A short history of the Russian Revolution:
"The 1917 Revolution sent shockwaves throughout the globe, setting a chain of events in motion that would change the entire course of the 20th century. With the overthrow of the Romanov Dynasty, Russia was plunged into the political unknown and, from the crucible of social unrest, ideological c...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London ; New York ; Oxford ; New Delhi ; Sydney
Bloomsbury Academic
2022
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| Ausgabe: | Revised edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | Short histories
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "The 1917 Revolution sent shockwaves throughout the globe, setting a chain of events in motion that would change the entire course of the 20th century. With the overthrow of the Romanov Dynasty, Russia was plunged into the political unknown and, from the crucible of social unrest, ideological conflict and violent civil war, the world's first communist state was forged. This book provides an incisive overview of one of the most complex and turbulent periods in modern history, tracing key moments from the abdication of Tsar Nicolas II to the Bolshevik seizure of power. A leading authority on Russia and Eastern Europe, Geoffrey Swain highlights the important legacies of 1905, demonstrating how early revolutionary ambitions among the masses culminated in the events of 1917. Challenging conventions in Soviet scholarship, Swain argues that the Bolshevik concepts of discipline and ideology that had mobilised the revolution, set an unnecessary course towards dictatorship and terror. Attentive to new historiography in the field, this revised edition places a renewed emphasis on the social and cultural upheaval exMEperienced in Russia amid the nation's political turmoil" |
| Beschreibung: | 240 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781350153844 9781350153837 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List of Illustrations viii Introduction 1 1 The Revolutionary Tradition of Russian Labour 5 2 The Provisional Government 25 3 The Success of Coalition 55 4 The Failure of Coalition 77 5 Six Months of Social Revolution 101 6 Insurrection 125 7 A Soviet Government 145 8 The Bolshevik-Left SR Coalition 167 Conclusion 197 Notes 203 Further Reading 221 Index 225
Short Histories are authoritative and elegantly written introductory texts which offer fresh perspectives on the way history is taught and understood in the twenty-first century. Designed to have strong appeal to university students and their teachers, as well as to general readers and history enthusiasts, Short Histories comprise novel attempts to bring informed interpretation, as well as factual reportage, to historical debates. Addressing key subjects and topics in the fields of history, the history of ideas, religion, classical studies, politics, philosophy and Middle East studies, these texts move beyond the bland, neutral ‘introductions’ that so often serve as the primary undergraduate teaching tool. While always providing students and generalists with the core facts that they need to get to grips with, Short Histories go further. They offer new insights into how a topic has been understood in the past, and what different social and cultural factors might have been at work. They bring original perspectives to bear on current interpretations. They raise questions and - with extensive bibliographies - point the reader to further study, even as they suggest answers. Each text addresses a variety of subjects in a greater degree of depth than is often found in comparable series, yet at the same time in a concise and compact handbook form. Short Histories aim to be ‘introductions with an edge’. In combining questioning and searching analysis with informed historical writing, they bring history up-to-date for an increasingly complex and globalized digital age. For more
information about titles and authors in the series, please visit: https://www.bloomsbury.com/series/short-histories/
Index Admiralty building 35, 51-2,103, 107 Admiralty Shipyard 103 agriculture 113-17 Aivaz Factory strike 18 Alekseev, Mikhail 30, 35-6 Aleksinskii, Grigorii 60 Alexandra, Tsaritsa of Russia. See Tsaritsa All-Army Committee 154 All-Russian Conference of Soviets 48 All-Russian Congress of Peasant Soviets 115 amnesty 41-2 for all deserters 122 political prisoners 11 Provisional government and 40-1 religious 39 anarchists 96 April Crisis 47-54, 58, 69, 84-5, 93-4 April Theses 66, 69,130,145,167, 182-3,198-9 arbitrary rule 174-6,195 armed forces 39,142. See also Bolshevik Military Organisation; mutinies All-Army Committee 154 Aurora 142 Bolshevik Party and 80,122, 180 coups d’état and 85-92, 99, 123,198-9 criticism of 123 Czechoslovak Legion 192 death penalty 82, 84,122-3 demobilisation 179 demonstrations and 77-80 desertion 122 discipline 122-3 First Machine Gun Regiment 76-7 First World War offensive 122 Kornilov, Lavr and 84-92,199 Kronstadt naval base 77-80 Military Revolutionary Committee 137-8,140-3, 180 ՛ officers 121-2 Order Number One 121 Order Number Two 121 Petrograd Soviet and 148-50 Red Army 189-90 soldiers’ committees 121-3,180 Soldiers’ Section of the Soviet 148-50 soldiers’ wives 111
Geoffrey Swain Soviet Government and 180 Third Cavalry Corps 152-3 Trotsky, Leon and 138 Union of Officers 85-7 armistice 179-86,190-4,199-200 arms manufacturers 103,109-10, 178-9 Assembly of St Petersburg 7 Association of Trade and Industry 21 Austro-Hungarian Empire 16 Badcock, Sarah 2,118 Bagdatiev, S. Ya. 22-3, 70 demonstrations and 77, 79 Women’s Bureau and 111 Balkan Slavs 16 Baltic Shipyards 103,105 Baltic Works 16 Banquet Campaign 7 Black Hundred movement 103 Blanquism 70,129 Bloody Sunday 6, 8,10,18-19, 23, 32 Bolshevik Central Committee 71-2, 78, 80, 93,128-9,133-6, 143,147,150,153,155, 157,165,167-8,184-5 Bolshevik-Left SR Coalition 168, 171,184-95, 200-1 Bolshevik Military Organisation 71-2, 75-6, 80, 99,198 militias and 95 Bolsheviks 2-3, 97,197-9. See also Bolshevik-Left SR Coalition arbitrary rule and 174-6 armistice and 182-6 Central Committee 131-7,143 Committee for the People’s Struggle against the Counter Revolution 98-9 Constituent Assembly and 170-4 demonstrations and 73—4, 77-80, 91 226 dictatorship and 202 discipline 158-66,200 Duma deputies exile 56 government forming and 126-7 ideology 145-6,162 insurrection and 130-7,141-4, 146-7 Interdistrict Group 164 July Days 77-80,198 Kerensky, Alexander and 99, 140,152-3 labour movements and 163-6 land reform and 169-70 Left SRs and 147-51,167-9, 184-95,200 left wing coalition 4 Lenin, Vladimir and 161-6 members 161-4 Military Revolutionary Committee and 174 Petrograd Soviet and 97, 99, 127,130-1,148 power and 199 Pre-parliament and 128-30 propaganda and 122 radical stance 66 recall elections and 176
Recallism 163 Red Guards and 93-4, 99 renaming 97 Revolutionary Convention and 173-4 rules 161-2,164 St Petersburg Soviet and 162 Second Congress 190 Seventh Congress 189 sharing of power 3-4 Socialist Revolutionary Party and 147 soldiers and 122 Soviet Government and 77,125, 127,145-6,151,167-9, 186,199
Index civil war 195 class war 192 Coalition Government (first) 198. See also Coalition Government (second); Coalition Government (third) Bolshevik Party’s strategy 64-5, 71 challenges to 70-4 demonstrations and 77-80 First Machine Gun Regiment 75-6 formation 3, 53, 64 Ministry of Labour 105-6 political success 55-64 Rodzianko’s endorsement 54 second 76 support by First Congress of Soviets 72, 74 Coalition Government (second) Declaration of Principles 81-3, 106 disarming Red Guards 97 election postponement 88 formation 76, 84,106,117,198 insurrection 125 interregnum with first one 118 Kadet Party and 82-3 labour policies 106 Moscow State Conference 87 need for 81 without Tsereteli 83 Coalition Government (third) Democratic Conference delegates 128 establishment/formation 125,138 insurrection 146-7,152 Kornilov crisis 127 Pre-parliament meeting 139-40 Cold War 1 Commissariat of Agriculture 169-70 support 98,180,195 terror and 195 trade unions 162-3 Tsar’s clampdown 64 Ukraine and 181 Vikzhel negotiations 151-9 Vyborg District Committee 36-8, 51,64-6,72,77,95-7,131 women and 110-12 women’s demonstration 32 Bolshevik St Petersburg Committee 75 Bosnia-Herzegovina 16 bourgeoisie 101,161 economic crisis and 109 Brest-Litovsk peace talks 181-4. See also Treaty of BrestLitovsk Brest-Litovsk Treaty 189,191-3 Bukharin, Nikolai 201 cadre workers 102 capitalism 126 Cartridge Works 103-4 Central Bureau of St Petersburg Trade Unions 17 Central Soviet Executive 71 Cheka secret police 175-6,190 Cheremisov, A. V. 84 Chernov, Victor 47,49, 57-9, 63, 176 arrest 79 government forming and 126,
128 July Days and 79 land committees and 115-17 as minister of agriculture 79, 82 resignation 117 Soviet Government and 154-5 Chkheidze, Nikolai 22, 31-2, 36-8, 41 civic militias 93, 95-6 civil rights 39,41, 53 227
Geoffrey Swain commission of enquiry 8-10,19, 22-3,104 Commission on the Resumption of Work 44 Committee for the People’s Struggle against the Counter Revolution 92, 98-9 Committee for the Salvation of the Revolution and the Motherland (CSRM) 151-4 communism 1 Conference of Bolshevik Party Workers 66,93 Conference of Petrograd People’s Militias 95-6 Conference of Public Figures 85 Congress of Co-operative Societies (1908) 16,162 Congress of Factory Panel Doctors 16-17 Congress of Northern Soviets 131-2 Congress of Peasant Soviets 168-9 Congress of People’s Universities (1908) 16 Constituent Assembly 6, 9,11, 36, 38^11,53, 55-7, 59,65,76, 81,170-4,176 land reform and 116 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and 192 Constitutional Democrat Party or Kadet Party 5 constitutional period 2 co-operative movement 138,141, 162 Council of Petrograd People’s Militias 96 Council of the Republic. See Pre parliament counter-revolution Committee for the People’s Struggle against 92, 98-9 Kornilov Affair 84-92, 98-100, 123,126 CSRM (Committee for the Salvation of the Revolution and the Motherland) 151—4 Czechoslovak Legion 192 death penalty 41,61, 87-8, 90, 122 Kerensky, Alexander and 82, 84 Declaration of the Right of Labouring and Exploited People 174 Declaration on the Rights of Soldiers 45,60 defence industry 103-4,109-10,179 Delo naroda (newspaper) 123,125 demobilisation 179 democracy 44,47,49,58,97, 99, 128,152,166,202 Democratic Conference 128 demonstrations. See also insurrection Bolshevik Military Organisation’s 71-6 Duma’s opening 30, 32-4 First Machine Gun Regiment 77-80 July Days 77-81
Kadets 51-2 Lena Gold Fields massacre 18 for Lenin’s arrest 49 1905 Revolution 6 working women’s 41 district soviets 97-8 Dobrynskii, I. A. 89-90 Donald, Moira 2 dual power 40-7,197-8 Dukhonin, N. N. 179-80 dumas (local government councils) 7,21 Dzerzhinskii, Felix 176 economy 28, 57 crisis 107-9 First World War and 103,105 228
Index First Conference of Factory Committees 70 First Conference of Petrograd Factory Committees 108 First Congress of Soviets 58-9, 72-4, 82, 98,105,169 First Machine Gun Regiment 71, 75-7 First State Duma 12,41,147 First World War 3,18,20,24,28, 37,56, 59, 68,139,164 Allied victory 201 Coalition Government (first) and 56, 59-62 economy and 103,105 Government Declaration on War Aims 48-9, 53 industry and 102 Lenin, Vladimir and 49 offensive 59-63, 69-70,122, 198 peace 47-50,179-86,190-4, 200 peasantry and 28 resumption 189,192-3 food shortages 32,107,113,188 Fourth State Duma 18-19,22, 25, 30, 37, 62, 85,147-8 France, revolution and 130 freedom of assembly 18 freedom of association 6,12, 16-17,162 freedoms 39,41 inflation 103,107 Society for the Economic Rehabilitation of Russia 85 1848 Revolution 7 elections Constituent Assembly 171-2 democracy and 202 factory based 19, 22 Fifth Congress of Soviets 194 Insurance 164 Kadet Party policy and 83 Lenin, Vladimir and 194, 200 Petrograd City Insurance Board 23 Petrograd Provincial Insurance Board 23 Pipe Factory 70 recall 176-7 rigging and 194, 200 State Duma 10,12-13 Tsar and 17 War Industries Committee 25-6 women and 110,112 European revolution 68,130,184 Extraordinary Congress of Peasant Soviets 168-9 factories 102-7. See also industry factory committees 44, 70, 102-10 conferences 108-10 unrest and 177-9 famine relief 14 fascism 1 February Revolution 4,30,44, 56, 65-6, 72, 90-2,103,112-13, 166, 200-1 Field of Mars 72, 79 Fifth Congress of Soviets 194 Finland 11, 41,49, 66 First All-Russian Conference 48, 58, 74,108 First All-
Russian Congress of Soviets 71 Galernyi Island Shipyard 103 Gapon Assembly 7-9 Gapon, Father (Orthodox priest) 7,12 Christian reformism 8 general strikes 2, 5,10-11,18,188, 197 German imperialism 194 Germany 183-5,193,195 Gill, Graham 2,113,119 229
Geoffrey Swain Gorbachev, Mikhail 4,200, 202 Government Declaration on War Aims 48 grain seizures 191 grain shortages 113,119-20 Guchkov, A. I. 21-3,26, 30,45, 51-2, 59-60, 84 Gvozdev, Kuz’ma 17-19,22-4, 32, 37,44, 59 as minister of labour 128 Kadet Party 5,12-14 Coalition Government (second) and 82-3 delaying Constituent Assembly 59 demonstrations 51-2 government forming and 126-7 Lvov as deputy 41 Mensheviks with 24 Milyukov’s leadership 26-7, 51, 54, 57 Pre-parliament and 138-41 Russia’s liberal politicians 5,12, 42-3 in the Second State Duma 55 Social Democrat group against 13-15 supporting Provisional Government 52 Tsereteli working with 55 Kalegaev, Andrei 167-8 Kamenev, Lev 65-6, 72,128, 150-1 armistice and 181 insurrection and 131,134-6 Lenin, Vladimir and 153 power and 199 Vikzhel negotiations 156,158-9 Kamkov, Boris 148,150,168 armistice and 185 Constituent Assembly and 171 Germany and 193 Karelin, Vladimir 172,184 Kazan 195 Kerensky, Alexander 63,198 Bolshevik Party and 99,140, 152-3 Coalition Government (second) and 81-3, 87,198 Coalition Government (third) and 127-8,138 Chernov, relationship with 63 and Chkheidze 31-2 Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi 40 Holy Synod 29,42,102 Hughes apparatus 91 Imperial Guard 34 imperialism 30 Imperial State Duma. See State Duma industry 57-8,102^1. See also factory committees costs 105-6 crisis 107-10 unrest 187 inflation 103,107,119 insurrection 37,130-7,141-4, 146. See also demonstrations Kerensky, Alexander and 132, 137,140,143,153 Lenin, Vladimir and 128-31 Nizhnii Novgorod and 195 Savinkov, Boris and 192 workers’ unrest 176-9,197 Inter-
district Conference of Soviets 97-8 International Women’s Day 32 Ivanov, General Nikolai 35, 39,45 Izvestiya (newspaper) 58-9, 65, 88, 91,94 Japan, war 6-7, 9,11,16 July Days 77-80, 92, 97,112, 198 230
Index collapse of government 3 combating the offensive 74, 76 Committee for the Salvation of the Revolution and the Motherland (CSRM) and 152 counter-revolution and 88 failures of 124 with General Kornilov 64 insurrection and 132,137,140, 143,153,199 July Days 80-1 Kornilov, Lavr and 84, 86, 89-92,199 Labourites leadership 22 May visits 60-1 Military Revolutionary Committee and 137-8, 140 new political department, establishment of 62 overthrow of 145-6,152-3 peasant unrest and 120 Pre-parliament and 138-^11 resignation 83 soldier’s demonstrations and 80-1 workers’ control 109 Khabalov, General S. S. 33, 35 Khrustalev, P. A. 9-10,23 Kollontai, Alexandra 110-12,163 Kornilov, General Lavr 46, 50-1, 54, 64, 86 coup 84-92, 99,123,126,152, 198-9 death penalty and 84,122 Kornilov Affair 84-92, 98-100, 123,125-6,152-3,198-9 Krasnov, Petr 152-3 Kronstadt naval base 11, 59, 71-2, 79-80 Krupskaya, Nadezhda 111 Krylenko, Nikolai 180 Labourites Social Democrat initiatives 13-14 SR tradition 12,15-16, 57 labour movement 2, 5, 7-9,16-17, 22,24,37,162-6. See also trade unions labour policies 104-7 labour unrest 6,10, 24, 32,147, 176-9,197. See also strikes land committees 112-20 land reform 114-20,169-70 Chernov’s proposal 57 Lenin’s argument 68 peasantry and 112-20,169-70 radical 12 Second Duma’s debate on 14 Stolypin’s 15,28 subcommittees 13 land seizures 117-20 Langenzipen Factory 107 laundresses 112 Lazimir, P. 150 Left SRs (Left Socialist Revolutionaries) 4,146-51. See also Bolshevik-Left SR Coalition arbitrary rule and 174-5 armistice and 184-5,193 Bolshevik Party and 147-51,
167-8,184-95,200 Cheka secret police and 175 Constituent Assembly and 170-2 elections and 194, 200 Germany and 193,195 land reform and 169-70 Lenin, Vladimir and 193^1,200 Military Revolutionary Committee and 175 Revolutionary Convention and 173 role in civil war 192,195 231
Geoffrey Swain Soviet Government and 150, 167-9 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and 193-4, 200 uprising 194-5,200 Vikzhel negotiations 151-9 Lena Gold Fields massacre 6,17-18 Lenin, Vladimir 133 address to Conference of the Bolshevik Military Organisation 75 April Theses 66, 69,145,182-3, 198-9 armed forces and 180-1 armistice and 180-5,190, 200 arrival in Petrograd 66 Bolshevik Military Organisation 71-2, 75-6 Bolshevik Party and 67-70, 161^1,167,199 ‘breathing space’ and 186, 189-90,192-3, 201 Brest-Litovsk peace talks and 185,189-90,193-4, 201 Constituent Assembly and 171-3,176 coup d’état element 2-3 democracy and 202 demonstrations and 78, 80 electoral fraud and 194, 200 First World War and 180-3, 189-91,200 German plot and 80 German support and 195 government forming and 126, 128-9 grain seizure and 191 insurrection and 129-32,134, 136,143-4,195 July Days 78-80 launching ‘class war’ 192 Left SRs and 193^1,200 232 linking revolution 68 Military Revolutionary Committee and 174 new programme for socialist construction 191 Nizhnii Novgorod insurrection and 195 On Compromises’ 126,130 patient work in the Soviet 70 peasantry and 145,184, 199-200 power consolidation 1 Pre-parliament and 128 Recallism and 163 revolution and 130,161,200 Revolutionary Convention 176 socialist construction programme 191,194 socialist revolution and 130 Soviet government and 64-70, 126,145,150-1,159-61 speech on 4 April 68 in Switzerland 49, 56 terror and 195 Ukraine and 181 Vikzhel negotiations 155-9 What is to be Done? 161 Women’s Bureau and 111 working class and 161-2 liberals 6-7,9,11,13,15-19, 23-7,
30-1,41-3, 53, 56-8, 70, 76. See also bourgeoisie; Kadet Party Committee for the Salvation of the Revolution and the Motherland 151-2 Soviet Government and 152 Steklov, Yurii and 127 local councils dumas 7,21,26,42, 55-7, 83, 128 zemstvos 7, 9,21,26, 83,113, 128,169
Index Muraviev, Mikhail 153,158-9, 193,195 mutinies 11,122 Lozovsky, Solomon 159-60, 165-6,177-8,202 Lvov, Prince G. E. 21, 36,41-2,48, 50, 53, 59 resignation 81 Lvov, V. N. 90 Nazism 1 Nevskii Prospekt incident 32—4, 41, 51-2, 78-9 Nevskii Shipbuilding Works 21 New Admiralty Shipyard 103 Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia. See Tsar 1905 Revolution 2, 5, 67. See also Bloody Sunday Nizhnii Novgorod 122,195 Nosar, G. S. 9-10 Note of 18 April 52 Novaya zhizn (newspaper) 99,135 Marx, Karl 8 Mensheviks 2-3,161 coalition with ‘the bourgeoisie’ 55-6 Committee for the Salvation of the Revolution and the Motherland 151 freedom of association 17 ideology 162 ‘parliamentary’ interlude 13-14 party rules 162 Petrograd Soviet and 39 Pre-parliament and 141 Red Guards and 94 St Petersburg Metal Workers’ Union 18 Soviet Government and 154 strikes 18,22, 31-2 territorially based general fund 20 trade unions 17,19 Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC) 137-8,140-3,150, 174,180 militias 93, 95-6. See also Red Guards Milyukov, Pavel 26-7,29-31, 35, 47-51, 53—4, 57 Milyutin, Vladimir 109,134,158 state workers’ control and 178-9 Moscow 186,193-5 Moscow State Conference 88 MRC (Military Revolutionary Committee) 137-8,140-3, 150,174,180 Obukhov Factory 105,154 Obukhov Works 10 October Manifesto 10-11, 24 October Revolution 1-2 Kerensky’s Government 2 Lenin’s role 2 Order Number One 39,121,161 Order Number Two 121 Paris Commune 69 parish (volost’) committees 119 ‘parliamentary’ interlude 12-15 Pavlovskii Regiment 34,47-51 Peasant Mandate on the Land 115 peasantry 3 alliances 4,130,161 All-Russian Congress
of Peasant Soviets 115 Congress of Peasant Soviets 169 Extraordinary Congress of Peasant Soviets 168-9 First World War and 46 grain prices and 119 land reform and 112-20, 169-70 233
Geoffrey Swain Left SRs and 4,145 Lenin, Vladimir and 69,145, 183-4 parish (volost’) committees and 119 Petrograd Soviet 46 political reform and 113 political voice 4 Soviet Government and 167-8 Trotsky, Leon and 184 unrest 120 voting and 130 Peasant Soviet 168-9 People’s Militia 95-6 petitions 6-7,17-18 Petrograd Society of Manufacturers and Factory Owners 104 Petrograd Soviet 198. See also First All-Russian Congress of Soviets administration aspects 44 April Crisis 49, 52-3 Bolshevik Party and 97, 99, 127,148 Bolsheviks control 3 Coalition Government (first) and 61, 64, 74 Coalition Government (second) and 83 coalition politics 55-6 coups d’état 85-92 Declaration on the Rights of Soldiers 45 Democratic Conference 128 electoral process 22 formation of 36-40, 64 Government Declaration on War Aims 48 Inter-district Conference of Soviets 97, 99 Kornilov’s order 51 labour policies 104—7 234 Liaison Commission with Provisional Government 48, 54, 67 Mandate Commission 45 Military Revolutionary Committee 137-8 need for peace without annexation 47-8 Order Number One 39 peace and 47-8 Provisional Revolutionary Government 65 quasi-governmental functions 44-5 radicals 47 Red Guards and 93-5, 97-8 reformist leaders 46 Siberian exiles and 45 Soldiers’ Section 45, 55, 71-2, 98,127,148-9,199 transfer of power 45, 66 Trotsky, Leon and 135-6 Tsereteli, Irakli and 58-9 workers’ militias and 92 Workers’ Section 70,97 Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies 39 Philips Price, Morgan 120 Pipe Factory 70,103-4,108,110 Pipes, Richard 2 Plehve, Vyacheslav von 62 Poland 21,41 police.
See also Cheka secret police agents/officials 2,12 labour militant’s arrests 22-3 raids 21 reforms 39 Polivanov, General Aleksei 25, 45 Polivanov Commission 45 Polkovnikov, G. P. 137 Popov Brigade 195 Popular Socialist Party 138-9
Index religion 41, 111 Republican Centre 85 Respirator Factory 109 revolution 33-6, 87-8. See also counter-revolution; Russian Revolution Delo naroda and 125-6 European Revolution 68,130, 183-4 February Revolution 33-6, 55, 92,112-13,200-1 Lenin, Vladimir and 68, 129-30 Russian labour and 145 socialist phase 130 Revolutionary Convention 172-4, 176 revolutionary parties 9 Riga prison riot 14 Right SRs (Right Socialist Revolutionaries) 151, 168-73,175,193,195,201 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and 192 Rodzianko, Mikhail 34-6,41, 54 Roobol, W. H. 59 Rosenberg, William 2, 43,177, 179 Russia. See also specific parties Christian trade union movement 7 ‘constitutional’ period 19061917 5 illegal revolutionary parties 9 industrial crisis 107-10 Order Number One 39,121, 161 Pre-parliament 138-40 printers’ strike in Moscow 10 revolutionary tradition 125-7, 130-1,145 women workers 111 Popular Socialists 56-7,139,141 Pravda (newspaper) 18, 66, 68-9, 71, 75, 78, 80 Kerensky, Alexander and 99 Renamed as Rabochii put 97 Pre-parliament 128-9,138-41 printers 10 prisons 11,13-15,21, 34, 37,41 Protopopov, Alexander 26,29 provisional council or ‘Rada’ 76, 181 Provisional Government 40-5, 52-5,197-8 April Crisis and 47-54 Bolshevik Party and 68 coalition and 54 Declaration 53-4,56 Kadet Party and 42-3 labour policies 104 Liaison Commission 44-5,48 Provisional Revolutionary Government 38,40, 65-7, 126 public congresses 16 Putilov Works 8,21-2, 31,36, 77, 95,103,164 economic crisis and 107-10 Rabinowitch, Alexander 194 Rabochii i soldat (newspaper) 155 Rabotnitsa (newspaper) 110,112 railway workers
strike (Moscow) 10. See also Vikzhel negotiations Rasputin, Grigori 29-30,42 rearmament 16 Recallism 163,172,174,176 Red Army 189-90 Red Guards 2, 51-2, 66,92-5, 99, 142 disarming 97-8 July Days and 97 235
Geoffrey Swain SRs and 148 Vikzhel negotiations and 158 short history of Russia (February 1917 and July 1918) 1 Shteinberg, Isaak 148,174-6 Shtyurmer, Boris 26 Shuster, Ura 10 Siberian exiles 37,45, 56, 65 sickness insurance 22 Skobelev, Mikhail 31,36-7, 51, 57-8,105-7,152 as minister of labour 57,106 Smith, Steve 2 Social Democrat Group 13,17, 19, 37 Social Democratic Party 8-9, 162-3 Bolsheviks’ control of 55 Duma politics 13 labour movement, control of 8 moderate reformist 12 ‘parliamentary’ interlude 12-15 petitions 17 Provisional Government and 40 St Petersburg Metal Workers’ Union 18-19 social insurance 16-17 worker’s arrest issue 14—15 Social Democrat Internationalists 97 social historians 2 social insurance 16-17,19-20,106 Petrograd Soviet and 36 police raid 21 socialism 4, 6-8, 57,130 Coalition Government (first) and 58 Coalition Government (second) and 83 Lenin, Vladimir and 191 Socialist Revolutionaries 3 Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs). See SRs Russian Bureau of the Central Committee 64-5 Russian Council of Workers’ Control 178-9 Russian Freedom printing works 96 Russian Revolution 1,4,25, 30, 47, 68, 99,126,186,197, 199 Russian Social Democrats 5 Ryazanov, David 152,155-6, 158-9,179 Rykov, Aleksei 156,158 St Petersburg 6-12 strikes 10-11,18 St Petersburg Committee 22-3, 33, 64-6, 69, 72, 75, 78,163 St Petersburg Metal Workers’ Union 18-20,163-4 St Petersburg Printer’s Union 19 St Petersburg Soviet in 1905 6-12, 162 Savinkov, Boris 62, 86-7, 89-90, 92,192 Schapiro, Leonard 2 view on Mensheviks and Bolsheviks 3 Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic
Labour Party 161 Second Congress of Soviets 132-4, 143,146-7,150-2,168 Second State Duma 12-14, 24 Second World War 1 shipyards 103,105 Shlyapnikov, Alexander 37,44, 65-6,149,165-6 escaping from arrest 65 insurrection and 134 Lenin’s arrival in Petrograd 66 militias and 92-3 Soviet’s Propaganda Commission’s member 44 236
Index SRs (Socialist Revolutionary Party) 7-8, 71,146-8,176-7. See also Left SRs (Left Socialist Revolutionaries); Right SRs (Right Socialist Revolutionaries) All-Russian Congress of Peasant Soviets 115 capitalism and 126-7 Committee for the Salvation of the Revolution and the Motherland 151 Constituent Assembly and 170-2,176 Kerensky, Alexander and 153 and Labourites 12-16 labour movement, control of 8 land reform and 115-16 Pre-parliament and 138,141 Revolutionary Convention 176 St Petersburg workers and 147 Second Congress of Soviets 150 soldiers and 122 Soviet Government and 148-50, 154 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and 192 Ukraine and 181 Stalin, Joseph 4, 65, 201 insurrection and 136 resolution to the conference 66 Vikzhel negotiations and 158 Star Chamber 58, 71, 76, 81, 94 State Duma 2-3, 5,10, 50 elections and 9,12 October Manifesto 10-11 Provisional Committee of the State Duma 35-6, 38-40 state workers’ control 179 Steklov, Yurii 127 Stolypin, Petr 12,14-15 land reforms 28 strikes 8,16, 31-2 Aivaz Factory 18 social policies 55-6, 82 Society for the Economie Rehabilitation of Russia 85 Soldatskaya Pravda (newspaper) 71,75 soldiers. See armed forces Soldiers’ Section of the Soviet 71-2 Soldiers’ Soviet 45, 50 soldiers’ wives 111 Sorokin, Pitirim 30 Soviet Executive administrative members 81 angry working women’s rally 41 appeal to the Bolsheviks 72-3 Bolsheviks’ domination 151-2 coalition politics 55, 64, 74 Declaration of Principles 83 Democratic Conference 128 expansion 154 informal meetings 55, 58 Kerensky’s appeal 92 Liaison Committee 49 Moscow State Conference 88
notification of political acts 52 support of workers’ militias 93-5 Soviet Government 69-73,125-30, 150-1,167 armed forces and 180 Bolshevik Party discipline and 159-66,199-200 July Days 77-80 make-up of 168 peasantry and 167-8 Revolutionary Convention and 173^1 Vikzhel negotiations 151-9 Soviet Union in 1920s-1930s 1 Special Committee to Fight Inflation 29 Special Council on Food Supply 28-9 Spiridonova, Maria 148,168,190 237
Geoffrey Swain Baltic Works 16 food shortages and 32 general 10-11,18 laundresses 112 Lena Gold Fields massacre 6, 17-18 Petrograd 31-2 Putilov Works and 21, 31 Russian Freedom printing works 96 St Petersburg Metal Workers’ Union 18-19 St Petersburg/Petrograd 10-11, 18,24, 32-3 strikomania 20, 24 Sukhanov, Nikolai 58-9 Bolshevik Party and 70, 98-100 on dual power 40 formation of the Coalition Government 64, 70-1, 73—4 on including radicals 44 soldier’s revolution 45-7 supply committees 113-14,117 Supreme Economic Council 179 Supreme Military Council 190 Surh, Gerald 8 economic crisis and 108 St Petersburg Metal Workers’ Union 18-19 St Petersburg Printer’s Union 19 Temporary Provisions 12 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 184-5, 189-92,200 Trotsky, Leon 10-11 armistice and 182-93 as commissar of war 189,191 Czechoslovak Legion and 192 flirtation with the Allies 190 insurrection and 131-2,134-8, 141,143,146-7 Left SRs and 194 Military Revolutionary Committee 137-8,141 October Manifesto 10 peasantry and 183—4 political prisoner amnesty 11 power and 199 Pre-parliament and 129 rescue of Victor Chernov 79 Soviet Government and 150 trial and exile 15 Vikzhel negotiations 155-6 Tsar 5 abdication 36, 39,197 commission of enquiry 9-10 constitution and 197 coup d’état 29 elected councils 7 electoral system 15 Fourth State Duma and 25, 30, 35 hard-line stance 26, 30 house arrest 41 land reform 12 liberal opposition to 6-9,11, 25-8, 30 October Manifesto 10-11 overthrown of 64 ‘parliamentary’ interlude 13 Temperance Congress 16 Temporary Provisions on freedom of association 16-17 terror 195
‘Theses on Insurance’ 17 Third Cavalry Corps 152-3 Third State Duma 15, 21 social insurance 16-17,19 Thomas, Albert 62 trade unions 2, 7-9,15-16,179. See also strikes attacks on 15 Bolshevik Party and 18-19, 162-3 Central Bureau of St Petersburg Trade Unions 17 238
Index Wade, Rex 2 War Industries’ Committee 6,21-3, 25-6,29,32-3,37,41,57,70 Workers’ Group 23, 30, 32, 37 war, Japan and 6-7, 9. See also First World War women/women’s 32,41,103 Bureau 110 Congress 16,110-11,163 rally 43 workers 110-12 workers 3, 6, 23—4,102-4,145. See also mutinies; strikes; trade unions activists 165 alliances 130, 161,183-4 Bolshevik Party and 162-6 cadre workers 102 demonstrations 51-2 evacuation 109-10 factory committees 103-10 food shortages and 32 labour movements 2-3,14-15, 162-6 labour reform 104-7 Lena Gold Fields massacre 6, 17-18 Lenin, Vladimir and 161-2 organization of 7-9,16-17, 57 petitions 6,17 Petrograd Soviet 36—40 Putilov Works 31,103,107-8 revolution and 162,165-6 Riga prison riot 14 rights 45 Russian Council of Workers’ Control 178 social insurance 19-20,106 soldiers and 46 state workers’ control 179 unrest 6,176-9,197 voting and 130 wages 105 petition campaign 7-8 political prisoner amnesty 11 Rasputin, Grigori and 29-30 reconciliation with the Duma 26 removal of wealth 41 revolution and 33-6 strikes and 33 Tsaritsa 29-30 Tsereteli, Menshevik Irakli 13-15, 48, 52-3, 55-6,198 April Crisis 58 Bolshevik Party and 73—4, 81 Coalition Government (first) 61-2, 70, 73 Coalition Government (second) and 81, 83 exile 47 Kadet Party and 56 and Kerensky 58, 73, 76,198 land reform 14 land seizures 117 as minister of the interior 81 plenary session of the Soviet 76 revolution and 87-8 risking unpopularity 59 role in forming the Coalition Government 56 Star Chamber 71 Turkish Ottoman Empire 16 Ukraine 76,181,183 unemployment benefit 14 Union of
Laundresses 112 Union of Officers 85, 87 Union of Soldiers’ Wives 111 Verkhovskii, A. 1.139-40 Vikzhel negotiations 151-9,165 Volga Soviet Republic 195 Volhynian Regiment 34 Vyborg District Committee 36, 38, 64-5 Vyborg District Soviet 95, 97 239
Geoffrey Swain Zavoiko, V. S. 85, 89-91 Zemgor (co-ordinating body supporting war effort) 21, 25-6,28-30,41 food supplies and 28 Zemstvo Congress 7 zemstvos (local government councils) 7,21,41,113 Zinoviev, Grigorii 131,134-6 power and 199 Vikzhel negotiations and 157-8 ‘years of reaction, the’ 16 War Industries Committee 20—4 women 110-12 Workers’ Conference of Factory Representatives 177 Workers’ Guard 95 workers’ militias 92-3. See also Red Guards working class 2-3,5-8,23,25-6,31, 33,36,46,55,67,69-70,72, 77,92 Tsar’s control 5 unrest, reason for 31-2 urban 8 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 240
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Contents List of Illustrations viii Introduction 1 1 The Revolutionary Tradition of Russian Labour 5 2 The Provisional Government 25 3 The Success of Coalition 55 4 The Failure of Coalition 77 5 Six Months of Social Revolution 101 6 Insurrection 125 7 A Soviet Government 145 8 The Bolshevik-Left SR Coalition 167 Conclusion 197 Notes 203 Further Reading 221 Index 225
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Index Admiralty building 35, 51-2,103, 107 Admiralty Shipyard 103 agriculture 113-17 Aivaz Factory strike 18 Alekseev, Mikhail 30, 35-6 Aleksinskii, Grigorii 60 Alexandra, Tsaritsa of Russia. See Tsaritsa All-Army Committee 154 All-Russian Conference of Soviets 48 All-Russian Congress of Peasant Soviets 115 amnesty 41-2 for all deserters 122 political prisoners 11 Provisional government and 40-1 religious 39 anarchists 96 April Crisis 47-54, 58, 69, 84-5, 93-4 April Theses 66, 69,130,145,167, 182-3,198-9 arbitrary rule 174-6,195 armed forces 39,142. See also Bolshevik Military Organisation; mutinies All-Army Committee 154 Aurora 142 Bolshevik Party and 80,122, 180 coups d’état and 85-92, 99, 123,198-9 criticism of 123 Czechoslovak Legion 192 death penalty 82, 84,122-3 demobilisation 179 demonstrations and 77-80 desertion 122 discipline 122-3 First Machine Gun Regiment 76-7 First World War offensive 122 Kornilov, Lavr and 84-92,199 Kronstadt naval base 77-80 Military Revolutionary Committee 137-8,140-3, 180 ՛ officers 121-2 Order Number One 121 Order Number Two 121 Petrograd Soviet and 148-50 Red Army 189-90 soldiers’ committees 121-3,180 Soldiers’ Section of the Soviet 148-50 soldiers’ wives 111
Geoffrey Swain Soviet Government and 180 Third Cavalry Corps 152-3 Trotsky, Leon and 138 Union of Officers 85-7 armistice 179-86,190-4,199-200 arms manufacturers 103,109-10, 178-9 Assembly of St Petersburg 7 Association of Trade and Industry 21 Austro-Hungarian Empire 16 Badcock, Sarah 2,118 Bagdatiev, S. Ya. 22-3, 70 demonstrations and 77, 79 Women’s Bureau and 111 Balkan Slavs 16 Baltic Shipyards 103,105 Baltic Works 16 Banquet Campaign 7 Black Hundred movement 103 Blanquism 70,129 Bloody Sunday 6, 8,10,18-19, 23, 32 Bolshevik Central Committee 71-2, 78, 80, 93,128-9,133-6, 143,147,150,153,155, 157,165,167-8,184-5 Bolshevik-Left SR Coalition 168, 171,184-95, 200-1 Bolshevik Military Organisation 71-2, 75-6, 80, 99,198 militias and 95 Bolsheviks 2-3, 97,197-9. See also Bolshevik-Left SR Coalition arbitrary rule and 174-6 armistice and 182-6 Central Committee 131-7,143 Committee for the People’s Struggle against the Counter Revolution 98-9 Constituent Assembly and 170-4 demonstrations and 73—4, 77-80, 91 226 dictatorship and 202 discipline 158-66,200 Duma deputies exile 56 government forming and 126-7 ideology 145-6,162 insurrection and 130-7,141-4, 146-7 Interdistrict Group 164 July Days 77-80,198 Kerensky, Alexander and 99, 140,152-3 labour movements and 163-6 land reform and 169-70 Left SRs and 147-51,167-9, 184-95,200 left wing coalition 4 Lenin, Vladimir and 161-6 members 161-4 Military Revolutionary Committee and 174 Petrograd Soviet and 97, 99, 127,130-1,148 power and 199 Pre-parliament and 128-30 propaganda and 122 radical stance 66 recall elections and 176
Recallism 163 Red Guards and 93-4, 99 renaming 97 Revolutionary Convention and 173-4 rules 161-2,164 St Petersburg Soviet and 162 Second Congress 190 Seventh Congress 189 sharing of power 3-4 Socialist Revolutionary Party and 147 soldiers and 122 Soviet Government and 77,125, 127,145-6,151,167-9, 186,199
Index civil war 195 class war 192 Coalition Government (first) 198. See also Coalition Government (second); Coalition Government (third) Bolshevik Party’s strategy 64-5, 71 challenges to 70-4 demonstrations and 77-80 First Machine Gun Regiment 75-6 formation 3, 53, 64 Ministry of Labour 105-6 political success 55-64 Rodzianko’s endorsement 54 second 76 support by First Congress of Soviets 72, 74 Coalition Government (second) Declaration of Principles 81-3, 106 disarming Red Guards 97 election postponement 88 formation 76, 84,106,117,198 insurrection 125 interregnum with first one 118 Kadet Party and 82-3 labour policies 106 Moscow State Conference 87 need for 81 without Tsereteli 83 Coalition Government (third) Democratic Conference delegates 128 establishment/formation 125,138 insurrection 146-7,152 Kornilov crisis 127 Pre-parliament meeting 139-40 Cold War 1 Commissariat of Agriculture 169-70 support 98,180,195 terror and 195 trade unions 162-3 Tsar’s clampdown 64 Ukraine and 181 Vikzhel negotiations 151-9 Vyborg District Committee 36-8, 51,64-6,72,77,95-7,131 women and 110-12 women’s demonstration 32 Bolshevik St Petersburg Committee 75 Bosnia-Herzegovina 16 bourgeoisie 101,161 economic crisis and 109 Brest-Litovsk peace talks 181-4. See also Treaty of BrestLitovsk Brest-Litovsk Treaty 189,191-3 Bukharin, Nikolai 201 cadre workers 102 capitalism 126 Cartridge Works 103-4 Central Bureau of St Petersburg Trade Unions 17 Central Soviet Executive 71 Cheka secret police 175-6,190 Cheremisov, A. V. 84 Chernov, Victor 47,49, 57-9, 63, 176 arrest 79 government forming and 126,
128 July Days and 79 land committees and 115-17 as minister of agriculture 79, 82 resignation 117 Soviet Government and 154-5 Chkheidze, Nikolai 22, 31-2, 36-8, 41 civic militias 93, 95-6 civil rights 39,41, 53 227
Geoffrey Swain commission of enquiry 8-10,19, 22-3,104 Commission on the Resumption of Work 44 Committee for the People’s Struggle against the Counter Revolution 92, 98-9 Committee for the Salvation of the Revolution and the Motherland (CSRM) 151-4 communism 1 Conference of Bolshevik Party Workers 66,93 Conference of Petrograd People’s Militias 95-6 Conference of Public Figures 85 Congress of Co-operative Societies (1908) 16,162 Congress of Factory Panel Doctors 16-17 Congress of Northern Soviets 131-2 Congress of Peasant Soviets 168-9 Congress of People’s Universities (1908) 16 Constituent Assembly 6, 9,11, 36, 38^11,53, 55-7, 59,65,76, 81,170-4,176 land reform and 116 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and 192 Constitutional Democrat Party or Kadet Party 5 constitutional period 2 co-operative movement 138,141, 162 Council of Petrograd People’s Militias 96 Council of the Republic. See Pre parliament counter-revolution Committee for the People’s Struggle against 92, 98-9 Kornilov Affair 84-92, 98-100, 123,126 CSRM (Committee for the Salvation of the Revolution and the Motherland) 151—4 Czechoslovak Legion 192 death penalty 41,61, 87-8, 90, 122 Kerensky, Alexander and 82, 84 Declaration of the Right of Labouring and Exploited People 174 Declaration on the Rights of Soldiers 45,60 defence industry 103-4,109-10,179 Delo naroda (newspaper) 123,125 demobilisation 179 democracy 44,47,49,58,97, 99, 128,152,166,202 Democratic Conference 128 demonstrations. See also insurrection Bolshevik Military Organisation’s 71-6 Duma’s opening 30, 32-4 First Machine Gun Regiment 77-80 July Days 77-81
Kadets 51-2 Lena Gold Fields massacre 18 for Lenin’s arrest 49 1905 Revolution 6 working women’s 41 district soviets 97-8 Dobrynskii, I. A. 89-90 Donald, Moira 2 dual power 40-7,197-8 Dukhonin, N. N. 179-80 dumas (local government councils) 7,21 Dzerzhinskii, Felix 176 economy 28, 57 crisis 107-9 First World War and 103,105 228
Index First Conference of Factory Committees 70 First Conference of Petrograd Factory Committees 108 First Congress of Soviets 58-9, 72-4, 82, 98,105,169 First Machine Gun Regiment 71, 75-7 First State Duma 12,41,147 First World War 3,18,20,24,28, 37,56, 59, 68,139,164 Allied victory 201 Coalition Government (first) and 56, 59-62 economy and 103,105 Government Declaration on War Aims 48-9, 53 industry and 102 Lenin, Vladimir and 49 offensive 59-63, 69-70,122, 198 peace 47-50,179-86,190-4, 200 peasantry and 28 resumption 189,192-3 food shortages 32,107,113,188 Fourth State Duma 18-19,22, 25, 30, 37, 62, 85,147-8 France, revolution and 130 freedom of assembly 18 freedom of association 6,12, 16-17,162 freedoms 39,41 inflation 103,107 Society for the Economic Rehabilitation of Russia 85 1848 Revolution 7 elections Constituent Assembly 171-2 democracy and 202 factory based 19, 22 Fifth Congress of Soviets 194 Insurance 164 Kadet Party policy and 83 Lenin, Vladimir and 194, 200 Petrograd City Insurance Board 23 Petrograd Provincial Insurance Board 23 Pipe Factory 70 recall 176-7 rigging and 194, 200 State Duma 10,12-13 Tsar and 17 War Industries Committee 25-6 women and 110,112 European revolution 68,130,184 Extraordinary Congress of Peasant Soviets 168-9 factories 102-7. See also industry factory committees 44, 70, 102-10 conferences 108-10 unrest and 177-9 famine relief 14 fascism 1 February Revolution 4,30,44, 56, 65-6, 72, 90-2,103,112-13, 166, 200-1 Field of Mars 72, 79 Fifth Congress of Soviets 194 Finland 11, 41,49, 66 First All-Russian Conference 48, 58, 74,108 First All-
Russian Congress of Soviets 71 Galernyi Island Shipyard 103 Gapon Assembly 7-9 Gapon, Father (Orthodox priest) 7,12 Christian reformism 8 general strikes 2, 5,10-11,18,188, 197 German imperialism 194 Germany 183-5,193,195 Gill, Graham 2,113,119 229
Geoffrey Swain Gorbachev, Mikhail 4,200, 202 Government Declaration on War Aims 48 grain seizures 191 grain shortages 113,119-20 Guchkov, A. I. 21-3,26, 30,45, 51-2, 59-60, 84 Gvozdev, Kuz’ma 17-19,22-4, 32, 37,44, 59 as minister of labour 128 Kadet Party 5,12-14 Coalition Government (second) and 82-3 delaying Constituent Assembly 59 demonstrations 51-2 government forming and 126-7 Lvov as deputy 41 Mensheviks with 24 Milyukov’s leadership 26-7, 51, 54, 57 Pre-parliament and 138-41 Russia’s liberal politicians 5,12, 42-3 in the Second State Duma 55 Social Democrat group against 13-15 supporting Provisional Government 52 Tsereteli working with 55 Kalegaev, Andrei 167-8 Kamenev, Lev 65-6, 72,128, 150-1 armistice and 181 insurrection and 131,134-6 Lenin, Vladimir and 153 power and 199 Vikzhel negotiations 156,158-9 Kamkov, Boris 148,150,168 armistice and 185 Constituent Assembly and 171 Germany and 193 Karelin, Vladimir 172,184 Kazan 195 Kerensky, Alexander 63,198 Bolshevik Party and 99,140, 152-3 Coalition Government (second) and 81-3, 87,198 Coalition Government (third) and 127-8,138 Chernov, relationship with 63 and Chkheidze 31-2 Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi 40 Holy Synod 29,42,102 Hughes apparatus 91 Imperial Guard 34 imperialism 30 Imperial State Duma. See State Duma industry 57-8,102^1. See also factory committees costs 105-6 crisis 107-10 unrest 187 inflation 103,107,119 insurrection 37,130-7,141-4, 146. See also demonstrations Kerensky, Alexander and 132, 137,140,143,153 Lenin, Vladimir and 128-31 Nizhnii Novgorod and 195 Savinkov, Boris and 192 workers’ unrest 176-9,197 Inter-
district Conference of Soviets 97-8 International Women’s Day 32 Ivanov, General Nikolai 35, 39,45 Izvestiya (newspaper) 58-9, 65, 88, 91,94 Japan, war 6-7, 9,11,16 July Days 77-80, 92, 97,112, 198 230
Index collapse of government 3 combating the offensive 74, 76 Committee for the Salvation of the Revolution and the Motherland (CSRM) and 152 counter-revolution and 88 failures of 124 with General Kornilov 64 insurrection and 132,137,140, 143,153,199 July Days 80-1 Kornilov, Lavr and 84, 86, 89-92,199 Labourites leadership 22 May visits 60-1 Military Revolutionary Committee and 137-8, 140 new political department, establishment of 62 overthrow of 145-6,152-3 peasant unrest and 120 Pre-parliament and 138-^11 resignation 83 soldier’s demonstrations and 80-1 workers’ control 109 Khabalov, General S. S. 33, 35 Khrustalev, P. A. 9-10,23 Kollontai, Alexandra 110-12,163 Kornilov, General Lavr 46, 50-1, 54, 64, 86 coup 84-92, 99,123,126,152, 198-9 death penalty and 84,122 Kornilov Affair 84-92, 98-100, 123,125-6,152-3,198-9 Krasnov, Petr 152-3 Kronstadt naval base 11, 59, 71-2, 79-80 Krupskaya, Nadezhda 111 Krylenko, Nikolai 180 Labourites Social Democrat initiatives 13-14 SR tradition 12,15-16, 57 labour movement 2, 5, 7-9,16-17, 22,24,37,162-6. See also trade unions labour policies 104-7 labour unrest 6,10, 24, 32,147, 176-9,197. See also strikes land committees 112-20 land reform 114-20,169-70 Chernov’s proposal 57 Lenin’s argument 68 peasantry and 112-20,169-70 radical 12 Second Duma’s debate on 14 Stolypin’s 15,28 subcommittees 13 land seizures 117-20 Langenzipen Factory 107 laundresses 112 Lazimir, P. 150 Left SRs (Left Socialist Revolutionaries) 4,146-51. See also Bolshevik-Left SR Coalition arbitrary rule and 174-5 armistice and 184-5,193 Bolshevik Party and 147-51,
167-8,184-95,200 Cheka secret police and 175 Constituent Assembly and 170-2 elections and 194, 200 Germany and 193,195 land reform and 169-70 Lenin, Vladimir and 193^1,200 Military Revolutionary Committee and 175 Revolutionary Convention and 173 role in civil war 192,195 231
Geoffrey Swain Soviet Government and 150, 167-9 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and 193-4, 200 uprising 194-5,200 Vikzhel negotiations 151-9 Lena Gold Fields massacre 6,17-18 Lenin, Vladimir 133 address to Conference of the Bolshevik Military Organisation 75 April Theses 66, 69,145,182-3, 198-9 armed forces and 180-1 armistice and 180-5,190, 200 arrival in Petrograd 66 Bolshevik Military Organisation 71-2, 75-6 Bolshevik Party and 67-70, 161^1,167,199 ‘breathing space’ and 186, 189-90,192-3, 201 Brest-Litovsk peace talks and 185,189-90,193-4, 201 Constituent Assembly and 171-3,176 coup d’état element 2-3 democracy and 202 demonstrations and 78, 80 electoral fraud and 194, 200 First World War and 180-3, 189-91,200 German plot and 80 German support and 195 government forming and 126, 128-9 grain seizure and 191 insurrection and 129-32,134, 136,143-4,195 July Days 78-80 launching ‘class war’ 192 Left SRs and 193^1,200 232 linking revolution 68 Military Revolutionary Committee and 174 new programme for socialist construction 191 Nizhnii Novgorod insurrection and 195 On Compromises’ 126,130 patient work in the Soviet 70 peasantry and 145,184, 199-200 power consolidation 1 Pre-parliament and 128 Recallism and 163 revolution and 130,161,200 Revolutionary Convention 176 socialist construction programme 191,194 socialist revolution and 130 Soviet government and 64-70, 126,145,150-1,159-61 speech on 4 April 68 in Switzerland 49, 56 terror and 195 Ukraine and 181 Vikzhel negotiations 155-9 What is to be Done? 161 Women’s Bureau and 111 working class and 161-2 liberals 6-7,9,11,13,15-19, 23-7,
30-1,41-3, 53, 56-8, 70, 76. See also bourgeoisie; Kadet Party Committee for the Salvation of the Revolution and the Motherland 151-2 Soviet Government and 152 Steklov, Yurii and 127 local councils dumas 7,21,26,42, 55-7, 83, 128 zemstvos 7, 9,21,26, 83,113, 128,169
Index Muraviev, Mikhail 153,158-9, 193,195 mutinies 11,122 Lozovsky, Solomon 159-60, 165-6,177-8,202 Lvov, Prince G. E. 21, 36,41-2,48, 50, 53, 59 resignation 81 Lvov, V. N. 90 Nazism 1 Nevskii Prospekt incident 32—4, 41, 51-2, 78-9 Nevskii Shipbuilding Works 21 New Admiralty Shipyard 103 Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia. See Tsar 1905 Revolution 2, 5, 67. See also Bloody Sunday Nizhnii Novgorod 122,195 Nosar, G. S. 9-10 Note of 18 April 52 Novaya zhizn (newspaper) 99,135 Marx, Karl 8 Mensheviks 2-3,161 coalition with ‘the bourgeoisie’ 55-6 Committee for the Salvation of the Revolution and the Motherland 151 freedom of association 17 ideology 162 ‘parliamentary’ interlude 13-14 party rules 162 Petrograd Soviet and 39 Pre-parliament and 141 Red Guards and 94 St Petersburg Metal Workers’ Union 18 Soviet Government and 154 strikes 18,22, 31-2 territorially based general fund 20 trade unions 17,19 Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC) 137-8,140-3,150, 174,180 militias 93, 95-6. See also Red Guards Milyukov, Pavel 26-7,29-31, 35, 47-51, 53—4, 57 Milyutin, Vladimir 109,134,158 state workers’ control and 178-9 Moscow 186,193-5 Moscow State Conference 88 MRC (Military Revolutionary Committee) 137-8,140-3, 150,174,180 Obukhov Factory 105,154 Obukhov Works 10 October Manifesto 10-11, 24 October Revolution 1-2 Kerensky’s Government 2 Lenin’s role 2 Order Number One 39,121,161 Order Number Two 121 Paris Commune 69 parish (volost’) committees 119 ‘parliamentary’ interlude 12-15 Pavlovskii Regiment 34,47-51 Peasant Mandate on the Land 115 peasantry 3 alliances 4,130,161 All-Russian Congress
of Peasant Soviets 115 Congress of Peasant Soviets 169 Extraordinary Congress of Peasant Soviets 168-9 First World War and 46 grain prices and 119 land reform and 112-20, 169-70 233
Geoffrey Swain Left SRs and 4,145 Lenin, Vladimir and 69,145, 183-4 parish (volost’) committees and 119 Petrograd Soviet 46 political reform and 113 political voice 4 Soviet Government and 167-8 Trotsky, Leon and 184 unrest 120 voting and 130 Peasant Soviet 168-9 People’s Militia 95-6 petitions 6-7,17-18 Petrograd Society of Manufacturers and Factory Owners 104 Petrograd Soviet 198. See also First All-Russian Congress of Soviets administration aspects 44 April Crisis 49, 52-3 Bolshevik Party and 97, 99, 127,148 Bolsheviks control 3 Coalition Government (first) and 61, 64, 74 Coalition Government (second) and 83 coalition politics 55-6 coups d’état 85-92 Declaration on the Rights of Soldiers 45 Democratic Conference 128 electoral process 22 formation of 36-40, 64 Government Declaration on War Aims 48 Inter-district Conference of Soviets 97, 99 Kornilov’s order 51 labour policies 104—7 234 Liaison Commission with Provisional Government 48, 54, 67 Mandate Commission 45 Military Revolutionary Committee 137-8 need for peace without annexation 47-8 Order Number One 39 peace and 47-8 Provisional Revolutionary Government 65 quasi-governmental functions 44-5 radicals 47 Red Guards and 93-5, 97-8 reformist leaders 46 Siberian exiles and 45 Soldiers’ Section 45, 55, 71-2, 98,127,148-9,199 transfer of power 45, 66 Trotsky, Leon and 135-6 Tsereteli, Irakli and 58-9 workers’ militias and 92 Workers’ Section 70,97 Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies 39 Philips Price, Morgan 120 Pipe Factory 70,103-4,108,110 Pipes, Richard 2 Plehve, Vyacheslav von 62 Poland 21,41 police.
See also Cheka secret police agents/officials 2,12 labour militant’s arrests 22-3 raids 21 reforms 39 Polivanov, General Aleksei 25, 45 Polivanov Commission 45 Polkovnikov, G. P. 137 Popov Brigade 195 Popular Socialist Party 138-9
Index religion 41, 111 Republican Centre 85 Respirator Factory 109 revolution 33-6, 87-8. See also counter-revolution; Russian Revolution Delo naroda and 125-6 European Revolution 68,130, 183-4 February Revolution 33-6, 55, 92,112-13,200-1 Lenin, Vladimir and 68, 129-30 Russian labour and 145 socialist phase 130 Revolutionary Convention 172-4, 176 revolutionary parties 9 Riga prison riot 14 Right SRs (Right Socialist Revolutionaries) 151, 168-73,175,193,195,201 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and 192 Rodzianko, Mikhail 34-6,41, 54 Roobol, W. H. 59 Rosenberg, William 2, 43,177, 179 Russia. See also specific parties Christian trade union movement 7 ‘constitutional’ period 19061917 5 illegal revolutionary parties 9 industrial crisis 107-10 Order Number One 39,121, 161 Pre-parliament 138-40 printers’ strike in Moscow 10 revolutionary tradition 125-7, 130-1,145 women workers 111 Popular Socialists 56-7,139,141 Pravda (newspaper) 18, 66, 68-9, 71, 75, 78, 80 Kerensky, Alexander and 99 Renamed as Rabochii put 97 Pre-parliament 128-9,138-41 printers 10 prisons 11,13-15,21, 34, 37,41 Protopopov, Alexander 26,29 provisional council or ‘Rada’ 76, 181 Provisional Government 40-5, 52-5,197-8 April Crisis and 47-54 Bolshevik Party and 68 coalition and 54 Declaration 53-4,56 Kadet Party and 42-3 labour policies 104 Liaison Commission 44-5,48 Provisional Revolutionary Government 38,40, 65-7, 126 public congresses 16 Putilov Works 8,21-2, 31,36, 77, 95,103,164 economic crisis and 107-10 Rabinowitch, Alexander 194 Rabochii i soldat (newspaper) 155 Rabotnitsa (newspaper) 110,112 railway workers
strike (Moscow) 10. See also Vikzhel negotiations Rasputin, Grigori 29-30,42 rearmament 16 Recallism 163,172,174,176 Red Army 189-90 Red Guards 2, 51-2, 66,92-5, 99, 142 disarming 97-8 July Days and 97 235
Geoffrey Swain SRs and 148 Vikzhel negotiations and 158 short history of Russia (February 1917 and July 1918) 1 Shteinberg, Isaak 148,174-6 Shtyurmer, Boris 26 Shuster, Ura 10 Siberian exiles 37,45, 56, 65 sickness insurance 22 Skobelev, Mikhail 31,36-7, 51, 57-8,105-7,152 as minister of labour 57,106 Smith, Steve 2 Social Democrat Group 13,17, 19, 37 Social Democratic Party 8-9, 162-3 Bolsheviks’ control of 55 Duma politics 13 labour movement, control of 8 moderate reformist 12 ‘parliamentary’ interlude 12-15 petitions 17 Provisional Government and 40 St Petersburg Metal Workers’ Union 18-19 social insurance 16-17 worker’s arrest issue 14—15 Social Democrat Internationalists 97 social historians 2 social insurance 16-17,19-20,106 Petrograd Soviet and 36 police raid 21 socialism 4, 6-8, 57,130 Coalition Government (first) and 58 Coalition Government (second) and 83 Lenin, Vladimir and 191 Socialist Revolutionaries 3 Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs). See SRs Russian Bureau of the Central Committee 64-5 Russian Council of Workers’ Control 178-9 Russian Freedom printing works 96 Russian Revolution 1,4,25, 30, 47, 68, 99,126,186,197, 199 Russian Social Democrats 5 Ryazanov, David 152,155-6, 158-9,179 Rykov, Aleksei 156,158 St Petersburg 6-12 strikes 10-11,18 St Petersburg Committee 22-3, 33, 64-6, 69, 72, 75, 78,163 St Petersburg Metal Workers’ Union 18-20,163-4 St Petersburg Printer’s Union 19 St Petersburg Soviet in 1905 6-12, 162 Savinkov, Boris 62, 86-7, 89-90, 92,192 Schapiro, Leonard 2 view on Mensheviks and Bolsheviks 3 Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic
Labour Party 161 Second Congress of Soviets 132-4, 143,146-7,150-2,168 Second State Duma 12-14, 24 Second World War 1 shipyards 103,105 Shlyapnikov, Alexander 37,44, 65-6,149,165-6 escaping from arrest 65 insurrection and 134 Lenin’s arrival in Petrograd 66 militias and 92-3 Soviet’s Propaganda Commission’s member 44 236
Index SRs (Socialist Revolutionary Party) 7-8, 71,146-8,176-7. See also Left SRs (Left Socialist Revolutionaries); Right SRs (Right Socialist Revolutionaries) All-Russian Congress of Peasant Soviets 115 capitalism and 126-7 Committee for the Salvation of the Revolution and the Motherland 151 Constituent Assembly and 170-2,176 Kerensky, Alexander and 153 and Labourites 12-16 labour movement, control of 8 land reform and 115-16 Pre-parliament and 138,141 Revolutionary Convention 176 St Petersburg workers and 147 Second Congress of Soviets 150 soldiers and 122 Soviet Government and 148-50, 154 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and 192 Ukraine and 181 Stalin, Joseph 4, 65, 201 insurrection and 136 resolution to the conference 66 Vikzhel negotiations and 158 Star Chamber 58, 71, 76, 81, 94 State Duma 2-3, 5,10, 50 elections and 9,12 October Manifesto 10-11 Provisional Committee of the State Duma 35-6, 38-40 state workers’ control 179 Steklov, Yurii 127 Stolypin, Petr 12,14-15 land reforms 28 strikes 8,16, 31-2 Aivaz Factory 18 social policies 55-6, 82 Society for the Economie Rehabilitation of Russia 85 Soldatskaya Pravda (newspaper) 71,75 soldiers. See armed forces Soldiers’ Section of the Soviet 71-2 Soldiers’ Soviet 45, 50 soldiers’ wives 111 Sorokin, Pitirim 30 Soviet Executive administrative members 81 angry working women’s rally 41 appeal to the Bolsheviks 72-3 Bolsheviks’ domination 151-2 coalition politics 55, 64, 74 Declaration of Principles 83 Democratic Conference 128 expansion 154 informal meetings 55, 58 Kerensky’s appeal 92 Liaison Committee 49 Moscow State Conference 88
notification of political acts 52 support of workers’ militias 93-5 Soviet Government 69-73,125-30, 150-1,167 armed forces and 180 Bolshevik Party discipline and 159-66,199-200 July Days 77-80 make-up of 168 peasantry and 167-8 Revolutionary Convention and 173^1 Vikzhel negotiations 151-9 Soviet Union in 1920s-1930s 1 Special Committee to Fight Inflation 29 Special Council on Food Supply 28-9 Spiridonova, Maria 148,168,190 237
Geoffrey Swain Baltic Works 16 food shortages and 32 general 10-11,18 laundresses 112 Lena Gold Fields massacre 6, 17-18 Petrograd 31-2 Putilov Works and 21, 31 Russian Freedom printing works 96 St Petersburg Metal Workers’ Union 18-19 St Petersburg/Petrograd 10-11, 18,24, 32-3 strikomania 20, 24 Sukhanov, Nikolai 58-9 Bolshevik Party and 70, 98-100 on dual power 40 formation of the Coalition Government 64, 70-1, 73—4 on including radicals 44 soldier’s revolution 45-7 supply committees 113-14,117 Supreme Economic Council 179 Supreme Military Council 190 Surh, Gerald 8 economic crisis and 108 St Petersburg Metal Workers’ Union 18-19 St Petersburg Printer’s Union 19 Temporary Provisions 12 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 184-5, 189-92,200 Trotsky, Leon 10-11 armistice and 182-93 as commissar of war 189,191 Czechoslovak Legion and 192 flirtation with the Allies 190 insurrection and 131-2,134-8, 141,143,146-7 Left SRs and 194 Military Revolutionary Committee 137-8,141 October Manifesto 10 peasantry and 183—4 political prisoner amnesty 11 power and 199 Pre-parliament and 129 rescue of Victor Chernov 79 Soviet Government and 150 trial and exile 15 Vikzhel negotiations 155-6 Tsar 5 abdication 36, 39,197 commission of enquiry 9-10 constitution and 197 coup d’état 29 elected councils 7 electoral system 15 Fourth State Duma and 25, 30, 35 hard-line stance 26, 30 house arrest 41 land reform 12 liberal opposition to 6-9,11, 25-8, 30 October Manifesto 10-11 overthrown of 64 ‘parliamentary’ interlude 13 Temperance Congress 16 Temporary Provisions on freedom of association 16-17 terror 195
‘Theses on Insurance’ 17 Third Cavalry Corps 152-3 Third State Duma 15, 21 social insurance 16-17,19 Thomas, Albert 62 trade unions 2, 7-9,15-16,179. See also strikes attacks on 15 Bolshevik Party and 18-19, 162-3 Central Bureau of St Petersburg Trade Unions 17 238
Index Wade, Rex 2 War Industries’ Committee 6,21-3, 25-6,29,32-3,37,41,57,70 Workers’ Group 23, 30, 32, 37 war, Japan and 6-7, 9. See also First World War women/women’s 32,41,103 Bureau 110 Congress 16,110-11,163 rally 43 workers 110-12 workers 3, 6, 23—4,102-4,145. See also mutinies; strikes; trade unions activists 165 alliances 130, 161,183-4 Bolshevik Party and 162-6 cadre workers 102 demonstrations 51-2 evacuation 109-10 factory committees 103-10 food shortages and 32 labour movements 2-3,14-15, 162-6 labour reform 104-7 Lena Gold Fields massacre 6, 17-18 Lenin, Vladimir and 161-2 organization of 7-9,16-17, 57 petitions 6,17 Petrograd Soviet 36—40 Putilov Works 31,103,107-8 revolution and 162,165-6 Riga prison riot 14 rights 45 Russian Council of Workers’ Control 178 social insurance 19-20,106 soldiers and 46 state workers’ control 179 unrest 6,176-9,197 voting and 130 wages 105 petition campaign 7-8 political prisoner amnesty 11 Rasputin, Grigori and 29-30 reconciliation with the Duma 26 removal of wealth 41 revolution and 33-6 strikes and 33 Tsaritsa 29-30 Tsereteli, Menshevik Irakli 13-15, 48, 52-3, 55-6,198 April Crisis 58 Bolshevik Party and 73—4, 81 Coalition Government (first) 61-2, 70, 73 Coalition Government (second) and 81, 83 exile 47 Kadet Party and 56 and Kerensky 58, 73, 76,198 land reform 14 land seizures 117 as minister of the interior 81 plenary session of the Soviet 76 revolution and 87-8 risking unpopularity 59 role in forming the Coalition Government 56 Star Chamber 71 Turkish Ottoman Empire 16 Ukraine 76,181,183 unemployment benefit 14 Union of
Laundresses 112 Union of Officers 85, 87 Union of Soldiers’ Wives 111 Verkhovskii, A. 1.139-40 Vikzhel negotiations 151-9,165 Volga Soviet Republic 195 Volhynian Regiment 34 Vyborg District Committee 36, 38, 64-5 Vyborg District Soviet 95, 97 239
Geoffrey Swain Zavoiko, V. S. 85, 89-91 Zemgor (co-ordinating body supporting war effort) 21, 25-6,28-30,41 food supplies and 28 Zemstvo Congress 7 zemstvos (local government councils) 7,21,41,113 Zinoviev, Grigorii 131,134-6 power and 199 Vikzhel negotiations and 157-8 ‘years of reaction, the’ 16 War Industries Committee 20—4 women 110-12 Workers’ Conference of Factory Representatives 177 Workers’ Guard 95 workers’ militias 92-3. See also Red Guards working class 2-3,5-8,23,25-6,31, 33,36,46,55,67,69-70,72, 77,92 Tsar’s control 5 unrest, reason for 31-2 urban 8 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 240 |
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| author | Swain, Geoffrey 1950- |
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| discipline | Geschichte Slavistik |
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| edition | Revised edition |
| format | Book |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:22:26Z |
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| spelling | Swain, Geoffrey 1950- Verfasser (DE-588)124931162 aut A short history of the Russian Revolution Geoffrey Swain Revised edition London ; New York ; Oxford ; New Delhi ; Sydney Bloomsbury Academic 2022 240 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Short histories "The 1917 Revolution sent shockwaves throughout the globe, setting a chain of events in motion that would change the entire course of the 20th century. With the overthrow of the Romanov Dynasty, Russia was plunged into the political unknown and, from the crucible of social unrest, ideological conflict and violent civil war, the world's first communist state was forged. This book provides an incisive overview of one of the most complex and turbulent periods in modern history, tracing key moments from the abdication of Tsar Nicolas II to the Bolshevik seizure of power. A leading authority on Russia and Eastern Europe, Geoffrey Swain highlights the important legacies of 1905, demonstrating how early revolutionary ambitions among the masses culminated in the events of 1917. Challenging conventions in Soviet scholarship, Swain argues that the Bolshevik concepts of discipline and ideology that had mobilised the revolution, set an unnecessary course towards dictatorship and terror. Attentive to new historiography in the field, this revised edition places a renewed emphasis on the social and cultural upheaval exMEperienced in Russia amid the nation's political turmoil" Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 gnd rswk-swf Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Soviet Union / History / Revolution, 1917-1921 URSS / Histoire / 1917-1921 (Révolution) Soviet Union 1917-1921 History Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 s Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-350-15386-8 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-350-15385-1 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033211562&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033211562&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033211562&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Swain, Geoffrey 1950- A short history of the Russian Revolution Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 gnd Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4153812-2 (DE-588)4043429-1 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | A short history of the Russian Revolution |
| title_auth | A short history of the Russian Revolution |
| title_exact_search | A short history of the Russian Revolution |
| title_exact_search_txtP | A short history of the Russian Revolution |
| title_full | A short history of the Russian Revolution Geoffrey Swain |
| title_fullStr | A short history of the Russian Revolution Geoffrey Swain |
| title_full_unstemmed | A short history of the Russian Revolution Geoffrey Swain |
| title_short | A short history of the Russian Revolution |
| title_sort | a short history of the russian revolution |
| topic | Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 gnd Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Februarrevolution 1917 Oktoberrevolution Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033211562&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033211562&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033211562&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT swaingeoffrey ashorthistoryoftherussianrevolution |