Balkan fighters in the Syrian war:
"This book analyses the process of the recruitment of foreign fighters from the Western Balkans, specifically Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo, to Syria and Iraq from 2012 to 2015. Utilizing in-depth, semi-structured interviews with foreign fighters and their families, as well as a number of r...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2022
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| Schriftenreihe: | Southeast European studies
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "This book analyses the process of the recruitment of foreign fighters from the Western Balkans, specifically Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo, to Syria and Iraq from 2012 to 2015. Utilizing in-depth, semi-structured interviews with foreign fighters and their families, as well as a number of relevant stakeholders it answers the question of what were the processes and circumstances leading up to the departure of foreign fighters from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo and what informed their agency? The author draws on the theories of social movement approaches, more specifically, contentious politics literature and utilizes the specific concepts of triggering mechanisms, which refer to the enabling circumstances that make the radicalization and departure possible, and pleasure in agency, to elaborate on individual motivation. The book also shows how a wider state- fragility within the context of the post-Yugoslav wars and the transitional period that never ended, aided radicalization and how an incomplete process of post-war transition can fuel the process of political and religious radicalization creating a wider enabling web for recruitment"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xv, 184 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9780367633790 9780367633813 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "This book analyses the process of the recruitment of foreign fighters from the Western Balkans, specifically Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo, to Syria and Iraq from 2012 to 2015. Utilizing in-depth, semi-structured interviews with foreign fighters and their families, as well as a number of relevant stakeholders it answers the question of what were the processes and circumstances leading up to the departure of foreign fighters from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo and what informed their agency? The author draws on the theories of social movement approaches, more specifically, contentious politics literature and utilizes the specific concepts of triggering mechanisms, which refer to the enabling circumstances that make the radicalization and departure possible, and pleasure in agency, to elaborate on individual motivation. The book also shows how a wider state- fragility within the context of the post-Yugoslav wars and the transitional period that never ended, aided radicalization and how an incomplete process of post-war transition can fuel the process of political and religious radicalization creating a wider enabling web for recruitment"-- | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List of illustrations Author A note on pronunciation and transliteration Preface Acknowledgments Abbreviations vii viii ix x xii xiv 1 Unpacking radicalization 1 2 History of foreign fighters 22 3 Theory and practice 38 4 Collecting and treating sensitive data 60 5 Balkan recruits 83 6 Enabling networks and organization 114 7 Conclusion 152 Bibliography Index 159 179
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Balkans. February 24, 2017. Accessed August 18, 2018. https://europeanwest embalkans. com/2017/02/24/bosnia-and-kosovo-europes-forgotten-protectorate/. Arielli, Nir. “In Search of Meaning: Foreign Volunteers in the Croatian Armed Forces, 1991-95.” Contemporary European History 21, no. 01 (2011): 1-17. doi: 10.1017/ S0960777311000518. Amsperger, Christian, and Yanis Varoufakis. “Toward a Theory of Solidarity.” Erkenntnis 59, no. 2 (September 2003): 157-88. https://www.yanisvaroufakis.eu/wp-content/upl oads/2017/02/toward-a-theory-of-solidarity-full-published-version 1 .pdf. Aspray, Robert. War in Shadows. Voi. 1. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1965. Azinović, Vlado. “The True Aims of Bosnia’s Operation Light’.” RadioFree Europe/ RadioLiberty. February 12, 2010. Accessed April 09, 2015. https://www.rferl.Org/a/T he_True_Aims_Of_Bosnias_Operation_Light/1954254.html.
160 Bibliography Azinović, Vlado, and Muhamed Jusić. “Zov rata u siriji i bosanskohercegovački kontingent stranih boraca.” Istraživački Project, 2015. Azinović, Vlado, and Muhamed Jusić. “The New Lure of the Syrian War: The Foreign Fighters Bosnian Contingent.” The Atlantic Initiative, 2016. Azinović, Vlado. “Between Salvation and Temor: Radicalization and the Foreign Fighter Phenomenon in the Western Balkans.” The Atlantic Initiative, 2017, 7. Azinović, Vlado, and Edina Bećirević. “A Waiting Game: Assessing and Responding to the Threat from Returning Foreign Fighters in the Western Balkans.” Regional Cooperation Council. 2017. Accessed August 15, 2018. https://www.rcc.int/pubs/54 /a-waiting-game-assessing-and-responding-to-the-threat-from-retuming-foreign-fighte rs-in-the-westem-balkans. Azinović, Vlado. “Regional Report Understanding Violent Extremism in the Western Balkan.” British Council. June 2018. https://www.britishcouncil.rs/sites/default/files/ erf_report_westem_balkans_2018.pdf. Ázzam, Abdulla. “Defense of the Muslim Lands.” Archive. Accessed January 20, 2018. http://archive.org/stream/Defense_of_the_Muslim_Lands/Defense_of_the_Muslim _Lands_djvu.txt. Ázzam, Abdullah. Join the Caravan. 2009. Accessed December 28,2009. http://www.auth entictauheed.com/2009/12/join-caravan-abdullah-azzam.html. Badey, Thomas J. “Defining International Terrorism: A Pragmatic Approach.” Terrorism and Political Violence 10, no. 1 (1998): 90-107. doi:10.1080/09546559808427445. Bakke, Kristin M. “Copying and Learning from Outsiders? Assessing Diffusion from Transnational Insurgents in
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Bibliography 161 Barrett, Richard. “Beyond the Caliphate: Foreign Fighters and the Threat of Returnees.” October 2017. Accessed December 19, 2017. http://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/up loads/2017/11/Beyond-the-Caliphate-Foreign-Fighters-and-the-Threat-of-RetumeesTSC-Report-October-2017-v3 .pdf. Bartlett, Jamie, and Carl Miller. “The Edge of Violence: Towards Telling the Difference between Violent and Non-violent Radicalization.” Terrorism and Political Violence 24, no. 1 (2012): 1֊21. doi:10.1080/09546553.2011.594923. Bećirević, Edina. Salafism vs. Moderate Islam: A Rhetorical Fight for the Hearts and Minds ofBosnian Muslims. Sarajevo: Atlantic Initiative, 2016. Bećirević, Edina. “Bosnia and Herzegovina Report.” British Council. April 2018. Accessed May 2018. https://www.britishcouncil.ba/sites/default/files/erf_bih_report.pdf. Beck, Colin J. “The Contribution of Social Movement Theory to Understanding Terrorism.” Sociology Compass 2, no. 5 (2008): 1565-581. doi:10.1111/j.l751-9020.2008.00148.x. Benmelech, Efraim, and Esteban Klor. “What Explains the Flow of Foreign Fighters to ISIS?” 2016., Working Paper 22190, http://www.nber.org/papers/w22190NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 April 2016. Bennett, Andrew, and Jeffrey T. Checkel. “Preface.” In Andrew Bennett and Jeffrey T. Checkel (eds.), Process Tracing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, XiXiv. doi: 10.1017/cbo9781139858472.001. Bennett, Richard M. Spies and Secrets. Ebury Publishing, 2012. Bieber, Florian, and Džemai Sokolović. Reconstructing Multiethnic
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162 Bibliography Burawoy, Michael. “The Extended Case Method.” Case Studies, March (1998), 335. doi:10.4135/9781473915480.nl7. Burke, Jason. Al-Qaeda: The True Story ofRadical Islam. London: Penguin, 2007. Byman, Daniel. “The Homecomings: What Happens When Arab Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria Return?” Studies in Conflict Terrorism 38, no. 8 (2015): 581-602. doi:10. 1080/105761 Ox.2015.1031556. Carsten, Janet. Cultures of Relatedness: New Approaches to the Study of Kinship. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Cederman, Lars-Erik. “Transborder Ethnic Kin and Civil War.” International Organization 67, no. 2 (April 2012): 389-410. Chandler, David. Bosnia: Faking Democracy after Dayton. Pluto Press, 2000. Charbonneau, Louis. “Kosovo Voices Strong Support for Syria Opposition.” Reuters. May 14,2012. Accessed May 15, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-kosovo/ko sovo-voices-strong-support-for-syria-opposition-idU SBRE84D1EI20120514. Chavez, Christina. “Conceptualizing from the Inside: Advantages, Complications, and Demands on Insider Positionality.” Qualitative Report 13, no. 3 (2008): 474-494, 475 http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR13-3/chavez.pdf Checkel, Jeffrey T. Transnational Dynamics of Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Chomsky, Noam. Failed States: The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy. London: Penguin Books, 2007. Christia, Fotini. “Following the Money: Muslim versus Muslim in Bosnias Civil War.” Comparative Politics 40, no. 4 (July 2008): 461-80. doi: 10.5129/0010415 08x12911362383390. Christmann, Iiris. “Preventing
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Index Abdic, Fikret 121 acceptance, self-radicalization process 5 action militarization 52 activation of militant networks 51 Active Islamic Youth 92 Afghanistan 52 agency 41, 46, 51 Al-Assad, Bashar 29 Albanian 122 Albanianism 123, 153 Albanians, Kosovo 122-24 Al-Bosni, Abu Jihad 130 Al-Bosni, Sallahudin 86 Al-Nusra Front (ANF) 28-29 Al-Qaeda 47, 52, 135 ANF (Al-Nusra Front) 28-29 Arbatova, Nadia Alexandrova 7 Amsperger, Christian 87-88 Aspray, Robert 49 “Autonomasi” 121 awareness, self-radicalization process 5 Azinovic, Vlado 157 Ázzam, Abdullah 22, 52 “Baby Revolution” 44 Bakke, Kristin M. 29 Bakker, Edwin 3, 25,29 Balic, Elvira 120-21, 146n32 Barber, Benjamin R. 4 Barcic, Jusuf 96 Bartlett, Jamie 2 Becirevic, Edina 1 belonging 3, 5, 121 Berisha, Albert 89,116 Berkovic, Nihad 130 ВІН (Bosnia and Herzegovina) see Bosnia BiH Commission for Monitoring Prisons 137 Bin-Laden, Osama 22, 53 Boja, Rexhep 96-97 Bosnia: corruption 10; dual citizenship 61; extreme politics 102-3; ideology of foreign fighters 92-94; international assistance 9-10; JMBG protests 44; law enforcement agencies 24; Law on Protection of Data 71; migrant crisis (2018) 12; Muslim population 53; OSA (Intelligence and Security Agency) 71; parallel networks 120-22; Supervisory Body for Monitoring the Implementation of Strategy and Action Plans 84; Task Force for Combatting Terrorism 84 Bosniak Bosnian Army 93 Bosniak Party of Democratic Action (SDA) 95 Bosnian Atlantic Initiative 6 Bosnian Muslim society 94 Bosnie, Husein Bilal 115 Braithwaite, Alex 24 brokerage, mechanism of 154 building-upon method 63
Burawoy, Michael 63 Burke, Jason 2 Byman, Daniel 24 Capone, Francesca 27 case study approach 63-64 Center for Insights in Survey Research (CISR) 9 Četnički ravnogorski pokret (The Ravna Gora Movement) 93 Chechen, impact of foreign fighters on opposition movements 29 Chomsky, Noam 2 Christmann, Kris 3 Chu, Tiffany S. 24 CISR (Center for Insights in Survey Research) 9
180 Index Citizenship Review Commission (CRC) 95 clandestine political violence 47, 50 classic terrorism 55ո7 clerico-fascist groups 11 codifying data 77 collective action participation 90 collective action problems 43 communication tools 127 competitive escalation 50-51 Conduit, Dara 29 conflict-related terrorism 55n7 content analysis 76-78 contentious politics 38; social deprivation 43 corruption 10; personal experiences with 129-35 countering violent extremism (CVE) 25, 40 counter-terrorism 40 CRC (Citizenship Review Commission) 95 criminalizing, mobilization 44 criminal records 139 critical terrorism studies 46 Croatia 44—45 Croat-nationalist party (HDZ) 103 CVE (countering violent extremism) 25, 40,134, 152-53 Dabiq 5 da’is (missionaries) 97,124 Dalgaard-Nielsen, Anja 3 danger zones 68 Daoud, Kamel 2 data collections, ethics of 65-73 Dayton Peace Accords 10 Death Seekers 106nll de Bie, Jasper 8 de Bont, Roel 29 De Guttry, Andrea 27, 28 Delie, Rasim 80-81ո44 della Porta, Donatella 38, 41-42, 46-47, 50-52 de-pluralization 2-3 de Poot, Christianne 8 de-radicalization efforts 143-44 de-radicalization processes 24, 137 de Roy van Zuijdewijn, Jeanine 25 đe-territorializing propaganda З Diani, Mario 41 digital journals, radicalization 4-5 discousre analytical approach, content analysis 77 disengagement 144 disengagement programs 141 dual citizenship 27, 61,121 education 86 El Mujahed Detachment 80-8 ln44 El Mujaheed veterans 62 el-Misri, Imad 95-96 EMD (El Mujahed Detachment) 80-81 n44 emergency powers, New Zealand 27-28 employment 91, 105 Endresen, Cecilie 123 ethics of data
collection 65-73 ethno-nationalist groups 11 ethno-nationalist tension 133-34 ethno-nationalist violence 157 EU (European Union) 152-53 everyday talk 65 externally driven democracies 156 externally regulated democratization processes 13 extreme politics 102-5 Facebook 4 facial disfigurement 86-87 failed democratization 42 fallen foreign fighters, families of 142-43 families 114-18,127, 155; of fallen foreign fighters 142-^43; role in radicalization 3 far-right white nationalism 3 fatwa 22, 52 fear 145nl7 female recruits 126 Fenton, Adam 27 Fetullah Gulen 93 Fishti, Xhazair 93 fixers 72-73 Fjala (The Word) Party 104 Fojnica, Emrah 116 Fojnica, Hamdo 116 food banks 120 foreign fighter phenomenon 6-7,14-15, 25, 40, 63 foreign fighters, definition 23, 28 foreign terrorist fighters 40, 46, 135 formal explanatory theories 41 Foucault, Michel 26 free riders 43 Fromm, Erich 99 frustrated travelers 140 fulfillment dividend 38, 114, 118-20, 154 fundamentalism 1 funds for travel 129
Index gatekeepers 72 GCERF (Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund) 15ІПІ47 George, Alexander 63 Gerges, Fawaz 30 Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund (GCERF) 15ІПІ47 Global Counterterrorism Forum (the Netherlands) 25-26 globalization 4 Graja, Garentina 6 grounded theory 8 group identity 3 Guilford, Briar 27 Gunning, Jeroen 1 Hafizovic, Resid 96 Hamzibeg Estate 119 handshakes 70 Haskie, Amir 132 Hayes, Rachel 139 HDZ (Croat-nationalist party) 103 Hegghammer, Thomas 23-24, 90 Helfstein, Scott 5 heroic motivation 154 heroism 154 Hoffman, Bruce 2 Holman, Timothy 24 Human Development Index 10 humanitarian aid 123 Hyseni, Laura 120 Ibric, Merdin 115-16, 130-31 ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia) 12 identity 4, 85; group identity 3; religious identity 2, 123 identity seekers 106n 11 ideological bribes 120 ideological encapsulation 52, 101 ideology 85, 92-94 ideology seekers 106nl 1 imam network 128 impairments 86-87 implementation, self-radicalization process 5 indigenous insiders 65 individualism 54 Innés, Michael A. 7 insider positionality 65-66 Inspire 5 instrumentality 85, 90-92 Intelligence and Security Agency (OSA), BiH (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 71 181 interest, self-radicalization process 5 international assistance 9 “International Brigades” of Spanish Civil War 22 International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - The Hague (ICCT) 25 International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 11-12 international Jaw 27-28 International Organization for Migration (IOM) 134 International Republican Institute (IRI) 9, 104,
112-ІЗпІЗО Internet: online networks 125-28; radicalization 4 interviews, in-depth, semi-structured 73-76 Intra-Muslim war 146n35 IOM (International Organization for Migration) 134 Iran 92 IRI (International Republican Institute) 9, 104, 112-ІЗпІЗО ISIL fighters 136 ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) 28,87 ISIS 13, 29,40, 47, 52, 93,135 ISIS fighters 135 Islam 51, 98; radical Islam 97 Islamic Community 94, 96, 99,103,122 Islamic Movement Unite 104 Islamic radicals 51 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) 28, (35 Islamic Ummah 106nl 1 Islamophobia/Religiophobia, Kosovo 125 Jackson, Richard 1,46 Jahjaga, Atıfete 122 Jasarevic, Mevlid 116 Jenkins, Brian Michael 4 JFF (Jihadist Foreign Fighters) 29 Jihad 4, 98 Jihadist Foreign Fighters (JFF) 29 jihadists 2, 98 JMBG protests 44 Johansson, Rolf 62 Jones, Clarke 137 justice seekers 106nl 1 Kantian duty 88 KCSS (Kosovar Center for Security Studies) 6, 122 Kelmendi, Gezim 104
182 Index Kennedy, Leslie W. 60 kinship, recruitment of foreign fighters 30 kitchen table reflexivity 65 Klandermans, Bert 90 Kleinmann, Scott 1 Knysh, Alexander 26 Kohla, Ellen 65 Kosovar Center for Security Studies (KCSS) 6, 122 Kosovo 12; Albanians 122-24; corruption 10; dual citizenship 61; extreme politics 104-5; family 117; international assistance 9-10; law enforcement agencies 24; National Security Council’s Secretariat 84; parallel networks 122-23; protests 44; United Nations 135; UNMIK (United Nations Mission in Kosovo) 124 Kosovo Liberation Army 12 Kosovo Specialist Chambers 62 Krahenmann, Sandra 27 Krasniqi, Shefqet 122 Kruger, Alan 24, 90 Kursani, Shpend 104 McCutcheonb, Priscilla 65 McWorld 4 mechanisms 48,154 media 26 Memishi, Rexhep 93 mercenaries versus foreign fighters 8-9, 14 Merdjanova, Ina 101 method of difference 74 methods-first case study approach 63 Midzic, Ines 86 migrant crisis, Bosnia (2018) 12 Miller, Gina 2 mobilization: criminalizing 44; for democracy 41—42; resource mobilization theory 41; social movements 42 Moore, Cerwyn 29-30 Moskalenko, Sophia 3 motivations for foreign fighters 84—87,153 movement participation 85 Muhammad, Prophet 143 Mujahedin 80n44 mujahideen 6-7, 53 Muslim population, Bosnia 53 labeling 26-27 Lajcak, Miroslav 95 Lakomý, Miron 135 large-N studies 63 law enforcement agencies 24 law, international 27-28 Law on Protection of Data, Bosnia 71 Lee, Alexander 90 Levizja Islandke Bashkohu (Islamic Movement Unite, or LISBA) 104 life story methodology 74 LISBA (Levizja Islandke Bashkohu) 104 localized terrorism 47 logic of
difference 74 lone wolf 5 loyalty 121 ; see also belonging Lum, Cynthia 60 National Countererrorism Center (U.S.) 25 National Security Council’s Secretariat, Kosovo 84 national strategies 84 neo-fundamentalism 53 networks: activation of militant networks 51; definition 114; family see radicalization, family; fulfillment dividend see fulfillment dividend; imam network 128; online networks 114, 125-28; parallel networks 120-25 Neumann, Peter 1 new social movements (NSMs) 42 New Zealand, emergency powers 27-28 Nilsson, Marco 30 non-positivist view 81n51 normative theories 40 NSMs (new social movements) 42 MacLean, L.M. 68 madrasas 53 mainstream terrorism 38 Malaysia 93 Maleckova, Jitka 24, 90 Malet, David 14, 23, 139 marriage 126; Yazidi women and girls 141 Marsden, Sarah 39-40 mass mobilizations 42 McAdarn, Doug 38, 44 McCarthy, John D. 41 McCauley, Clark 3 online networks 114, 125-28 online radicalizations 3 operationalizing data 77 “Operation Light” 110-1 ln90 opposition movements, impact of foreign fighters 29 organizational compartmentalization 52 OSA (Intelligence and Security Agency), Bosnia 71 Osve village 103 Otherness 143 over-policing 53
Index para-jamaats 54, 97, 103, 111ո98, 134 parallel networks 120-25 paramilitaries 12 Paulussen, Christophe 27 Paz, Reuven 22 personal experiences, corruption and system failure 129-35 Peter, Mateja 68 Petersen, Roger Dale 48-49, 87 Pettinger, Tom 2 physical impairments 86-87 Piazza, James 39 pleasure of agency 41, 51, 85 political capacity 39 political radicalization 133 politics, extreme politics 102-5 positionality 65 poverty 86 preexisting criminality 138 Price, David 27 primary sources, lack of 63 prisons 137-38 private security companies (PSCs) 14 processes 48 propaganda 87 prosecuted foreign fighters 83 PSCs (private security companies) 14 Putnam, Robert 134 Qazimi, Zekerija 93 questions asked during interviews 76 radical 1 radical action, religious identity 2 radical groups 50 radical Islam 97 radicalization 1-3,101,155; digital journals 4-5; family 117; Internet 4; political radicalization 133; religious identity 2; role of family 3; self-radicalization process 5-6; social media platforms 4 radicalization activities 90 radicalization disengagement 101 radicalized individuals 2 radicals, in the Balkans 6-15 radical solidarity 88 Ramiqi, Fuad 122 RAND corporation (U.S.) 25 rational choice theory 40, 43 The Ravna Gora Movement (Četnički ravnogorski pokret) 93 rebel groups 58n66 rebellions 48 recidivism 135-43 183 recruitment of foreign fighters 8, 14—15, 22; and departures 128-29; kinship 30 recruitment strategies 23 recruits 61-62; types of 106nl 1 redemption seekers 106nl 1 referral methodology 64 reflexive openness 68 rehabilitation programs 84 Reis-L-Vlema 98
relationship-building 70, 142 religion 1 religious identity 2, 123 Rendulic, Colonel 49 resentment formation 87,153 Resolution 1373, UN Security Council 28 Resolution 2170, UN Security Council 28, 35-36n58, 36n59, 36n60 Resolution 2178, UN Security Council 28-29 resource mobilization theory 41; instrumentality 90-92 responsibility seekers 106nll return and recidivism 135-43 revenge seekers 106nl 1 revolutions 48 Rich, Ben 29 riots 48 risk posed by returnees 136-37 romantic radicalization process 126 root causes 50 Roy, Olivier 53 Rumiyah 135 Russian Orthodox influence, ideology 94 Sageman, Marc 24, 71,114, 138 Sahwa Movement 97 Salafi 109n68 Salafi movement 43, 51, 53-54, 96, 98 Salafism 54, 94-102,105 Salafi villages 103 Saudi Arabia 92 SDA (Bosniak Party of Democratic Action) 95 Security Council, UN 28-29, 35-36n58, 36n59, 36n60 security in the field 69-70 Sedgwick, Mark 1 self-radicalization process 5-6 Serbia 12 Serb-nationalist party (SNDS) 103 Serri, Riccardo 152 Sham, Amar 88 sharia 54 Sheikh, Jakob 30
184 Index Sherley, Alison 60 Shtuni, Adrian 6 Silke, Andrew 137, 139 single parenting 115 SIPA (State Investigation and Protection Agency) 71, 83 Sivek, Susan Currie 4 small-N studies 63 SMT (social movement theory) 38-40, 43-44 SNDS (Serb-nationalist party) 103 social capital 134 social deprivation 43 social desirability bias 73,143 social media 126-27 social media platforms, radicalization 4 social movements 42, 44 social movement theory (SMT) 38-40, 43-44 socio-economic demographics 29-30 socio-economic facilitator causes 50-51 solidarity 87-90, 153 Soufan Group 26 Spataro, Armando 98 Srebrenica genocide 134 Stampnitzky, Lisa 45 State Investigation and Protection Agency (SIPA) 71 state responses to dealing with foreign fighters 24 Status Seekers 106nll Stepanova, Ekaterina 40,47 Strazzari, Francesco 68 structured, focused comparison approach 63-64 substantive theories 42 suicide bombers, Fojnica, Emrah 116 super terrorism 55n7 Supervisory Body for Monitoring the Implementation of Strategy and Action Plans, Bosnia 84 system failure 155; personal experiences with 129-35 Tahiri, Qamile 120 Takfirists 98 Tarrow, Sidney 38, 43-44, 154 Task Force for Combatting Terrorism, Bosnia 84 team mentality 87-88 Ternava, Naim 104 terrorattacks 136 temori sm 7, 45-47; localized terrorism 47; mainstream terrorism 38 Teslic-Tuzla-Brcko (Bosnia) 103 Thalos, Mariam 88 theory of justice 42 Thrill Seekers 106nll Tilly, Charles 38, 43^14,154 Toros, Hermione 1 transnational activism 23 transnational insurgents 23 transparency 68 travel logistics, recruitment and departures 128-29 triangulation
76 triggering mechanisms 38,48-49 trust-building 66-69 Tumelty, Paul 29 Turkey 93 types of recruits 106nll Ummah 53-54, 106nll unemployment 91, 108n47,119; see also youth unemployment United Nations (UN): Development Programme (UNDP) 134; Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) 124; Security Council 28-29, 35֊36n58, 36n59, 36n60, 135 Universities of Terror 137-38 van der Leun, Joanne 8 Varoufakis, Yanis 87-88 Veikia Kladusa 121 Victoroff, Jeff 85 Vidino, Lorenzo 29 violence 2; clandestine political violence 47,50 violent extremism 45, 90, 152 Wahhabi 109n68 Wahhabism 26-27 War on Terror (U.S.) 40, 52 WBCT Initiative 150-5ІПІ46 Weinstein, Jeremy 58n66 West, David 40 Wiktorowicz, Quintan 11 ln94 Wood, Elisabeth 41, 51 Yazidi people 141 youth unemployment 108n47,119; see also unemployment YouTube 4 Yugoslavia, Muslim population 53 Zald, Mayer N. 41 Zenica prison 137-38 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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Contents List of illustrations Author A note on pronunciation and transliteration Preface Acknowledgments Abbreviations vii viii ix x xii xiv 1 Unpacking radicalization 1 2 History of foreign fighters 22 3 Theory and practice 38 4 Collecting and treating sensitive data 60 5 Balkan recruits 83 6 Enabling networks and organization 114 7 Conclusion 152 Bibliography Index 159 179
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http://www.grocjusz.edu.pl/Materials/pd_ sem_20171123_C.pdf, (accessed 27 September 2018). 2014 Protocol to Amend the Convention on Offences and Certain Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, 4 April 2014, available at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/terroris m/News%20and%20Events/Consolidated_Text_1963_Tokyo_Convention-2014_Mon treal_Protocol_ENG.pdf, (accessed 27 September 2018). Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) Constitution. “Dayton Peace Accords.” U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gOv/p/eur/rls/or/dayton, (accessed April 25, 2018). International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Convention for the Suppression ofUnlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 23 September 1971,974 UNTS 177, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b37al4.html, (accessed 27 September 2018). International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia, ICTY, Transcript of General Ratko Mladic’s Guilty Verdict for the Crimes Committed that Rank Among the Most Heinous Known to Humankind and Include Genocide and Extermination as Crimes against Humanity, available at: http://www.icty.Org/x/cases/mladic/trans/en/171122IT .htm, (accessed December 5, 2017). International Maritime Organization (IMO), Protocol of 2005 to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 14 October 2005, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/49f58c8a2.html, (accessed 27 September 2018). International Maritime Organization (IMO), 1988 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 14 October 2005, available at:
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Bibliography 177 International Maritime Organization (IMO), 1988 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf, available at: https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/3dda0fff4.pdf, (accessed 27 September 2018). International Maritime Organization (IMO), Protocol of 2005 to the Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf, 14 October 2005, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docіd/49f58 cee2.html, (accessed 27 September 2018). Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, Supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawfhl Acts against the Safety of Civil aviation, 24 February 1988, available at: http://dgca.nic.in/ int conv/ChapJKIX.pdf. (accessed 27 September 2018). Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data, available at: https://publications.europa.eu/ en/publication-detail/-/publication/3e485el5-llbd-lle6-ba9a-01aa75ed71al/language -en, (accessed June 2017). Request for a Constitutional Review of Judgment PML. 225/2017 of the Supreme Court, of December 18, 2017, Case No. KI34/18, available at: http://gjk-ks.org. Report about the Work of the Independent Commission for Monitoring the Conditions of Prisons, 05/6-50-13-27-27-4/18, February, available at: http://www.parlament.ba. Second-Instance
Verdict, Prosecutor v. Mirsad Bektasevic and Others, No. X-KŽ-06/190, May 21, 2007, http://www.sudbih.gov.ba. Security Council Committee Pursuant to Resolutions 1267 (1999), 1989 (2011) and 2253 (2015) Concerning Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (Da’esh), Al-Qaida and Associated Individuals, Groups, Undertakings and Entities Report, July 2018, http:// undocs.org/S/2018/705, (accessed July 2018). Strategy of Bosnia and Herzegovina for Preventing and Combating Terrorism 2010-2015, Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina, http://msb.gov.ba/PDF/STRATEGIJA_ZA _BORBU_PROTIV_TERORIZMA_ENG.pdf, (accessed June 12, 2017). Strategy on Prevention of Violent Extremism and Radicalization Leading to Terrorism 2015-2020, Office of the Prime Minister Republic of Kosovo, September 2015, http: //www.kryemmistri-ks.net/repositoiy/docs/STRATEGY_parandalim_-_ENG.pdf , (accessed July 17, 2017). The “Case of Sejdic and Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina,” European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), December 22, 2009, https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/ ?library=eCHR id=001-96491 , (accessed June 2018). The Council of the European Union. “The European Union Counter-Terrorism Strategy.” November 30, 2005, https://register.consilium.europa.eu/doc/srv?l=EN f=ST %2014469%202005%20REV%204, (accessed July 2017). UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001) [On Threats to International Peace and Security Caused by Terrorist Acts], 28 September 2001, S/RES/1373 (2001), available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3c4e94552a.html, (accessed 25 September 2018). UN Security Council,
Security Council Resolution 2170 (2014) [On Threats to International Peace and Security Caused by Terrorist Acts by Al-Qaida], 15 August 2014, S/RES/2170 (2014), available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/53f729b84. html, (accessed 25 September 2018). UN Security Council, Security Council Resolution 2178 (2014) [On Threats to International Peace and Security Caused by Foreign Terrorist Fighters], 24 September 2014, S/
178 Bibliography RES/2178 (2014), available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/542a8ed74.html, (accessed 25 September 2018). UN General Assembly, Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents, 14 December 1973, No. 15410, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3afc.html, (accessed 25 September 2018). UN General Assembly, Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, 14 December 19730, No.12325, available at: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/ UNTS/Volume%20860/volume-860-I-12325-English.pdf, (accessed 25 September 2018). UN General Assembly, Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation of 2010 and the Protocol Supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft of 2010, No. 14117, https://treatie s.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20974/volume-974-I-14118-english.pdf, (accessed 27 September 2018). UN General Assembly, Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents, 14 December 1973, A/RES/3166, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00fl9d4.html, (accessed 27 September 2018). UN General Assembly, International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, 15 April 2005, A/RES/59/290, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/ 528f3be94.html, (accessed 27 September 2018). UN General Assembly, 1991 Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection, available at:
https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/blog/document /convention-on-the-marking-of-plastic-explosives-for-the-purpose-of-detection/, (accessed 27 September 2018). UN General Assembly, International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings: Resolution/Adopted by the General Assembly, 9 January 1998, A/ RES/52/164, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f34e0.html, (accessed 27 September 2018). UN General Assembly, International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 9 December 1999, No. 38349, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/ 3dda0b867.html, (accessed 27 September 2018). UN General Assembly, International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, 13 April 2005, A/59/766, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/425e5 8694.html, (accessed 27 September 2018).
Index Abdic, Fikret 121 acceptance, self-radicalization process 5 action militarization 52 activation of militant networks 51 Active Islamic Youth 92 Afghanistan 52 agency 41, 46, 51 Al-Assad, Bashar 29 Albanian 122 Albanianism 123, 153 Albanians, Kosovo 122-24 Al-Bosni, Abu Jihad 130 Al-Bosni, Sallahudin 86 Al-Nusra Front (ANF) 28-29 Al-Qaeda 47, 52, 135 ANF (Al-Nusra Front) 28-29 Arbatova, Nadia Alexandrova 7 Amsperger, Christian 87-88 Aspray, Robert 49 “Autonomasi” 121 awareness, self-radicalization process 5 Azinovic, Vlado 157 Ázzam, Abdullah 22, 52 “Baby Revolution” 44 Bakke, Kristin M. 29 Bakker, Edwin 3, 25,29 Balic, Elvira 120-21, 146n32 Barber, Benjamin R. 4 Barcic, Jusuf 96 Bartlett, Jamie 2 Becirevic, Edina 1 belonging 3, 5, 121 Berisha, Albert 89,116 Berkovic, Nihad 130 ВІН (Bosnia and Herzegovina) see Bosnia BiH Commission for Monitoring Prisons 137 Bin-Laden, Osama 22, 53 Boja, Rexhep 96-97 Bosnia: corruption 10; dual citizenship 61; extreme politics 102-3; ideology of foreign fighters 92-94; international assistance 9-10; JMBG protests 44; law enforcement agencies 24; Law on Protection of Data 71; migrant crisis (2018) 12; Muslim population 53; OSA (Intelligence and Security Agency) 71; parallel networks 120-22; Supervisory Body for Monitoring the Implementation of Strategy and Action Plans 84; Task Force for Combatting Terrorism 84 Bosniak Bosnian Army 93 Bosniak Party of Democratic Action (SDA) 95 Bosnian Atlantic Initiative 6 Bosnian Muslim society 94 Bosnie, Husein Bilal 115 Braithwaite, Alex 24 brokerage, mechanism of 154 building-upon method 63
Burawoy, Michael 63 Burke, Jason 2 Byman, Daniel 24 Capone, Francesca 27 case study approach 63-64 Center for Insights in Survey Research (CISR) 9 Četnički ravnogorski pokret (The Ravna Gora Movement) 93 Chechen, impact of foreign fighters on opposition movements 29 Chomsky, Noam 2 Christmann, Kris 3 Chu, Tiffany S. 24 CISR (Center for Insights in Survey Research) 9
180 Index Citizenship Review Commission (CRC) 95 clandestine political violence 47, 50 classic terrorism 55ո7 clerico-fascist groups 11 codifying data 77 collective action participation 90 collective action problems 43 communication tools 127 competitive escalation 50-51 Conduit, Dara 29 conflict-related terrorism 55n7 content analysis 76-78 contentious politics 38; social deprivation 43 corruption 10; personal experiences with 129-35 countering violent extremism (CVE) 25, 40 counter-terrorism 40 CRC (Citizenship Review Commission) 95 criminalizing, mobilization 44 criminal records 139 critical terrorism studies 46 Croatia 44—45 Croat-nationalist party (HDZ) 103 CVE (countering violent extremism) 25, 40,134, 152-53 Dabiq 5 da’is (missionaries) 97,124 Dalgaard-Nielsen, Anja 3 danger zones 68 Daoud, Kamel 2 data collections, ethics of 65-73 Dayton Peace Accords 10 Death Seekers 106nll de Bie, Jasper 8 de Bont, Roel 29 De Guttry, Andrea 27, 28 Delie, Rasim 80-81ո44 della Porta, Donatella 38, 41-42, 46-47, 50-52 de-pluralization 2-3 de Poot, Christianne 8 de-radicalization efforts 143-44 de-radicalization processes 24, 137 de Roy van Zuijdewijn, Jeanine 25 đe-territorializing propaganda З Diani, Mario 41 digital journals, radicalization 4-5 discousre analytical approach, content analysis 77 disengagement 144 disengagement programs 141 dual citizenship 27, 61,121 education 86 El Mujahed Detachment 80-8 ln44 El Mujaheed veterans 62 el-Misri, Imad 95-96 EMD (El Mujahed Detachment) 80-81 n44 emergency powers, New Zealand 27-28 employment 91, 105 Endresen, Cecilie 123 ethics of data
collection 65-73 ethno-nationalist groups 11 ethno-nationalist tension 133-34 ethno-nationalist violence 157 EU (European Union) 152-53 everyday talk 65 externally driven democracies 156 externally regulated democratization processes 13 extreme politics 102-5 Facebook 4 facial disfigurement 86-87 failed democratization 42 fallen foreign fighters, families of 142-43 families 114-18,127, 155; of fallen foreign fighters 142-^43; role in radicalization 3 far-right white nationalism 3 fatwa 22, 52 fear 145nl7 female recruits 126 Fenton, Adam 27 Fetullah Gulen 93 Fishti, Xhazair 93 fixers 72-73 Fjala (The Word) Party 104 Fojnica, Emrah 116 Fojnica, Hamdo 116 food banks 120 foreign fighter phenomenon 6-7,14-15, 25, 40, 63 foreign fighters, definition 23, 28 foreign terrorist fighters 40, 46, 135 formal explanatory theories 41 Foucault, Michel 26 free riders 43 Fromm, Erich 99 frustrated travelers 140 fulfillment dividend 38, 114, 118-20, 154 fundamentalism 1 funds for travel 129
Index gatekeepers 72 GCERF (Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund) 15ІПІ47 George, Alexander 63 Gerges, Fawaz 30 Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund (GCERF) 15ІПІ47 Global Counterterrorism Forum (the Netherlands) 25-26 globalization 4 Graja, Garentina 6 grounded theory 8 group identity 3 Guilford, Briar 27 Gunning, Jeroen 1 Hafizovic, Resid 96 Hamzibeg Estate 119 handshakes 70 Haskie, Amir 132 Hayes, Rachel 139 HDZ (Croat-nationalist party) 103 Hegghammer, Thomas 23-24, 90 Helfstein, Scott 5 heroic motivation 154 heroism 154 Hoffman, Bruce 2 Holman, Timothy 24 Human Development Index 10 humanitarian aid 123 Hyseni, Laura 120 Ibric, Merdin 115-16, 130-31 ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia) 12 identity 4, 85; group identity 3; religious identity 2, 123 identity seekers 106n 11 ideological bribes 120 ideological encapsulation 52, 101 ideology 85, 92-94 ideology seekers 106nl 1 imam network 128 impairments 86-87 implementation, self-radicalization process 5 indigenous insiders 65 individualism 54 Innés, Michael A. 7 insider positionality 65-66 Inspire 5 instrumentality 85, 90-92 Intelligence and Security Agency (OSA), BiH (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 71 181 interest, self-radicalization process 5 international assistance 9 “International Brigades” of Spanish Civil War 22 International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - The Hague (ICCT) 25 International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 11-12 international Jaw 27-28 International Organization for Migration (IOM) 134 International Republican Institute (IRI) 9, 104,
112-ІЗпІЗО Internet: online networks 125-28; radicalization 4 interviews, in-depth, semi-structured 73-76 Intra-Muslim war 146n35 IOM (International Organization for Migration) 134 Iran 92 IRI (International Republican Institute) 9, 104, 112-ІЗпІЗО ISIL fighters 136 ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) 28,87 ISIS 13, 29,40, 47, 52, 93,135 ISIS fighters 135 Islam 51, 98; radical Islam 97 Islamic Community 94, 96, 99,103,122 Islamic Movement Unite 104 Islamic radicals 51 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) 28, (35 Islamic Ummah 106nl 1 Islamophobia/Religiophobia, Kosovo 125 Jackson, Richard 1,46 Jahjaga, Atıfete 122 Jasarevic, Mevlid 116 Jenkins, Brian Michael 4 JFF (Jihadist Foreign Fighters) 29 Jihad 4, 98 Jihadist Foreign Fighters (JFF) 29 jihadists 2, 98 JMBG protests 44 Johansson, Rolf 62 Jones, Clarke 137 justice seekers 106nl 1 Kantian duty 88 KCSS (Kosovar Center for Security Studies) 6, 122 Kelmendi, Gezim 104
182 Index Kennedy, Leslie W. 60 kinship, recruitment of foreign fighters 30 kitchen table reflexivity 65 Klandermans, Bert 90 Kleinmann, Scott 1 Knysh, Alexander 26 Kohla, Ellen 65 Kosovar Center for Security Studies (KCSS) 6, 122 Kosovo 12; Albanians 122-24; corruption 10; dual citizenship 61; extreme politics 104-5; family 117; international assistance 9-10; law enforcement agencies 24; National Security Council’s Secretariat 84; parallel networks 122-23; protests 44; United Nations 135; UNMIK (United Nations Mission in Kosovo) 124 Kosovo Liberation Army 12 Kosovo Specialist Chambers 62 Krahenmann, Sandra 27 Krasniqi, Shefqet 122 Kruger, Alan 24, 90 Kursani, Shpend 104 McCutcheonb, Priscilla 65 McWorld 4 mechanisms 48,154 media 26 Memishi, Rexhep 93 mercenaries versus foreign fighters 8-9, 14 Merdjanova, Ina 101 method of difference 74 methods-first case study approach 63 Midzic, Ines 86 migrant crisis, Bosnia (2018) 12 Miller, Gina 2 mobilization: criminalizing 44; for democracy 41—42; resource mobilization theory 41; social movements 42 Moore, Cerwyn 29-30 Moskalenko, Sophia 3 motivations for foreign fighters 84—87,153 movement participation 85 Muhammad, Prophet 143 Mujahedin 80n44 mujahideen 6-7, 53 Muslim population, Bosnia 53 labeling 26-27 Lajcak, Miroslav 95 Lakomý, Miron 135 large-N studies 63 law enforcement agencies 24 law, international 27-28 Law on Protection of Data, Bosnia 71 Lee, Alexander 90 Levizja Islandke Bashkohu (Islamic Movement Unite, or LISBA) 104 life story methodology 74 LISBA (Levizja Islandke Bashkohu) 104 localized terrorism 47 logic of
difference 74 lone wolf 5 loyalty 121 ; see also belonging Lum, Cynthia 60 National Countererrorism Center (U.S.) 25 National Security Council’s Secretariat, Kosovo 84 national strategies 84 neo-fundamentalism 53 networks: activation of militant networks 51; definition 114; family see radicalization, family; fulfillment dividend see fulfillment dividend; imam network 128; online networks 114, 125-28; parallel networks 120-25 Neumann, Peter 1 new social movements (NSMs) 42 New Zealand, emergency powers 27-28 Nilsson, Marco 30 non-positivist view 81n51 normative theories 40 NSMs (new social movements) 42 MacLean, L.M. 68 madrasas 53 mainstream terrorism 38 Malaysia 93 Maleckova, Jitka 24, 90 Malet, David 14, 23, 139 marriage 126; Yazidi women and girls 141 Marsden, Sarah 39-40 mass mobilizations 42 McAdarn, Doug 38, 44 McCarthy, John D. 41 McCauley, Clark 3 online networks 114, 125-28 online radicalizations 3 operationalizing data 77 “Operation Light” 110-1 ln90 opposition movements, impact of foreign fighters 29 organizational compartmentalization 52 OSA (Intelligence and Security Agency), Bosnia 71 Osve village 103 Otherness 143 over-policing 53
Index para-jamaats 54, 97, 103, 111ո98, 134 parallel networks 120-25 paramilitaries 12 Paulussen, Christophe 27 Paz, Reuven 22 personal experiences, corruption and system failure 129-35 Peter, Mateja 68 Petersen, Roger Dale 48-49, 87 Pettinger, Tom 2 physical impairments 86-87 Piazza, James 39 pleasure of agency 41, 51, 85 political capacity 39 political radicalization 133 politics, extreme politics 102-5 positionality 65 poverty 86 preexisting criminality 138 Price, David 27 primary sources, lack of 63 prisons 137-38 private security companies (PSCs) 14 processes 48 propaganda 87 prosecuted foreign fighters 83 PSCs (private security companies) 14 Putnam, Robert 134 Qazimi, Zekerija 93 questions asked during interviews 76 radical 1 radical action, religious identity 2 radical groups 50 radical Islam 97 radicalization 1-3,101,155; digital journals 4-5; family 117; Internet 4; political radicalization 133; religious identity 2; role of family 3; self-radicalization process 5-6; social media platforms 4 radicalization activities 90 radicalization disengagement 101 radicalized individuals 2 radicals, in the Balkans 6-15 radical solidarity 88 Ramiqi, Fuad 122 RAND corporation (U.S.) 25 rational choice theory 40, 43 The Ravna Gora Movement (Četnički ravnogorski pokret) 93 rebel groups 58n66 rebellions 48 recidivism 135-43 183 recruitment of foreign fighters 8, 14—15, 22; and departures 128-29; kinship 30 recruitment strategies 23 recruits 61-62; types of 106nl 1 redemption seekers 106nl 1 referral methodology 64 reflexive openness 68 rehabilitation programs 84 Reis-L-Vlema 98
relationship-building 70, 142 religion 1 religious identity 2, 123 Rendulic, Colonel 49 resentment formation 87,153 Resolution 1373, UN Security Council 28 Resolution 2170, UN Security Council 28, 35-36n58, 36n59, 36n60 Resolution 2178, UN Security Council 28-29 resource mobilization theory 41; instrumentality 90-92 responsibility seekers 106nll return and recidivism 135-43 revenge seekers 106nl 1 revolutions 48 Rich, Ben 29 riots 48 risk posed by returnees 136-37 romantic radicalization process 126 root causes 50 Roy, Olivier 53 Rumiyah 135 Russian Orthodox influence, ideology 94 Sageman, Marc 24, 71,114, 138 Sahwa Movement 97 Salafi 109n68 Salafi movement 43, 51, 53-54, 96, 98 Salafism 54, 94-102,105 Salafi villages 103 Saudi Arabia 92 SDA (Bosniak Party of Democratic Action) 95 Security Council, UN 28-29, 35-36n58, 36n59, 36n60 security in the field 69-70 Sedgwick, Mark 1 self-radicalization process 5-6 Serbia 12 Serb-nationalist party (SNDS) 103 Serri, Riccardo 152 Sham, Amar 88 sharia 54 Sheikh, Jakob 30
184 Index Sherley, Alison 60 Shtuni, Adrian 6 Silke, Andrew 137, 139 single parenting 115 SIPA (State Investigation and Protection Agency) 71, 83 Sivek, Susan Currie 4 small-N studies 63 SMT (social movement theory) 38-40, 43-44 SNDS (Serb-nationalist party) 103 social capital 134 social deprivation 43 social desirability bias 73,143 social media 126-27 social media platforms, radicalization 4 social movements 42, 44 social movement theory (SMT) 38-40, 43-44 socio-economic demographics 29-30 socio-economic facilitator causes 50-51 solidarity 87-90, 153 Soufan Group 26 Spataro, Armando 98 Srebrenica genocide 134 Stampnitzky, Lisa 45 State Investigation and Protection Agency (SIPA) 71 state responses to dealing with foreign fighters 24 Status Seekers 106nll Stepanova, Ekaterina 40,47 Strazzari, Francesco 68 structured, focused comparison approach 63-64 substantive theories 42 suicide bombers, Fojnica, Emrah 116 super terrorism 55n7 Supervisory Body for Monitoring the Implementation of Strategy and Action Plans, Bosnia 84 system failure 155; personal experiences with 129-35 Tahiri, Qamile 120 Takfirists 98 Tarrow, Sidney 38, 43-44, 154 Task Force for Combatting Terrorism, Bosnia 84 team mentality 87-88 Ternava, Naim 104 terrorattacks 136 temori sm 7, 45-47; localized terrorism 47; mainstream terrorism 38 Teslic-Tuzla-Brcko (Bosnia) 103 Thalos, Mariam 88 theory of justice 42 Thrill Seekers 106nll Tilly, Charles 38, 43^14,154 Toros, Hermione 1 transnational activism 23 transnational insurgents 23 transparency 68 travel logistics, recruitment and departures 128-29 triangulation
76 triggering mechanisms 38,48-49 trust-building 66-69 Tumelty, Paul 29 Turkey 93 types of recruits 106nll Ummah 53-54, 106nll unemployment 91, 108n47,119; see also youth unemployment United Nations (UN): Development Programme (UNDP) 134; Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) 124; Security Council 28-29, 35֊36n58, 36n59, 36n60, 135 Universities of Terror 137-38 van der Leun, Joanne 8 Varoufakis, Yanis 87-88 Veikia Kladusa 121 Victoroff, Jeff 85 Vidino, Lorenzo 29 violence 2; clandestine political violence 47,50 violent extremism 45, 90, 152 Wahhabi 109n68 Wahhabism 26-27 War on Terror (U.S.) 40, 52 WBCT Initiative 150-5ІПІ46 Weinstein, Jeremy 58n66 West, David 40 Wiktorowicz, Quintan 11 ln94 Wood, Elisabeth 41, 51 Yazidi people 141 youth unemployment 108n47,119; see also unemployment YouTube 4 Yugoslavia, Muslim population 53 Zald, Mayer N. 41 Zenica prison 137-38 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author | Jiries, Tanja Dramac |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1254549412 |
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| bvnumber | BV047844205 |
| contents | Unpacking radicalization -- Foreign fighters' history -- Theory and practice -- Collecting and treating sensitive data -- Balkan recruits -- Enabling networks and organization |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1310244434 (DE-599)BVBBV047844205 |
| era | Geschichte 2012-2015 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 2012-2015 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Irak (DE-588)4072920-5 gnd Kosovo (DE-588)4032571-4 gnd Bosnien-Herzegowina (DE-588)4088119-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Irak Kosovo Bosnien-Herzegowina |
| id | DE-604.BV047844205 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:13:10Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:22:54Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780367633790 9780367633813 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033227175 |
| oclc_num | 1310244434 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xv, 184 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220425 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Southeast European studies |
| spelling | Jiries, Tanja Dramac Verfasser (DE-588)1254549412 aut Balkan fighters in the Syrian war Tanja Dramac Jiries London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2022 xv, 184 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Southeast European studies Unpacking radicalization -- Foreign fighters' history -- Theory and practice -- Collecting and treating sensitive data -- Balkan recruits -- Enabling networks and organization "This book analyses the process of the recruitment of foreign fighters from the Western Balkans, specifically Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo, to Syria and Iraq from 2012 to 2015. Utilizing in-depth, semi-structured interviews with foreign fighters and their families, as well as a number of relevant stakeholders it answers the question of what were the processes and circumstances leading up to the departure of foreign fighters from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo and what informed their agency? The author draws on the theories of social movement approaches, more specifically, contentious politics literature and utilizes the specific concepts of triggering mechanisms, which refer to the enabling circumstances that make the radicalization and departure possible, and pleasure in agency, to elaborate on individual motivation. The book also shows how a wider state- fragility within the context of the post-Yugoslav wars and the transitional period that never ended, aided radicalization and how an incomplete process of post-war transition can fuel the process of political and religious radicalization creating a wider enabling web for recruitment"-- Geschichte 2012-2015 gnd rswk-swf Foreign fighter (DE-588)1162960434 gnd rswk-swf Bürgerkrieg in Syrien (DE-588)1041651422 gnd rswk-swf Rekrutierung (DE-588)4177658-6 gnd rswk-swf Irak (DE-588)4072920-5 gnd rswk-swf Kosovo (DE-588)4032571-4 gnd rswk-swf Bosnien-Herzegowina (DE-588)4088119-2 gnd rswk-swf Terrorists / Recruiting / Balkan Peninsula Radicalization / Balkan Peninsula Syria / History / Civil War, 2011- Radicalization Terrorists / Recruiting Balkan Peninsula Syria 2011 History Bosnien-Herzegowina (DE-588)4088119-2 g Kosovo (DE-588)4032571-4 g Rekrutierung (DE-588)4177658-6 s Foreign fighter (DE-588)1162960434 s Bürgerkrieg in Syrien (DE-588)1041651422 s Irak (DE-588)4072920-5 g Geschichte 2012-2015 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk. 978-1-00-311893-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033227175&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033227175&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033227175&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Jiries, Tanja Dramac Balkan fighters in the Syrian war Unpacking radicalization -- Foreign fighters' history -- Theory and practice -- Collecting and treating sensitive data -- Balkan recruits -- Enabling networks and organization Foreign fighter (DE-588)1162960434 gnd Bürgerkrieg in Syrien (DE-588)1041651422 gnd Rekrutierung (DE-588)4177658-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1162960434 (DE-588)1041651422 (DE-588)4177658-6 (DE-588)4072920-5 (DE-588)4032571-4 (DE-588)4088119-2 |
| title | Balkan fighters in the Syrian war |
| title_auth | Balkan fighters in the Syrian war |
| title_exact_search | Balkan fighters in the Syrian war |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Balkan fighters in the Syrian war |
| title_full | Balkan fighters in the Syrian war Tanja Dramac Jiries |
| title_fullStr | Balkan fighters in the Syrian war Tanja Dramac Jiries |
| title_full_unstemmed | Balkan fighters in the Syrian war Tanja Dramac Jiries |
| title_short | Balkan fighters in the Syrian war |
| title_sort | balkan fighters in the syrian war |
| topic | Foreign fighter (DE-588)1162960434 gnd Bürgerkrieg in Syrien (DE-588)1041651422 gnd Rekrutierung (DE-588)4177658-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Foreign fighter Bürgerkrieg in Syrien Rekrutierung Irak Kosovo Bosnien-Herzegowina |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033227175&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033227175&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033227175&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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