The Sino-Soviet border war of 1969: Volume 2 Confrontation at Lake Zhalanashkol, August 1969
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| Schriftenreihe: | Asia@war series
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Helion Company Limited Unit 8 Amherst Business Centre Budbrooke Road Warwick CV34 5WE England Tel. 01926 499 619 Email: info@helion.co.uk Website: www.helion.co.uk Twitter: @helionbooks Visit our blog http://blog.helion.co.uk/ Text © Dmitry Ryabushkin and Harold Orenstein 2021 Photographs © as individually credited Colour artwork © Anderson Subtil, David Bocquelet2021 Maps © George Anderson Tom Cooper 2021 Designed and typeset by Farr out Publications, Wokingham, Berkshire Cover design by Paul Hewitt, Battlefield Design (www.battlefield-design.co.uk) Every reasonable effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. The author and publisher apologise for any errors or omissions in this work, and would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions of this book. Abbreviations Acknowledgements Editorial Note 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 2 2 15 March 1969 Tank No. 545 The Events of 15 and 17 March through the Eyes of Veterans There Were Heroes in China Too From Dulaty to Kirkinsky Zhalanashkol, 13 August 1969 What They Fought with on the Border How It All Ended What Next? Appendices I Announcement by the Government of the USSR 59 II Note from the Soviet government to the government of the PRC 63 III Announcement by L.M. Zamyatin, Head of the Press Department of the USSR MFA at a press conference for Soviet and foreign journalists, held on 7 March 1969 63 IV Soviet report to East German leadership on Sino-Soviet border clashes 64 Bibliography Notes About The
Authors 68 69 72 ISBN 978-1-914377-05-1 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the express written consent of Helion Company Limited. PEOPLE’S ŔEPUBIJC We always welcome receiving book proposals from prospective authors. Note: In order to simplify the use of this book, all names, locations and geographic Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 3 15 19 26 32 38 46 52 57 designations are as provided in The Times World Atlas, or other traditionally accepted major sources of reference, as of the time of described events.
ASI A@WAR VOLUME 23 ABBREVIATIONS AK AKM APC CC CPC CPSU FSB GDR KGB MFA MRD NP PLA Kalashnikov assault rifle (avtomat Kalashnikova) modernised Kalashnikov assault rifle (avtomat Kalashnikova modernizirovannyi) armoured personnel carrier (BTR or Bronetransporter) Central Committee Communist Party of China Communist Party of the Soviet Union Federal Security Service (Federalnaya sluzhba bezopasnosti) German Democratic Republic Committee of State Security {Komitet gosudarstvennoy besopasnosti) Ministry of Foreign Affairs motorised rifle division observation post (nablyudatelnyi punkt) People’s Liberation Army (China) POW PRC RF RPD RPG RPK RSFSR RViA SKS US(A) USSR prisoner of war People’s Republic of China Russian Federation Degtyarev light machine gun {ruchnoy pulemet Degtyareva) light antitank grenade launcher (ruchnoy protivotankovyi grenatomet) Kalashnikov light machine gun {ruchnoy pulemet Kalashnikova) Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic rocket troops and artillery {raketnye voyska і artilleriya) Simonov self-loading carbine {samozaryadnyi karabin Simonova) United States (of America) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (colloquially ‘Soviet Union’) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our sincere thanks to the veterans who directly took part in the events of 1969: A.D. Konstantinov, Yu.V. Babansky, N.I. Popov, V.D. Pavlyuk, N.A. Zadorozhny, G.M. Zhestkov, A.V. Shamov, V.M. Tirskikh, A.I. Nikitin, N.A. Rozhkov, V.V. Puchkov, Ye.B. Govor, A.A. Murzin, and A.I. Tsogla. These men agreed to meet and talk personally or entered into fruitful correspondence with
the authors. We thank the directors of the Foundation for the Support of Veterans of the Border Guards, ‘Vernosť, and also the directors of the Central Border Museum of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation for permission to use their photo archives. EDITORIAL NOTE As with the first volume of this work the translation, undertaken by Dr Orenstein, is a faithful reproduction in English of the original Russian text. In order to preserve the authenticity of that text the editors have taken a very light hand to the manuscript in order to avoid any unwarranted changes of inflection or meaning. We would like to express our appreciation to A.A. Sabadash, Ye.D. Leonova, O.N. Bykova, V.N. Volik, S.P. Vashenyak, A.L. Volkov, A.D. Leonkin, A.N. Musalov, V.I. Gladkov, G.V. Kravchenko, D.V. Kiselev, Reiko Nishioka (Japan), and Elizabeth McGuire (USA) for the materials they provided. Several citizens of the People’s Republic of China rendered generous assistance in the work on this book, selflessly providing many Chinese materials. Complying with their request, we will not identify them by name; nevertheless, we wish to express our sincere gratitude to them. The Authors
THE SINO-SOVIET BORDER WAR OF 1969 VOLUME 2: CONFRONTATION AT LAKE ZHALANASHKOL AUGUST 1969 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Anon., Collection of Treaties between Russia and Other States. 1856-1917 (Сборник договоров России с другими государствами. 1856-1917 [in Russian]) (Moscow: Publisher unknown, 1952) Anon.,
Learn from the Battle Heroes ofZhenbao Island (Учитесь у боевых героев Острова Чжэеньбао, [in Russian, translated from Chinese]) (Xinhua Bookstore of Liaoning Province, Liaoning People’s Art Printing Factory, 1970) Anon., Russia’s Border Troops in Wars and Military Conflicts of the 20th Century
(Пограничные войска в войнах и вооруженных конфликтах XX века [in Russian]) (Moscow: Granitsa, 2000) Belyavskaya, V.F. (author-compiler), Border Guards (Пограничники [in Russian]) (Minsk: Literatura, 1998) Brezhnev, A. A., China: The Thorny Path to Good Neighbourliness (Китай: тернистый путь к
добрососедству [in Russian]) (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1998) Bubenin, V.D., The Bloody Snow ofDamansky (Кровавый снег Даманского [in Russian]) (Moscow: Kuchkove pole, 2004) Defense Intelligence Agency, Handbook of the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army, DDB-2680-32-84,1984 Drozdov, Yu.I.,
Notes from a Chief ofIllegal Intelligence (Записки нацчальника нелегальной разведки [in Russian]) (Moscow: Olma-Press, 2000) Galenovich, Yu.M., Russia and China in the 20th Century. The Border (Россия и Китай в XX веке. Граница [in Russian]) (Moscow: Izograf, 2001) Galenovich, Yu.M., Russia—China:
Six Treaties (Россия-Китай: шесть договоров [in Russian]) (Moscow: Muravey, 2003) Gladkov, V. andMusalov, A.,
The Uneasy Border. 1969 (Неспокойная граница. Год 1969-й [in Russian]), (Moscow: Granitsa, 2018) Kapitsa, M.S., At Different Parallels. Notes of a Diplomat (Ha разных параллелях. Записки дипломата [in Russian]) (Moscow: AO “Kniga i biznes,” 1996) Kholmogorov, M. (compiler), Heroes of Damansky Island
(Герои острова Даманский [in Russian]) (Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya, 1969) Leonova, Ye.D and Murin, V.B., Demokrat Leonov: a Life in the Name ofDuty (Демократ Леонов: жизнь во имя долга [in Russian]) (Moscow: Granitsa, 2016) Lukashin, V., The Heroes ofDamansky (Герои Даманского [in Russian]) (Moscow:
Izvestiya, 1969) Ministry of Defense of the USSR, Soviet Military Encyclopaedia (Советская военная энциклопедия [in Russian]), Vol. З (Moscow: Voyenizdat, 1979) Musalov, A., Damansky and Zhalanashkol. The 1969 Sino-Soviet Armed Conflict (Даманский и Жаланашколь. Советскокитайский вооруженный
конфликт 1969 года [in Russian]) (Moscow: Izdatelskii tsentr ‘Eksprint,’ 2005) Petrov, LL, The Sino-Soviet Wars. The Truth about Damansky (Советско-китайские войны. Правда о Даманском [in Russian]) (Moscow: ‘Eksmo’: ‘Yauza,’ 2009) Razmazin, R, Damansky. Our Pain. Sorrow. Memory... (Даманский. Наша
боль. Скорбь. Память... [in Russian]), а project of Р. Razmazin (Dalnerechensk: B.M.I., 1999) Robinson, Thomas, ‘The People’s Republic. Part 2. Revolutions within the Chinese Revolution, 1966-1982,’ in various authors, The Cambridge History of China, (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1992)
Voi. 15 Robinson, T. W., The Sino-Soviet Border Dispute: Background, Development, and the March 1969 Clashes,
Rand Corporation Research Memorandum RM-6171-PR, 1970. Ryabushkin, D.S., Damansky Island. The Border Conflict. March 1969 (Остров Даманский. Пограничный конфликт. Март 1969 года [in Russian]) (Moscow: Fond ‘Russkiye Vityazi,’ 2015) Ryabushkin, D.S., It Was on Damansky (Это было на Даманском [in
Russian]) (Kazan: Book, 2019) Ryabushkin, D.S., Myths ofDamansky (Мифы Даманского [in Russian]) (Moscow: AST, 2004) Ryabushkin, D.S., ‘Origins and Consequences of the SovietChinese Border Conflict of 1969,’ in Akihiro, Iwashita, Eager Eyes Fixed on Eurasia (Sapporo: Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido
University, 2007), pp.73-91 Sabadash, A.A. et al., Transcripts of Conversations with Veterans of the War on Damansky Island V.I. Abramov, A.S. Belozerov, M.T. Vashchenko, G.A. Kuzminykh, N.I. Никифоров, V.S. Prosvirnikov, N.I. Ruban, V.P. Fateyev, A.I. Filimonov, 20022003 (Стенограммы бесед с
участниками конфликта на острове Даманском В.И. Абрамовым, А.С. Белозеровым, М.Т. Ващенко, Г.А. Кузьминых, Н.И. Никифоровым, В.С. Просвирниковым, Н.И. Рубаном, В.П. Фатеевым, А. И. Филимоновым, 2003-2004 [in Russian]) (unpublished) Streltsov, D.V. (ed.), The Territorial Issue in the Afro-Asian World
(Территориальный вопрос в афро-азиатском мире [in Russian]) (Moscow: Aspect Press, 2013) Sviderskiy, N.G., ‘Facets of Character’ (Грани характера [in Russian]), in Anon., Heroes of the Far Eastern Borders (Collection ofMaterials on the Defenders of Damansky Island) (Герои рубежей дальневосточных
(Сборник материалов о защитниках острова Даманский) [in Russian]) (Khabarovsk: Publisher unknown, 1969)
Vashchenko, M.T. and Knyazev, A.L., (compilers), Island of Bravery. Recollections of Veterans of the Combat Operations on Damansky Island (Остров мужества. Воспоминания участников боевых действий на о. Даманский [in Russian]) (Khabarovsk: izdatel’stvo ‘RIOTIP’ kraevoy tipografii, 2006) Yakovets, A.P., (compiler), Damansky. This Is How It Was. The 50th Anniversary of the Border Conflict on the Ussuri River. 1969-2019 (Даманский. Так это было. 50 лет пограничному конфликту на реке Уссури. 1969-2019 [in Russian]), 2nd edition, corrected and supplemented: album (Vladivostok: Russkii ostrov, 2019) Zhibin, Chen and Xiaozhu, Sun, Confrontation at the Freezing Point: Record of the 1962-1969 Sino-Soviet Border Battles (Конфронтация при замораживании: запись советскокитайской пограничной битвы с 1962 по 1969 год [in Russian, translated from Chinese]) (Beijing: International Cultural Publication Company, 1992) Zhisui, Li, Notes of a Personal Physician (Записки личного врача [in Russian]), Book 1 (Minsk: Inter-Digest, Smolensk: TOO Ekho, 1996) 67
ASIA@WAR VOLUME 23 Periodical Articles Anon., ‘Damansky - Land of Heroes’ (Даманский - земля героев [in Russian]), Starshina - Serzhant, 5 (1969), pp.4-7 Anon., ‘The Red Ice of the Ussuri’ (Красный лед Уссури [in Russian]), Vostok Rossit, 10:32 (1992), pp.8-9 Burr, W, ‘Sino-American Relations. 1969: The Sino-Soviet Border War and Steps Towards Rapprochement,’ Cold War History, 1:3 (2001), pp.73-112 Danhui, Li ‘Sino-Soviet Border Conflicts in 1969: Causes and Effects’ [in Chinese], Dangdai zhongguoshiyanjiu, 3 (1996), pp.39-50. Fridyev, V. ‘A Border of Living Hearts,’ (Граница живых сердец [in Russian]), Okeanskiye vesti, 17 (1999) Goldstein, Lyle, ‘Return to Zhenbao Island: Who Started Shooting and Why It Matters,’ The China Quarterly, 168 (December 2001), pp.985-997 Jun, Niu, Baijia, Zhang and others, ‘1966-1976: Isolation is Replaced by Openness’ (1966-1976: Изоляция сменяется открытостью [in Russian]), Mirovye znaniya, 13:1 July (2006), pp.19-22 (translated from Chinese by D.V. Kiselev) Koleshnya, M.I. ‘Damansky Isknd, 1969’ (Остров Даманский, год 1969 [in Russian]), Rossiya İATR, 2 (1999), pp.86-87. Kuisong, Yang, ‘The Sino-Soviet Border Clash of 1969: From Zhenbao Island to Sino-American Rapprochement,’ Cold War History, 1:1 (2000), pp.21-53 Mizhou, Hui ‘Sino-Soviet Battles on the Border’ (Русскокитайские побоища на границе [in Russian]), Kempo, 1997, No.2 (34), pp.5-6 Ostermann, S.F., “East German Documents on the Sino-Soviet Border Conflict, 1969,” The Cold War in Asia, Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issues 6-7 (1995/96), pp. 186֊ 193 Pankov, Yu.
and Ryskin, A., ‘Secret Island: What Happened on Damansky in March 1969?’ (Таинственный остров: Что происходило на Даманском в марте 1969? [in Russian]), Molodoy Dalnevostochnik, 15 December 1990 Ryabushkin, D.S., ‘Damansky Island, 2 March 1969’ (Остров Даманский, 2 марта 1969 года [in Russian]),
Voprosy istorii, 5 (2004), рр.148֊152 Ryabushkin, D.S., ‘How Did the Events on Damansky Island End (Чем завершилось события на острове Даманском [in Russian]), Voprosy istorii, 12 (2005), pp. 168-170 Ryabushkin, D.S., ‘It Was on Damanskii Island,’ The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 31:4 (2018),
pp.1-16 Ryabushkin, D.S., ‘The Myths of Damanskii Island (1969),’ The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 16:3 (2003), pp.149-172 Ryabushkin, D.S., ‘New Documents on the Sino-Soviet Ussuri Border Clashes,’ Eurasia Border Review, 3 (2012), pp.161-174 Ryabushkin, D.S., ‘What They Fought with on
Damanskii Island,’ The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 19 (2006), pp.149-166 Ryabushkin, D.S., and Pavliuk, V.D., ‘Soviet Artillery in the Battles for Damanskii Island,’ The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 20:1 (2007), pp.121-134 Vashchenko, G.T., ‘Damansky: (History of the Origin of the
Name Damansky Island. About Engineer S.I. Damansky)’ (Даманский: (История происхождения назв, о-ва Даманский. Об инженере С.И. Даманском)[in Russian]), Suvorovskii natisk, 11 August 1998, p.6 Verlin, Ye, ‘For Generations to Come’ (На поколения вперед [in Russian]), Ekspert, No. 27:238 (2000), p.36
68 Pamphlets Anon., ‘Down with the New Tsars!,’ Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1969 Internet Sites Anon.,
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L, ‘Chinese Glory of Damansky Island’ (Китайская слава острова Даманский [in Russian]), Nezavisimoye voyennoye obozreniye, 27 March 2009 ( http://nvo.ng.ru/ realty/2009-03-27/10_damanskiy.html (date accessed: 24 September 2020)) Secretary of State. Memorandum for the President. Possibility of a Soviet Strike against Chinese Nuclear Facilities. September 10, 1969. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB49/sino. sov.19.pdf (date accessed: 19 September 2020) Xinren, Mao, ‘Truth and Fiction about the Border Conflict on Damansky Island: the USSR and China Had to Pay Dearly’ (Правда и вымысел о пограничном конфликте на острове Даманский: СССР и Китаю пришлось дорого заплатить [in Russian]) https://inosmi.ru/social/20190317/244762270. htmb (date accessed: 30 September 2020) http://asiapacific.narod.ru (date accessed: 10 September 2019) http://citynews.tula.ru/baz/news/tk/tk020613/tkl2_l.html (date accessed: 12 June 2018) http://elite-soldiers.by.ru/istor8.htm (date accessed: 1 April 2019) http://extend.hk.hi.cn/~daikang/junshi/zbdz.htm (date accessed: 12 August 2019) http://nbp.gok.ru/Limonka/178_12_2.htm (date accessed: 16 September 2015)
THE SINO-SOVIET BORDER WAR OF 1969 VOLUME 2: CONFRONTATION AT LAKE ZHALANASHKOL AUGUST 1969 http://wemedia.ifeng.com/49968791/wemedia.shtml (date accessed: 12 August 2019) http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru (date accessed: 17 March 2015) http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/files/arhi-17-rus.doo (date accessed: 27 March 2015) http://www.gwu.edu/nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB49 (date accessed: 19 September 2020) http://www.khabenergo.ru/rus/news/press_17-03.html (date accessed: 11 September 2020) http://www.maoism.ru (date accessed: 2 August 2019) https://rikabu.ru/story/dulatinskaya_operatsiya_6429090 (date accessed: 16 May 2020) http://www.russ-chinfrien.narod.ru (date accessed: 6 September 2020) https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/30911611/ why-russias-vladivostok-celebration-prompted-nationalist (date accessed: 10 July 2020) www.fmprc.gov.cn (date accessed: 15 June 2018) NOTES Chapter 1 16 The text of the order was provided by A.A. Sabadash. 1 17 This information is also from A.A. Sabadash, who cites a certain Kosinsky, a veteran of the battle. Authors’ note: Reinforced here means no fewer than 10 men with group weapons (SPG-9 grenade launchers), grenades, and an adequate amount of ammunition. 2 Authors’ note: After the events, 45th Corps obtained one more division 81 st Guards MRD from the Kiev Military District. 3 E.D. Leonova and VB. Murin, Demokrat Leonov: A Life in the Name ofDuty (Демократ Леонов: жизнь во имя долга [in Russian]) (Moscow: Granitsa, 2016), р.105. 4 P. Razmazin, Damansky. Our Pain. Sorrow. Memory... (Даманский. Наша боль. Скорбь. Память... [in Russian]),
a project of Р. Razmazin (Dalnerechensk: 1999), p.9. 5 Leonova and Murin, Demokrat Leonov: A Life in the Name ofDuty, pp.107-108. 6 V.F. Belyavskaya (author-compiler), Border Guards (Пограничники [in Russian]) (Minsk: Publisher unknown, 1998), p. 181. 7 Authors’ note: For a long time Soviet mass media said that Leonov was moving in an APC. Apparently, they did not want to admit that not only border guards, but also Soviet Army subunits had taken part in the 15 March fighting. 8 Damansky. Our Pain, Sorrow. Memory, p. 12. 9 Authors’ note: The delegation consisted of Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers A.N. Kosygin, Minister of Defence Marshal A.A. Grechko, Minister of Foreign Affairs A.A. Gromyko, and Secretary of the CC CPSU F.F. Katushev. Some authors mistakenly say that Marshal Grechko was in India. In fact, he had visited India somewhat earlier, during the first days of March. 10 http://www.khabenergo.ru/rus/news/press_17-03.html (date accessed: 11 September 2016). 11 A.A. Sabadash et al., Transcripts of Conversations with Veterans of the War on Damansky Island V.l. Abramov, A.S. Belozerov, M. T. Vashchenko, G.A. Kuzminykh, N.I. Nikiforov, V.S. Prosvirnikov, N.I. Ruban, V.P. Fateyev, A.I. Filimonov, 2002-2003 (Стенограммы бесед с участниками конфликта на острове Даманском В.И. Абрамовым, А.С. Белозеровым, М.Т. Ващенко, Г.А. Кузьминых, Н.И. Никифоровым, В.С. Просвирниковым, Н.И. Рубаном, В.П. Фатеевым, А. И. Филимоновым, 2003-2004 [in Russian]) (unpublished). 18 M.I. Koleshnya, ‘Damansky Island, 1969’ (Остров Даманский, год 1969-й [in Russian]), Rossiya і ATR, 1999
(2), p.89. 19 Yang Kuisong, ‘The Sino-Soviet Border Clash of 1969: From Zhenbao Island to Sino-American Rapprochement,’ Cold War History, Vol. 1 (1), 2000, pp.25-26. 20 Yang Kuisong, ‘The Sino-Soviet Border Clash of 1969,’ p.29. 21 Translator’s note: the original uses the term ‘kroshevo,’ literally ‘crumb.’ Kroshevo is finely chopped dark green upper cabbage leaves that are usually removed from the heads of cabbage when harvesting. Since green leaves are coarser than ordinary cabbage, they are not shredded, but chopped very finely to make crumbs. 22 ‘From the History of a Great Friendship’ (Из истории великой дружбы [in Russian]), Kommersant-Vlasť, No. 8:309 (1999), https://www.kommersant. ru/doc/15227 (date accessed: 11 September 2020). 23 http://nbp.gok.ru/Limonka/178_12_2.htm (date accessed: 16 September 2015) 24 T.W. Robinson, The Sino-Soviet Border Dispute: Background, Development, and the March 1969 Clashes (Rand Corporation, Research Memorandum RM-6171-PR, 1970), pp.38-39. All spehings in citations taken directly from his work reflect the US spelling in the original. 25 Robinson, The Sino-Soviet Border Dispute, pp.39-40. 26 Robinson, The Sino-Soviet Border Dispute, p.40. 27 Robinson, The Sino-Soviet Border Dispute, p.40. Chapter 2 1 Sabadash, Transcripts of Conversations with Veterans of the War on Damansky Island. 2 V. Fridyev, ‘A Border of Living Hearts,’ (Граница живых сердец [in Russian]), Okeanskie vesti, 17 (1999). 3 Anon., ‘Damansky - Land of Heroes,’ (Даманский - земля героев [in Russian]), Starshina - serzhant, 5 (1969), pp.4-7. 12 Pravda, 16 March 1969
Chapter 3 13 Translator’s note: The text of the order is translated word for word, maintaining the style and punctuation. 1 14 Authors’ note: There is apparendy a mistake in the order. Some photos clearly show that Orekhov has two stripes on the shoulder of his uniform, indicating that he held the rank of junior sergeant. Authors’ note: Unless otherwise stated, ah letters cited in this chapter are from correspondences between author Dmitry Ryabushkin and veterans of the Damansky events. 2 Authors’ note: Popov’s letters have already been cited in Volume 1 in the discussion about the events after the 2 March battle. 15 Translator’s note: Orekhov was awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union Medal on 31 July 1969. The aim of Zakharov’s order, dated 19 November 1969, was to enter his name forever in the hst of his military unit. When a rollcall takes place his name is called, too, and one of the soldiers must proclaim: ‘Hero of the Soviet Union Junior Sergeant Orekhov perished in the battìe for freedom and independence of our Motherland.’ 3 Author’s note: Unless otherwise indicated, citations in the remainder of this chapter are from M.T. Vashchenko and A.L. Knyazev (compilers), Island of Bravery. Recollections of Veterans of the Combat Operations on Damansky Island (Остров мужества. Воспоминания участников боевых действий на о. Даманский [in Russian]) (Khabarovsk: izdateľstvo ‘RIOTIP’kraevoj tipografii, 2006). 69
ASIA@WAR VOLUME 23 Slavic Military Studies, 19 (2006), pp.149-166. The original article may be accessed at the website for Taylor 8: Francis Group publishers at https:// www.tandfonline.com . 2 Authors’ note: The official Soviet names of the automatic weapon and carbine, introduced by an 18 June 1949 USSR Council of Ministers resolution and signed by Stalin, are AK and SKS, that is, they do not include the numbers 47 and 45. The names AK-47 and SKS-45 were used in Soviet technical documents only during the design and testing of these models of the weapons; these names took root in contemporary military literature, the mass media, the internet, computer games, etc. 4 Suvorovskiy natisk, 22 March 1969. 5 Sabadash, et al., Transcripts of Conversations with Veterans of the War on Damansky Island. 6 The following excerpt was provided by A. N. Musalov. Chapter 4 1 Anon., Learn from the Battle Heroes ofZhenbao Island (Учитесь у боевых героев Острова Чжэеньбао, [in Russian, translated from Chinese]) (Xinhua Bookstore of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Peoples Art Printing Factory, 1970). Unless otherwise indicated, all photos in this chapter are found in this source, accessed on the Chinese Internet. 2 http://wemedia.ifeng.com/49968791/wemedia.shtml (date accessed: 12 August 2019). 3 http://extend.hk.hi.cn/~daikang/junshi/zbdz.htm (date accessed: 12 August 2019). 3 Translator’s note: the letter ‘P’ in the vehicle’s name designates ‘amphibious’ [Russian plavayushchii’], and the letter ‘B’ designates ‘turret’ [Russian ‘bashnya’], that is, having a conical turret with a machine gun.
Chapter 8 1 4 Sun Yuguo and Zhou Dengguo. 5 Authors’ note: Ma Xianjie, the chief of 133rd Divisions intelligence department, was the commander of the Chinese ambush on Damansky on 2 March 1969. 6 W. Burr, ‘Sino-American Relations. 1969. The Sino-Soviet Border War and Steps Toward Rapprochement,’ Cold War History, 1:3 (2001), pp.73-112. Department of State. Memorandum of Conversation, August 18, 1969, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB49/sino.sov.10.pdf (date of access: 19 September 2020). Per Soviet tradition, second secretaries in USSR embassies were members of the special services; therefore, Davydov was probably a KGB agent. 2 Secretary of State. Memorandum for the President. Possibility of a Soviet Strike against Chinese Nuclear Facilities. September 10,1969. https:// nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB49/sino.sov. 19.pdf (date of access: 19 September 2020). 7 Authors’ note: Information about the cemetery and the list of dead Chinese were provided by A. A. Sabadash. 3 M.S. Kapitsa, At Different Parallels. Notes of a Diplomat (На разных параллелях. Записки дипломата (in Russian]) (Moscow: AO ‘Kniga і biznes,’ 1996), pp.83-84. Chapter 5 1 V. Gladkov and A. Musalov, The Uneasy Border. 1969 (Неспокойная граница. Год 1969-й [in Russian]) (Moscow: Granitsa, 2018), p.l58. 4 See, for example, Yu.M. Galenovich, Russia and China in the 20th Century: The Border (Россия и Китай в XX веке: граница [in Russian]) (Moscow: Izograf, 2001), pp.159-161. 2 https://rikabu.ru/story/dulatinskaya_operatsiya_6429090 (date accessed: 16 May 2020) 6 www.fmprc.gov.cn (date of access: 15 June
2018). 3 I.I. Petrov, The Sino-Soviet Wars. The Truth about Damansky (Советскокитайские войны. Правда о Даманском [in Russian]) (Moscow: ‘Eksmo’: ‘Yauza,’ 2009), р.123. 4 Pravda, 12 June 1969. 5 Pravda, 9 July 1969. 6 A.P. Yakovets (сотрДег), Damansky. This Is How It Was. The 50th Anniversary of the Border Conflict on the Ussuri River. 1969-2019 (Даманский. Так это было. 50 лет пограничному конфликту на реке Уссури. 1969-2019 [in Russian]), 2nd edition, corrected and supplemented: album (Vladivostok: Russkii ostrov, 2019), pp.52-53. 5 Galenovich, Russia and China in the 20th Century, pp.182-183. Chapter 9 1 Authors’ note: The PRC Academy of Social Sciences is the main research centre in China, the results of whose work are used by China’s leaders. If one of the researchers from this Academy expresses scandalous ideas, then it should be understood in the following way: what the Academy researchers say, the PRC leaders think. 2 Ye. Verlin, ‘For Generations to Come’ (На поколения вперед [in Russian]), Ekspert, No. 27:238 (2000), p.36. 3 Verlin, ‘For Generations to Come,’ p.36. Chapter б 4 Correspondence between author Dmitry Ryabushkin and V.M. Tirskikh. 1 5 Authors’ note: This chapter has been adapted from the article, D. S. Riabushkin, “Lake Zhalanashkol: The Last Battle of the Sino-Soviet Border War, 1969,” The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 33:3 (2020), pp.442-459, published online on 14 December 2020. The original article may be accessed at the website for the Taylor Francis Group publishers at https://www. tandfonline.com . 2 Translator’s note: the şaykan (Chinese
for ‘bloody wind’) is a hurricane-force wind at the Dzhungarsky Gate and Lake Alakol, blowing from Kazakhstan into China. It starts up suddenly and can last for a week. 3 A. Musalov, Damansky and Zhalanashkol. The 1969 Sino-Soviet Armed Conflict (Даманский и Жаланашколь. Советско-китайский вооруженный конфликт 1969 года [in Russian]) (Moscow: Izđatelskii tsentr ‘Eksprint,’ 2005), р.35. 4 Musalov, Damansky and Zhalanashkol, p.36. 5 Musalov, Damansky and Zhalanashkol, p.36. 6 Krasnaya Zvezda, 14 August 1969. 7 Peking Review, 12:33 (1969), p.3. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/30911611/whyrussias-vladivostok-celebration-prompted-nationalist (date of access: 10 July 2020). Appendix I 1 Translator’s note: the li, also known as the Chinese mile, is a traditional Chinese unit of distance. Its precise length has varied over time, but usually about 1/3 of a mile. It has now been standardised to equal 500 metres. 2 Translator s note: Oirats - a western Mongol group; Uyghurs - an indigenous Turkish people of Eastern Turkestan. 3 Translator’s note: bogdykhan [богдыхан] - a general term for the Chinese emperors (from the Mongolian ‘boojdokhan’ meaning ‘sacred sovereign). 4 Translators note: the Boxer Rebellion (Yihetuan Movement) was initiated by the Militia United in Righteousness ( Yihetuan), known in English as the ‘Boxers.’ They were motivated by proto-nationalist sentiments and opposition to imperialist expansion and associated Christian missionary activity. 8 Petrov, The Sino-Soviet Wars. The Truth about Damansky, p.213. 5 Pravda, 14 June 1969. Chapter 7 Appendix
II 1 Authors’ note: This chapter is an edited version of the article, D. S. Ryabushkin, “What They Fought with on Damanskii Island,” The Journal of 1 70 Pravda, 4 March 1969.
THE SINO-SOVIET BORDER WAR OF 1969 VOLUME 2: CONFRONTATION AT LAKE ZHALANASHKOL AUGUST 1969 Appendix III 1 Geroi ostrova Damanskii [Heroes of Damansky Island] (Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya, 1969), pp.7-10. Appendix IV 1 Authors’ note: The authors were unable to find the original Russianlanguage version of this document. The source for this document - S. E Ostermann, ‘East German Documents on the Sino-Soviet Border Conflict, 1969,’ Ѣге Cold War in Asia, Cold War International History Project Bulletin, 1995/96, Issues 6-7, pp.186-193 - provides only an English translation of this document, which is being reproduced here verbatim, including possible grammatical and punctuation errors, and differences in spellings of foreign proper nouns, word choices, style, etc., which the authors have used throughout this book. 71
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CONTENTS Helion Company Limited Unit 8 Amherst Business Centre Budbrooke Road Warwick CV34 5WE England Tel. 01926 499 619 Email: info@helion.co.uk Website: www.helion.co.uk Twitter: @helionbooks Visit our blog http://blog.helion.co.uk/ Text © Dmitry Ryabushkin and Harold Orenstein 2021 Photographs © as individually credited Colour artwork © Anderson Subtil, David Bocquelet2021 Maps © George Anderson Tom Cooper 2021 Designed and typeset by Farr out Publications, Wokingham, Berkshire Cover design by Paul Hewitt, Battlefield Design (www.battlefield-design.co.uk) Every reasonable effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. The author and publisher apologise for any errors or omissions in this work, and would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions of this book. Abbreviations Acknowledgements Editorial Note 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 2 2 15 March 1969 Tank No. 545 The Events of 15 and 17 March through the Eyes of Veterans There Were Heroes in China Too From Dulaty to Kirkinsky Zhalanashkol, 13 August 1969 What They Fought with on the Border How It All Ended What Next? Appendices I Announcement by the Government of the USSR 59 II Note from the Soviet government to the government of the PRC 63 III Announcement by L.M. Zamyatin, Head of the Press Department of the USSR MFA at a press conference for Soviet and foreign journalists, held on 7 March 1969 63 IV Soviet report to East German leadership on Sino-Soviet border clashes 64 Bibliography Notes About The
Authors 68 69 72 ISBN 978-1-914377-05-1 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the express written consent of Helion Company Limited. PEOPLE’S ŔEPUBIJC We always welcome receiving book proposals from prospective authors. Note: In order to simplify the use of this book, all names, locations and geographic Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 3 15 19 26 32 38 46 52 57 designations are as provided in The Times World Atlas, or other traditionally accepted major sources of reference, as of the time of described events.
ASI A@WAR VOLUME 23 ABBREVIATIONS AK AKM APC CC CPC CPSU FSB GDR KGB MFA MRD NP PLA Kalashnikov assault rifle (avtomat Kalashnikova) modernised Kalashnikov assault rifle (avtomat Kalashnikova modernizirovannyi) armoured personnel carrier (BTR or Bronetransporter) Central Committee Communist Party of China Communist Party of the Soviet Union Federal Security Service (Federalnaya sluzhba bezopasnosti) German Democratic Republic Committee of State Security {Komitet gosudarstvennoy besopasnosti) Ministry of Foreign Affairs motorised rifle division observation post (nablyudatelnyi punkt) People’s Liberation Army (China) POW PRC RF RPD RPG RPK RSFSR RViA SKS US(A) USSR prisoner of war People’s Republic of China Russian Federation Degtyarev light machine gun {ruchnoy pulemet Degtyareva) light antitank grenade launcher (ruchnoy protivotankovyi grenatomet) Kalashnikov light machine gun {ruchnoy pulemet Kalashnikova) Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic rocket troops and artillery {raketnye voyska і artilleriya) Simonov self-loading carbine {samozaryadnyi karabin Simonova) United States (of America) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (colloquially ‘Soviet Union’) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our sincere thanks to the veterans who directly took part in the events of 1969: A.D. Konstantinov, Yu.V. Babansky, N.I. Popov, V.D. Pavlyuk, N.A. Zadorozhny, G.M. Zhestkov, A.V. Shamov, V.M. Tirskikh, A.I. Nikitin, N.A. Rozhkov, V.V. Puchkov, Ye.B. Govor, A.A. Murzin, and A.I. Tsogla. These men agreed to meet and talk personally or entered into fruitful correspondence with
the authors. We thank the directors of the Foundation for the Support of Veterans of the Border Guards, ‘Vernosť, and also the directors of the Central Border Museum of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation for permission to use their photo archives. EDITORIAL NOTE As with the first volume of this work the translation, undertaken by Dr Orenstein, is a faithful reproduction in English of the original Russian text. In order to preserve the authenticity of that text the editors have taken a very light hand to the manuscript in order to avoid any unwarranted changes of inflection or meaning. We would like to express our appreciation to A.A. Sabadash, Ye.D. Leonova, O.N. Bykova, V.N. Volik, S.P. Vashenyak, A.L. Volkov, A.D. Leonkin, A.N. Musalov, V.I. Gladkov, G.V. Kravchenko, D.V. Kiselev, Reiko Nishioka (Japan), and Elizabeth McGuire (USA) for the materials they provided. Several citizens of the People’s Republic of China rendered generous assistance in the work on this book, selflessly providing many Chinese materials. Complying with their request, we will not identify them by name; nevertheless, we wish to express our sincere gratitude to them. The Authors
THE SINO-SOVIET BORDER WAR OF 1969 VOLUME 2: CONFRONTATION AT LAKE ZHALANASHKOL AUGUST 1969 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Anon., Collection of Treaties between Russia and Other States. 1856-1917 (Сборник договоров России с другими государствами. 1856-1917 [in Russian]) (Moscow: Publisher unknown, 1952) Anon.,
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(Пограничные войска в войнах и вооруженных конфликтах XX века [in Russian]) (Moscow: Granitsa, 2000) Belyavskaya, V.F. (author-compiler), Border Guards (Пограничники [in Russian]) (Minsk: Literatura, 1998) Brezhnev, A. A., China: The Thorny Path to Good Neighbourliness (Китай: тернистый путь к
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конфликт 1969 года [in Russian]) (Moscow: Izdatelskii tsentr ‘Eksprint,’ 2005) Petrov, LL, The Sino-Soviet Wars. The Truth about Damansky (Советско-китайские войны. Правда о Даманском [in Russian]) (Moscow: ‘Eksmo’: ‘Yauza,’ 2009) Razmazin, R, Damansky. Our Pain. Sorrow. Memory. (Даманский. Наша
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University, 2007), pp.73-91 Sabadash, A.A. et al., Transcripts of Conversations with Veterans of the War on Damansky Island V.I. Abramov, A.S. Belozerov, M.T. Vashchenko, G.A. Kuzminykh, N.I. Никифоров, V.S. Prosvirnikov, N.I. Ruban, V.P. Fateyev, A.I. Filimonov, 20022003 (Стенограммы бесед с
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(Сборник материалов о защитниках острова Даманский) [in Russian]) (Khabarovsk: Publisher unknown, 1969)
Vashchenko, M.T. and Knyazev, A.L., (compilers), Island of Bravery. Recollections of Veterans of the Combat Operations on Damansky Island (Остров мужества. Воспоминания участников боевых действий на о. Даманский [in Russian]) (Khabarovsk: izdatel’stvo ‘RIOTIP’ kraevoy tipografii, 2006) Yakovets, A.P., (compiler), Damansky. This Is How It Was. The 50th Anniversary of the Border Conflict on the Ussuri River. 1969-2019 (Даманский. Так это было. 50 лет пограничному конфликту на реке Уссури. 1969-2019 [in Russian]), 2nd edition, corrected and supplemented: album (Vladivostok: Russkii ostrov, 2019) Zhibin, Chen and Xiaozhu, Sun, Confrontation at the Freezing Point: Record of the 1962-1969 Sino-Soviet Border Battles (Конфронтация при замораживании: запись советскокитайской пограничной битвы с 1962 по 1969 год [in Russian, translated from Chinese]) (Beijing: International Cultural Publication Company, 1992) Zhisui, Li, Notes of a Personal Physician (Записки личного врача [in Russian]), Book 1 (Minsk: Inter-Digest, Smolensk: TOO Ekho, 1996) 67
ASIA@WAR VOLUME 23 Periodical Articles Anon., ‘Damansky - Land of Heroes’ (Даманский - земля героев [in Russian]), Starshina - Serzhant, 5 (1969), pp.4-7 Anon., ‘The Red Ice of the Ussuri’ (Красный лед Уссури [in Russian]), Vostok Rossit, 10:32 (1992), pp.8-9 Burr, W, ‘Sino-American Relations. 1969: The Sino-Soviet Border War and Steps Towards Rapprochement,’ Cold War History, 1:3 (2001), pp.73-112 Danhui, Li ‘Sino-Soviet Border Conflicts in 1969: Causes and Effects’ [in Chinese], Dangdai zhongguoshiyanjiu, 3 (1996), pp.39-50. Fridyev, V. ‘A Border of Living Hearts,’ (Граница живых сердец [in Russian]), Okeanskiye vesti, 17 (1999) Goldstein, Lyle, ‘Return to Zhenbao Island: Who Started Shooting and Why It Matters,’ The China Quarterly, 168 (December 2001), pp.985-997 Jun, Niu, Baijia, Zhang and others, ‘1966-1976: Isolation is Replaced by Openness’ (1966-1976: Изоляция сменяется открытостью [in Russian]), Mirovye znaniya, 13:1 July (2006), pp.19-22 (translated from Chinese by D.V. Kiselev) Koleshnya, M.I. ‘Damansky Isknd, 1969’ (Остров Даманский, год 1969 [in Russian]), Rossiya İATR, 2 (1999), pp.86-87. Kuisong, Yang, ‘The Sino-Soviet Border Clash of 1969: From Zhenbao Island to Sino-American Rapprochement,’ Cold War History, 1:1 (2000), pp.21-53 Mizhou, Hui ‘Sino-Soviet Battles on the Border’ (Русскокитайские побоища на границе [in Russian]), Kempo, 1997, No.2 (34), pp.5-6 Ostermann, S.F., “East German Documents on the Sino-Soviet Border Conflict, 1969,” The Cold War in Asia, Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issues 6-7 (1995/96), pp. 186֊ 193 Pankov, Yu.
and Ryskin, A., ‘Secret Island: What Happened on Damansky in March 1969?’ (Таинственный остров: Что происходило на Даманском в марте 1969? [in Russian]), Molodoy Dalnevostochnik, 15 December 1990 Ryabushkin, D.S., ‘Damansky Island, 2 March 1969’ (Остров Даманский, 2 марта 1969 года [in Russian]),
Voprosy istorii, 5 (2004), рр.148֊152 Ryabushkin, D.S., ‘How Did the Events on Damansky Island End (Чем завершилось события на острове Даманском [in Russian]), Voprosy istorii, 12 (2005), pp. 168-170 Ryabushkin, D.S., ‘It Was on Damanskii Island,’ The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 31:4 (2018),
pp.1-16 Ryabushkin, D.S., ‘The Myths of Damanskii Island (1969),’ The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 16:3 (2003), pp.149-172 Ryabushkin, D.S., ‘New Documents on the Sino-Soviet Ussuri Border Clashes,’ Eurasia Border Review, 3 (2012), pp.161-174 Ryabushkin, D.S., ‘What They Fought with on
Damanskii Island,’ The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 19 (2006), pp.149-166 Ryabushkin, D.S., and Pavliuk, V.D., ‘Soviet Artillery in the Battles for Damanskii Island,’ The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 20:1 (2007), pp.121-134 Vashchenko, G.T., ‘Damansky: (History of the Origin of the
Name Damansky Island. About Engineer S.I. Damansky)’ (Даманский: (История происхождения назв, о-ва Даманский. Об инженере С.И. Даманском)[in Russian]), Suvorovskii natisk, 11 August 1998, p.6 Verlin, Ye, ‘For Generations to Come’ (На поколения вперед [in Russian]), Ekspert, No. 27:238 (2000), p.36
68 Pamphlets Anon., ‘Down with the New Tsars!,’ Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1969 Internet Sites Anon.,
‘Border Conflicts and Disputes’ (Приграничные конфликты и споры [in Russian]) http://magazines. russ.ru/oz/2002/6/2002_06_27.html (date accessed: 6 September 2020) Anon., ‘The Dulaty Operation (Дулатинская операция [in Russian]), https://pikabu.ru/story/dulatinskaya_ operatsiya_6429090 (date accessed: 4 October 2020) Anon., ‘Border Conflicts and Disputes’ (fragment published in the Journal Fatherland Notes (Пограничные конфликты и споры фрагмент , опубликовано в журнале Отечественные записки [in Russian]), No. 6 (2002) http://magazines.russ.ru/ oz/2002/6/2002_06_27.html (date accessed: 4 October 2020) Anon., ‘From the History of a Great Friendship’ (Из истории великой дружбы [in Russian]), Kommersant-Vlast, 8:309 (1999), pp.10-14. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/15227 (date accessed: 6 September 2020) Department of State. Memorandum of Conversation, August 18, 1969, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB49/sino. sov.10.pdf (date accessed: 19 September 2020) Khrushchev, Nikita Time, People, Power (Время. Люди. Власть [in Russian] ) http://www.hrono.ru/libris/lib_h/hrush50.html (date accessed: 7 September 2020) Note of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, 2 March 1960 https://books.google.com/books? id=jH3zAAAAMAAJ8rpg=PA1748dpg=PA1748cdq= Note+of+Ministry+of+Foreign+ Affairs+of+China+2+March+1969 source=bl8cots =7qF39zRpPR sig=ACfU3U3L9kmkzlz9YMcHL7uWU OBxUB3W4Q8chl=en sa=X8cved=2ahUKEwjYoIa3rPno AhUK0qYKHfoqBc4Q6AEwAXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage q =Note%20of%20Ministry%20of%20Foreign% 20Affairs%20 of%20China%202%20March%201969 8tf=false (date accessed: 26 September 2020) Plugatarev,
L, ‘Chinese Glory of Damansky Island’ (Китайская слава острова Даманский [in Russian]), Nezavisimoye voyennoye obozreniye, 27 March 2009 ( http://nvo.ng.ru/ realty/2009-03-27/10_damanskiy.html (date accessed: 24 September 2020)) Secretary of State. Memorandum for the President. Possibility of a Soviet Strike against Chinese Nuclear Facilities. September 10, 1969. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB49/sino. sov.19.pdf (date accessed: 19 September 2020) Xinren, Mao, ‘Truth and Fiction about the Border Conflict on Damansky Island: the USSR and China Had to Pay Dearly’ (Правда и вымысел о пограничном конфликте на острове Даманский: СССР и Китаю пришлось дорого заплатить [in Russian]) https://inosmi.ru/social/20190317/244762270. htmb (date accessed: 30 September 2020) http://asiapacific.narod.ru (date accessed: 10 September 2019) http://citynews.tula.ru/baz/news/tk/tk020613/tkl2_l.html (date accessed: 12 June 2018) http://elite-soldiers.by.ru/istor8.htm (date accessed: 1 April 2019) http://extend.hk.hi.cn/~daikang/junshi/zbdz.htm (date accessed: 12 August 2019) http://nbp.gok.ru/Limonka/178_12_2.htm (date accessed: 16 September 2015)
THE SINO-SOVIET BORDER WAR OF 1969 VOLUME 2: CONFRONTATION AT LAKE ZHALANASHKOL AUGUST 1969 http://wemedia.ifeng.com/49968791/wemedia.shtml (date accessed: 12 August 2019) http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru (date accessed: 17 March 2015) http://www.damanski-zhenbao.ru/files/arhi-17-rus.doo (date accessed: 27 March 2015) http://www.gwu.edu/nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB49 (date accessed: 19 September 2020) http://www.khabenergo.ru/rus/news/press_17-03.html (date accessed: 11 September 2020) http://www.maoism.ru (date accessed: 2 August 2019) https://rikabu.ru/story/dulatinskaya_operatsiya_6429090 (date accessed: 16 May 2020) http://www.russ-chinfrien.narod.ru (date accessed: 6 September 2020) https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/30911611/ why-russias-vladivostok-celebration-prompted-nationalist (date accessed: 10 July 2020) www.fmprc.gov.cn (date accessed: 15 June 2018) NOTES Chapter 1 16 The text of the order was provided by A.A. Sabadash. 1 17 This information is also from A.A. Sabadash, who cites a certain Kosinsky, a veteran of the battle. Authors’ note: Reinforced here means no fewer than 10 men with group weapons (SPG-9 grenade launchers), grenades, and an adequate amount of ammunition. 2 Authors’ note: After the events, 45th Corps obtained one more division 81 st Guards MRD from the Kiev Military District. 3 E.D. Leonova and VB. Murin, Demokrat Leonov: A Life in the Name ofDuty (Демократ Леонов: жизнь во имя долга [in Russian]) (Moscow: Granitsa, 2016), р.105. 4 P. Razmazin, Damansky. Our Pain. Sorrow. Memory. (Даманский. Наша боль. Скорбь. Память. [in Russian]),
a project of Р. Razmazin (Dalnerechensk: 1999), p.9. 5 Leonova and Murin, Demokrat Leonov: A Life in the Name ofDuty, pp.107-108. 6 V.F. Belyavskaya (author-compiler), Border Guards (Пограничники [in Russian]) (Minsk: Publisher unknown, 1998), p. 181. 7 Authors’ note: For a long time Soviet mass media said that Leonov was moving in an APC. Apparently, they did not want to admit that not only border guards, but also Soviet Army subunits had taken part in the 15 March fighting. 8 Damansky. Our Pain, Sorrow. Memory, p. 12. 9 Authors’ note: The delegation consisted of Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers A.N. Kosygin, Minister of Defence Marshal A.A. Grechko, Minister of Foreign Affairs A.A. Gromyko, and Secretary of the CC CPSU F.F. Katushev. Some authors mistakenly say that Marshal Grechko was in India. In fact, he had visited India somewhat earlier, during the first days of March. 10 http://www.khabenergo.ru/rus/news/press_17-03.html (date accessed: 11 September 2016). 11 A.A. Sabadash et al., Transcripts of Conversations with Veterans of the War on Damansky Island V.l. Abramov, A.S. Belozerov, M. T. Vashchenko, G.A. Kuzminykh, N.I. Nikiforov, V.S. Prosvirnikov, N.I. Ruban, V.P. Fateyev, A.I. Filimonov, 2002-2003 (Стенограммы бесед с участниками конфликта на острове Даманском В.И. Абрамовым, А.С. Белозеровым, М.Т. Ващенко, Г.А. Кузьминых, Н.И. Никифоровым, В.С. Просвирниковым, Н.И. Рубаном, В.П. Фатеевым, А. И. Филимоновым, 2003-2004 [in Russian]) (unpublished). 18 M.I. Koleshnya, ‘Damansky Island, 1969’ (Остров Даманский, год 1969-й [in Russian]), Rossiya і ATR, 1999
(2), p.89. 19 Yang Kuisong, ‘The Sino-Soviet Border Clash of 1969: From Zhenbao Island to Sino-American Rapprochement,’ Cold War History, Vol. 1 (1), 2000, pp.25-26. 20 Yang Kuisong, ‘The Sino-Soviet Border Clash of 1969,’ p.29. 21 Translator’s note: the original uses the term ‘kroshevo,’ literally ‘crumb.’ Kroshevo is finely chopped dark green upper cabbage leaves that are usually removed from the heads of cabbage when harvesting. Since green leaves are coarser than ordinary cabbage, they are not shredded, but chopped very finely to make crumbs. 22 ‘From the History of a Great Friendship’ (Из истории великой дружбы [in Russian]), Kommersant-Vlasť, No. 8:309 (1999), https://www.kommersant. ru/doc/15227 (date accessed: 11 September 2020). 23 http://nbp.gok.ru/Limonka/178_12_2.htm (date accessed: 16 September 2015) 24 T.W. Robinson, The Sino-Soviet Border Dispute: Background, Development, and the March 1969 Clashes (Rand Corporation, Research Memorandum RM-6171-PR, 1970), pp.38-39. All spehings in citations taken directly from his work reflect the US spelling in the original. 25 Robinson, The Sino-Soviet Border Dispute, pp.39-40. 26 Robinson, The Sino-Soviet Border Dispute, p.40. 27 Robinson, The Sino-Soviet Border Dispute, p.40. Chapter 2 1 Sabadash, Transcripts of Conversations with Veterans of the War on Damansky Island. 2 V. Fridyev, ‘A Border of Living Hearts,’ (Граница живых сердец [in Russian]), Okeanskie vesti, 17 (1999). 3 Anon., ‘Damansky - Land of Heroes,’ (Даманский - земля героев [in Russian]), Starshina - serzhant, 5 (1969), pp.4-7. 12 Pravda, 16 March 1969
Chapter 3 13 Translator’s note: The text of the order is translated word for word, maintaining the style and punctuation. 1 14 Authors’ note: There is apparendy a mistake in the order. Some photos clearly show that Orekhov has two stripes on the shoulder of his uniform, indicating that he held the rank of junior sergeant. Authors’ note: Unless otherwise stated, ah letters cited in this chapter are from correspondences between author Dmitry Ryabushkin and veterans of the Damansky events. 2 Authors’ note: Popov’s letters have already been cited in Volume 1 in the discussion about the events after the 2 March battle. 15 Translator’s note: Orekhov was awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union Medal on 31 July 1969. The aim of Zakharov’s order, dated 19 November 1969, was to enter his name forever in the hst of his military unit. When a rollcall takes place his name is called, too, and one of the soldiers must proclaim: ‘Hero of the Soviet Union Junior Sergeant Orekhov perished in the battìe for freedom and independence of our Motherland.’ 3 Author’s note: Unless otherwise indicated, citations in the remainder of this chapter are from M.T. Vashchenko and A.L. Knyazev (compilers), Island of Bravery. Recollections of Veterans of the Combat Operations on Damansky Island (Остров мужества. Воспоминания участников боевых действий на о. Даманский [in Russian]) (Khabarovsk: izdateľstvo ‘RIOTIP’kraevoj tipografii, 2006). 69
ASIA@WAR VOLUME 23 Slavic Military Studies, 19 (2006), pp.149-166. The original article may be accessed at the website for Taylor 8: Francis Group publishers at https:// www.tandfonline.com . 2 Authors’ note: The official Soviet names of the automatic weapon and carbine, introduced by an 18 June 1949 USSR Council of Ministers resolution and signed by Stalin, are AK and SKS, that is, they do not include the numbers 47 and 45. The names AK-47 and SKS-45 were used in Soviet technical documents only during the design and testing of these models of the weapons; these names took root in contemporary military literature, the mass media, the internet, computer games, etc. 4 Suvorovskiy natisk, 22 March 1969. 5 Sabadash, et al., Transcripts of Conversations with Veterans of the War on Damansky Island. 6 The following excerpt was provided by A. N. Musalov. Chapter 4 1 Anon., Learn from the Battle Heroes ofZhenbao Island (Учитесь у боевых героев Острова Чжэеньбао, [in Russian, translated from Chinese]) (Xinhua Bookstore of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Peoples Art Printing Factory, 1970). Unless otherwise indicated, all photos in this chapter are found in this source, accessed on the Chinese Internet. 2 http://wemedia.ifeng.com/49968791/wemedia.shtml (date accessed: 12 August 2019). 3 http://extend.hk.hi.cn/~daikang/junshi/zbdz.htm (date accessed: 12 August 2019). 3 Translator’s note: the letter ‘P’ in the vehicle’s name designates ‘amphibious’ [Russian plavayushchii’], and the letter ‘B’ designates ‘turret’ [Russian ‘bashnya’], that is, having a conical turret with a machine gun.
Chapter 8 1 4 Sun Yuguo and Zhou Dengguo. 5 Authors’ note: Ma Xianjie, the chief of 133rd Divisions intelligence department, was the commander of the Chinese ambush on Damansky on 2 March 1969. 6 W. Burr, ‘Sino-American Relations. 1969. The Sino-Soviet Border War and Steps Toward Rapprochement,’ Cold War History, 1:3 (2001), pp.73-112. Department of State. Memorandum of Conversation, August 18, 1969, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB49/sino.sov.10.pdf (date of access: 19 September 2020). Per Soviet tradition, second secretaries in USSR embassies were members of the special services; therefore, Davydov was probably a KGB agent. 2 Secretary of State. Memorandum for the President. Possibility of a Soviet Strike against Chinese Nuclear Facilities. September 10,1969. https:// nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB49/sino.sov. 19.pdf (date of access: 19 September 2020). 7 Authors’ note: Information about the cemetery and the list of dead Chinese were provided by A. A. Sabadash. 3 M.S. Kapitsa, At Different Parallels. Notes of a Diplomat (На разных параллелях. Записки дипломата (in Russian]) (Moscow: AO ‘Kniga і biznes,’ 1996), pp.83-84. Chapter 5 1 V. Gladkov and A. Musalov, The Uneasy Border. 1969 (Неспокойная граница. Год 1969-й [in Russian]) (Moscow: Granitsa, 2018), p.l58. 4 See, for example, Yu.M. Galenovich, Russia and China in the 20th Century: The Border (Россия и Китай в XX веке: граница [in Russian]) (Moscow: Izograf, 2001), pp.159-161. 2 https://rikabu.ru/story/dulatinskaya_operatsiya_6429090 (date accessed: 16 May 2020) 6 www.fmprc.gov.cn (date of access: 15 June
2018). 3 I.I. Petrov, The Sino-Soviet Wars. The Truth about Damansky (Советскокитайские войны. Правда о Даманском [in Russian]) (Moscow: ‘Eksmo’: ‘Yauza,’ 2009), р.123. 4 Pravda, 12 June 1969. 5 Pravda, 9 July 1969. 6 A.P. Yakovets (сотрДег), Damansky. This Is How It Was. The 50th Anniversary of the Border Conflict on the Ussuri River. 1969-2019 (Даманский. Так это было. 50 лет пограничному конфликту на реке Уссури. 1969-2019 [in Russian]), 2nd edition, corrected and supplemented: album (Vladivostok: Russkii ostrov, 2019), pp.52-53. 5 Galenovich, Russia and China in the 20th Century, pp.182-183. Chapter 9 1 Authors’ note: The PRC Academy of Social Sciences is the main research centre in China, the results of whose work are used by China’s leaders. If one of the researchers from this Academy expresses scandalous ideas, then it should be understood in the following way: what the Academy researchers say, the PRC leaders think. 2 Ye. Verlin, ‘For Generations to Come’ (На поколения вперед [in Russian]), Ekspert, No. 27:238 (2000), p.36. 3 Verlin, ‘For Generations to Come,’ p.36. Chapter б 4 Correspondence between author Dmitry Ryabushkin and V.M. Tirskikh. 1 5 Authors’ note: This chapter has been adapted from the article, D. S. Riabushkin, “Lake Zhalanashkol: The Last Battle of the Sino-Soviet Border War, 1969,” The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 33:3 (2020), pp.442-459, published online on 14 December 2020. The original article may be accessed at the website for the Taylor Francis Group publishers at https://www. tandfonline.com . 2 Translator’s note: the şaykan (Chinese
for ‘bloody wind’) is a hurricane-force wind at the Dzhungarsky Gate and Lake Alakol, blowing from Kazakhstan into China. It starts up suddenly and can last for a week. 3 A. Musalov, Damansky and Zhalanashkol. The 1969 Sino-Soviet Armed Conflict (Даманский и Жаланашколь. Советско-китайский вооруженный конфликт 1969 года [in Russian]) (Moscow: Izđatelskii tsentr ‘Eksprint,’ 2005), р.35. 4 Musalov, Damansky and Zhalanashkol, p.36. 5 Musalov, Damansky and Zhalanashkol, p.36. 6 Krasnaya Zvezda, 14 August 1969. 7 Peking Review, 12:33 (1969), p.3. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/30911611/whyrussias-vladivostok-celebration-prompted-nationalist (date of access: 10 July 2020). Appendix I 1 Translator’s note: the li, also known as the Chinese mile, is a traditional Chinese unit of distance. Its precise length has varied over time, but usually about 1/3 of a mile. It has now been standardised to equal 500 metres. 2 Translator s note: Oirats - a western Mongol group; Uyghurs - an indigenous Turkish people of Eastern Turkestan. 3 Translator’s note: bogdykhan [богдыхан] - a general term for the Chinese emperors (from the Mongolian ‘boojdokhan’ meaning ‘sacred sovereign). 4 Translators note: the Boxer Rebellion (Yihetuan Movement) was initiated by the Militia United in Righteousness ( Yihetuan), known in English as the ‘Boxers.’ They were motivated by proto-nationalist sentiments and opposition to imperialist expansion and associated Christian missionary activity. 8 Petrov, The Sino-Soviet Wars. The Truth about Damansky, p.213. 5 Pravda, 14 June 1969. Chapter 7 Appendix
II 1 Authors’ note: This chapter is an edited version of the article, D. S. Ryabushkin, “What They Fought with on Damanskii Island,” The Journal of 1 70 Pravda, 4 March 1969.
THE SINO-SOVIET BORDER WAR OF 1969 VOLUME 2: CONFRONTATION AT LAKE ZHALANASHKOL AUGUST 1969 Appendix III 1 Geroi ostrova Damanskii [Heroes of Damansky Island] (Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya, 1969), pp.7-10. Appendix IV 1 Authors’ note: The authors were unable to find the original Russianlanguage version of this document. The source for this document - S. E Ostermann, ‘East German Documents on the Sino-Soviet Border Conflict, 1969,’ Ѣге Cold War in Asia, Cold War International History Project Bulletin, 1995/96, Issues 6-7, pp.186-193 - provides only an English translation of this document, which is being reproduced here verbatim, including possible grammatical and punctuation errors, and differences in spellings of foreign proper nouns, word choices, style, etc., which the authors have used throughout this book. 71 |
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| id | DE-604.BV047837328 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:10:52Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:22:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781914377051 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033220484 |
| oclc_num | 1298745842 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 72 Seiten, IV Seiten Farbtafeln Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits (teilweise farbig) |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Helion & Company |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Asia@war series |
| series2 | Asia@war series |
| spelling | Rjabuškin, Dmitrij Sergeevič 1957- Verfasser (DE-588)1076933289 aut The Sino-Soviet border war of 1969 Volume 2 Confrontation at Lake Zhalanashkol, August 1969 Dmitry Ryabushkin & Harold Orenstein Confrontation at Lake Zhalanashkol, August nineteen hundred sixty-nine Solihull Helion & Company [2021] 72 Seiten, IV Seiten Farbtafeln Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits (teilweise farbig) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Asia@war series no. 23 Asia@war series Orenstein, Harold 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)1137627026 aut (DE-604)BV047421622 2 Asia@war series no. 23 (DE-604)BV044771918 23 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033220484&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033220484&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Rjabuškin, Dmitrij Sergeevič 1957- Orenstein, Harold 1948- The Sino-Soviet border war of 1969 Asia@war series |
| title | The Sino-Soviet border war of 1969 |
| title_alt | Confrontation at Lake Zhalanashkol, August nineteen hundred sixty-nine |
| title_auth | The Sino-Soviet border war of 1969 |
| title_exact_search | The Sino-Soviet border war of 1969 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Sino-Soviet border war of 1969 |
| title_full | The Sino-Soviet border war of 1969 Volume 2 Confrontation at Lake Zhalanashkol, August 1969 Dmitry Ryabushkin & Harold Orenstein |
| title_fullStr | The Sino-Soviet border war of 1969 Volume 2 Confrontation at Lake Zhalanashkol, August 1969 Dmitry Ryabushkin & Harold Orenstein |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Sino-Soviet border war of 1969 Volume 2 Confrontation at Lake Zhalanashkol, August 1969 Dmitry Ryabushkin & Harold Orenstein |
| title_short | The Sino-Soviet border war of 1969 |
| title_sort | the sino soviet border war of 1969 confrontation at lake zhalanashkol august 1969 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033220484&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033220484&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV047421622 (DE-604)BV044771918 |
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