeforces 20 Hypotheses 24 Methodology 24 Local conceptions ofpolice corruption 27 Structure of this book 35 Conclusions 36 2 Types and scale of police corruption 49 Towards a taxonomy 49 Examples ofpolice corruption 54 On the scale ofpolice corruption 67 Conclusions 86 3 Perceived causes of police corruption 99 Existing explanations of criminality and police corruption 99 The survey findings 121 Conclusions 129 4 Addressing the problem Legal and regulatory measures 143 Selection and monitoring 149 142
x Contents Managerial, administrative and technical measures І54 Stick (punitive or disincentivising) measures 160 Carrot (incentivising orfacilitating) measures 163 Technological measures 166 Public imaging and interaction 168 Other state-managed methods 170 The role of civil society 171 The most important factor 178 What not to do 178 Conclusions 179 5 Conclusions 198 Limitations 198 Hypotheses revisited 199 Political will and capacity 203 Policy proposals 205 Thefuture 206 Afinal observation 207 Index 211
Index Note: Page numbers followed by “n” refer to end notes. ACAs 152-3,179 accountability 2,110,154—5, 200 addiction: drug 103, 121, 150; gambling 121,150; sex 121,150 Agnew, Robert 105—6 Ah Long San 59,86,202 Akers, Ronald 107—8 Alatas,Vivi 116 Albanese,Jay 155 Albrecht, James 107,149 alienation 117-19,168,177, 207 Altukhov, Sergei 72-3 America: Latin 104—5; United States of see USA Amin, Mohammad 198 amnesties 165-6 anomie 101,103,105—6,108 anti-corruption agencies see ACAs approach: 3D 143; 4A 143 Arab Spring 115 Argandoña, Antonio 7 Aristotle 113 Arrigo, Bruce 149 Arter, Michael 106 asset declarations 151 Atkins, Burton 100,101 Aultman, M. G. 108 Australia 12, 36nl, 115-16,118,159 Azfar, Omar 198 Bahn, Charles 8 Bailey, Kenneth 49 Bannenberg, Britta 71 Barker, Thomas 8,26, 51-2, 54 Barnes,Tiffany 159 Bastick, Megan 160 Bates, Robert 112 Bayley, David 3,108,168,206 Beaulieu, Emily 159 Beck, Adrian 104, 126 Becker, Gary 103,110 Behr, Rafael 11,159 Belgium 106—7 Belianin, Alexis 107 Bennetts, M. 67 Benson, Bruce 110 Berlin 151,161 Beslan 2, 66 Bezlov, Tihomir 1, 71,112 Bhargava,Vinay 36n4 ‘biological niceness’ 109 ‘birds’ 10,114, 117 BKA 21,71-2,157,206 blackmail 3,149 blat 130 Blonder, Irena 11 blue code 11 blue curtain 11 blue shield 11 blue wall 11,68,114,116,179,207 Blume, Andreas 7 bodycams see cameras Boehm, Frédéric 115 Borisov, Boyko 178, 204, 207 bounded rationality 104 Bourdieu, Pierre 113—15,205 BPI 16-18 Bracey, Dorothy 154 Bribe Payers Index see BPI bribery 82—4,117,162; rate 76,199 Brinkerhoff, Derick 203, 208n2 Brooks, Graham 107 Brotherhood, the 114,116,
207 Brown, Archie 204
212 Index Buckley, Noah 158 Budak, Jelena 198-9 Bulgaria: area 16; basic information 14—15; cases of police corruption 55-67; corruption level (overall) 15, 19-20; and EU 14-15, 71,129,152; laws 143—4, 157,176; Ministry of the Interior see MVR; police brutality 37,86,169; police size 20-1; police structure 20-1 ; population size 15; survey details 26-7 Bundeskriminalamt see BKA Bunt, Henk van de 13,51, 202 Buridan’s Ass 104, ІЗІпЗ business community, role of 172-3 Buttle. John 117 Caiden, Gerald 146,198 Caldero, Michael 12 cameras: use of by citizens 110,130,176; use of by the state 166,179; see also CC.TV Çaparini, Marina 120 Capasso, Salvatore 179 capital: bonding 117; cultural 114; economic 114; negative 114; social 114; symbolic 114-15 case-study analysis 24-5,38nl6 CCTV 166 cellphones see mobile phones Center for the Study of Democracy 175 Certis 23,62 Chan, Janet 114,117 Chappell, Allison 107—8 Cheloukine, Serguei 72,158 Chêne, Marie 156 Chicago 31 Christianity 101—2 CISCO 23,62 civil society 24,171—9 Clarke, Ronald 103 Claussen, Natalie 149 CLCC 147 . Cloward, Richard 109—10 CMEA 14,130 Coalition 2000 173 Cockcroft,Tom 8,19, 68,120 codes: of conduct 145-6,148; of ethics 145-6,168 C ofE 165 Cohen, Lawrence 108 collectivism 118—19 Comecon see CMEA Commercial and Industrial Security Corporation see CISCO commissions 114; Fitzgerald 69; Knapp 10, 69; Mollen 37n6,69;Wood 69,118 Common Reporting Standards 18 Communism 120,130,131n2,159 Con cianism 120 Constantinou, Angelo 50 conventions, international 147-9 conviction rates 121-6 Cooperation and Verification Mechanism see
CVM Corbett, Claire 151 Cornish, Derek 103 corruption (both general and police): and affluence 24,199; black 10; campaigns against see measures (against corruption); cases of 54-67; causes 2,121-31; conceptions of 27-35; definitions 5-9, 36n4; and democracy 199—202; and discretion 2,110,145,179; ehte 9, 82; examples 54-67; experiences of 82-7; fined for publishing on 36; grabbers 51; grand 9, 82; grass-eating 10,51—2,56; grey 10; group 19; intermediate 9,82; key terms 9-13; laws against see under laws of individual countries; levels 9,162; measurement of35,67-87; meateating 10,51—3, 56, 61; perceptions of 75-82,87; and personality 103,106, 121-30,149; petty 9, 82; planned 51; polychromatic 10; process see noble cause corruption; and protection 57-8; see abo roofing; and rule of law 121,179, 200-1; scale of 67-87,117; scenarios 27-35; as a serious issue 1-4, 77—8; significance 1—4; situational 51; and size of countries 198-9; and size of government 198; social 53, 86,156; see aho cronyism, favouritism, nepotism; and socio-economic development 118; spontaneous 51; statistics on 69-74; structural 51; systematic 51; taxonomies 49-54; typologies 49-54; under-reporting 68; see also measures (against corruption); noble cause corruption; theories Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau see CPIB Corruption Perceptions Index see CPI Corsianos, Marilyn 116 cost-benefit analysis 103—4,110 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance see CMEA Council of Europe see C ofE CPI 15-19,37nl2,118,162
Index CPIB 153,158,170,179nl, 206 Crank, John 112 crime rates 4 Criminal Law Convention on Corruption see CLCC cronyism 53, 63 cross-case study 24-5,38nl6 crying wolf syndrome 161 CSOs 174, 205; see abo NGOs culture 100,130,204; defined 118; and historical legacy 120; patriarchal 116; shared 117; see ako police culture CVM 15 Cyprus 50 dashcams see cameras David, Roman 166 Davidson, Juha 53,101 Davies, Sharyn 117 Davis, Michael 146 Delattre, Edwin 12 De Maio, Giovanna 175 Democracy Index 14, 206 democracy scores 14, 37n9 demonstrations see mass activism Denver 100,143,171 Diekert, Florian 108 Dirty Harry problem see noble cause corruption dispositions 113-14 document checking 177 Dombrink, John 156 ‘donkeys’ 13, 51 Donner, Christopher 111 Dormaels,Arne 106-7 Dorosiev, Rashko 26 Douglas, Mary 51 doxa 113-15,130-1,205 Drescher, Melvin 109 drones 167—8,180n7 drug dealing 57-8,61,105,124—5 Dubova, Anastasiya 36,55 Duéñez-Guzmán, Edgar 109 Durkheim, Émile 105 Dymovskii, Aleksei 165 Dzhekova, Rositsa 70,102,112 ECHR 67,164 Economist Intelligence Unit see EIU Eggers, Tobias 164 EIU 14,37n9 embezzlement 9,53, 59-60,153 Engels, Friedrich 131n5 Englehart, Neil 120 entrapment 120,154,179-80n2 213 envy 101—2 Eterno, John 8 ethnic composition 117 ethnic profiling 61 EU 1,14-15,129,152,169 Eurobarometer 75,169—70,180ո8 European Court of Human Rights see ECHR European Union see EU Europol 7 Eurostat 20 extortion 52, 53, 59,61,105 Facebook 175 factors: constant 101; variable 101 false consciousness 113 favouritism 53, 63 Federal Ministry of the Interior 21—2 Federal Security Service see
FSB federalism 16, 21—2,201 Felson, Marcus 108 femininity 118-19,131n6 field 114 Financial Secrecy Index 18—19 Fishman, Janet 27 fixes 53,58—9, 111 flaking 53,61,126 Fletcher, Clare 7 Flood, Merrill 109 forgery 54 France 170 fraud 54, 64—5 Freedom House 37n9 freedom scores 37n9 Fridell,Lorie 111 Friebel, Guido 149 FSB 55,118 Fujimori, Alberto 116 Galeotti, Mark 17 Gallup 18 GCB 1,18,75-6,178,199 GCR 17,19-20, 37-8ПІ4,123,132nl0 Georgia 75,115,162—3,204 Georgieva, Irena 167 Gerber,Theodore 201 Germany: area 16; basic information 15-16; cases of police corruption 54—67; corruption level (overall) 16, 19-20; laws 8, 22,144,176; police size 22; police structure 21—2; population size 15—16; survey details 25—7; unification 37n8 Gerring,John 24, 38nl6 gift 107,117
214 Index Gittell, Ross 117 Gladarev, Boris 36 Global Competitiveness Report see GCR Global Corruption Barometer see GCB Global Law and Order Index 18, ЗбпІЗ Goel, Rajeev 198-9 Goetz, Anne Marie 116 Goldstein, Herman 50 Golubev, Anatoly 173 Gottfredson,Michael 111 Gottschalk, Peter 53,101 Gounev, Philip 1,112 Graaf, Gjalt de 113-14 Gramsci, Antonio 131n5 GRECO 148, 206 greed 101-2,121-5,127,130 Group of States against Corruption see GRECO Gryzlov, Boris 161 habitus 113-14 Hadler, Markus 111 Halderen, Robin van 12 Hanauer, Florian 71 Harrison, Lawrence 120 ‘hawks’ 13,51 Heidenheimer, Arnold 10,19 Herold, Nico 165 Herrmann, Daniela 7 Hewlett Packard 63—4 Heywood, Paul 7 Hirschi,Travis 111 Hobbs, Dick 117 Hofstede, Geert 118—20,131ո6֊ո7 Holgersson, Stefan 10,11 homicide see police murder Hong Kong 165—6.169 honour boards 164 Hope, Kempe Ronald 8 hotlines 165,174,176 Huber, Wm. Dennis 118 Human Rights Watch 56 Huntington, Samuel 6,120 hypotheses 24,199—202 IAUs 151 IGEC 5-6, 36n3 IMF 6 immunity 178-9 ‘incongruent imperatives’108 India 156 individualism 118-19 Indonesia 117 indulgence 118—20,131n7 insecurity 102 institutions 111-12,121,179,205 Internal Affairs Units see IAUs International Monetary Fund see IMF Interpol 5-6,7, 9 Interpol Group of Experts on Corruption see IGEC interviews 25,26—7,123-4 Ireland 170 Izyumov, Aleksei 131n2,171 Jetter, Michael 120—1 Jonsson, Sofia 2 journalism, investigative 172, 206 journalists, murder of 172 judiciary 146—7; see aka police frustration with courts junzi 120,132n8 Juraev, Javlon 104 Juvenal 151 Kabanov, Kirill 174 Kant, Immanuel 113
KGB 118,123 Khader, Majeed 150 kickbacks 52, 55-6,180n4 Kleinig,John 9,12,103 Klitgaard, Robert 2,110,145,179 Klockars, Carl 27 Knack, Stephen 198 Knorre,Alex 61 Kölbel, Ralf 165 Kolthoff, Emile 12 Korczak, Dieter 151,170 Kosals, Leonid 36,55,107,131n2, 171, 178 Kovarskii, Nikolai 203-4 Krouwel, André 104 kryshevanie — see roofing Kubiciel, Michael 117 Kurer, Oskar 6 Kutnjak Ivkovič, Sanja 69,70,110 ladder metaphor 102—З Lambsdorff, Johann Graf 6 laws: anti-corruption 143-5; ambiguity of 122—5; conflict of interest 144; see also under laws of individual countries Lee Kuan Yew 120,130, 202, 204-5, 207 Lee, Ruth 104,126 Lee-Jones, Krista 50-1,178 legacy, historical 120,130 legal nihilism 161
Index Legalism 120 leniency (of courts) 122—5,128, 204 Lenin,Vladimir 102 Levada Center 170 lie detectors see polygraphs lifestyle auditing 68,72,151 limitations (of project) 26,198-9 London 117 Loyens,Kim 11 lust 101-2 Luxembourg Leaks 19 Mafia - Nein Danke 124 magic pencil 12 Maguire, Mike 151 Maiorov,V. 1.168 Marcuse, Herbert 131n5 Marenin, Otwin 120 Mars, Gerald 51 Maskalyjon 111 masculinity 118—19,131n6 mass activism 174-5 McCarthy, Lauren 158 McCarthy, Niall 23 McDevitt, Andy 155 measures (against corruption): administrative 151,156-7; campaigns 161—2; décriminalisation 149; carrot 163-6; legal 143-5; managerial 154-5; monitoring 149—51; see abo asset declarations, lifestyle auditing; radical 149,162—3,165-6; regulatory 145—6; selection 149—51; stick 160-3; technological 151,166-8 media: mass 24, 172,202, 205; social 175 Medvedev, Dmitry 3,17, 22,102,157—8, 161,169,180n9,204 Melaha, Adrianus 117 Mendelson, Sarah 201 Merrington, Shannon 117 Merton, Robert 105,106,108 Mexico 159 Meyer, John 112 Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia) see MVD Ministry of the Interior (Bulgaria) see MVR Mischkowitz, Robert 131 mobile phones see cameras money-laundering 18,144 moonlighting 55,145 Morgenstern, Oscar 108 Moscow 55,154,161 Murphy, Patrick 31 215 MVD 22-3,55,73 MVR 20-1, 38nl5, 70-1,146,152 NATO 14 Navaľ nyi, Alexei 115,174 Nazism 120 'Ndrangheta 124 neo-institutionalism see under theories neo-liberalism 200; see abo under theories nepotism 53 Netherlands,The 51,155, 202 Neumann, John von 108 Newburn,Tim 8,101,152 New Public Management see under theories New York Police
Department see NYPD NGOs, role of 24,173-5 noble cause corruption 8-9,12-13,24, 32-5,38nl8; causes of 102,112,114, 117-18,127-9,171,202-3 norms, social 107,115 normal, meaning of 115 North Atlan tic Treaty Organisation see NATO North, Douglass 112 Nye, Joseph 6 NYPD 31,36n6,146,151 ombudspersons 153 OCGs 2-3,60, 65—6,155; threats from 104-5,121,123,206 OECD 18 Ohlin, Lloyd 109-10 Oleinik, Anton 57,166 opportunity 121-5; see abo theories, opportunity Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development see OECD organised crime groups see OCGs Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe see OSCE orientation: long-term 118-19; short term 118—19 OSCE 145 padding 53, 61 Panama Papers 19 Panfilova, Elena 174 PAP 120 Parmeter, Christopher 121 patronage 53 pay see police salaries payments, ordine 167 People’s Action Party see PAP
216 Index Perito, Robert 108, 206 159,162—3,166,177; training 170-1; Peru 116,159 trust in 159,169-70,178,180n8,207; Piquero, Alex 107-8 violence see police brutality plata o plomo 105 political will 121,178,203—5 Plato 113 political capacity 121,178,203-5 plausibility probe 25 polygraphs 167 plea-bargains 171 Porter, Louise 12 Pogrebin, Mark 100,101 Portugal 149 Poland 157 power distance 118-19 police: acting like organised crime groups Pozsgai-Alvarez, Joseph 7 3; arrest quotas 114,126-9,158,206; press, freedom of 172 attitudes towards different kinds of pressure: from above 121-6; from peers activity 107; benefits 163; brutality 1, 122-5 8, 36-7n5, 67, 86,107-8,146,175; pride 102 clearance rates 3,158; collusion 54, prisoner’s dilemma 108-9,131n4 65—6,73, 111, 129,160; communityProoijen, Jan-Willem van 104 based 156,177—8; conditions 163—4; propiska system 112 cooperation 158-9; see aho linkages; protests see mass activism corruption see corruption; cover-ups Prussia 168 54, 66—7,111; as criminal businesses 3; Punch, Maurice 8,12,19, 51-2,72,143, culture 11-12, 84,101, 114,117,120, 160-1 131n2,207; definitions 9; donations Putin,Vladimir 2,120,122-3,130,156, to 157,164,173,179; downsizing 204,206-7 102,113; education 170; and ethnicity Putnam, Robert 117 117,169; force 36nl; see also police brutality; frustration with courts Quahjon 74,86,156,158 121-9,147; ‘gardening clubs’ 61; and quotas, arrest 122-6 gender 114-17,159-60,169,180n5; Quran 104 honour boards 164; inappropriate assistance 53—4, 62-3,111 ; internal ‘raiders in epaulettes’ 3 payoffs 53, 61; kidnapping
59-60, raiding 66, 85,126,173,174,199 65; and legitimacy 4; linkages 170; Raikov, Evgeni 70 see aho cooperation; murder 60, Rechtsstaat 200 reiderstvo see raiding 67; name of 169; and opportunity 121-6; pay see police salaries; Reiss,Albert 111 pejorative terms for 123; personality Reporters Without Borders 172,208n3 traits 121—30,149—50; pressure from researchers, role of 175 above 121—6; procurement 54, 63-4, respect, lack of 122—5 167; Professional Standards Units see restraint 118—20,131n7 IAUs; protection rackets 53,59—61, Reuker, Ulf 164 85-6; public imaging 168-9,207; revolutions 123; colour 115 punishments 122—5; purges 162-3; Reynolds, Michael 8,169 reform 102,112,120,150,157-8, Rigby,T. H. 200 204; regulations 145-6; rewards 164; risk assessments 108,155-6,180n3 salaries 122-6,163-4,180n6,206; Roebuck, Juhan 51-2,54 satisfaction with 170; and security 4; role-modelling 100,104,155,179 Romania 15,154 sense of duty 127—9; service 36nl; and sexual exploitation 61; shaming 162; roofing 60, 86,126,173,199; see aho size of force/service 20—3; sponsorship corruption and protection rotation 156,180n4 of 157,179; structures 20-3; targets Rotberg, Robert 203 126; see also arrest quotas; and terrorists Rothstein, Bo 203,206—7 2,66; theft 52, 56, 59,107,109,130; rotten apples 12,19, 24,51, 86, 99,101, threats to 121—6; see also plata o plomo; traffic 56-7,71,76, НО, 116,125, 112,116,202
Index rotten barrels 12,24, 55,58, 65,86, 99, 101,116,154,202 rotten orchards 12,19, 24,86, 99, 202 rotten pockets 12 Rowan, Brian 112 rule of law 121,130, 200-2 Rule of Law Index 126,200—1 Runciman, Walter 105 Russia: area 16; basic information 16-17; cases of police corruption 17, 55—67; Constitution 201; contrast to Singapore 17,23; corruption level (overall) 16—17,19—20; identity crisis 130; laws 7,55,144,157-8; police reform 17,22; police size 23; police structure 22-3; population size 16; problems of publishing in 36,175; quintuple loss 130; survey details 26—7 Saakashvili, Mikheil 162, 207 Sadedin, Suzanne 109 satellite tracking 168 Saxton, Gregory 159 schemata 113-14 Schengen zone 4, 15 Semukhina, Olga 8,169 Serpico, Frank 10 seven deadly sins 101-2 Sevrugin,V. E. 168 shakedowns 52,56-7 Shammas, Victor 113 Sherman, Lawrence 8,12,31 siloviki 122—3 Silverman, Eh 8 Singapore: area 16; basic information 17—19; cases of police corruption 55-67; contrast to Russia 17,23; corruption level (overall) 17-20; laws 8,59,144-5; police size 20, 23; police structure 23; population size 16, 17; ‘sex-for-contracts’ case 62; survey details 25-7 slippery slope 31,100,102—3 Smilov, Daniel 26 social construction 25,115 Soh,Yew Chong 198 sousveillance 130 South Africa 162 Soviet Union see USSR ‘squirrel’s nuts’ 102 state: hypocrisy 171; interaction with public 176—7; support 127—9, 203 Statista 23 Stepan, Alfred 167 217 Stepashin, Sergei 174 sting operations 55-6,154. 164, 179-80n2 Stouffer, Samuel 105 Strakhov, Alexander 120 surveys 23,25-35, 75-87,121-9,169-70, 176-7,178,180n8, 203;
see ako CPI, GCB Sutherland, Edwin 106 Svensson, Jakob 6 Tänzler, Dirk 16 Tax Justice Network seeTJN Taylor, Brian 22—3, 61,118,120 technology: impact of 130; use of (by citizens) 110 Teck Hin Koh 143 testilying 12, 34—5,144 testing: drug 150; psychological 149-50 ‘them and us’ see alienation theories: agency 101; behavioural 101; code of silence 101; context-related 111—21; control 101,110—111, 131, 155; cultural 116—21; cultural constraints 117; differential association 101,106-7,126,149; game 108-9, 110; grounded 131; individualoriented 101—4; interaction-based 104—11; managerial 101; neo institutionalism 111—12,131; neo liberalism 113,157; New Public Management 113,157; opportunity 109-10,116,130,155; organisational 101; organisational culture 116; principal-agent 101; rational choice 103-4,106,108,110,130-1,166; relative deprivation 105; routine activity 108; social control see control; social learning 107—8,130; strain 102, 105-6,110,130 threat assessments see risk assessments TIT, 6-7,174; Bulgaria 173; Germany 174; Russia 174,177; UK 171 Titaev, Kirill 158 TJN 18 totalitarianism 120,154 trafficking: arms 125; drug 21,124; human 4 tragedy of the commons 109-10 transparency 2,18,71,205—6 Transparency International see TI Triads 60
218 Index triage 69, 206 Trunova, Ekaterina 36 Tucker, Albert W. 109,131ո4 turning 164,171 Úbeda, Francisco 109 UK 120,151,180n6 Ukraine 163 umbrella policy 164 UN 145; Convention Against Corruption see UNCAC; Office on Drugs and Crime see UNODC UNCAC 7-8,147 uncertainty avoidance 118—19 undercover operations see entrapment, sting operations United Kingdom see UK United Nations see UN UNODC 147 USA 106,109-11,116,159 USSR 120,130; as empire 16 Vannucci, Alberto 171 verbaffing 12 Vidal, Avis 117 Vigneswaran, Darshan 68 vruzkt 130 ‘vultures’ 13,51 Warren, Mark 7 Warrender, Celia 12 Warsaw Pact ree WTO Warsaw Treaty Organisation ree WTO Weber, Max 200,207-8nl WEF 17,19-20 Werdes, Bärbel 116 ‘werewolves in epaulettes’ 160-1 Werner, Simcha 7 whistleblowing 10—12, 68,80-2,148, 164-5,173,179 wicked problem 142 Williams, Hubert 100 Wilson, O. W 31 witness protection 165 WJP 200-1 Włodarczyk, Adam 7,51 ‘wolves’ 13, 51 World Bank 6,148,163 World Governance Indicators 148-9 World Economic Forum ree WEF World Justice Project ree WJP World Press Freedom Index 205 wrath 102 WTO 14,130 Wysmulek, Ilona 7 Xi Jinping 200 Yeganeh, Hamid 118—19 Yeltsin, Boris 130 Zwart, Frank de 156 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek |
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| geographic | Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd Singapur (DE-588)4055089-8 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Deutschland Bulgarien Singapur Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV047844241 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:13:11Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:13:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780367742706 9780367742737 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033227208 |
| oclc_num | 1266244890 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-2070s |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-2070s |
| physical | xvii, 218 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220425 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Routledge corruption and anti-corruption studies |
| spelling | Holmes, Leslie 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)133185613 aut Comparing police corruption Bulgaria, Germany, Russia and Singapore Leslie Holmes London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2022 xvii, 218 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge corruption and anti-corruption studies "This book analyses police corruption across four country case studies, exploring how the problem manifests in each country and how it can be reduced. The problem of police corruption ranges from having to pay a bribe to a traffic cop to avoid a speeding fine, right up to more serious forms, such as collusion with organised crime groups and terrorists. The issue therefore constitutes a significant security threat and a human rights issue, but it is often difficult to understand the extent of the problem, and how it varies across contexts. This book analyses the corruption situation in Bulgaria, Germany, Russia and Singapore, identifies similarities and differences across them, and analyses the various means of addressing the problem: punitive, incentivising, technological, administrative, imaging, and the role of civil society. Drawing on existing literature and research, the book also makes extensive use of local sources and original survey data across the four countries. As comparative literature on police corruption remains rare, this book's survey of the situation in two developed states and two post-communist transition states will be of considerable interest to students and researchers across corruption studies, criminology, police studies, and security studies, as well as practitioners working in anti-corruption and law enforcement agencies"-- Polizei (DE-588)4046595-0 gnd rswk-swf Korruption (DE-588)4032524-6 gnd rswk-swf Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Singapur (DE-588)4055089-8 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Police corruption / Bulgaria Police corruption / Russia (Federation) Police corruption / Germany Police corruption / Singapore Police corruption Bulgaria Germany Russia (Federation) Singapore Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 g Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Singapur (DE-588)4055089-8 g Polizei (DE-588)4046595-0 s Korruption (DE-588)4032524-6 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk. 978-1-00-315687-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033227208&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033227208&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Holmes, Leslie 1948- Comparing police corruption Bulgaria, Germany, Russia and Singapore Polizei (DE-588)4046595-0 gnd Korruption (DE-588)4032524-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046595-0 (DE-588)4032524-6 (DE-588)4011882-4 (DE-588)4008866-2 (DE-588)4055089-8 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Comparing police corruption Bulgaria, Germany, Russia and Singapore |
| title_auth | Comparing police corruption Bulgaria, Germany, Russia and Singapore |
| title_exact_search | Comparing police corruption Bulgaria, Germany, Russia and Singapore |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Comparing police corruption Bulgaria, Germany, Russia and Singapore |
| title_full | Comparing police corruption Bulgaria, Germany, Russia and Singapore Leslie Holmes |
| title_fullStr | Comparing police corruption Bulgaria, Germany, Russia and Singapore Leslie Holmes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparing police corruption Bulgaria, Germany, Russia and Singapore Leslie Holmes |
| title_short | Comparing police corruption |
| title_sort | comparing police corruption bulgaria germany russia and singapore |
| title_sub | Bulgaria, Germany, Russia and Singapore |
| topic | Polizei (DE-588)4046595-0 gnd Korruption (DE-588)4032524-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polizei Korruption Deutschland Bulgarien Singapur Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033227208&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033227208&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT holmesleslie comparingpolicecorruptionbulgariagermanyrussiaandsingapore |