Communism in Eastern Europe:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2022
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| Beschreibung: | x, 229 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780367086091 9780813348179 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS List of Maps List of Figures Preface vi vii ix Introduction: The Communist World of Eastern Europe 1 1 Communism Comes to Eastern Europe 2 Creating a Stalinist Society 37 3 Socialist Modernity in the 1950s and 1960s 65 4 Reform and Retrenchment, 1956—1968 92 5 Consumerism and Its Consequences during Late Socialism 117 6 Decade of Crisis 145 7 From Communism to Neoliberalism 172 8 Eastern Europe in the 21st Century 199 Index 8 223
INDEX Note: Italie page numbers refer to figures and page numbers followed by “n” denote endnotes. Action Program 104 Albania 86, 100; abortion in 131; Communist regimes in 169; and Soviet Union 100-101 Alen Mak 122 Allende, Salvador 111, 190 Alliance of Free Democrats 160 Alliance of Young Democrats 160 American National Exhibition 77 Amnesty International 185 Antall, József 183-184 anti-Communism 199 anti-Communists 45, 61 anti-Zionist campaign 105-106 Antonescu, Ion 17 Apor, Peter 110 Aroma 122 Arrow Cross 19 Ash, Timothy Garton 109-110 Austria 12, 24, 28, 71, 81, 164, 192, 202 Babi Yar 16 Balcerowicz, Leszek 174 Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 16 Battle of Stalingrad 18 BBC 87, 146 Berlin Blockade 33, 56 Berlin Wall 86, 167, 175, 189 Bierut, Bolesław 41, 44, 94 Biuleytn Informacyjny (Information Bulletin) 138 black marketing and economy of shortage 71-72, 150-151 Black Triangle 133-136 Boldog, István 210 Bolsheviks 1-2 Bor, Ambrus 129 Brandt, Willy 139 Brezhnev, Leonid 104, 107 brotherhood and unity 153-158 Brown u. Board of Education 194 Brzeziński, Szczepan 48-49 Bulgaria 3, 11, 16, 21, 27, 29, 33, 47, 54, 59, 80, 83, 86-88, 92, 121-124, 131-133, 140, 145, 149-150, 157-158, 161, 167, 177, 182, 192, 194 camping 127 capitalist democracy 199 Catherine the Great 4 Catholic Church 146, 210 Ceauşescu, Elena 151 Ceauşescu, Nicolae 101-102, 125, 131, 150, 159, 168 centrally planned economy 46-51; described 46; drawbacks of 69-72; and Eastern Europe 47; see also economy of shortage
224 Index Charter 77 139, 140 Chernenko, Konstantin 159 Chetniks 21-22 Chmieliński, Edmund 49 Churchill, Winston 27, 30-31; on Iron Curtain 85 classless society 77-81; and socialism 78-80 Coca-Cola Company 210 Cold War 5-6, 31-32, 38, 117, 164, 167, 169, 175, 215 collectivization 51-56 Columbo 125 Comecon (CMEA) market 149 Communism 172-195, 206, 209; countries of Eastern Europe under 6; and Eastern Europe 8-34; overview 2-3; and RFE’s programming 87; and Stalinist governments 37; Truman on 31 Communist Information Agency (Cominform) 31, 38 Communist Party of Poland 6 Communists: and anti-fascism 30; as anti racists 80; Bulgarian 157; Czechoslovak 107; dictatorships in Eastern Europe 30-31; and gender norms 81-82; Hungarian 160-161; in Hungary 32; and Nazis 29; overview 1-3; Polish 162; regimes and U.S. 31; Slovenian 156; Westerners view of 6 consumerism: Black Triangle 133—136; fridge socialism 118-123; and its consequences during late socialism 117-140; kid orear 129-133 Cornea, Doina 136 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) 40, 101, 190 COVID-19 pandemic 211 Coxe, William 4 Csurka, István 183 Cuban Revolution 190 currency reform 33, 66, 67, 78 Czechoslovak Communist Party 102-104, 136; Action Program 104; Central Committee members 107 Czechoslovak Federation of Women (CFW) 44-45 Czechoslovakia 11, 145; abolishment of censorship 103; and democratization 103; divison of 12; economic planning 103; expropriation of property 26; normalization 108-109; prefab houses 72-76; real wages in 66; and Sudeten Germans 23-24 Czechoslovak Writers’ Union 136 Dallas 125 Dayton
Accords 185, 188 Dąbrowska, Maria 26 democracy: capitalist 199; illiberal 200-206; liberal 28, 201, 204; participatory 173; “post-democracy” 173; Western-style parliamentary 173 dialectical materialism 2 Dikobraz 121 Dimitrov, Georgi 38 dissent 3, 103, 104 Djilas, Milovan 79; New Class 88 Dmitrov, Georgi 41, 44 Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak) 88 Dombos, Tamás 210 Drakulic, Slavenka 70 Dubček, Alexander 103-104, 108 Duda, Andrzej 204, 211 Dvořáček, Miroslav 217 Dziady (Mickiewicz) 104 Eastern Europe: in the aftermath of World War II 25; and Communism 8-34; diets after de-Stahnization 68; division from empires to nation-states 8-12, 10; economy of shortage 69—72; EU expansion in 193; gross national product of 66; housing shortage in 72; housing state-sponsored in 72-73; illiberal democracy 200-206; and Nazi Germany during World War II 12-18; overview 3-5; postwar coalition governments 27-30; protests of 1968 102—108; socialist modernity see socialist modernity; Soviet Red Army occupation of 8, 18-22; stop gender 206—212; in 21st century 199—218; in 2021 189; women in 81-85; and working population 66; and World War II 8; see also specific countries East Germany see German Democratic Republic (GDR) economic reform 145-147, 152, 159-161, 173 economy of shortage: and black marketing 71—72; Eastern Europe 69—72; in Romania 150-151; socialist modernity 69-72
Index 225 Ehrenburg, Ilya 92 Einsatzgruppen 14 Elet és Irodalom 129 ethnic cleansing 186 European Commission 194-195 European Court of Human Rights 194 European Roma Rights Center 185, 194 European Union (EU) 172, 190, 199; expansion in Eastern Europe 193 “Expeditions of the Daring” 111 Fechter, Peter 86 Ferenczffy-Kovács, Attila 213 Fortress Europe 189-195 Frank, Gabriele 74 Frank, Hans 14 Free Europe Committee 88 fridge socialism 118-123 Garton Ash, Timothy 147 Geiger, Imre 59 “gender ideology” 199, 208-209, 212 “genderism” 209 Georgescu, Diana 111 German Democratic Republic (GDR) 67, 132-133, 135, 145; 40th anniversary of 165; and gender fairness 84; housing policies in 74-75; protests in 67; real wages in 67; and West Germany 86 German empire 9, 12 Germany: occupation of Poland 12—15; see also Nazi Germany Gheorghiu, Mihai 209 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe 41, 101 ghettos 16 Ghodsee, Kristen 122, 182-183 Gierek, Edward 118, 137, 146, 152 Girlfriend 83 glasnost 159 Gligorijević, Milo 156 global socialism 189-195 Głos (Voice) 138 Gomulka, Władysław 93, 95, 118 Gorbachev, Mikhail 145, 159-160, 162, 165 Gott, Karel 125 Gottwald, Klement 38, 41, 102; death of 44 Graff, Agnieszka 206 Great Recession of 2008 199 Grósz, Károly 160 Győri, Péter 202 Gyurcsány, Ferenc 200 Habsburg empire 9 Havel, Václav 102, 136-138, 167; “The Power of the Powerless” 140, 172 Havelková, Barbara 208 Hayek, Friedrich von 161 Heda Kovaly, Margolius 18, 23, 30, 42 Hekinki Accords 139 Helsinki Final Act 139 Helsinki Watch 139 heterosexuality 133 Heydrich, Reinhard 14 high culture 124-125 Himmler, Heinrich 20
Hinze, Jurgen 74 Hitler, Adolf 12, 30 Hobsbawm, Eric 2 Home Army (Armia Krajowa or AK) 15, 20 Honecker, Erich 74, 164, 165 Horáková, Milada 57-59 Horáková trial (show trial) 58-59 Horthy, Miklos 18 A Hospital on the Edge of Town 125 House of Terror 212—215, 218 housing: policies in East Germany 74-75; prefab apartments 73-75; privately financed 76-77; shortage in Eastern Europe 72, 76; during Stalinist period 72; state-sponsored, in Eastern Europe 72-73 Hoxha, Enver 41, 100 Hradilek, Adam 217 Human Rights Watch 139, 185 Hungarian Communist Party 152, 153, 160 Hungarian Communists 19, 32-33, 160-161 Hungarian Jews 17; and Arrow Cross paramilitaries 19; see also jews Hungarian Revolution 112 Hungarian Workers Party (HWP) 33 Hungary 17, 32-33, 145; Communists in 19, 32-33, 160-161; Financial Research Institute 153; invasion by Soviet Union 99; New Economic Mechanism (NEM) 123, 152; normalization 109; privately financed housing 76-77; quotas for farmers 54; student protests 96; working population problems 66 Husák, Gustav 108-109, 129, 136
226 Index Illés (rock band) 125 illiberal democracy 200—206 IMF 173, 200 Independent Publishing House (NOWa) 138 industrialization: and Soviet Union 46-51; and Stalinism 47—48 Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes (ISTR) 217-218 Institute of National Remembrance in Poland (Instytut Pamięci Narodowej or IPN) 216-218 Iron Curtain 5, 30, 85-88, 164; Churchill on 85; and Radio Free Europe 87-88 Istanbul Convention 199, 209 Italian Fiat company 120 Janoščík, Václav 124 Jaruzekki, Wojciech 148, 159, 162 Jews: and Germany’s East European allies 17; killed by Romanian forces 17; migration to North America 24-25; targeted by Nazi Germany 15-16 John Paul II 146 The Joke (Kundera) 102 Kaczyński, Jarosław 204—205, 210 Kádár, János 99, 109, 160 Karadžič, Radovan 186 Kertész, Eva 200 Kertész, Miklos 200 Kex (rock band) 125 Khrushchev, Nikita 68-69, 77, 111-112; criticism of Stalin 93; Secret Speech 93-94 kid or car? 129-133 Kiszczak, Czesław 162 Klaus, Václav 161, 173-174, 184 Klima, Ivan 102 Klukowski, Zygmunt 17 Kňažko, Milan 173 Kobilková, Zdenka 192 Kožený, Viktor 176-177 Kohout, Pavel 102 Kolevica, Petraq 43 Konrád, György 136 Korean War 56 Kowalczyk, Adam 205 Kowalczyk, Agnieszka 205 Kozic, Adem 187 Krenz, Egon 165 kulaks 53—55 Kundera, Milan 217-218; TheJoke 102 Kuroń, Jacek: Open Letter to the Party 105 Kwasniewski, Aleksander 175 land reform 29, 51, 53, 55 late socialism: Black Triangle 133-136; consumerism and its consequences during 117-140; fridge socialism 118-123; kid or car 129-133 Lemeš, Ahmed 154 Lendvai, Paul 97 Lenin, Vladimir 1-2 “LGBT ideology” 199, 211
liberal democracy 28, 201, 204 Liehm, Antonin 41-42, 45 Linton, Peter 73 Liska, Tibor 152 Lityński, Jan 146 Maastricht Treaty 190 market-based reform 103, 145, 153 Mark, James 110 Marshall Plan 33, 56 Marx, Karl 1, 2 mass education: in Eastern Europe 78; and sociahsm 78 Mastnak, Tomaž 157 materialism 123; dialectical 2; selfish 118 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz 163 Mečiar, Vladimir 184 Michnik, Adam 104, 136, 163 Mickiewicz, Adam: Dziady 104 Mihailovič, Draža 21 Mikołajczyk, Stanisław 28 Miloševič, Milan 186 Miloševič, Slobodan 156-157, 185 Miodowicz, Alfred 162 Mises, Ludwig von 161 Mladenov, Petur 167 Modzelewski, Karol: Open Letter to the Party 105 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 12 Morawiecki, Mateusz 205 Moscow, new face in 159-163 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 5 Nadkarni, Maya 215 Nagy, Imre 92, 96; appointed as prime minister of Hungary 98; and Hungarian Communist leadership 96; and Rakosi 97; on socialism 96 nationalism 101, 131, 156, 157, 160, 184, 185, 199, 203, 205 National Salvation Front (NSF) 168
Index Nazi Germany: and Eastern Europe during World War II 12-18; East European allies 17; Jews targeted by 15—16; nonaggression pact with Soviet Union 15; occupation of Poland 12-15; see also Germany Nazism 24, 30, 206, 215-216 neoliberal economic reforms 174, 204 neoliberalism 172-195 New Class (Djilas) 88 New Economic Mechanism (NEM) 103, 110, 123, 152 Nixon, Richard 77, 101 nomenklatura system 41 normalization: Czechoslovakia 108—109; described 108; Hungary 109 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 40, 172, 175, 188, 190 Novotny, Antonin 102-103 Nyers, Resző 129 Omega (rock band) 125 Open Letter to the Party (Kuroń and Modzelewski) 105 Operation Barbarossa 15-16 Orbán, Viktor 201-204 Orkeny, Istvan 96 Ostrowski, Zygmunt 61 Ottoman Empire 9, 158 Padlock Editions (Edice Petlice) 137-138 Palach, Jan 108 participatory democracy 173 Pasternak, Boris: Doctor Zhivago 88 Pavehc, Ante 21 Pavezová, Jaroslava 181 Pejnovic, Kata 21-22 “people’s democracies” 27 perestroika 145, 159-162, 164—165, 167, 169 Peteri, Gyorgy 79 Pieronek, Tadeusz 206 Pilsudski, Jozef 11 Pintér, Sándor 203 Plastic People of the Universe 136-140 Poland 11, 145; anti-Zionist campaign 105-106; expropriation of property 26; Germany occupation of 12-15; Home Army (Armia Krajowa or AK) 15; housing shortage in 76; killing of Jews in 16; multiparty elections in 145; and perestroika 161; postwar coalition government 27-28; private cars in 120; 227 Solidarity in 147; student protests for reforms 104-105; and Warsaw Pact leaders 104 Polez, Alaine 19-20, 23 Polish Academy of Sciences 217 Polish Central Committee
118 Polish Solidarity movement 139 Polish United Workers’ Party 6 pohtical reform 159, 161 Polizeiruf 110 125 post-Communist 175, 178, 212 “post-democracy” 173 post-totalitarian 195n2 Prague Spring 112, 136 prefab developments 73-76 Puk, Mirko 21 Radio Free Europe (RFE) 87-88, 146 Rajk, Laszlo 59-60, 111 Rakosi, Mátyás 41, 44; excessive use of terror 96; and Nagy 97 Rakowski, Mieczysław 163 Rebirth Process 158 Red Army: occupation of Eastern Europe 8, 18-22 Redő, Ferenc 110 reform 100; Action Program 104; anti Stalinist 97; currency 33, 66, 67, 78; Czechoslovak 93, 102-104; democratic socialist 111; economic 145-147, 152, 159-161, 173; elements 102; land 29, 51, 53, 55; market-based 103, 145, 153; neoliberal economic 174, 204; New Economic Mechanism 103; normalization 109; perestroika 159; pohtical 159, 161; turnabout and 149-153 Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) 16 Rétvári, Bence 209-210 Révész, Gábor 153 Ringelblum, Emanuel 17 Robotnik (The Worker) 138, 146 Rohwedder, Detlev 176 Roma, discrimination against 80—81 Romania 145; “Caritas” in 178; Coalition for the Family 209; coercive population policy in 131; discrimination against Roma 80-81; informal economy in 151; prefab houses in 76; and Soviet Union 101 Romanian Jews 17 Romanian Memorial Museum 215 Roosevelt, Franklin 27
228 Index “Rural Solidarity” 148 Russian empire 2, 9 Russian Revolution (1917) 1 “salami tactics” 32—33 Schabowski, Giinter 166 Schmidt, Mária 214 Secret Police agents 212-218 Secret Speech 93-94 de Segur, Louis-Philippe 4 Serbian Academy of Sciences (SANU) 155-156 Serbian Communist Party 156-157 Serbo-Croatian language 10-11 shock therapy 172-178 show triak 58-60 Šik, Ota 103 Slansky, Rudolf 60 Slovakia 12, 16, 19, 54, 178, 184, 192, 207, 217 socialism: and black market activity 71; and Eastern Europe’s Communist governments 40-46; fridge 118-123; with human face 102-108; and mass education 78; and Soviet Union 38—40; and Stahn 38-40 socialist modernity: creation of 65; creation of classless society 77-81; economy of shortage 69-72; flaws in 66; and women 81-85; and working population 66-69 “socialist pluralism” 160 Solidarity 145, 147; goals of 148; leaders of 148—149, 162-163; members at a demonstration in Warsaw 143՛, Polish government 162 Soros, George 202—203, 205—206 Soviet Communist Party 159 Soviet Union 127, 135, 145, 159-160, 165, 175-176, 190; and Albania 100-101; conflict with United States 37; German attack on 14; Horáková trial 58; industrialization in 46-51; invasion of Hungary 99; Nazi Germany nonaggression pact with 15; “people’s democracies” 27; relationship with United States 31—32; and Romania 101 Spidla, Vladimir 192 Stakhanov, Aleksei 50 Stakhanovites 50 Stahn, Joseph 2, 15, 27, 31, 41; actions against capitalists 56—60; centralized economic plans 37; cult 43-44; death of 65, 92; industrialization 46-51; planned economy 46—51; political offenses
arrests 61-62; show triak 58-60; and socialism 38-40 Stalinism 37-38, 150; and class equality 78; countryside revolution 51-56; and industrialization 47-48, 66; and trade unions 50-51; and worker productivity policies 49 Stambolič, Ivan 156 Štitkovac, Ejub 185 Stola, Dariusz 217 ‘Stop Gender’ 206—212 Sudeten Germans 23-24 Sulkowski, Leopold 50 Svijet 123 Światło, Jozef 93 Szlajfer, Henryk 104 Tatort (Crime scene) 125 Thatcher, Margaret 174 “The Power of the Powerless” (Havel) 140, 172 Tito, Josip Broz 21, 38, 40, 127, 155—156 Tőkés, László 168 totalitarianism 215 tourism 117, 126, 128 Trabants 120 Treaty of the European Union 205 Treaty of Trianon 16 Tříska, Dušan 161 Truman, Harry S. 31 Truman doctrine 56 Trzaskowski, Rafal 211 “Turnabout and Reform” report 149-153 “2,000 Words to Workers, Farmers, Scientists, Artists and Everyone” (Vaculík) 107 Újpest Danube Shoe Factory 48 Ulbricht, Walter 41, 67, 74 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 9, 30; centralized economic plans 37 United Nations 99, 160 United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 186 United Patriots Coalition (VMRO) 209 United States of America: Brown v. Board of Education ruhng in 194; conflict with Soviet Union 37; Marshall plan 33; relationship with Soviet Union 31-32
Index 229 women: career fields for 83; and de-Stalinization 83; in Eastern Europe 81-85; and socialist modernity 81-85; and Stalinist period 82; in workforce, resistance against 82 World Bank 173, 207 World War I 9, 159, 183 World War II 134, 139, 146, 185, 186, 190, 203, 212-214; and Eastern Europe 8; end of 22; Nazi Germany and Eastern Europe during 12-18; population movements after 23-25; postwar coalition governments 27-30 Woronowicz, Ulrich 113 Urania 133 Ustaše party 21 Vaculík, Ludvik 102, 107, 137-138, 139-140 Vaculíková, Madla 139-140 Vaněk, Vladimír 180 “Velvet Divorce” 184 Velvet Revolution 167, 173 Verdery, Katherine 178 Vesely, Ivan 81 Vietnam War 110 Voice of America (VOA) 87, 146 Wale, Jan 105 Walesa, Lech 147, 162-163 Warsaw Pact 190; see also Warsaw Treaty Organization Warsaw Treaty Organization 40 “We are the people!” 163-169 Western goods 122 Western-style parliamentary democracy 173 West Germany: East Germans emigration to 86; and German Democratic Republic 86 Wetzel, Rudi 134 Wojtyla, Karol 146 Yiddish 11 Yugoslavia 10-11, 38-40; abandoning of collectivization 52; after end of World War II 22; civil war 22; Communist leaders as bourgeoisie elite 79; and Iron Curtain 85; republics and autonomous provinces of 154; resistance groups 21; student protests in 106 Yugoslav National Army 186 Zhdanov, Andrei 31 Zhivkov, Todor 92, 149, 158, 167 Zlatar, Pero 123 Staatsbibliothek München
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CONTENTS List of Maps List of Figures Preface vi vii ix Introduction: The Communist World of Eastern Europe 1 1 Communism Comes to Eastern Europe 2 Creating a Stalinist Society 37 3 Socialist Modernity in the 1950s and 1960s 65 4 Reform and Retrenchment, 1956—1968 92 5 Consumerism and Its Consequences during Late Socialism 117 6 Decade of Crisis 145 7 From Communism to Neoliberalism 172 8 Eastern Europe in the 21st Century 199 Index 8 223
INDEX Note: Italie page numbers refer to figures and page numbers followed by “n” denote endnotes. Action Program 104 Albania 86, 100; abortion in 131; Communist regimes in 169; and Soviet Union 100-101 Alen Mak 122 Allende, Salvador 111, 190 Alliance of Free Democrats 160 Alliance of Young Democrats 160 American National Exhibition 77 Amnesty International 185 Antall, József 183-184 anti-Communism 199 anti-Communists 45, 61 anti-Zionist campaign 105-106 Antonescu, Ion 17 Apor, Peter 110 Aroma 122 Arrow Cross 19 Ash, Timothy Garton 109-110 Austria 12, 24, 28, 71, 81, 164, 192, 202 Babi Yar 16 Balcerowicz, Leszek 174 Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 16 Battle of Stalingrad 18 BBC 87, 146 Berlin Blockade 33, 56 Berlin Wall 86, 167, 175, 189 Bierut, Bolesław 41, 44, 94 Biuleytn Informacyjny (Information Bulletin) 138 black marketing and economy of shortage 71-72, 150-151 Black Triangle 133-136 Boldog, István 210 Bolsheviks 1-2 Bor, Ambrus 129 Brandt, Willy 139 Brezhnev, Leonid 104, 107 brotherhood and unity 153-158 Brown u. Board of Education 194 Brzeziński, Szczepan 48-49 Bulgaria 3, 11, 16, 21, 27, 29, 33, 47, 54, 59, 80, 83, 86-88, 92, 121-124, 131-133, 140, 145, 149-150, 157-158, 161, 167, 177, 182, 192, 194 camping 127 capitalist democracy 199 Catherine the Great 4 Catholic Church 146, 210 Ceauşescu, Elena 151 Ceauşescu, Nicolae 101-102, 125, 131, 150, 159, 168 centrally planned economy 46-51; described 46; drawbacks of 69-72; and Eastern Europe 47; see also economy of shortage
224 Index Charter 77 139, 140 Chernenko, Konstantin 159 Chetniks 21-22 Chmieliński, Edmund 49 Churchill, Winston 27, 30-31; on Iron Curtain 85 classless society 77-81; and socialism 78-80 Coca-Cola Company 210 Cold War 5-6, 31-32, 38, 117, 164, 167, 169, 175, 215 collectivization 51-56 Columbo 125 Comecon (CMEA) market 149 Communism 172-195, 206, 209; countries of Eastern Europe under 6; and Eastern Europe 8-34; overview 2-3; and RFE’s programming 87; and Stalinist governments 37; Truman on 31 Communist Information Agency (Cominform) 31, 38 Communist Party of Poland 6 Communists: and anti-fascism 30; as anti racists 80; Bulgarian 157; Czechoslovak 107; dictatorships in Eastern Europe 30-31; and gender norms 81-82; Hungarian 160-161; in Hungary 32; and Nazis 29; overview 1-3; Polish 162; regimes and U.S. 31; Slovenian 156; Westerners view of 6 consumerism: Black Triangle 133—136; fridge socialism 118-123; and its consequences during late socialism 117-140; kid orear 129-133 Cornea, Doina 136 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) 40, 101, 190 COVID-19 pandemic 211 Coxe, William 4 Csurka, István 183 Cuban Revolution 190 currency reform 33, 66, 67, 78 Czechoslovak Communist Party 102-104, 136; Action Program 104; Central Committee members 107 Czechoslovak Federation of Women (CFW) 44-45 Czechoslovakia 11, 145; abolishment of censorship 103; and democratization 103; divison of 12; economic planning 103; expropriation of property 26; normalization 108-109; prefab houses 72-76; real wages in 66; and Sudeten Germans 23-24 Czechoslovak Writers’ Union 136 Dallas 125 Dayton
Accords 185, 188 Dąbrowska, Maria 26 democracy: capitalist 199; illiberal 200-206; liberal 28, 201, 204; participatory 173; “post-democracy” 173; Western-style parliamentary 173 dialectical materialism 2 Dikobraz 121 Dimitrov, Georgi 38 dissent 3, 103, 104 Djilas, Milovan 79; New Class 88 Dmitrov, Georgi 41, 44 Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak) 88 Dombos, Tamás 210 Drakulic, Slavenka 70 Dubček, Alexander 103-104, 108 Duda, Andrzej 204, 211 Dvořáček, Miroslav 217 Dziady (Mickiewicz) 104 Eastern Europe: in the aftermath of World War II 25; and Communism 8-34; diets after de-Stahnization 68; division from empires to nation-states 8-12, 10; economy of shortage 69—72; EU expansion in 193; gross national product of 66; housing shortage in 72; housing state-sponsored in 72-73; illiberal democracy 200-206; and Nazi Germany during World War II 12-18; overview 3-5; postwar coalition governments 27-30; protests of 1968 102—108; socialist modernity see socialist modernity; Soviet Red Army occupation of 8, 18-22; stop gender 206—212; in 21st century 199—218; in 2021 189; women in 81-85; and working population 66; and World War II 8; see also specific countries East Germany see German Democratic Republic (GDR) economic reform 145-147, 152, 159-161, 173 economy of shortage: and black marketing 71—72; Eastern Europe 69—72; in Romania 150-151; socialist modernity 69-72
Index 225 Ehrenburg, Ilya 92 Einsatzgruppen 14 Elet és Irodalom 129 ethnic cleansing 186 European Commission 194-195 European Court of Human Rights 194 European Roma Rights Center 185, 194 European Union (EU) 172, 190, 199; expansion in Eastern Europe 193 “Expeditions of the Daring” 111 Fechter, Peter 86 Ferenczffy-Kovács, Attila 213 Fortress Europe 189-195 Frank, Gabriele 74 Frank, Hans 14 Free Europe Committee 88 fridge socialism 118-123 Garton Ash, Timothy 147 Geiger, Imre 59 “gender ideology” 199, 208-209, 212 “genderism” 209 Georgescu, Diana 111 German Democratic Republic (GDR) 67, 132-133, 135, 145; 40th anniversary of 165; and gender fairness 84; housing policies in 74-75; protests in 67; real wages in 67; and West Germany 86 German empire 9, 12 Germany: occupation of Poland 12—15; see also Nazi Germany Gheorghiu, Mihai 209 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe 41, 101 ghettos 16 Ghodsee, Kristen 122, 182-183 Gierek, Edward 118, 137, 146, 152 Girlfriend 83 glasnost 159 Gligorijević, Milo 156 global socialism 189-195 Głos (Voice) 138 Gomulka, Władysław 93, 95, 118 Gorbachev, Mikhail 145, 159-160, 162, 165 Gott, Karel 125 Gottwald, Klement 38, 41, 102; death of 44 Graff, Agnieszka 206 Great Recession of 2008 199 Grósz, Károly 160 Győri, Péter 202 Gyurcsány, Ferenc 200 Habsburg empire 9 Havel, Václav 102, 136-138, 167; “The Power of the Powerless” 140, 172 Havelková, Barbara 208 Hayek, Friedrich von 161 Heda Kovaly, Margolius 18, 23, 30, 42 Hekinki Accords 139 Helsinki Final Act 139 Helsinki Watch 139 heterosexuality 133 Heydrich, Reinhard 14 high culture 124-125 Himmler, Heinrich 20
Hinze, Jurgen 74 Hitler, Adolf 12, 30 Hobsbawm, Eric 2 Home Army (Armia Krajowa or AK) 15, 20 Honecker, Erich 74, 164, 165 Horáková, Milada 57-59 Horáková trial (show trial) 58-59 Horthy, Miklos 18 A Hospital on the Edge of Town 125 House of Terror 212—215, 218 housing: policies in East Germany 74-75; prefab apartments 73-75; privately financed 76-77; shortage in Eastern Europe 72, 76; during Stalinist period 72; state-sponsored, in Eastern Europe 72-73 Hoxha, Enver 41, 100 Hradilek, Adam 217 Human Rights Watch 139, 185 Hungarian Communist Party 152, 153, 160 Hungarian Communists 19, 32-33, 160-161 Hungarian Jews 17; and Arrow Cross paramilitaries 19; see also jews Hungarian Revolution 112 Hungarian Workers Party (HWP) 33 Hungary 17, 32-33, 145; Communists in 19, 32-33, 160-161; Financial Research Institute 153; invasion by Soviet Union 99; New Economic Mechanism (NEM) 123, 152; normalization 109; privately financed housing 76-77; quotas for farmers 54; student protests 96; working population problems 66 Husák, Gustav 108-109, 129, 136
226 Index Illés (rock band) 125 illiberal democracy 200—206 IMF 173, 200 Independent Publishing House (NOWa) 138 industrialization: and Soviet Union 46-51; and Stalinism 47—48 Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes (ISTR) 217-218 Institute of National Remembrance in Poland (Instytut Pamięci Narodowej or IPN) 216-218 Iron Curtain 5, 30, 85-88, 164; Churchill on 85; and Radio Free Europe 87-88 Istanbul Convention 199, 209 Italian Fiat company 120 Janoščík, Václav 124 Jaruzekki, Wojciech 148, 159, 162 Jews: and Germany’s East European allies 17; killed by Romanian forces 17; migration to North America 24-25; targeted by Nazi Germany 15-16 John Paul II 146 The Joke (Kundera) 102 Kaczyński, Jarosław 204—205, 210 Kádár, János 99, 109, 160 Karadžič, Radovan 186 Kertész, Eva 200 Kertész, Miklos 200 Kex (rock band) 125 Khrushchev, Nikita 68-69, 77, 111-112; criticism of Stalin 93; Secret Speech 93-94 kid or car? 129-133 Kiszczak, Czesław 162 Klaus, Václav 161, 173-174, 184 Klima, Ivan 102 Klukowski, Zygmunt 17 Kňažko, Milan 173 Kobilková, Zdenka 192 Kožený, Viktor 176-177 Kohout, Pavel 102 Kolevica, Petraq 43 Konrád, György 136 Korean War 56 Kowalczyk, Adam 205 Kowalczyk, Agnieszka 205 Kozic, Adem 187 Krenz, Egon 165 kulaks 53—55 Kundera, Milan 217-218; TheJoke 102 Kuroń, Jacek: Open Letter to the Party 105 Kwasniewski, Aleksander 175 land reform 29, 51, 53, 55 late socialism: Black Triangle 133-136; consumerism and its consequences during 117-140; fridge socialism 118-123; kid or car 129-133 Lemeš, Ahmed 154 Lendvai, Paul 97 Lenin, Vladimir 1-2 “LGBT ideology” 199, 211
liberal democracy 28, 201, 204 Liehm, Antonin 41-42, 45 Linton, Peter 73 Liska, Tibor 152 Lityński, Jan 146 Maastricht Treaty 190 market-based reform 103, 145, 153 Mark, James 110 Marshall Plan 33, 56 Marx, Karl 1, 2 mass education: in Eastern Europe 78; and sociahsm 78 Mastnak, Tomaž 157 materialism 123; dialectical 2; selfish 118 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz 163 Mečiar, Vladimir 184 Michnik, Adam 104, 136, 163 Mickiewicz, Adam: Dziady 104 Mihailovič, Draža 21 Mikołajczyk, Stanisław 28 Miloševič, Milan 186 Miloševič, Slobodan 156-157, 185 Miodowicz, Alfred 162 Mises, Ludwig von 161 Mladenov, Petur 167 Modzelewski, Karol: Open Letter to the Party 105 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 12 Morawiecki, Mateusz 205 Moscow, new face in 159-163 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 5 Nadkarni, Maya 215 Nagy, Imre 92, 96; appointed as prime minister of Hungary 98; and Hungarian Communist leadership 96; and Rakosi 97; on socialism 96 nationalism 101, 131, 156, 157, 160, 184, 185, 199, 203, 205 National Salvation Front (NSF) 168
Index Nazi Germany: and Eastern Europe during World War II 12-18; East European allies 17; Jews targeted by 15—16; nonaggression pact with Soviet Union 15; occupation of Poland 12-15; see also Germany Nazism 24, 30, 206, 215-216 neoliberal economic reforms 174, 204 neoliberalism 172-195 New Class (Djilas) 88 New Economic Mechanism (NEM) 103, 110, 123, 152 Nixon, Richard 77, 101 nomenklatura system 41 normalization: Czechoslovakia 108—109; described 108; Hungary 109 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 40, 172, 175, 188, 190 Novotny, Antonin 102-103 Nyers, Resző 129 Omega (rock band) 125 Open Letter to the Party (Kuroń and Modzelewski) 105 Operation Barbarossa 15-16 Orbán, Viktor 201-204 Orkeny, Istvan 96 Ostrowski, Zygmunt 61 Ottoman Empire 9, 158 Padlock Editions (Edice Petlice) 137-138 Palach, Jan 108 participatory democracy 173 Pasternak, Boris: Doctor Zhivago 88 Pavehc, Ante 21 Pavezová, Jaroslava 181 Pejnovic, Kata 21-22 “people’s democracies” 27 perestroika 145, 159-162, 164—165, 167, 169 Peteri, Gyorgy 79 Pieronek, Tadeusz 206 Pilsudski, Jozef 11 Pintér, Sándor 203 Plastic People of the Universe 136-140 Poland 11, 145; anti-Zionist campaign 105-106; expropriation of property 26; Germany occupation of 12-15; Home Army (Armia Krajowa or AK) 15; housing shortage in 76; killing of Jews in 16; multiparty elections in 145; and perestroika 161; postwar coalition government 27-28; private cars in 120; 227 Solidarity in 147; student protests for reforms 104-105; and Warsaw Pact leaders 104 Polez, Alaine 19-20, 23 Polish Academy of Sciences 217 Polish Central Committee
118 Polish Solidarity movement 139 Polish United Workers’ Party 6 pohtical reform 159, 161 Polizeiruf 110 125 post-Communist 175, 178, 212 “post-democracy” 173 post-totalitarian 195n2 Prague Spring 112, 136 prefab developments 73-76 Puk, Mirko 21 Radio Free Europe (RFE) 87-88, 146 Rajk, Laszlo 59-60, 111 Rakosi, Mátyás 41, 44; excessive use of terror 96; and Nagy 97 Rakowski, Mieczysław 163 Rebirth Process 158 Red Army: occupation of Eastern Europe 8, 18-22 Redő, Ferenc 110 reform 100; Action Program 104; anti Stalinist 97; currency 33, 66, 67, 78; Czechoslovak 93, 102-104; democratic socialist 111; economic 145-147, 152, 159-161, 173; elements 102; land 29, 51, 53, 55; market-based 103, 145, 153; neoliberal economic 174, 204; New Economic Mechanism 103; normalization 109; perestroika 159; pohtical 159, 161; turnabout and 149-153 Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) 16 Rétvári, Bence 209-210 Révész, Gábor 153 Ringelblum, Emanuel 17 Robotnik (The Worker) 138, 146 Rohwedder, Detlev 176 Roma, discrimination against 80—81 Romania 145; “Caritas” in 178; Coalition for the Family 209; coercive population policy in 131; discrimination against Roma 80-81; informal economy in 151; prefab houses in 76; and Soviet Union 101 Romanian Jews 17 Romanian Memorial Museum 215 Roosevelt, Franklin 27
228 Index “Rural Solidarity” 148 Russian empire 2, 9 Russian Revolution (1917) 1 “salami tactics” 32—33 Schabowski, Giinter 166 Schmidt, Mária 214 Secret Police agents 212-218 Secret Speech 93-94 de Segur, Louis-Philippe 4 Serbian Academy of Sciences (SANU) 155-156 Serbian Communist Party 156-157 Serbo-Croatian language 10-11 shock therapy 172-178 show triak 58-60 Šik, Ota 103 Slansky, Rudolf 60 Slovakia 12, 16, 19, 54, 178, 184, 192, 207, 217 socialism: and black market activity 71; and Eastern Europe’s Communist governments 40-46; fridge 118-123; with human face 102-108; and mass education 78; and Soviet Union 38—40; and Stahn 38-40 socialist modernity: creation of 65; creation of classless society 77-81; economy of shortage 69-72; flaws in 66; and women 81-85; and working population 66-69 “socialist pluralism” 160 Solidarity 145, 147; goals of 148; leaders of 148—149, 162-163; members at a demonstration in Warsaw 143՛, Polish government 162 Soros, George 202—203, 205—206 Soviet Communist Party 159 Soviet Union 127, 135, 145, 159-160, 165, 175-176, 190; and Albania 100-101; conflict with United States 37; German attack on 14; Horáková trial 58; industrialization in 46-51; invasion of Hungary 99; Nazi Germany nonaggression pact with 15; “people’s democracies” 27; relationship with United States 31—32; and Romania 101 Spidla, Vladimir 192 Stakhanov, Aleksei 50 Stakhanovites 50 Stahn, Joseph 2, 15, 27, 31, 41; actions against capitalists 56—60; centralized economic plans 37; cult 43-44; death of 65, 92; industrialization 46-51; planned economy 46—51; political offenses
arrests 61-62; show triak 58-60; and socialism 38-40 Stalinism 37-38, 150; and class equality 78; countryside revolution 51-56; and industrialization 47-48, 66; and trade unions 50-51; and worker productivity policies 49 Stambolič, Ivan 156 Štitkovac, Ejub 185 Stola, Dariusz 217 ‘Stop Gender’ 206—212 Sudeten Germans 23-24 Sulkowski, Leopold 50 Svijet 123 Światło, Jozef 93 Szlajfer, Henryk 104 Tatort (Crime scene) 125 Thatcher, Margaret 174 “The Power of the Powerless” (Havel) 140, 172 Tito, Josip Broz 21, 38, 40, 127, 155—156 Tőkés, László 168 totalitarianism 215 tourism 117, 126, 128 Trabants 120 Treaty of the European Union 205 Treaty of Trianon 16 Tříska, Dušan 161 Truman, Harry S. 31 Truman doctrine 56 Trzaskowski, Rafal 211 “Turnabout and Reform” report 149-153 “2,000 Words to Workers, Farmers, Scientists, Artists and Everyone” (Vaculík) 107 Újpest Danube Shoe Factory 48 Ulbricht, Walter 41, 67, 74 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 9, 30; centralized economic plans 37 United Nations 99, 160 United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 186 United Patriots Coalition (VMRO) 209 United States of America: Brown v. Board of Education ruhng in 194; conflict with Soviet Union 37; Marshall plan 33; relationship with Soviet Union 31-32
Index 229 women: career fields for 83; and de-Stalinization 83; in Eastern Europe 81-85; and socialist modernity 81-85; and Stalinist period 82; in workforce, resistance against 82 World Bank 173, 207 World War I 9, 159, 183 World War II 134, 139, 146, 185, 186, 190, 203, 212-214; and Eastern Europe 8; end of 22; Nazi Germany and Eastern Europe during 12-18; population movements after 23-25; postwar coalition governments 27-30 Woronowicz, Ulrich 113 Urania 133 Ustaše party 21 Vaculík, Ludvik 102, 107, 137-138, 139-140 Vaculíková, Madla 139-140 Vaněk, Vladimír 180 “Velvet Divorce” 184 Velvet Revolution 167, 173 Verdery, Katherine 178 Vesely, Ivan 81 Vietnam War 110 Voice of America (VOA) 87, 146 Wale, Jan 105 Walesa, Lech 147, 162-163 Warsaw Pact 190; see also Warsaw Treaty Organization Warsaw Treaty Organization 40 “We are the people!” 163-169 Western goods 122 Western-style parliamentary democracy 173 West Germany: East Germans emigration to 86; and German Democratic Republic 86 Wetzel, Rudi 134 Wojtyla, Karol 146 Yiddish 11 Yugoslavia 10-11, 38-40; abandoning of collectivization 52; after end of World War II 22; civil war 22; Communist leaders as bourgeoisie elite 79; and Iron Curtain 85; republics and autonomous provinces of 154; resistance groups 21; student protests in 106 Yugoslav National Army 186 Zhdanov, Andrei 31 Zhivkov, Todor 92, 149, 158, 167 Zlatar, Pero 123 Staatsbibliothek ' München |
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| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Feinberg, Melissa ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1137489472 |
| author_facet | Feinberg, Melissa ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Feinberg, Melissa ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | m f mf |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047824719 |
| classification_rvk | NK 6760 MG 80030 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1310241281 (DE-599)BVBBV047824719 |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1945-1989 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1989 |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:08:05Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:22:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780367086091 9780813348179 |
| language | English |
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| physical | x, 229 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 23 cm |
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| publishDate | 2022 |
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| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Feinberg, Melissa ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1137489472 aut Communism in Eastern Europe Melissa Feinberg London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2022 x, 229 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1945-1989 gnd rswk-swf Sozialer Wandel (DE-588)4077587-2 gnd rswk-swf Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 gnd rswk-swf Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Communism / Europe, Eastern / History Europe, Eastern / Social conditions Europe, Eastern / Economic conditions / 1945-1989 Communism Economic history Social conditions Eastern Europe 1945-1989 History Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 s Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 s Sozialer Wandel (DE-588)4077587-2 s Geschichte 1945-1989 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk. 9781000518337 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-8133-4818-6 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033208046&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033208046&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Feinberg, Melissa ca. 20./21. Jh Communism in Eastern Europe Sozialer Wandel (DE-588)4077587-2 gnd Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 gnd Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4077587-2 (DE-588)4055785-6 (DE-588)4001307-8 (DE-588)4075739-0 |
| title | Communism in Eastern Europe |
| title_auth | Communism in Eastern Europe |
| title_exact_search | Communism in Eastern Europe |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Communism in Eastern Europe |
| title_full | Communism in Eastern Europe Melissa Feinberg |
| title_fullStr | Communism in Eastern Europe Melissa Feinberg |
| title_full_unstemmed | Communism in Eastern Europe Melissa Feinberg |
| title_short | Communism in Eastern Europe |
| title_sort | communism in eastern europe |
| topic | Sozialer Wandel (DE-588)4077587-2 gnd Sozialismus (DE-588)4055785-6 gnd Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sozialer Wandel Sozialismus Alltag Osteuropa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033208046&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033208046&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT feinbergmelissa communismineasterneurope |