Once upon the permafrost: knowing culture and climate change in Siberia
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Tucson
The University of Arizona Press
2021
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| Schriftenreihe: | Critical green engagements: investigating the green economy and its alternatives
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| Online-Zugang: | Volltext Volltext Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | Open-access edition published 2022 |
| Beschreibung: | xxviii, 327 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780816541553 9780816541546 |
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Index 100 Alaas, 83,191-96 I Bordong, 99,284ո2 (chap 3). See also Elgeeii III Bordong, 95-109; as birth alaas 171, adaptation, 147,148,234,242,250, 252; to alaas, 55, 61-72; cows-andkin (see cows-and-kin); explorers’ accounts of Sakha’s, 47-48; human 174; in Elgeeii hayland, 129,181; ori capacity to, 247-48; to climate gins of, 284n2 (chap 3); and Tumul, change, 133; to ecosystem, 24, 252- 111, 117 53,255,256,257; to end of USSR, 96; in IPCC work, 12-14; northern Aal Luuk Mas (tree of life), 77-78, 81 peoples^ 15, 33,137,186; to perma Aan Alakhchyn (khotun) (spirit mother frost thaw, 207, 219, 227, 229-31; of Earth), 58, 59, 77, 78 abaahy (devil), 9; in narrative, 34; in physical and spiritual, 28, 33-34; Sakha’s historical, 21, 28, 86,102, Sakha belief, 59-60; protecting 241, 247; socio-ecological, 248; to against, 170,171-72; 285n3 (chap 5) village life, 96,153 aboriginal cattle, Sakha, 105,108; breeding program, 102; SakhaSimmental mix, 93 Academy of Sciences: Russian, 50; USSR, 88, 210 achchykjyl (starvation year 1942), 93, 126 adaptive success, 27 Afanaseyev, Matvei Dmitriyevich, 195-97 Afanaseyev, Valerian Yegorovich, 148-53 Afanaseyeva, Maria Pavlovna, 41-42, 111
Index 312 agency, 75,143,145, 244 234, 235; land management of, agha uuha (patrilineal clan), 6; and 67-72; linguistic analysis of, 81-82; “by the alaas”, 72, 111, 117,159; and management, Soviet assessment of Chokoroon, 99; on maps, 116,117; Sakha’s, 88-89; meaning, inter and ohuokhai, 139; and nehiliek, viewees, 135-36; origins of, 52; 284n3 (chap 3) patriots (see alasny patrioti)·, and agharaan (fermented fish), 47 permafrost thaw, 9,134,143,161, Agham Alaaha, 3-4, 79 202-14, 229-30, 235-36; plants of, Agriculture: and alaas, 73; and climate 49, 65, 66; sacred, 112,132,136,162, change, 220; contemporary devel 200; and Sakha authors, 83-84,179, opment of in Sakha, 140-41, 211-12; 182,190-98; and Sakha language, Department of, 93,124; glacial 240; Sakha’s historical narrative of, dependence of, 255; and permafrost 30; Sakha’s historical settlement law, 231; Soviet period development on, 61-3,84,103, 111; Sakha’s of, 87, 88, 89 historical relocation from, 88-93, Aian Suoi, 150,151,168; and deforesta 115-17,241-42; Sakha’s Indigenous tion, 183; and Kutana economy, 100, knowledge of, 56-77,199; scientific 129; and road development, 114 aiyy (gods), 58, 59, 60 alaaji (small round pancake), 7; in knowledge of, 72-74,145,209-210, 219-23, 229; seasonal work on, 61, 72; social science of, 79-82, 233-36; ritual act, 20,169,170,192, 205; songs of, 79; spiritual importance, uohakh, 128,178 9,13, 21, 58,145, 235; spiritual alaas, xxii, 3-10,13,19,21-22, 55, practices of, 60-61, 82,235,112,117, 56-77; as ancestral lands, 78-79, 234-35; toponyms of, 77; and youth, 99,136,162,183; as
identity, 22, 78, 82,125, 200; zone, central regions, 84,102,118,126,145-46,162,257; 73-74 as protector, 82; birth, 82, 86, 97, alasny patrioti (alaas patriots), 82 118,162,181,184, 210; cycle, 73-74, algys (sung prayer), 59,60-61,68,186 219-20, 236; cultural meaning of, 8, allaraa doidu (lower world), 58,59 74-75, 79, 81, 86,109,125,136,145, ampaar (shed), 46, 65 242-44; divergent understandings ancestral lineage, 100,103,106,117, of, 74-75,199-201, 208-9; fishing 188; contemporary reconstruction and hunting by, 66-67; foods from, of, 155-56,157-58,160,176,183; 65-7; and industrialization, 134-35, Soviet period reconstruction of, 190, 211; inhabitants’ testimonies of, 7-8, 191-95 9, 75, 82, 86,107,112,127,135-36, ancestral migration, 32 139,159-60,174-75, 208-9,233, Andes, 254-57
313 Index Andreyev, Osip Dmitrievich, 112,113- 14,169-71 Anthropology, investigating change and, 14,19-20,122,146 explorers’ accounts of, 88-89; and importance of language, 239-40; and panpsychism, 283nl (chap 2); Sakha’s historical, 21, 39, Aranghastaakh, 90,158 58-61,168-70,172; Soviet repres archeology(ical): data, 24; evidence, 26; sion of, 87, 90,112; And yhyakh, findings, 25; record, 25, 99 137-38 archival research, xvi, 6,10, 86,99,263 belimien (dumplings), xxiii Arctic, 11; and climate knowledge, 22; bereski (pies), xxxiii definition of, 282n3 (chap 1); and Bering Sea, 25 human inhabitance, 24,25; and Bies Ynakhtaakh Beiberikeen Emeekhsin people’s spirituality, 27; permafrost thaw in, 206 (Old Woman Beyberikeen with five cows), 77-78,192 Arctic Social Indicators project, 241 bilge (forecaster), 38-40 ARV (adaptation, resilience, vulnerabil biosphere, 210,247, 248 ity), 13 birch, 67; bark, for containers, 29-30, Arymys, 158,162 47, 61,110,127,185; in ceremonies, Aryylaakh, 99; kolkhoz, 159-60 60,113; to heal, 104; for housing, 63; Australia, 260 to predict weather, 40; in song, 3-4, 117-18 Baer, Karl Ernst, 28 baahynai khahaaiystyba (collective), 96,155; Dabaan, 102,107,108 Balanai (spirit of taiga), 59, 67,186, Baikal, Lake, xv, 31,32,203,283n8 (chap 1) buluus (permafrost freezer), 41-42, 47, 65; in historical accounts, 49; and climate change, 41, 233; and moder nity, 21,264 Buryat Republic, xv-xvi bushfires, 260 balaghan (winter dwelling), 104,110-11, 117,156; as winter home, 61, 63-65, CALM (Circumpolar Active Layer 97,172; and prosperity, 91; female
Monitoring), 215 (dark) and male (light) side of, 77; Campbell, Craig, 90 Turkic roots of, 32 canal making, 68,70,107; Chokoroon’s, bania (Russian: bathhouse), 167 103; governmental, 129,130,161, barter, contemporary, 150,155,178,179, 181. See also khoruu 187-88 Caucuses, 163,164 Basso, Keith, 145 Century of Perestroikas, 90,102, 241 belief: and alaas, 7, 56; and cow chabychakh (birch container), 110,185 keeping, 20; in destiny, 167-68; Chakras, 255
Index 314 change: climate (see climate change); 23-24,147-48,199; and summer cultural, 237; drivers of, 121-23, 241, nights, 132,144,165-66, 250 244,254; intergenerational, 21,126- collectivization, 67, 86-88, 91,159, 27; socio-cultural, 236 Chesapeake Bay, 254-57 children: and cell phones, 237-8; giving away for others to care for, 127,156, 184-85; in Elgeeii and Kutana, 90-91 colonial accounts of Sakha permafrost knowledge, 47-49, 54-55 285; and language (see language, colonization, Russian, xviii, 99 children and); and ohuokhai, 138 Committee of the North, 87 China: governmental interests, 203, 250; and permafrost, 251; students from, 260 Chokhoroon, 99,101-104; canal, communication: changing modes of, 236-37; Internet, effects of, 237; and ohuokhai, 237 complexity of change, 21,119; and Chokhoroon’s, 103,107,108; descen- alaas, 146; community testimonies dant(s) of, 104,107,117 of, 125-42; definition of, 121-22; choroon (wooden chalice), 30, 40, 41 and life histories, 147-48, 200; in Churapcha, 202, 204-13, 220-22, regional data, 123-24 229-30 climate change, xx, 22,119-21, 214-16; consolidation (for collective and state farm), 86, 90,104 anthropology and, 19-20,122-23; consumer culture, 16,18, 88,258 communication of, 17-18; earlier cosmology, xviii, 27, 255 project results investigating, 130, Cossack(s), 49, 55 142-43; and human activity, 220, Covid-19, 260 241, 244; Kiribati and, 254-57; and cow(s), 34-44; contemporary decrease knowledge systems, 11-15, 247-48 in, 121-25,207; contemporary vil (see also Indigenous, local, scientific lage keeping, 108,128-29,140-41;
knowledge); local testimonies of, cow-keepers’ testimony of, 127-29, 17,119-21,131-32,143-44,152, 167,178,180,185; Sakha’s historical 154,160-61,165-66,174, 200-201, increase in, 48; Sakha’s (sacred) 223-25, 234; in Mongolia, 249-52; practices, 58, 60,113,128,169,192 in Nunatsiavut, 252-54; in Peru, 17, cow keeping: and buluus, 41; contem 254-55; in Sakha Republic, 9, 235- porary approaches to, 124-25,140- 36, 245-57. See also alaas, complex 42; and knowledge, 128; and oibon, ity of change, permafrost 43; and loss of youth labor, 121-22; cold, 33,152,154,204, 254; deceptive, 57; resource, 28, 45-46; sound of, and seasonal change, 97. See also. cows-and-kin
315 Index cows-and-kin, 96-97, 98,109,121,179 constraint, 24-25,119,149, 254. See Cruikshank, Julie, 282 also adaptation; permafrost cryosphere, 210, 211, 248, 257, 258 Edjay. See Trofimova, Olga Naumovna cultural identity, 90,196; alaas as, 5-6, Eg-Selenga, 250-51 22, 75, 81-84,118, 242-44; identifi cation, 78, 83,117 elders: and III Bordong, 102-4; and author’s research: 1992-1993, Cultural Keystone Place (CKP), 243 xvii-xx; 1999-2000, xxii-xxiii, 6, Cultural Keystone Species, 242; alaas 46, 284nl0 (chap 2), 285n7 (chap 3); as, 242 2003-2005,109-110; 2006-2014, xxi-xxii, 119-21,130; and birth alaas, dacha (Russian: summer home), 164, 166,183 71-72,75-76, 235; in global change research, 22; and contemporary cow Dalai Lama, 260 keeping, 125,130,179; and kolkhoz deforestation, 114,134-35,183, 200, 203 work, 96; and language loss, 237; dekulakization, 88 and proverbs, 144,154; remember demographic analysis, 123-24 ing youth, 64; as sources of wisdom, development: colonial, 55; cultural, 90; 169-71; and ürüngas, 124,128-29 Soviet, 72-73, 75,113; village, inhab itants’ opinions of, 114,140-42 diamond(s), 189; colonies, 95; discovery of in Viliui regions, 94 Elgeeii, 44; and author’s research: xvi-xxiv, 85-86; map of, 5, 76; and yhyakh, 6; etymology, 37, 98; Nature Museum, 178; Soviet and post-Soviet disaster research, 122 period in, 90-109,124-25,129; as diversity: biocultural, 248; knowledge Suntaar regional center, 99 systems, of, 19; oral traditions, of, 15 environmental change, 122,166,200 dölühüön (rose hips), xxiv environmental conditions, 36,37, 40 duck hunting. See
hunting, ducks environmental issues, 122,113-14; of Duiktai culture, 25-26 Viliui regions, xx, 94-95,189 düngür (shaman’s drum), 59 environmental justice, 122 dzud (Mongolian: extreme winter), environmental projects, xv 249-50 epistemology, 14,16 eterbes (suede boots), xxiii-xxiv, 187,192 ecosystem: alaas, 79-80,97,226, 245; grassland, Mongolia’s, 249; per mafrost, vernacular understanding ethnography, xx, 19, 21,90,122; cli mate, 19-20; longitudinal, 10,265; multi-species, 282 of, 7, 27-28,33-40, adaptations ethnosphere, 248 to, 40-47, 67-72; as underlying Eurasia, 24, 25,31,219
Index 316 fairy tale, 15, 258 Far Eastern Hectare [FEH] program. See Gektar Fedorov, Afanasii Semenovich, xvi Fedorov, Alexander Nikolaevich. See Fyodorov, Alexander Nikolayevich fieldwork: and “knowing”, 19; and buluus, 41; to gauge change, 85-86, Global Terrestrial Network of Perma frost (GTN-P), 215 globalization, 15,142, 236, 241; and meat imports, 124 Gmelin, Johann Georg, 49 Grant, Bruce, 90 greenhouse, 135,166,172 Greenland, 25 101-2, 203, 263-64; interdisciplin ary, 250. See also elders: and author’s Haraway, Donna, 224 research, research methods hay, 102-3,167; adaptive techniques: fire(s): as ritual conduit, 34,59-61,169; muus oto (ice haying), 70; uolba, forest, 133; to replenish hay land, 68, 70; cutting, 23; land, contemporary 71, 89,134 issues: and burning prohibition, focus group(s). See research methods food(s), 81; culture, 45; from the alaas, 65-67; system, Sakha’s, 45-47,4849,185 133; Elgeeii’s, 97,107-9,128-30; and horse breeding, 150-53; and permafrost thaw, 133-35; as too expensive, 140 forage(ing), 165-66,180,186-87; and herders, 251; Mongolian, 249-52 alaas, 6,9, 65; change in, 108,112, Hero Dmitri (Dmitri Gavrilovich 155,188-90,252; for sobo, 43-45; and spirits of, 59; Tungus methods, 62, 66 forced forgetting, 101,145 Frobisher, Sir Martin, 52, 55 Fyodorov, Alexander Nikolayevich, xxi- xxii, 202-7, 210-14, 224-33 Fyodorov, Anatoli Petrovich, 100,157- 62, 200 Andreev), 111-13 Holocene, 25, 216 horse and cattle breeding, 28,32-33, 61, 97-99,125,226 horse husbandry: Sakha, 148-53; changes in, 128,151, 207 household food production: and climate
change, 191; historical changes in, 46-47, 86, 93, 241; gardening, 163-66,172,191, 225 household diaries of, 180, 286n5 Gektar, 203, 232-23 (chap 5); post-Soviet, 67,121,166, Genealogy. See ancestral lineage 169,178-81; survey of, 56-57, Genghis Khan, 31, 32 162-63. See also cows-and-kin; Gerasimova, Sardana Mikhailovna, 153-57,166 global change, 14,15, 228, 246; research, 122, 247 subsistence household hierarchy, reflected in sleep ing places, 63, 65 Hovsgol, Lake, 249
317 Index human-environment: interactions, 31, 146; relationship, 6, 22,90,102 hunting, 127,186-90,253, 285n3 (chap 4); ducks, 155,181; and fishing, 26-27,48; Tungus, 32,66,102,235, 247; hare, 37 hydroelectric station, 250-51; Viliui GES, 95,143,189 intelligentsia (Russian: intellectuals), 191,194 interdisciplinarity, xxi, 122, 235-36 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 10-13 International Permafrost Association (IPA), 53, 215 irbet tong (permafrost), 16 Ivanov, Ivan Gerasimovich. See Nolar, ice, 22; for drinking water, 41,132; and fishing, 43-46, 66; ground (see per mafrost); haying, 70; reading of, 253; Ivan Ivanov, Nikolai Innokentiyevich (Kuola Uchuutal), 83-84,117,190-98,199 season, changes in, 253; as sentient, Ivanova, Marfa Koninivna, 104-5 33-34; windows, 36, 63-64 Ivanova, Mariya Leekenovna, 23-24, ice dependence, 252,254,255,257 112-14,183-86 ichchi (spirit keepers), 58-61,60,235, 240. See also spirit(s) Ides, Ysbrants E., 27 leiiekhsit (protector of humans, horses and cows), 58 Jew’s harp (khomus), xv-xvi, 118,192; conference, International, xv Jochelson, Waldemar, 32, 48 Jogolookh, 85-86 I-Kiribati, 256-58 Jolly, Dyanna, 22 Him (standing net), 43-44, 66 journal entry, 4, 85-86,110,172-73, Indigenous knowledge: of alaas, 7-10, 202-3,204 56-84,223-24,243; of climate jukaakh (boarders), 62,103 change, 121; and cow care, 128; in Jiikeebil (northern lights), 145 forecasting, 38-40 (see also bilge)·, Jyl Oghuha (Bull of Winter), xxi-iv, 34- I-Kiribati’s, 255-56; and IPCC, 10-13, 35,119-21,132,145,154, 254-55 248,282n4 (Intro); literature of, 13- 15;
and interdisciplinary research, 201, Kempandai, 93,105,173,182 216,223-24,228-29; and modernity, kencheeri (aftermath), 152-53 183; of permafrost, 33-49,55,58, khaahy (porridge), 46,48,66,185 223-24; and western science, 247-48 khallaan (upper world), 58 Inna Poire, 53 innovation, 33, 40-48, 67-68,129,262; capacity to, human’s, 247,248, 257; Khangalas: area near Yakutsk, 157; early name of Kutana, 99,185; kolkhoz, entrepreneurs, 182-83; village food 159-60; Sakha, 99,157,185 Khatilii, 204-10 production, 124 khomus. See Jew’s harp
318 Index khorchop (food stalls), 138-39 khoruu (canal), 69,103,108,130,151֊ 52,161. See also canal khoton (barn), 85-86; contemporary “freeing” from, 121; common for all village, 124,129; and permafrost change, 245; rituals for, 128,136-37, knowledge system(s), 10-17,19-22, 24, 39, 56, 200,256; corroboration of, 228; integration of, 14-15, 201, 207, 216, 224, 228, 247-49 Kondratyev, Arian Andreyevich, 103, 117-18 kolkhoz (collective farm), 67,184-85; 169-70; rituals in, 171-72; Soviet, in III Bordong, 104-5; and consoli 85-86; Soviet separation of, 89-90 dation, 75, 86, 90,159-60; 90-100; Khrushchev, Nikita, 95 kimberlite, 94 Kimmerer, Robin Wall, 247 kühïle (sorrel), xxiv kin: contemporary reliance on, 97-98, and deserters, 173 kömülüök (open-faced stove), 64, 89, 91, 283n2 (chap 2) korenizatsiia (Russian: nativization), 87 Kostenki, 25 153,179; and haying, 181; networks, Kriosfera Zemli, 211 98,100,160; and yhyakh, 138; trac Krupnik, Igor, 22 ing, 190,195. See also cows-and-kin; Ksenofontov, Gavril, 32 ancestral lineage kuiuur (pole with net for ice fishing), Kiribati, 254-57 43-44, 66, Kiribati Adaptation Program, 256 Kulakovski, Aleksei Eliseevich, 239 Kirilina, Olympiyada (Lipa) Nikan- kuluhun kune (sweat days), 93,108 derovna, 175-78,188 knowledge: 148; alaas, 56-84; effect of consolidation on, 86; elder, 121,144, 148,154,171-72; Indigenous (see Indigenous knowledge); intergenerational transmission of, 128; local (see local knowledge); local testimonies Künde (Aleksey Andreyevich Ivanov), 182, 286n7 (chap 5) Kundeii, 105,124,171; success in con temporary cow
keeping, 124-25, 128 Kuola Uchuutal. See Ivanov, Nikolai Innokentiyevich of, 126-46; of place, 9,107; of cli küörchekh (whipped cream), xxiii, 179 mate change, 18, 22 (see also knowl kureppitter (escape the devil), 171-72 edge systems); permafrost, 23-55; Kurikan, 31,32, 48, 65, 70 scientific (see scientific knowledge); Kutana, xvii, xxii, 5,21, 42, 76; early socially produced, 56 knowledge exchange, xxi, 122,205-9, 224-29 knowledge-making, 16 history, 99,158-60; etymology, 37, 99; Soviet and post-Soviet period in, 90-100,109-15,124-25,129; Sun- taar regional center, as, 99,158
319 Index kymys (fermented mare’s milk), xxiii, 36; in historical accounts, 29,103; at yhyakh, 40,110; in ritual, 205 linguistic heritage, 35-38; reflecting seasonal change, 36-37; toponyms, 37-38, 77,117,196 Kÿôl Elgeeii, 67,104,115 literacy, 90 kystyk (winter home), 36,60, 66, 86, local knowledge: and Chesapeake 107 Kÿÿkei, 156; contemporary, 124; for hay watermen, 256; inhabitants’, 153, 165,233; and IPCC, 10-13,248, wealth, 181; historical inhabitance of, 282n4 (Intro); and interdisciplinary 91-92; and permafrost change, 114, research, 201, 216, 223-24, 228-29; 223; Soviet period, 164,176,184 literature of, 13-15; of permafrost, Kÿÿkei Lake: origin narrative of, 71-72; 55 and permafrost change, 134; ritual lugovodstvo. See pasture-making for, 43,110-11,170 Lvov, Vasili Mikhailovich, 107-9 Kyym, 82 maa muut (Finno-Ugric: earth rat), 28 language, 35; children and, 237-39; fed mammoth, 25,26,27, 28 eral protocols, 240; loss of, 236-44; Mamontovaya Kurya, 25 native, policies against, 87; ohuokhai Marino, Beth, 20 and, 139-40,237; Russian, xix, 52, Martinova, Svetlana Gavrilovna, 135, 79-80,164,224, 240; Sakha, xvixxi, 224,281nl (Intro): and alaas, 79-80; first dictionary, 76-77; 137,196-98 matrilineal clan structure, Sakha’s, 59, 60 linguistic heritage, 35-38; sentience McGhee, Robert, 27 of, 58-59; Turkic roots, 31-32, 77, media: international, 245-47,258; 164-65; semantic fields, 80-81 social, 135, 237,241 larch, Dahurian, 24 Melbourne, 260 Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 25 Melnikov, P. L, 52,210 Law on the Protection of Permafrost in Melnikov Permafrost Institute, xxi, 251
the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). See permafrost, law Lena River, 30, 32,51,231, 283n8 (chap 1) memory(ies): of alaas, 6,8-9,83-84, 243; of childhood/early life, 75,104- 5,112,126,147; of environmental issues, 189; of ohuokhai, 139-40; of Lenin, 87 place, 102,117,161-62; social/col- leppueske (flat bread), xxiii lective, 101-2; of Soviet conditions, life histories, 147-201. See also research 165-66,177-78,185; watermen’s, methods 256; of yhyakh, 138-39
Index 320 Meyer, John, 18 118,149; as communication, 237; Middendorf, A. E, 51 to gauge change, 137; memories of, model(s): ground truthing of, 14; as way to know, 23; sustainable, 98; for pub 138-40,176; Soviet changes of, 139; spiritual quality of, 6,58-59 lic understanding, 211; of permafrost oibon (water hole in ice), 42-43,44,173 change, 214, 215-16, 217, 226 oiuun (shaman), 34,37, 39, 66, 68,195- modernity, 198, 246, 251; in villages, 21, 97,172,181,187, 264 Mongolia, 26,215,249-52 mungkha (sweep net), 43-45,46, 66, 165 97; by abilities: bilge, 38-40; sirjit, 158; khara, 31, 59-60; udaghan, 60, 68, 77; ürüng, 59,158 Olonkho, 77-78 Olyokminsk: and early Russian settle ment, 99; and pre-Soviet trading, 91, naghy (calm), 137. See also Sakha character Narkomnat (Russian: People’s Commis sariat of Nationalities), 87 narrative(s), 285n6 (chap 3); cultural, 156,174,175-76; prison in, 92,173; region, and permafrost thaw, 230-31 Omoghoi and Ellei, 28-30 ontology, 16 oral history(ies), 263; and alaas, 6, 75; 77,119-21,145,154; historical, 28֊ author’s experience with, xxiii, 20; as 31, 32, 33-35, 75, 81, 84,159-60 source of local history, 100-2; and Nazarova, Agrafina Vasiliyevna, 7-8, 105-6, 237-38, tar, 46 oral tradition(s), 15 nehiliek (settlement), 91, 99 orto doidu, 58 neoliberal agenda, 10, 20,251 Orto Khalyma, 157,188 New York Times, 245 ötökh (old homestead): and alaas, 199; night sky, 144-45 and permafrost change, 9,134-36, Nolar, Ivan (Ivan Gerasimovich Ivanov), 143,161,190,198,251; in pre-Soviet 83,117,179,182 northern lights. See Jiikeebil life,
117,156,174,176,196 Oymyakon, 234 Nunatsiavut, 252-54 nüölsüter (water management), 69- Palaeo-Eskimos, 27 70, 99-103,108,130,161. See also Paleolithic period, 25, 60 Chokhoroon pandemic, 261-62 pastoralist(s), 251; culture, 33,36,48, Oghuruottaakh, 157-60,162,200; agha uuha descendants of, 117,160 ohuokhai (Sakha’s circle dance): author’s experience of, xvi, xviii, 61; practices, 35, 75; social structure, 62 pasture-making (lugovodstvo), 36,65, 67-72,284n8 (chap 2); with fire,
321 Index 68; by draining lake, 68-69; Soviet documentation of, 88 Pavlova, Matryona Nikolayevna, 194-98 Pekarski, E. К., 7,76-77 perception(s), 125,141; cultural, 235; local, 250 perestroika (Russian: restructuring), 90, 102,157,241 People’s Commissariat of Nationalities. See Narkomnat permafrost, xxiv, 7,9,16, 22; as sleeping giant, 212, 257; change in global policy, 12-14, 20, 21, 203,212, 261-62; Soviet, 86-88,194 Popogayeva, Larisa, 94 post-Soviet period: and alaas, 235, 241- 42, 244; in Elgeeii and Kutana, 1001; and food production, 154-55; and plant knowledge, 66; and multiple drivers of change, 121-24, 242; in Tumul, 109,113; myhyakh, 137-38 postwar period. See World War II, postwar period povestka (Russian: summons), 92,173 pre-Soviet period: in III Bordong, 102- temperature of, 25,215-16,218- 3,117; agha uuha, 6, 111, 117; and 19; change in Sakha, 216-19, 226; alaas 81-82; in Elgeeii and Kutana, continuous, 53,282n4 (chap 1); defi 98-100,158-59; food production nition, 54; discontinuous, 53, 251, tools, 110; inhabitants’ testimonies 282n4 (chap 1); ecosystem adapta of, 173-74; and Sakha belief, 58-61, tions to, 39, 69; ice-free, 42, 230-31; 67; in Tumul, 111, 117 ice-rich, 7,73,212,230; global cov prison, 31; in Olyokminsk, 92,173; and erage of, 214-15; knowledge, 225; Sakha intelligentsia 194; to Siberia knowledge, early scientific, 49-52; for, 175-76,188, 247; and Tygyn, knowledge, contemporary scientific, 285n8 (chap 3) 52-55,214-16; in Sakha, 216-19; Putin, Vladimir, 232, 240 Sakha’s, 23-49; Soviet period, 52; local testimonies of, 9,134-35,143;
relocation(s), 81; due to collectivization, law, 231-33; layers, 54; Mongolia, 5-6, 86,159-60,184; due to state in, 251-52; monitoring, 215, 252; farm consolidation, 95,100,101-9, protective layer, 72-73,203,220, 111-12; due to permafrost thaw, 206, 231,242,252; Sakha terminology of, 229-30; due to sea-level rise, 256; 35-36; science, International, 36, from I Bordong, Russians, 99; last 53-54, 214-16; thaw, 202-3, 208, century of, Sakha, 235; oral history 210-11; local testimonies of, 114, and, 102; to adapt to drought, Sakha, 133-34,143,190,208-9, 223, 233, 70,153; to urban center, 249-50; to 234; types, 53 Yakutsk, 81,183,246 plant(s), xxiv, 66,283n5 (chap 2); inva sive, 250; medicinal, 66,167 reindeer herding, 26, 247,251; in Viliui regions, 30, 32, 99
Index 322 research ethics, xx, 263-64 reindeer heading in, 26; western, 25, research methods: content analysis, 95,163-64,199 125-26, 263; diary keeping, 178, 179,180, 286n5 (chap 5); ethnog Russian Academy of Sciences. See Academy of Sciences, Russian raphy (see ethnography); focus group(s), 142-45,154,155,196; interviews, xvii, xviii, 56, 263-64; interviews, about drivers of change, 70,125-26, 207-209, 239, 250-51; saakh jiete, (“manure house” or balaghari), 104,158 saaryaghas (large birch container), 30, 110 interviews, life history(ies), 21,103, Saasky Tüün, 86-87 106,147-201; interviews, descrip saiylyk (summer home): and alaas, tion of, 147-48, 285n6 (chap 3); oral 78-79,107, 242-43; contemporary, history, 6, 20, 46, 85-86,101-2, 97-98,110; foods of, 66; memories 263, 285n6 (chap 3); survey, 56-57, of, 75; moving from, 36; ritual for, 162-63,171,178, 234, 263, 266; 60-61, 61-63,169; Soviet descrip time allocation, 263; triangulation, tions of, 88; structures of, 65 263 resonance, impactful, 18, 249 ritual(s), 122; and alaas, 162, 243-44; to drain a lake, 68-69; Sakha, 136, Sakha: aboriginal cattle (see Cow[s]); character, 83,136-37, 235, 236; horses, 148 (see also horse hus bandry); language (see language, 205,243-44; at saiylyk, 60-61; and Sakha); president, 211; southern serge, 65 origins, 6,28-33, 61, 67-68,283n9 road conditions: permafrost thaw dam age of, 245; post-Soviet, 99,100,114, 168; Soviet, xvii, 114,165 Romanov, Eduard (Edik), 231 (chap 1); Turkic ancestors, 6,28,31֊ 33,48, 62, 84,283nl2 (chap 1) Sakha Republic, 160,164,175; alaas in, 73; archeology
of, 24-25, 282n6 Romanovsky, Vladimir, 217-19 (chap 1); author’s trips to, xv, 85; Russia, 52, 212; and contemporary poli collectivization in, 95; and defor tics, 240, 244; and early inhabitants, estation of, 114, 203; map of, 38; and 283n7 (chap 1); and deforestation, permafrost change, 205-6, 208, 210, 203; early permafrost observations 217-23, 225-27, 246; Russia’s pres in, 49, 52; and Far Eastern Hect sure on, 240; Soviet assessment of, are program (FEH), 232; Imperial, 88; Sakha aboriginal cattle in, 102; 27,31, 49,55,175; and permafrost on WhatsApp, 135 change, 216; permafrost distribution, 216-19; permafrost monitoring, 215; salama (gift to deity), 20,60-61,113, 128,169-70,181
323 Index Saniiakhtakh, 230-31 shaman. See oiuun satellite imagery, 11,202-3,208,212, Shaman’s Dream, 239 220-22 Sawinova, Nadyezhda Yegorovna, 135 Shei, 158,182,192; as Suntaar regional center, 158 Scandinavia, 25 Shergin, Fedor, 49, 50,215 science, hegemony of, 10,16,20, 228, shelkopriad, 203, 226 248-49 scientific knowledge, xxi, 7,10-13, 71, 121; of alaas, 7-Ю, 21, 72-5, 79, shina (Inuktitut: ice edge), 253 Shishmaref, 20 Siberia, xv, xviii, 165; alaas as unique 135-36,199, 203-4, 219-23; of to, 73; archeological findings in, 25; climate change, 18,123,145,214-15, as exotica, 164; exiled to, 76; explor 225-27; of permafrost, 21, 23,49- ers in, 27, 49; extreme conditions, 55, 207, 214-19, 257 adaptation to, 67; fieldwork in, 11; sea-level rise, 17,246,255-57, 287nl (chap 7) gardening in, 225; soil ice in, 50; permafrost degradation in, 226, 245; sea mammal hunting, 26,253 prisons in, 175,176; Russian colo Second International Conference on nization of, xviii, 49; Sakha’s Turkic Permafrost, 209-10 Semenov, Pavel (Baibai), 8 Semyonov, Arkadi Nikolayevich, 179-83 Semyonov, Vladimir Nikolayevich, 175-76 Semyonova, Ksenya Prokopiyevna, 178-83 sentience: of alaas, 75, 243; and ancient ancestors in southern, 6, 31-33; Yenisei River in, 99 Siderova, Liana Timofeevna, “the hero ine of III Bordong”, 105-6 Siirdaakh, 204-10, 227, 239, 286n3 (chap 6) sirjit. See oiuun slaughter, 20, 56-58,150,155 snow: in historical adaptation, 46, 63, cultures, 27; and cultural belief, 56; 69-70,158,172,180,253; climate of permafrost, 27-28; and Sakha’s change and, 130,131-32,144,160, belief,
21, 33-34, 58-60, 66,118, 183, 214, 249, 253-54; in climate 234, 282nl (chap 1) seppereek (ledum or labrador tea), cleansing with, 128,169 change adaptation, 206,211,227; as horses’ home, 148-53, 283n4 (chap 2) serge (horse hitching post), 65, 81,168 sobo (small carp), 43, 66,180,187, setienekh (last year’s hay), 155 social science, 258; of permafrost thaw, Shakhta Shergina (Russian: Shergin’s Shaft), 51 233-35; of changing alaas, 234-36 Sofronova, Oksana Petrovna, 200
324 Index solutions, 18-20 59,139,144, 240, 242 (see also tyl song(s), xvii, xviii, 136, 205,242; of ichchite)·, of yhyakh, 138; practice to alaas, 3-4, 8-9, 79,117-18,136, appease, 162; Sakha’s, 136,175, 209; 243; and ohuokhai, 139-40; as sonic sustaining, 9,136 medium, 118 Soviet period, 6, 46, 69, 83, 90-97; accounts, 32, 69,52. See also post- Soviet period; pre-Soviet period Soviet Party, 87,139,194 Soviet Union (USSR): end of, 85, 96, 105,109,178, 207, 247; forced col lectivization of, 247; meat and milk Stalin, 87 Stalin’s purges, 88, 92 starvation: Kazakhs’ in Stalin purges, 88. See also achchyk jyl state farm, 86, 88-90; Elgeeii, history of, 95-101; dissolution of, 96, 97, 102, 241 subsistence, 26, 62, 93,144, 228; production during, 93; and non activities, 48; horse and cattle, 6,28, Russian ethnicities, 90; permafrost 61; practices, 27, 36,133, 253,254; monitoring during, 210,215,286n3 resources, 45,98, 111 (chap 6); state farm technicians from Sumgin, Mikhail I., 52 western, 100,164; in WII, 88 summer, 34, 36, 37, 40,75,79; new Special Report on Oceans and Cryo climatological patterns of, 130-33, sphere in a Changing Climate 144,165-66,174,183,191, 208-9, (SROCC), 10-13 228, 249-50; structures of, 29, 63- spirit(s), 128,192; ancestral, 6,117,162; 65,88; work of, 4,37,46-47,59-61, and seasonal change, 3; bad, 9, 82, 66-72, 89,121,125,161,180,185 128,169; interactions with words, Suntaar: 1965 expedition in, 37; and 59; keepers, 58,59 (see also ichchi)·, alaas, 203-4; demographic statistics ohuokhai, spiritual connection of, 123-24; farm consolidation in, 95;
139-40; of birth, 128; of birth alaas, historical narrative of, 30-31,91,99, 6, 7, 82, 234; of Christianity, 17; of 158; and Nyurba, xxi; roads in, 114; earth, 6,58, 61, 77 (see also Aan permafrost monitoring in, 228-29; Alakhchyn)·, of fire, 59 (see also Uot regional paper, xx; and Russian lan Ichchite)·, of glaciers, 255; of khoton, guage preference, 239; and yhyakh, 169; of home hearth, xxiii; of hunt ing, 59 (see also Balanai)·, of lake, xvi-xvii, 4 Suntaar Kutana 100 Alaas, 83 20, 68, 111, 170; of land, 136,170; suoruna (mill), 96,110 of nature, 58 (see also Aan Alakh- suorat (yogurt), xxiii, 46,178,179,185 chyn); of Palaeo-Eskimo culture, süögei (crème fraîche), 4,23,167,178, 27; of place, 111; of plants, 59, 66; of saiylyk, 169; of sky, 58; of words, 179 Svetogorov, Yakov, 49
325 Index sylgyhyt (herder tending horses), 106, 150-53,199 TSP (Thermal State of Permafrost), 215 Tumul: inhabitants’ memories of, 166- 68,169-71,183-84; and lake ritual, Taal Taal Emeekhsin (Old Woman Taal Taal), 33-34 tar (frozen soured milk), 46-47,61, 66, 183-86 tarampaar (shed for tar), 185 20; and meaning of alaas, 4-6; and oibon, 43; and oral history, 100-2, 109-18; and permafrost change, 190, 223 Tungus, 186,187; early accounts of, 27, thallium, 94 29, 30, 31; etymology of “Yakut” 32; The Anthropologist, 17,254, 262 inhabiting Viliui regions, 32; Sakha’s thermokarst, 35; dangerous, 206,21113; modeling, 214,220-23; original adoption of subsistence, 62,66; words in Sakha language, 37, 98, 99 concept of, 73-74; and permafrost Tuoidaakh Alaas, 99,115-17 law, 231-33; as sign of permafrost tüölbe (neighborhood group), 100,141 thaw, 202-3,204-5; on Soviet agri tuos yaghas (medium birch bucket), 127 cultural fields, 226-27 tüpte (burning dung), 29,118 Thunberg, Greta, 260 Timofeev-Tereshkin, Mikhail Nikola yevich, 86 Töbürüön, 5 toion(s) (elite clan head), 62 TOR, 203 Toloon, village of, 103,264-65 Toloon ötökh, 161 Tygyn Darkhand, 30-31,103,194, 285n8 (chap 3), 285nl (chap 5) tyl ichchileekh (words are spirit-filled), 139,140. See also spirit of words tyl ichchite (spirit of words), 59,240, 242. See also spirit of words tymnyy tyhyrgaar (sound of cold). See cold, sound of Törööbüt Alaahym, 117 Törööbüt Doidum, 8-9 udaghan (female shaman). See oiuun tractor: Elgeeii’s first, 93-94; for haying, Ugut Kyöl, 6,116,138-39 109,134,140,155; in song, 118; Ulan Ude, xv Soviet
period, xvii, 67 Ulgutta, 45,134 traders, pre-Soviet, 156,174,175 Tretiyakov, Vladimir Yegorovich, 190 UNESCO’s “Interactive Atlas of World’s Languages in Danger’) 241 Tretiyakov, Yegor Yegorovich, 186-90 ungkachukka (root cellar), 114,185 Tretiyakov, Izabella (Iza) Nikolayevna, uraha (birch bark tent), 29,32, 63-65, 191-98 78,103 Trofimov, Afanasee Ivanovich, 106-7 urban Sakha, 8-9, 78-79,145, 243 Trofimova, Olga Naumovna (Edjay), Ural Mountains, 28, 49 4-6, 43,109, 111, 169 Uot ichchite (fire spirit), 59, 60,136
Index 326 ÜrüngAiyy Toion (Great Lord Master), 36, 58 ürüngas (white foods), 75,124,129, 150,178,179,183 weather observation, inhabitants! 38- 39,144-45,154. See also bilge wet and dry cycles, 39-40, 70-71,129, 130,160-61,174 USSR. See Soviet Union WhatsApp, 135, 236,237 Ust Aldan, 205-10 wheat, Sakha’s pre-Russian use of, Varlamova, Anastasia, 4, 8 winter: author experience of, xix, 43, 48-49 vernacular knowledge: of alaas, 18, 56-58, 204; new climatological pat 199-200; to gauge change, 122,148, terns of, xxiv, 23-24,119-21, ISO- 207; and global change research, 14, 32, 144-45,150-52,154,160,174, 207, 216, 256; in linguistic heritage, 190,249,253-54,256-57; Sakha 22,27,35-37; and weather predic narratives of, 34-36; structures of, tion, 38-39 32, 61-65, 89, 97; tar, 46-47,185; verticality, 255 work of, 43-44, 66,209 Vechnaia merzlota, 16 World Bank, 256 Verkhoyansk, 233 world leaders, female during Covid, 260 Viliui River: as early transport route, world-making, 16 99; and Elgeeii hayland, 97,181; environmental issues of, 94-95,156; World War II, 88, 93,105,126,118,159, 176,192; postwar period, 73, 88, 94 oibon on, 44; sialihar trapping, 180; Suntaar on, xvii; and Viliui Sakha, Yakutia, 24, 46,164,231 30, 63 Yakutsk: 1970 Permafrost Conference, Viliui Sakha: and alaas, 74,102; author’s 209-10, 226; and alaas, 8; early assessment of, 246; chronology of observation of permafrost in, 51, research with, 263-64; and climate 55; explorers in, 49; deforestation in change, 119,253-54; and collectiv Suntaar for dachas in, 166,183; Jyl ization, 93,104; and cultural change,
Oghuha, 119-20; and kino-mekhanik 201, 241; cultural narratives, 258; training, 177; out-migration to, 121; earth spirit of, 59; origin narrative permafrost station in, 52, 215, 226; of, 30; and permafrost change, and prison in, 173; protests in, 240; 223-24 Sakha migration from south to, 98, visual anthropology, 264-65 158; students in, 82 Yakutsk Meteorological Station, 226 Washington Post, 245-46 yasak (Russian: fur tribute), 49,157 watermen, 256-57 yedoma, 52, 209,286nnl-2 (chap 6)
Index Yegorov, Semyon Petrovich, 113, 183-84 Yegorova, Matryona Naumova, xxiii-xxiv yhyakh (Sakha’s summer festival), xvixviii, 4, 6, 30,39, 40, 60,118; memo ries of, 137-39; spiritual aspects, xvi, xviii, 138 youth: absent from villages, 121,128, 327 in villages for, 198; out-migration to urban areas, 97,121,123,250, 254; out-migration to Yakutsk, 121, 123,142,190,209,236; preference for horses, 207; retaining in villages, 140-43; role in cows-and-kin, 242; spent on the alaas, 6, 75 permafrost monitoring, 228; early history of, 215 207, 254; activism, 262; and alaas, Yraas Olokh (Clean Life), 89 82,196,235; and higher education, ytyk (utensil of cow horn), 128,185 97,121; and language loss, 236-40; Ytyk Khaia, 29 disinterest in cows, 124,129,207; Yukaghir, 27 disinterest in subsistence practices, 133, 257; engaging to learn language, 241; engaging to learn heritage, 156- 57; engaging to learn about per mafrost, 229; in focus groups, 144; Zabolotskaya, Margarita Ilyinichna, 171-75 Zhanova, Tatiyana Constantinovna, 162-69 inside on computers, 126; interest in Zverov, Sergei, xvii, 182,286n6 (chap 5) cows, 125; memories of, xxiii, 4, 6, Zverov Museum of Sakha Culture, 179, 64,126,174,188-89, 256; no future 182,183 |
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Index 100 Alaas, 83,191-96 I Bordong, 99,284ո2 (chap 3). See also Elgeeii III Bordong, 95-109; as birth alaas 171, adaptation, 147,148,234,242,250, 252; to alaas, 55, 61-72; cows-andkin (see cows-and-kin); explorers’ accounts of Sakha’s, 47-48; human 174; in Elgeeii hayland, 129,181; ori capacity to, 247-48; to climate gins of, 284n2 (chap 3); and Tumul, change, 133; to ecosystem, 24, 252- 111, 117 53,255,256,257; to end of USSR, 96; in IPCC work, 12-14; northern Aal Luuk Mas (tree of life), 77-78, 81 peoples^ 15, 33,137,186; to perma Aan Alakhchyn (khotun) (spirit mother frost thaw, 207, 219, 227, 229-31; of Earth), 58, 59, 77, 78 abaahy (devil), 9; in narrative, 34; in physical and spiritual, 28, 33-34; Sakha’s historical, 21, 28, 86,102, Sakha belief, 59-60; protecting 241, 247; socio-ecological, 248; to against, 170,171-72; 285n3 (chap 5) village life, 96,153 aboriginal cattle, Sakha, 105,108; breeding program, 102; SakhaSimmental mix, 93 Academy of Sciences: Russian, 50; USSR, 88, 210 achchykjyl (starvation year 1942), 93, 126 adaptive success, 27 Afanaseyev, Matvei Dmitriyevich, 195-97 Afanaseyev, Valerian Yegorovich, 148-53 Afanaseyeva, Maria Pavlovna, 41-42, 111
Index 312 agency, 75,143,145, 244 234, 235; land management of, agha uuha (patrilineal clan), 6; and 67-72; linguistic analysis of, 81-82; “by the alaas”, 72, 111, 117,159; and management, Soviet assessment of Chokoroon, 99; on maps, 116,117; Sakha’s, 88-89; meaning, inter and ohuokhai, 139; and nehiliek, viewees, 135-36; origins of, 52; 284n3 (chap 3) patriots (see alasny patrioti)·, and agharaan (fermented fish), 47 permafrost thaw, 9,134,143,161, Agham Alaaha, 3-4, 79 202-14, 229-30, 235-36; plants of, Agriculture: and alaas, 73; and climate 49, 65, 66; sacred, 112,132,136,162, change, 220; contemporary devel 200; and Sakha authors, 83-84,179, opment of in Sakha, 140-41, 211-12; 182,190-98; and Sakha language, Department of, 93,124; glacial 240; Sakha’s historical narrative of, dependence of, 255; and permafrost 30; Sakha’s historical settlement law, 231; Soviet period development on, 61-3,84,103, 111; Sakha’s of, 87, 88, 89 historical relocation from, 88-93, Aian Suoi, 150,151,168; and deforesta 115-17,241-42; Sakha’s Indigenous tion, 183; and Kutana economy, 100, knowledge of, 56-77,199; scientific 129; and road development, 114 aiyy (gods), 58, 59, 60 alaaji (small round pancake), 7; in knowledge of, 72-74,145,209-210, 219-23, 229; seasonal work on, 61, 72; social science of, 79-82, 233-36; ritual act, 20,169,170,192, 205; songs of, 79; spiritual importance, uohakh, 128,178 9,13, 21, 58,145, 235; spiritual alaas, xxii, 3-10,13,19,21-22, 55, practices of, 60-61, 82,235,112,117, 56-77; as ancestral lands, 78-79, 234-35; toponyms of, 77; and youth, 99,136,162,183; as
identity, 22, 78, 82,125, 200; zone, central regions, 84,102,118,126,145-46,162,257; 73-74 as protector, 82; birth, 82, 86, 97, alasny patrioti (alaas patriots), 82 118,162,181,184, 210; cycle, 73-74, algys (sung prayer), 59,60-61,68,186 219-20, 236; cultural meaning of, 8, allaraa doidu (lower world), 58,59 74-75, 79, 81, 86,109,125,136,145, ampaar (shed), 46, 65 242-44; divergent understandings ancestral lineage, 100,103,106,117, of, 74-75,199-201, 208-9; fishing 188; contemporary reconstruction and hunting by, 66-67; foods from, of, 155-56,157-58,160,176,183; 65-7; and industrialization, 134-35, Soviet period reconstruction of, 190, 211; inhabitants’ testimonies of, 7-8, 191-95 9, 75, 82, 86,107,112,127,135-36, ancestral migration, 32 139,159-60,174-75, 208-9,233, Andes, 254-57
313 Index Andreyev, Osip Dmitrievich, 112,113- 14,169-71 Anthropology, investigating change and, 14,19-20,122,146 explorers’ accounts of, 88-89; and importance of language, 239-40; and panpsychism, 283nl (chap 2); Sakha’s historical, 21, 39, Aranghastaakh, 90,158 58-61,168-70,172; Soviet repres archeology(ical): data, 24; evidence, 26; sion of, 87, 90,112; And yhyakh, findings, 25; record, 25, 99 137-38 archival research, xvi, 6,10, 86,99,263 belimien (dumplings), xxiii Arctic, 11; and climate knowledge, 22; bereski (pies), xxxiii definition of, 282n3 (chap 1); and Bering Sea, 25 human inhabitance, 24,25; and Bies Ynakhtaakh Beiberikeen Emeekhsin people’s spirituality, 27; permafrost thaw in, 206 (Old Woman Beyberikeen with five cows), 77-78,192 Arctic Social Indicators project, 241 bilge (forecaster), 38-40 ARV (adaptation, resilience, vulnerabil biosphere, 210,247, 248 ity), 13 birch, 67; bark, for containers, 29-30, Arymys, 158,162 47, 61,110,127,185; in ceremonies, Aryylaakh, 99; kolkhoz, 159-60 60,113; to heal, 104; for housing, 63; Australia, 260 to predict weather, 40; in song, 3-4, 117-18 Baer, Karl Ernst, 28 baahynai khahaaiystyba (collective), 96,155; Dabaan, 102,107,108 Balanai (spirit of taiga), 59, 67,186, Baikal, Lake, xv, 31,32,203,283n8 (chap 1) buluus (permafrost freezer), 41-42, 47, 65; in historical accounts, 49; and climate change, 41, 233; and moder nity, 21,264 Buryat Republic, xv-xvi bushfires, 260 balaghan (winter dwelling), 104,110-11, 117,156; as winter home, 61, 63-65, CALM (Circumpolar Active Layer 97,172; and prosperity, 91; female
Monitoring), 215 (dark) and male (light) side of, 77; Campbell, Craig, 90 Turkic roots of, 32 canal making, 68,70,107; Chokoroon’s, bania (Russian: bathhouse), 167 103; governmental, 129,130,161, barter, contemporary, 150,155,178,179, 181. See also khoruu 187-88 Caucuses, 163,164 Basso, Keith, 145 Century of Perestroikas, 90,102, 241 belief: and alaas, 7, 56; and cow chabychakh (birch container), 110,185 keeping, 20; in destiny, 167-68; Chakras, 255
Index 314 change: climate (see climate change); 23-24,147-48,199; and summer cultural, 237; drivers of, 121-23, 241, nights, 132,144,165-66, 250 244,254; intergenerational, 21,126- collectivization, 67, 86-88, 91,159, 27; socio-cultural, 236 Chesapeake Bay, 254-57 children: and cell phones, 237-8; giving away for others to care for, 127,156, 184-85; in Elgeeii and Kutana, 90-91 colonial accounts of Sakha permafrost knowledge, 47-49, 54-55 285; and language (see language, colonization, Russian, xviii, 99 children and); and ohuokhai, 138 Committee of the North, 87 China: governmental interests, 203, 250; and permafrost, 251; students from, 260 Chokhoroon, 99,101-104; canal, communication: changing modes of, 236-37; Internet, effects of, 237; and ohuokhai, 237 complexity of change, 21,119; and Chokhoroon’s, 103,107,108; descen- alaas, 146; community testimonies dant(s) of, 104,107,117 of, 125-42; definition of, 121-22; choroon (wooden chalice), 30, 40, 41 and life histories, 147-48, 200; in Churapcha, 202, 204-13, 220-22, regional data, 123-24 229-30 climate change, xx, 22,119-21, 214-16; consolidation (for collective and state farm), 86, 90,104 anthropology and, 19-20,122-23; consumer culture, 16,18, 88,258 communication of, 17-18; earlier cosmology, xviii, 27, 255 project results investigating, 130, Cossack(s), 49, 55 142-43; and human activity, 220, Covid-19, 260 241, 244; Kiribati and, 254-57; and cow(s), 34-44; contemporary decrease knowledge systems, 11-15, 247-48 in, 121-25,207; contemporary vil (see also Indigenous, local, scientific lage keeping, 108,128-29,140-41;
knowledge); local testimonies of, cow-keepers’ testimony of, 127-29, 17,119-21,131-32,143-44,152, 167,178,180,185; Sakha’s historical 154,160-61,165-66,174, 200-201, increase in, 48; Sakha’s (sacred) 223-25, 234; in Mongolia, 249-52; practices, 58, 60,113,128,169,192 in Nunatsiavut, 252-54; in Peru, 17, cow keeping: and buluus, 41; contem 254-55; in Sakha Republic, 9, 235- porary approaches to, 124-25,140- 36, 245-57. See also alaas, complex 42; and knowledge, 128; and oibon, ity of change, permafrost 43; and loss of youth labor, 121-22; cold, 33,152,154,204, 254; deceptive, 57; resource, 28, 45-46; sound of, and seasonal change, 97. See also. cows-and-kin
315 Index cows-and-kin, 96-97, 98,109,121,179 constraint, 24-25,119,149, 254. See Cruikshank, Julie, 282 also adaptation; permafrost cryosphere, 210, 211, 248, 257, 258 Edjay. See Trofimova, Olga Naumovna cultural identity, 90,196; alaas as, 5-6, Eg-Selenga, 250-51 22, 75, 81-84,118, 242-44; identifi cation, 78, 83,117 elders: and III Bordong, 102-4; and author’s research: 1992-1993, Cultural Keystone Place (CKP), 243 xvii-xx; 1999-2000, xxii-xxiii, 6, Cultural Keystone Species, 242; alaas 46, 284nl0 (chap 2), 285n7 (chap 3); as, 242 2003-2005,109-110; 2006-2014, xxi-xxii, 119-21,130; and birth alaas, dacha (Russian: summer home), 164, 166,183 71-72,75-76, 235; in global change research, 22; and contemporary cow Dalai Lama, 260 keeping, 125,130,179; and kolkhoz deforestation, 114,134-35,183, 200, 203 work, 96; and language loss, 237; dekulakization, 88 and proverbs, 144,154; remember demographic analysis, 123-24 ing youth, 64; as sources of wisdom, development: colonial, 55; cultural, 90; 169-71; and ürüngas, 124,128-29 Soviet, 72-73, 75,113; village, inhab itants’ opinions of, 114,140-42 diamond(s), 189; colonies, 95; discovery of in Viliui regions, 94 Elgeeii, 44; and author’s research: xvi-xxiv, 85-86; map of, 5, 76; and yhyakh, 6; etymology, 37, 98; Nature Museum, 178; Soviet and post-Soviet disaster research, 122 period in, 90-109,124-25,129; as diversity: biocultural, 248; knowledge Suntaar regional center, 99 systems, of, 19; oral traditions, of, 15 environmental change, 122,166,200 dölühüön (rose hips), xxiv environmental conditions, 36,37, 40 duck hunting. See
hunting, ducks environmental issues, 122,113-14; of Duiktai culture, 25-26 Viliui regions, xx, 94-95,189 düngür (shaman’s drum), 59 environmental justice, 122 dzud (Mongolian: extreme winter), environmental projects, xv 249-50 epistemology, 14,16 eterbes (suede boots), xxiii-xxiv, 187,192 ecosystem: alaas, 79-80,97,226, 245; grassland, Mongolia’s, 249; per mafrost, vernacular understanding ethnography, xx, 19, 21,90,122; cli mate, 19-20; longitudinal, 10,265; multi-species, 282 of, 7, 27-28,33-40, adaptations ethnosphere, 248 to, 40-47, 67-72; as underlying Eurasia, 24, 25,31,219
Index 316 fairy tale, 15, 258 Far Eastern Hectare [FEH] program. See Gektar Fedorov, Afanasii Semenovich, xvi Fedorov, Alexander Nikolaevich. See Fyodorov, Alexander Nikolayevich fieldwork: and “knowing”, 19; and buluus, 41; to gauge change, 85-86, Global Terrestrial Network of Perma frost (GTN-P), 215 globalization, 15,142, 236, 241; and meat imports, 124 Gmelin, Johann Georg, 49 Grant, Bruce, 90 greenhouse, 135,166,172 Greenland, 25 101-2, 203, 263-64; interdisciplin ary, 250. See also elders: and author’s Haraway, Donna, 224 research, research methods hay, 102-3,167; adaptive techniques: fire(s): as ritual conduit, 34,59-61,169; muus oto (ice haying), 70; uolba, forest, 133; to replenish hay land, 68, 70; cutting, 23; land, contemporary 71, 89,134 issues: and burning prohibition, focus group(s). See research methods food(s), 81; culture, 45; from the alaas, 65-67; system, Sakha’s, 45-47,4849,185 133; Elgeeii’s, 97,107-9,128-30; and horse breeding, 150-53; and permafrost thaw, 133-35; as too expensive, 140 forage(ing), 165-66,180,186-87; and herders, 251; Mongolian, 249-52 alaas, 6,9, 65; change in, 108,112, Hero Dmitri (Dmitri Gavrilovich 155,188-90,252; for sobo, 43-45; and spirits of, 59; Tungus methods, 62, 66 forced forgetting, 101,145 Frobisher, Sir Martin, 52, 55 Fyodorov, Alexander Nikolayevich, xxi- xxii, 202-7, 210-14, 224-33 Fyodorov, Anatoli Petrovich, 100,157- 62, 200 Andreev), 111-13 Holocene, 25, 216 horse and cattle breeding, 28,32-33, 61, 97-99,125,226 horse husbandry: Sakha, 148-53; changes in, 128,151, 207 household food production: and climate
change, 191; historical changes in, 46-47, 86, 93, 241; gardening, 163-66,172,191, 225 household diaries of, 180, 286n5 Gektar, 203, 232-23 (chap 5); post-Soviet, 67,121,166, Genealogy. See ancestral lineage 169,178-81; survey of, 56-57, Genghis Khan, 31, 32 162-63. See also cows-and-kin; Gerasimova, Sardana Mikhailovna, 153-57,166 global change, 14,15, 228, 246; research, 122, 247 subsistence household hierarchy, reflected in sleep ing places, 63, 65 Hovsgol, Lake, 249
317 Index human-environment: interactions, 31, 146; relationship, 6, 22,90,102 hunting, 127,186-90,253, 285n3 (chap 4); ducks, 155,181; and fishing, 26-27,48; Tungus, 32,66,102,235, 247; hare, 37 hydroelectric station, 250-51; Viliui GES, 95,143,189 intelligentsia (Russian: intellectuals), 191,194 interdisciplinarity, xxi, 122, 235-36 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 10-13 International Permafrost Association (IPA), 53, 215 irbet tong (permafrost), 16 Ivanov, Ivan Gerasimovich. See Nolar, ice, 22; for drinking water, 41,132; and fishing, 43-46, 66; ground (see per mafrost); haying, 70; reading of, 253; Ivan Ivanov, Nikolai Innokentiyevich (Kuola Uchuutal), 83-84,117,190-98,199 season, changes in, 253; as sentient, Ivanova, Marfa Koninivna, 104-5 33-34; windows, 36, 63-64 Ivanova, Mariya Leekenovna, 23-24, ice dependence, 252,254,255,257 112-14,183-86 ichchi (spirit keepers), 58-61,60,235, 240. See also spirit(s) Ides, Ysbrants E., 27 leiiekhsit (protector of humans, horses and cows), 58 Jew’s harp (khomus), xv-xvi, 118,192; conference, International, xv Jochelson, Waldemar, 32, 48 Jogolookh, 85-86 I-Kiribati, 256-58 Jolly, Dyanna, 22 Him (standing net), 43-44, 66 journal entry, 4, 85-86,110,172-73, Indigenous knowledge: of alaas, 7-10, 202-3,204 56-84,223-24,243; of climate jukaakh (boarders), 62,103 change, 121; and cow care, 128; in Jiikeebil (northern lights), 145 forecasting, 38-40 (see also bilge)·, Jyl Oghuha (Bull of Winter), xxi-iv, 34- I-Kiribati’s, 255-56; and IPCC, 10-13, 35,119-21,132,145,154, 254-55 248,282n4 (Intro); literature of, 13- 15;
and interdisciplinary research, 201, Kempandai, 93,105,173,182 216,223-24,228-29; and modernity, kencheeri (aftermath), 152-53 183; of permafrost, 33-49,55,58, khaahy (porridge), 46,48,66,185 223-24; and western science, 247-48 khallaan (upper world), 58 Inna Poire, 53 innovation, 33, 40-48, 67-68,129,262; capacity to, human’s, 247,248, 257; Khangalas: area near Yakutsk, 157; early name of Kutana, 99,185; kolkhoz, entrepreneurs, 182-83; village food 159-60; Sakha, 99,157,185 Khatilii, 204-10 production, 124 khomus. See Jew’s harp
318 Index khorchop (food stalls), 138-39 khoruu (canal), 69,103,108,130,151֊ 52,161. See also canal khoton (barn), 85-86; contemporary “freeing” from, 121; common for all village, 124,129; and permafrost change, 245; rituals for, 128,136-37, knowledge system(s), 10-17,19-22, 24, 39, 56, 200,256; corroboration of, 228; integration of, 14-15, 201, 207, 216, 224, 228, 247-49 Kondratyev, Arian Andreyevich, 103, 117-18 kolkhoz (collective farm), 67,184-85; 169-70; rituals in, 171-72; Soviet, in III Bordong, 104-5; and consoli 85-86; Soviet separation of, 89-90 dation, 75, 86, 90,159-60; 90-100; Khrushchev, Nikita, 95 kimberlite, 94 Kimmerer, Robin Wall, 247 kühïle (sorrel), xxiv kin: contemporary reliance on, 97-98, and deserters, 173 kömülüök (open-faced stove), 64, 89, 91, 283n2 (chap 2) korenizatsiia (Russian: nativization), 87 Kostenki, 25 153,179; and haying, 181; networks, Kriosfera Zemli, 211 98,100,160; and yhyakh, 138; trac Krupnik, Igor, 22 ing, 190,195. See also cows-and-kin; Ksenofontov, Gavril, 32 ancestral lineage kuiuur (pole with net for ice fishing), Kiribati, 254-57 43-44, 66, Kiribati Adaptation Program, 256 Kulakovski, Aleksei Eliseevich, 239 Kirilina, Olympiyada (Lipa) Nikan- kuluhun kune (sweat days), 93,108 derovna, 175-78,188 knowledge: 148; alaas, 56-84; effect of consolidation on, 86; elder, 121,144, 148,154,171-72; Indigenous (see Indigenous knowledge); intergenerational transmission of, 128; local (see local knowledge); local testimonies Künde (Aleksey Andreyevich Ivanov), 182, 286n7 (chap 5) Kundeii, 105,124,171; success in con temporary cow
keeping, 124-25, 128 Kuola Uchuutal. See Ivanov, Nikolai Innokentiyevich of, 126-46; of place, 9,107; of cli küörchekh (whipped cream), xxiii, 179 mate change, 18, 22 (see also knowl kureppitter (escape the devil), 171-72 edge systems); permafrost, 23-55; Kurikan, 31,32, 48, 65, 70 scientific (see scientific knowledge); Kutana, xvii, xxii, 5,21, 42, 76; early socially produced, 56 knowledge exchange, xxi, 122,205-9, 224-29 knowledge-making, 16 history, 99,158-60; etymology, 37, 99; Soviet and post-Soviet period in, 90-100,109-15,124-25,129; Sun- taar regional center, as, 99,158
319 Index kymys (fermented mare’s milk), xxiii, 36; in historical accounts, 29,103; at yhyakh, 40,110; in ritual, 205 linguistic heritage, 35-38; reflecting seasonal change, 36-37; toponyms, 37-38, 77,117,196 Kÿôl Elgeeii, 67,104,115 literacy, 90 kystyk (winter home), 36,60, 66, 86, local knowledge: and Chesapeake 107 Kÿÿkei, 156; contemporary, 124; for hay watermen, 256; inhabitants’, 153, 165,233; and IPCC, 10-13,248, wealth, 181; historical inhabitance of, 282n4 (Intro); and interdisciplinary 91-92; and permafrost change, 114, research, 201, 216, 223-24, 228-29; 223; Soviet period, 164,176,184 literature of, 13-15; of permafrost, Kÿÿkei Lake: origin narrative of, 71-72; 55 and permafrost change, 134; ritual lugovodstvo. See pasture-making for, 43,110-11,170 Lvov, Vasili Mikhailovich, 107-9 Kyym, 82 maa muut (Finno-Ugric: earth rat), 28 language, 35; children and, 237-39; fed mammoth, 25,26,27, 28 eral protocols, 240; loss of, 236-44; Mamontovaya Kurya, 25 native, policies against, 87; ohuokhai Marino, Beth, 20 and, 139-40,237; Russian, xix, 52, Martinova, Svetlana Gavrilovna, 135, 79-80,164,224, 240; Sakha, xvixxi, 224,281nl (Intro): and alaas, 79-80; first dictionary, 76-77; 137,196-98 matrilineal clan structure, Sakha’s, 59, 60 linguistic heritage, 35-38; sentience McGhee, Robert, 27 of, 58-59; Turkic roots, 31-32, 77, media: international, 245-47,258; 164-65; semantic fields, 80-81 social, 135, 237,241 larch, Dahurian, 24 Melbourne, 260 Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 25 Melnikov, P. L, 52,210 Law on the Protection of Permafrost in Melnikov Permafrost Institute, xxi, 251
the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). See permafrost, law Lena River, 30, 32,51,231, 283n8 (chap 1) memory(ies): of alaas, 6,8-9,83-84, 243; of childhood/early life, 75,104- 5,112,126,147; of environmental issues, 189; of ohuokhai, 139-40; of Lenin, 87 place, 102,117,161-62; social/col- leppueske (flat bread), xxiii lective, 101-2; of Soviet conditions, life histories, 147-201. See also research 165-66,177-78,185; watermen’s, methods 256; of yhyakh, 138-39
Index 320 Meyer, John, 18 118,149; as communication, 237; Middendorf, A. E, 51 to gauge change, 137; memories of, model(s): ground truthing of, 14; as way to know, 23; sustainable, 98; for pub 138-40,176; Soviet changes of, 139; spiritual quality of, 6,58-59 lic understanding, 211; of permafrost oibon (water hole in ice), 42-43,44,173 change, 214, 215-16, 217, 226 oiuun (shaman), 34,37, 39, 66, 68,195- modernity, 198, 246, 251; in villages, 21, 97,172,181,187, 264 Mongolia, 26,215,249-52 mungkha (sweep net), 43-45,46, 66, 165 97; by abilities: bilge, 38-40; sirjit, 158; khara, 31, 59-60; udaghan, 60, 68, 77; ürüng, 59,158 Olonkho, 77-78 Olyokminsk: and early Russian settle ment, 99; and pre-Soviet trading, 91, naghy (calm), 137. See also Sakha character Narkomnat (Russian: People’s Commis sariat of Nationalities), 87 narrative(s), 285n6 (chap 3); cultural, 156,174,175-76; prison in, 92,173; region, and permafrost thaw, 230-31 Omoghoi and Ellei, 28-30 ontology, 16 oral history(ies), 263; and alaas, 6, 75; 77,119-21,145,154; historical, 28֊ author’s experience with, xxiii, 20; as 31, 32, 33-35, 75, 81, 84,159-60 source of local history, 100-2; and Nazarova, Agrafina Vasiliyevna, 7-8, 105-6, 237-38, tar, 46 oral tradition(s), 15 nehiliek (settlement), 91, 99 orto doidu, 58 neoliberal agenda, 10, 20,251 Orto Khalyma, 157,188 New York Times, 245 ötökh (old homestead): and alaas, 199; night sky, 144-45 and permafrost change, 9,134-36, Nolar, Ivan (Ivan Gerasimovich Ivanov), 143,161,190,198,251; in pre-Soviet 83,117,179,182 northern lights. See Jiikeebil life,
117,156,174,176,196 Oymyakon, 234 Nunatsiavut, 252-54 nüölsüter (water management), 69- Palaeo-Eskimos, 27 70, 99-103,108,130,161. See also Paleolithic period, 25, 60 Chokhoroon pandemic, 261-62 pastoralist(s), 251; culture, 33,36,48, Oghuruottaakh, 157-60,162,200; agha uuha descendants of, 117,160 ohuokhai (Sakha’s circle dance): author’s experience of, xvi, xviii, 61; practices, 35, 75; social structure, 62 pasture-making (lugovodstvo), 36,65, 67-72,284n8 (chap 2); with fire,
321 Index 68; by draining lake, 68-69; Soviet documentation of, 88 Pavlova, Matryona Nikolayevna, 194-98 Pekarski, E. К., 7,76-77 perception(s), 125,141; cultural, 235; local, 250 perestroika (Russian: restructuring), 90, 102,157,241 People’s Commissariat of Nationalities. See Narkomnat permafrost, xxiv, 7,9,16, 22; as sleeping giant, 212, 257; change in global policy, 12-14, 20, 21, 203,212, 261-62; Soviet, 86-88,194 Popogayeva, Larisa, 94 post-Soviet period: and alaas, 235, 241- 42, 244; in Elgeeii and Kutana, 1001; and food production, 154-55; and plant knowledge, 66; and multiple drivers of change, 121-24, 242; in Tumul, 109,113; myhyakh, 137-38 postwar period. See World War II, postwar period povestka (Russian: summons), 92,173 pre-Soviet period: in III Bordong, 102- temperature of, 25,215-16,218- 3,117; agha uuha, 6, 111, 117; and 19; change in Sakha, 216-19, 226; alaas 81-82; in Elgeeii and Kutana, continuous, 53,282n4 (chap 1); defi 98-100,158-59; food production nition, 54; discontinuous, 53, 251, tools, 110; inhabitants’ testimonies 282n4 (chap 1); ecosystem adapta of, 173-74; and Sakha belief, 58-61, tions to, 39, 69; ice-free, 42, 230-31; 67; in Tumul, 111, 117 ice-rich, 7,73,212,230; global cov prison, 31; in Olyokminsk, 92,173; and erage of, 214-15; knowledge, 225; Sakha intelligentsia 194; to Siberia knowledge, early scientific, 49-52; for, 175-76,188, 247; and Tygyn, knowledge, contemporary scientific, 285n8 (chap 3) 52-55,214-16; in Sakha, 216-19; Putin, Vladimir, 232, 240 Sakha’s, 23-49; Soviet period, 52; local testimonies of, 9,134-35,143;
relocation(s), 81; due to collectivization, law, 231-33; layers, 54; Mongolia, 5-6, 86,159-60,184; due to state in, 251-52; monitoring, 215, 252; farm consolidation, 95,100,101-9, protective layer, 72-73,203,220, 111-12; due to permafrost thaw, 206, 231,242,252; Sakha terminology of, 229-30; due to sea-level rise, 256; 35-36; science, International, 36, from I Bordong, Russians, 99; last 53-54, 214-16; thaw, 202-3, 208, century of, Sakha, 235; oral history 210-11; local testimonies of, 114, and, 102; to adapt to drought, Sakha, 133-34,143,190,208-9, 223, 233, 70,153; to urban center, 249-50; to 234; types, 53 Yakutsk, 81,183,246 plant(s), xxiv, 66,283n5 (chap 2); inva sive, 250; medicinal, 66,167 reindeer herding, 26, 247,251; in Viliui regions, 30, 32, 99
Index 322 research ethics, xx, 263-64 reindeer heading in, 26; western, 25, research methods: content analysis, 95,163-64,199 125-26, 263; diary keeping, 178, 179,180, 286n5 (chap 5); ethnog Russian Academy of Sciences. See Academy of Sciences, Russian raphy (see ethnography); focus group(s), 142-45,154,155,196; interviews, xvii, xviii, 56, 263-64; interviews, about drivers of change, 70,125-26, 207-209, 239, 250-51; saakh jiete, (“manure house” or balaghari), 104,158 saaryaghas (large birch container), 30, 110 interviews, life history(ies), 21,103, Saasky Tüün, 86-87 106,147-201; interviews, descrip saiylyk (summer home): and alaas, tion of, 147-48, 285n6 (chap 3); oral 78-79,107, 242-43; contemporary, history, 6, 20, 46, 85-86,101-2, 97-98,110; foods of, 66; memories 263, 285n6 (chap 3); survey, 56-57, of, 75; moving from, 36; ritual for, 162-63,171,178, 234, 263, 266; 60-61, 61-63,169; Soviet descrip time allocation, 263; triangulation, tions of, 88; structures of, 65 263 resonance, impactful, 18, 249 ritual(s), 122; and alaas, 162, 243-44; to drain a lake, 68-69; Sakha, 136, Sakha: aboriginal cattle (see Cow[s]); character, 83,136-37, 235, 236; horses, 148 (see also horse hus bandry); language (see language, 205,243-44; at saiylyk, 60-61; and Sakha); president, 211; southern serge, 65 origins, 6,28-33, 61, 67-68,283n9 road conditions: permafrost thaw dam age of, 245; post-Soviet, 99,100,114, 168; Soviet, xvii, 114,165 Romanov, Eduard (Edik), 231 (chap 1); Turkic ancestors, 6,28,31֊ 33,48, 62, 84,283nl2 (chap 1) Sakha Republic, 160,164,175; alaas in, 73; archeology
of, 24-25, 282n6 Romanovsky, Vladimir, 217-19 (chap 1); author’s trips to, xv, 85; Russia, 52, 212; and contemporary poli collectivization in, 95; and defor tics, 240, 244; and early inhabitants, estation of, 114, 203; map of, 38; and 283n7 (chap 1); and deforestation, permafrost change, 205-6, 208, 210, 203; early permafrost observations 217-23, 225-27, 246; Russia’s pres in, 49, 52; and Far Eastern Hect sure on, 240; Soviet assessment of, are program (FEH), 232; Imperial, 88; Sakha aboriginal cattle in, 102; 27,31, 49,55,175; and permafrost on WhatsApp, 135 change, 216; permafrost distribution, 216-19; permafrost monitoring, 215; salama (gift to deity), 20,60-61,113, 128,169-70,181
323 Index Saniiakhtakh, 230-31 shaman. See oiuun satellite imagery, 11,202-3,208,212, Shaman’s Dream, 239 220-22 Sawinova, Nadyezhda Yegorovna, 135 Shei, 158,182,192; as Suntaar regional center, 158 Scandinavia, 25 Shergin, Fedor, 49, 50,215 science, hegemony of, 10,16,20, 228, shelkopriad, 203, 226 248-49 scientific knowledge, xxi, 7,10-13, 71, 121; of alaas, 7-Ю, 21, 72-5, 79, shina (Inuktitut: ice edge), 253 Shishmaref, 20 Siberia, xv, xviii, 165; alaas as unique 135-36,199, 203-4, 219-23; of to, 73; archeological findings in, 25; climate change, 18,123,145,214-15, as exotica, 164; exiled to, 76; explor 225-27; of permafrost, 21, 23,49- ers in, 27, 49; extreme conditions, 55, 207, 214-19, 257 adaptation to, 67; fieldwork in, 11; sea-level rise, 17,246,255-57, 287nl (chap 7) gardening in, 225; soil ice in, 50; permafrost degradation in, 226, 245; sea mammal hunting, 26,253 prisons in, 175,176; Russian colo Second International Conference on nization of, xviii, 49; Sakha’s Turkic Permafrost, 209-10 Semenov, Pavel (Baibai), 8 Semyonov, Arkadi Nikolayevich, 179-83 Semyonov, Vladimir Nikolayevich, 175-76 Semyonova, Ksenya Prokopiyevna, 178-83 sentience: of alaas, 75, 243; and ancient ancestors in southern, 6, 31-33; Yenisei River in, 99 Siderova, Liana Timofeevna, “the hero ine of III Bordong”, 105-6 Siirdaakh, 204-10, 227, 239, 286n3 (chap 6) sirjit. See oiuun slaughter, 20, 56-58,150,155 snow: in historical adaptation, 46, 63, cultures, 27; and cultural belief, 56; 69-70,158,172,180,253; climate of permafrost, 27-28; and Sakha’s change and, 130,131-32,144,160, belief,
21, 33-34, 58-60, 66,118, 183, 214, 249, 253-54; in climate 234, 282nl (chap 1) seppereek (ledum or labrador tea), cleansing with, 128,169 change adaptation, 206,211,227; as horses’ home, 148-53, 283n4 (chap 2) serge (horse hitching post), 65, 81,168 sobo (small carp), 43, 66,180,187, setienekh (last year’s hay), 155 social science, 258; of permafrost thaw, Shakhta Shergina (Russian: Shergin’s Shaft), 51 233-35; of changing alaas, 234-36 Sofronova, Oksana Petrovna, 200
324 Index solutions, 18-20 59,139,144, 240, 242 (see also tyl song(s), xvii, xviii, 136, 205,242; of ichchite)·, of yhyakh, 138; practice to alaas, 3-4, 8-9, 79,117-18,136, appease, 162; Sakha’s, 136,175, 209; 243; and ohuokhai, 139-40; as sonic sustaining, 9,136 medium, 118 Soviet period, 6, 46, 69, 83, 90-97; accounts, 32, 69,52. See also post- Soviet period; pre-Soviet period Soviet Party, 87,139,194 Soviet Union (USSR): end of, 85, 96, 105,109,178, 207, 247; forced col lectivization of, 247; meat and milk Stalin, 87 Stalin’s purges, 88, 92 starvation: Kazakhs’ in Stalin purges, 88. See also achchyk jyl state farm, 86, 88-90; Elgeeii, history of, 95-101; dissolution of, 96, 97, 102, 241 subsistence, 26, 62, 93,144, 228; production during, 93; and non activities, 48; horse and cattle, 6,28, Russian ethnicities, 90; permafrost 61; practices, 27, 36,133, 253,254; monitoring during, 210,215,286n3 resources, 45,98, 111 (chap 6); state farm technicians from Sumgin, Mikhail I., 52 western, 100,164; in WII, 88 summer, 34, 36, 37, 40,75,79; new Special Report on Oceans and Cryo climatological patterns of, 130-33, sphere in a Changing Climate 144,165-66,174,183,191, 208-9, (SROCC), 10-13 228, 249-50; structures of, 29, 63- spirit(s), 128,192; ancestral, 6,117,162; 65,88; work of, 4,37,46-47,59-61, and seasonal change, 3; bad, 9, 82, 66-72, 89,121,125,161,180,185 128,169; interactions with words, Suntaar: 1965 expedition in, 37; and 59; keepers, 58,59 (see also ichchi)·, alaas, 203-4; demographic statistics ohuokhai, spiritual connection of, 123-24; farm consolidation in, 95;
139-40; of birth, 128; of birth alaas, historical narrative of, 30-31,91,99, 6, 7, 82, 234; of Christianity, 17; of 158; and Nyurba, xxi; roads in, 114; earth, 6,58, 61, 77 (see also Aan permafrost monitoring in, 228-29; Alakhchyn)·, of fire, 59 (see also Uot regional paper, xx; and Russian lan Ichchite)·, of glaciers, 255; of khoton, guage preference, 239; and yhyakh, 169; of home hearth, xxiii; of hunt ing, 59 (see also Balanai)·, of lake, xvi-xvii, 4 Suntaar Kutana 100 Alaas, 83 20, 68, 111, 170; of land, 136,170; suoruna (mill), 96,110 of nature, 58 (see also Aan Alakh- suorat (yogurt), xxiii, 46,178,179,185 chyn); of Palaeo-Eskimo culture, süögei (crème fraîche), 4,23,167,178, 27; of place, 111; of plants, 59, 66; of saiylyk, 169; of sky, 58; of words, 179 Svetogorov, Yakov, 49
325 Index sylgyhyt (herder tending horses), 106, 150-53,199 TSP (Thermal State of Permafrost), 215 Tumul: inhabitants’ memories of, 166- 68,169-71,183-84; and lake ritual, Taal Taal Emeekhsin (Old Woman Taal Taal), 33-34 tar (frozen soured milk), 46-47,61, 66, 183-86 tarampaar (shed for tar), 185 20; and meaning of alaas, 4-6; and oibon, 43; and oral history, 100-2, 109-18; and permafrost change, 190, 223 Tungus, 186,187; early accounts of, 27, thallium, 94 29, 30, 31; etymology of “Yakut” 32; The Anthropologist, 17,254, 262 inhabiting Viliui regions, 32; Sakha’s thermokarst, 35; dangerous, 206,21113; modeling, 214,220-23; original adoption of subsistence, 62,66; words in Sakha language, 37, 98, 99 concept of, 73-74; and permafrost Tuoidaakh Alaas, 99,115-17 law, 231-33; as sign of permafrost tüölbe (neighborhood group), 100,141 thaw, 202-3,204-5; on Soviet agri tuos yaghas (medium birch bucket), 127 cultural fields, 226-27 tüpte (burning dung), 29,118 Thunberg, Greta, 260 Timofeev-Tereshkin, Mikhail Nikola yevich, 86 Töbürüön, 5 toion(s) (elite clan head), 62 TOR, 203 Toloon, village of, 103,264-65 Toloon ötökh, 161 Tygyn Darkhand, 30-31,103,194, 285n8 (chap 3), 285nl (chap 5) tyl ichchileekh (words are spirit-filled), 139,140. See also spirit of words tyl ichchite (spirit of words), 59,240, 242. See also spirit of words tymnyy tyhyrgaar (sound of cold). See cold, sound of Törööbüt Alaahym, 117 Törööbüt Doidum, 8-9 udaghan (female shaman). See oiuun tractor: Elgeeii’s first, 93-94; for haying, Ugut Kyöl, 6,116,138-39 109,134,140,155; in song, 118; Ulan Ude, xv Soviet
period, xvii, 67 Ulgutta, 45,134 traders, pre-Soviet, 156,174,175 Tretiyakov, Vladimir Yegorovich, 190 UNESCO’s “Interactive Atlas of World’s Languages in Danger’) 241 Tretiyakov, Yegor Yegorovich, 186-90 ungkachukka (root cellar), 114,185 Tretiyakov, Izabella (Iza) Nikolayevna, uraha (birch bark tent), 29,32, 63-65, 191-98 78,103 Trofimov, Afanasee Ivanovich, 106-7 urban Sakha, 8-9, 78-79,145, 243 Trofimova, Olga Naumovna (Edjay), Ural Mountains, 28, 49 4-6, 43,109, 111, 169 Uot ichchite (fire spirit), 59, 60,136
Index 326 ÜrüngAiyy Toion (Great Lord Master), 36, 58 ürüngas (white foods), 75,124,129, 150,178,179,183 weather observation, inhabitants! 38- 39,144-45,154. See also bilge wet and dry cycles, 39-40, 70-71,129, 130,160-61,174 USSR. See Soviet Union WhatsApp, 135, 236,237 Ust Aldan, 205-10 wheat, Sakha’s pre-Russian use of, Varlamova, Anastasia, 4, 8 winter: author experience of, xix, 43, 48-49 vernacular knowledge: of alaas, 18, 56-58, 204; new climatological pat 199-200; to gauge change, 122,148, terns of, xxiv, 23-24,119-21, ISO- 207; and global change research, 14, 32, 144-45,150-52,154,160,174, 207, 216, 256; in linguistic heritage, 190,249,253-54,256-57; Sakha 22,27,35-37; and weather predic narratives of, 34-36; structures of, tion, 38-39 32, 61-65, 89, 97; tar, 46-47,185; verticality, 255 work of, 43-44, 66,209 Vechnaia merzlota, 16 World Bank, 256 Verkhoyansk, 233 world leaders, female during Covid, 260 Viliui River: as early transport route, world-making, 16 99; and Elgeeii hayland, 97,181; environmental issues of, 94-95,156; World War II, 88, 93,105,126,118,159, 176,192; postwar period, 73, 88, 94 oibon on, 44; sialihar trapping, 180; Suntaar on, xvii; and Viliui Sakha, Yakutia, 24, 46,164,231 30, 63 Yakutsk: 1970 Permafrost Conference, Viliui Sakha: and alaas, 74,102; author’s 209-10, 226; and alaas, 8; early assessment of, 246; chronology of observation of permafrost in, 51, research with, 263-64; and climate 55; explorers in, 49; deforestation in change, 119,253-54; and collectiv Suntaar for dachas in, 166,183; Jyl ization, 93,104; and cultural change,
Oghuha, 119-20; and kino-mekhanik 201, 241; cultural narratives, 258; training, 177; out-migration to, 121; earth spirit of, 59; origin narrative permafrost station in, 52, 215, 226; of, 30; and permafrost change, and prison in, 173; protests in, 240; 223-24 Sakha migration from south to, 98, visual anthropology, 264-65 158; students in, 82 Yakutsk Meteorological Station, 226 Washington Post, 245-46 yasak (Russian: fur tribute), 49,157 watermen, 256-57 yedoma, 52, 209,286nnl-2 (chap 6)
Index Yegorov, Semyon Petrovich, 113, 183-84 Yegorova, Matryona Naumova, xxiii-xxiv yhyakh (Sakha’s summer festival), xvixviii, 4, 6, 30,39, 40, 60,118; memo ries of, 137-39; spiritual aspects, xvi, xviii, 138 youth: absent from villages, 121,128, 327 in villages for, 198; out-migration to urban areas, 97,121,123,250, 254; out-migration to Yakutsk, 121, 123,142,190,209,236; preference for horses, 207; retaining in villages, 140-43; role in cows-and-kin, 242; spent on the alaas, 6, 75 permafrost monitoring, 228; early history of, 215 207, 254; activism, 262; and alaas, Yraas Olokh (Clean Life), 89 82,196,235; and higher education, ytyk (utensil of cow horn), 128,185 97,121; and language loss, 236-40; Ytyk Khaia, 29 disinterest in cows, 124,129,207; Yukaghir, 27 disinterest in subsistence practices, 133, 257; engaging to learn language, 241; engaging to learn heritage, 156- 57; engaging to learn about per mafrost, 229; in focus groups, 144; Zabolotskaya, Margarita Ilyinichna, 171-75 Zhanova, Tatiyana Constantinovna, 162-69 inside on computers, 126; interest in Zverov, Sergei, xvii, 182,286n6 (chap 5) cows, 125; memories of, xxiii, 4, 6, Zverov Museum of Sakha Culture, 179, 64,126,174,188-89, 256; no future 182,183 |
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| discipline | Sozial-/Kulturanthropologie / Empirische Kulturwissenschaft |
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| geographic | Jakutien (DE-588)4028452-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Jakutien |
| id | DE-604.BV047816345 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:06:51Z |
| indexdate | 2024-10-19T04:03:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780816541553 9780816541546 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033199739 |
| oclc_num | 1310246536 |
| open_access_boolean | 1 |
| owner | DE-12 DE-210 DE-521 DE-1102 DE-1046 DE-Bo133 DE-1028 DE-1050 DE-573 DE-M347 DE-92 DE-1051 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-859 DE-860 DE-1049 DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-Y3 DE-255 DE-Y7 DE-Y2 DE-70 DE-2174 DE-127 DE-22 DE-BY-UBG DE-155 DE-BY-UBR DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-384 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-20 DE-706 DE-824 DE-29 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-210 DE-521 DE-1102 DE-1046 DE-Bo133 DE-1028 DE-1050 DE-573 DE-M347 DE-92 DE-1051 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-859 DE-860 DE-1049 DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-Y3 DE-255 DE-Y7 DE-Y2 DE-70 DE-2174 DE-127 DE-22 DE-BY-UBG DE-155 DE-BY-UBR DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-384 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-20 DE-706 DE-824 DE-29 DE-739 |
| physical | xxviii, 327 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | ZDB-119-KNU ZDB-94-OAB BSB_NED_20220729 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | The University of Arizona Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Critical green engagements: investigating the green economy and its alternatives |
| spellingShingle | Crate, Susan 1957- Once upon the permafrost knowing culture and climate change in Siberia Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Kulturwandel (DE-588)4033596-3 gnd Jakuten (DE-588)4109108-5 gnd Dauerfrostboden (DE-588)4129794-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4164199-1 (DE-588)4033596-3 (DE-588)4109108-5 (DE-588)4129794-5 (DE-588)4028452-9 |
| title | Once upon the permafrost knowing culture and climate change in Siberia |
| title_auth | Once upon the permafrost knowing culture and climate change in Siberia |
| title_exact_search | Once upon the permafrost knowing culture and climate change in Siberia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Once upon the permafrost knowing culture and climate change in Siberia |
| title_full | Once upon the permafrost knowing culture and climate change in Siberia Susan Alexandra Crate |
| title_fullStr | Once upon the permafrost knowing culture and climate change in Siberia Susan Alexandra Crate |
| title_full_unstemmed | Once upon the permafrost knowing culture and climate change in Siberia Susan Alexandra Crate |
| title_short | Once upon the permafrost |
| title_sort | once upon the permafrost knowing culture and climate change in siberia |
| title_sub | knowing culture and climate change in Siberia |
| topic | Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Kulturwandel (DE-588)4033596-3 gnd Jakuten (DE-588)4109108-5 gnd Dauerfrostboden (DE-588)4129794-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Klimaänderung Kulturwandel Jakuten Dauerfrostboden Jakutien |
| url | https://openresearchlibrary.org/content/e88ab1c7-6c05-4861-93d4-98b33804bd78 https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/79710 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033199739&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033199739&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cratesusan onceuponthepermafrostknowingcultureandclimatechangeinsiberia |