Eleven winters of discontent: the Siberian internment and the making of a new Japan
"In this book, Sherzod Muminov draws on extensive Japanese, Russian, and English archives-including more than a hundred memoirs and survivor interviews-to piece together a portrait of life in Siberia and in Japan after World War II. Eleven Winters of Discontent reveals the real people underneat...
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Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England
Harvard University Press
[2022]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "In this book, Sherzod Muminov draws on extensive Japanese, Russian, and English archives-including more than a hundred memoirs and survivor interviews-to piece together a portrait of life in Siberia and in Japan after World War II. Eleven Winters of Discontent reveals the real people underneath facile tropes of the prisoner of war and expands our understanding of the Cold War front. This book is the first comprehensive English-language study of the captivity of more than 600,000 Japanese former servicemen in the Soviet labor camps in the wake of World War II"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xiii, 370 Seiten Illustrationen, Portraits (schwarz-weiß) |
| ISBN: | 9780674986435 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Introduction: In the prisons Stalin built -- Beyond the nation: the Siberian internment in global history -- Embodiments of empire: the internees as imperial vestiges -- Bedbug country chronicles: the Soviet Union in Japanese camp memoirs -- Cold, hunger, and hard labor: Japanese experiences in the Soviet camps -- Skillful application of propaganda principles: POWs and Soviet reeducation -- In the Cold War crossfire: returnees and the superpower confrontation -- We cannot die as slaves: the struggle for recognition and compensation -- Epilogue: Breaking boundaries | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Note on Terms ix Abbreviations xi Introduction: In the Prisons Stalin Built 1 1 Beyond the Nation: The Siberian Internment in Global History 25 2 Embodiments of Empire: The Internees as Imperial Vestiges 47 3 Bedbug Country Chronicles: The Soviet Union in Japanese Camp Memoirs 76 4 5 6 7 Cold, Hunger, and Hard Labor: Japanese Experiences in the Soviet Camps 111 The Skillful Application of Propaganda Principles: POWs and Soviet Reeducation 149 In the Cold War Cross Fire: Returnees and the Superpower Confrontation 205 We Cannot Die as Slaves: The Struggle for Recognition and Compensation 257 Epilogue: Breaking Boundaries 286 Notes 301 Acknowledgments 351 Index 355
INDEX Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations, the letter m following a page number denotes a map Abe Gunji, 38-39, 134, 302nl0 Abe Shinzõ, 293-294, 296 African Americans, 108 Agamben, Giorgio, 101 Aikawa Haruki, 99,151-153, 185; apology for the USSR, 99, 186-187; on the Democratic Movement, 186-187; in the service of the empire, 110, 186; tenkā, 186,196 Aizawa Hideyuki, 97, 277 Akahata (newspaper), 251 Akikusa Shun, 212 Akita Prefecture, 275 Aleksandrovskii Tsentral Prison, 13m, 98m, 132-133 Allied Council for Japan, 218,239,249-250 Allied Occupation of Japan, 3, 14, 36, 71, 130, 260, 264-265. See also United States: Occupation of Japan Allied Powers, 62, 68,227,233,239; defeat of Axis armies, 2,119,219; disagreements over postwar justice, 217, 223; good will and trust between, 227; joint occupation of Austria, 183; lobbying of by internee groups, 226-229; POW camps in, 116 Allied POWs in Japanese captivity, 30, 54 All-Japan Council for Demanding and Promoting Compensations for Forced Internees (Aizawa Zenyokukyo), 97,264, 277-278, 281; connections with LDP, 277-278; rivalry with Saito Zenyokukyo, 277-278, 281 All-Japan Council for Demanding and Promoting Compensations for Forced Internees (Zenyokukyo, Original organization), 273 All-Japan Council for the Compensation of Internees (Saito Zenyokukyo), 262, 272, 276-278, 280, 282-284; afterlife of, 283; diplomatic efforts of, 279-281; failure of, 283; lawsuits against the Japanese government, 278-279; lobbying politicians, 284; sit-in protests, 284; support among internees, 282; receipt of internee lists from Russia,
280 Alma-Ata (now Almaty, Kazakhstan), 12m, 98m, 104 Altai Territory (Russia), 91 Amaya Konokichi, 103 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 232, 320nl0 Amur Region (Russia), 184 355
356 ա Index anticommunism: of the internees, 197-198, 200, 269-270; of Japanese historians, 37; in Japanese society, 110, 224, 247, 254; Japan’s role in, 295; networks forged by the US, 295-296; newspapers in Japan, 233; of the US Occupation authorities, 234 Aomori Prefecture, 275 Araki Sadao, 212 Arctic Circle, 91,141 Arimitsu Ken, 283-284 Armstrong, Oriand Kay, 232 Army Air Force Academy (Japan), 237 Army Ministry (Japan), 46 Army War College (Japan), 6 Article 58 of the Russian Criminal Code (1927), 5-6, 215, 303n22 Artyom (Russia), 13m, 98m, 294 Asaeda Shigeharu, 54 Asahara Seiki, 6-7,151,152,187,197; arrest of, 5, 195, 221; avoiding labor, 196; confrontation with Kusachi Teigo, 198; on the Democratic Movement, 55,171, 196; editor of Nihon shimbun, 5,167; memoir of, 195-196; previous history of Marxism, 5, 185; repatriation of, 5; resentment toward, 5, 37, 194-195 Asahi shimbun, 36,55,168,234,247,264; coverage of repatriation, 237-238; coverage of the Tokuda Incident, 249-251 Asaka Yūho, 292 Associated Press, 237 Association for Accelerating the Repatria tion of Compatriots from the USSR (Zaiso Dõhõ Kikan Sokushin Kai), 266-267. See also Long-Term Internees’ League (Chõyokudõ) Association for Recording the Life Experi ences of Japanese POWs in the USSR (Kirokusuru Kai), 170 Association of Shinto Shrines, 282 Association of the Families of the Missing (Rusu Kazoku Daniai Zenkoku Kyõgikai), 228-229, 261 atomic bomb victims (hibakusha), 268,281, 295; compensations for, 262-263, 281; victimhood of, 29-30, 71, 73, 270 Australia, 224 Austria: Communist Party of, 183;
communists in, 121,133,183; POWs in the USSR, 5, 121; prisoners in the USSR, 110 Axis POWs in the USSR, 41,115,125-127, 131,156; at Morshansk camp, 182; at Rada camp, 115,123-125,147-148, 166. See also individual countries Baikal Amur Railway Mainline (BAM), 13m, 98m, 317n65; alternative to TransSiberian Railway, 118; Japanese POWs building the, 5,26,101,118,272; origins of, 118. See also Chistyakov, Ivan “barbed-wire disease,” 177 Barshay, Andrew, 43, 54 baseball, 166 Bei’an (China), 13m, 98m, 83 Belorussia, 232 Beria, Lavrentii, 121,124, 141,159 Brisk (Russia), 12m, 91, 98m Birobidzhan (Russia), 13m, 85 Blagoveshchensk (Russia), 13m, 98m, 122 Blakeney, Bruce, 212-214 Bolsheviks, 66-67,133 Bratsk, 13m, 92, 98m, 105 Buchegger, Ernst, 183 Buddhism, 25, 65, 99,156,164 Bulganin, Nikolai, 230 Bungei shunjū (The Literary Chronicles), 74, 104, 211 Carruthers, Susan, 208, 232 Central Asia, 91,97,104,142,293. See also Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 120, 225-226 Chernyshov, Vasilii, 138,143-144 Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery (Tokyo), 286, 295 China, 1,18, 74, 208; alliance with the USSR, 235; civilian repatriation from, 64-66; fear of joint invasion of Japan, with USSR, 225; Japanese diplomatic considerations toward, 193; Japanese interests in, 50-54; Japanese internees in, 226-227; Japanese mistreatment of the population of, 53, 73; Japanese ship crews captured by, 264; Japanese troops
Index stationed in, 7, 11, 48, 51, 54, 63, 83; Japanese withdrawal from, 49-50, 86; treatment of Japanese war criminals by, 75 China Eastern Railway, 118 Chinese Civil War, 11,49, 242 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 49, 246-247; allegations of funding JCP, 247 Chistyakov, Ivan, 118,121-122 Chita (Russia), 13m, 65, 87, 94, 98m, 162, 196 Cold War: anticommunism, 19,110, 287; bilateral treaties dictated by, 260,264, 281; discourses in Japan, 28, 32-33, 71; early, 10,18, 23, 33, 43; ideological confrontation of, 48, 66; increase in tensions, 231, 240, 242; influence on historiography, 19, 34-37, 41, 111, 297-298; international order of, 15, 17, 24, 34,253,296; legacies of, 31,77,209, 288; media battles of, 208-209; origins of, 16, 209; in the Soviet POW camps, 23,155; victims of, 253 “comfort women,” 260, 281 Cominform, 245-246 communism, 149, 253; as alternative to capitalism, 150; converts to, 149, 158, 225; Japanese, 185,241,246; propaganda against, 232-234, 247; Soviet, 17,181, 185; study of, 162; suspicion of, 259, 263 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 156,167,174,179,229; allegations of giving funds to JCP, 246; history of, 190-191; influence on JCP, 248; leadership of, 229-230; Politburo of, 168; propaganda efforts of, 67,154 Conrad, Sebastian, 36, 44-45, 241 “consolation payments” (isharyo), 264, 265-266, 284 Council on Passing Legislation on the Siberian Internment (Shiberia Rippõ Suishin Kaigi), 283-285 Culver, Annika, 184-185 Daily Telegraph (London), 225-226 decolonization, 261 Democratic Liberal Party (Minjitõ), 247 Democratic Movement (Soviet reeducation
program for Japanese internees), 5; m 357 activists of, 23, 174-175, 177, 179, 182-183,267; agitators of, 162,181, 190; attraction of, 17,185, 187; efficiency of, 167, 187; expansion of, 161,167-168; goals of, 150,159,186-187; impact on non-officers, 61, 194; incentives to participate in, 174,177,194; influence on internee thinking, 22, 47, 55, 152, 159, 172, 191; Japanese reactions to, 150-152, 180-183,185-198; “kangaroo courts,” 175-176,177,195; memories of, 22,150,180,199-200; methods of, 107, 155-156, 167-168, 175, 189-190; as national humiliation for the Japanese, 37; opportunists in, 151,159,180,193-194; origins of, 100, 150-156, 181; Party History Study Group, 194; perceptions in the West, 149-150, 208; resistance to, 150, 180, 189, 194,197-198; role in raising production, 177-180; scope of, 161; Soviet reports on, 171; strategists of, 185-187; Youth Action Group (Seinen Kõdõtai), 162,191 Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), 284 Dimitrov, Georgi, 121 Din, Iuliia, 221 Dodge, Joseph M., 244 Dodge Line, 244 Doihara Kenji, 212 Dolgikh, Ivan, 138, 145, 174 Drea, Edward, 64,197 Dudorov, Nikolai, 203 Eels, Walter C., 245 Einsidel, Heinrich Graf von, 158 Eisenstaedt, Alfred, 206-207 Elabuga (Russia), 12m, 166,187-190,194 Emiot, Israel, 134 emperor system, 57, 162, 164,189, 251 Empire of Japan, 11,17, 31, 56-61,184, 210; collapse of, 1,48-49, 61-66, 200, 289; colonialism of, 38; disappearance from public consciousness, 14; expan sionism of, 16, 28, 38, 68, 150, 295; foreign outposts of 10; history of, 14, 43, 216; informal, 11; legacies of, 10,19, 41, 56, 253, 264, 296; memory
of, 14, 50, 57, 76-77, 295; nostalgia about, 74-75; pan-Asianism of, 17, 50; in postwar
358 «ж Index Empire of Japan (continued) consciousness, 14, 16-17, 28-29,57-58, 71, 295; propaganda about, 48,186; sacrifices lor, 18,20,49-50,56,82,185-186; and the Siberian Internment, 21-22,49; transition to nation-state, 11,43, 49,78, 295; victims of, 20,31,54,281,297 Endõ Shõji, 295 Field Service Code (Senjinkun), 46, 81 Fifteen-Year War, 44 French POWs in the USSR, 147 Fujiwara Tei, 61, 65 Fukushima Prefecture, 9, 244, 275 Furuhashi Shinzo, 195 Furami Tadayuki, 53,58-60; on Manchukuo, 62, 69, 74, 77; on repatriation, 65; on the Soviets, 84 Fushun War Criminals Management Center, 75 Futaba Kaname, 77, 84-86 Garibaldists’ Union, 157 Gavrilov, Viktor, 138, 139,161, 181 General Affairs State Council (GASC) of Manchukuo, 53 General Headquarters of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (GHQ SCAP): anticommunism of, 32, 108, 241, 244-245, 248; attitudes toward Siberian internees, 46, 237, 242-244; efforts to hasten repatriation of the Japanese from the USSR, 3,218, 224; Press Code, 233; reforms, 259-260, 264-265; rewriting the history of WWII, 44, 73; on Soviet propaganda efforts, 149,155, 234-235; special reports of, 16, 149, 236, 242, 246; surveillance of returnee groups, 266-267. See also Allied Occupation of Japan; MacArthur, Douglas Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of POWs, (Second, 1929), 116 Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of POWs (Third, 1949), 116, 278-279, 283 German Officers’ Union, 157 German POWs in the USSR. See Nazi Germany: POWs in the USSR Gibney, Frank, 208, 240, 246, 255 Ginzburg, Eugenia, 128 glasnost, 40 Gobi Desert, 156
Golubev, Konstantin, 218-219 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 279-280 Great Terror (1937-1938), 122,166 Gromyko, Andrei, 203, 233 Guadalcanal, 11 Gulag, 14, 138, 141,155; consciousness in the West, 114-115,232; contrast with Tsarist prisons, 110; historiography of, 41, 44,121-122; impact on the GUPVI, 112,115,117-132; inmate solidarity in, 133-134; mortality rates in, 128; purposes of, 116-117; recreation activities in, 164-166; role in the Soviet economy, 118-119, 128-129; testimonies of survivors, 117, 132-134; as a tool to criticize the USSR, 231-240; transpor tation of Europeans into, 113; treatment of inmates in, 41, 111, 117,147 GUPVI: Antifascist Movement Section of, 196; attempts to improve conditions in, 137-140,143-147; broader historical context of, 14,113; camps as correctional institutions, 116-117; conditions in, 41, 123,129-131,138-139; difference from Gulag, 14, 115, 130; differences from other POW camp systems, 116-117; experiences of foreigners in, 14-15, 123; foreign knowledge of, 112-113; goals of, 115; history of, 114-123; impact of Gulag on, 115; inner workings of, 16, 120-121; management of, 117,121,127, 137-147; mechanisms of control, 117, 120-121, 167-168; multiethnic and multinational nature, 15, 45,114,123; role of forced labor in, 40,116. See also Soviet camps for POWs Hakamada Mutsuo, 196 Hakamada Satomi, 196, 248 Hama Toshikazu, 174,177-178 Hando Kazutoshi, 65 Haneda Airport, 211 Harbin, 13m, 65, 72, 98m, 215 Harbin Special Organization (Harubin tokumu kikan), 83,196 Harvard-Yale football match, 166
Index Hasegawa Hideo, 203 Hasegawa Tsuyoshi, 66 Hasegawa Uichi, 267-269 Hashimoto Takuzö, 77, 91,177 Hata Hikosaburõ, 71-72 Hata Ikuhiko, 63,130, 323ո52 Hatakeda Kan, 105 Hatoyama Ichiro, 270 Haushofer, Karl, 52 Hayashi Mutsuo, 182 Hayashi Teru, 7,196-197 Heilongjiang Province (China), 52, 83, 272 Heiwa no ishizue memoir collection (Foun dation for Peace), 77, 78, 125, 135, 277 hibakusha. See atomic bomb victims Hidaka Makoto, 189 Higurashi Yoshinobu, 216 Hill, Christopher L., 34 Hiratsuka Mitsuo, 257, 261, 284-285, 288 Hiratsuka movement, 179 Hirohito, Emperor of Japan: caricature of, 164; gifts of honor from, 6; Imperial Broadcast of 15 August 1945, 2, 11, 77, 82; in imperial propaganda, 52; loyalty to, 70, 81, 194,198, 242; role in the war, 163; sacrifices for the, 162-163; and the Siberian internees, 57-59, 82, 162,191, 242; and the Tokyo Trial, 162, 217 Hirokawa Kozen, 247 Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings, 71, 73,295. See also atomic bomb victims Hiroshima Prefecture, 173 Hirota Kõki, 62, 311n50 history problems (rekishi mondai), 261, 297 Hitachi (corporation), 244 Hitler, Adolf, 158 Hodgson, William Roy, 249 Hokkaido, 13m, 26, 98m, 130, 238 Holl, Adelbert, 83, 85-86,103,110; on inmate solidarity, 133; on the Japanese internees, 188; on Soviet poverty, 85, 122-123; on Soviet reeducation efforts, 158; on the treatment of foreign inmates, 134 Honshu, 13m, 26 Horyo taikenki (Records ofPOW Experiences), 77-78, 153, 170 Hosaka Masayasu, 211-212 Hősei University (Manchukuo), 59 m 359 Hungarian National Committee, 157 Hungarian POWs in the USSR, 130-131, 147-148,
312n73 Hungary, 1 Ide Shõichi, 281 Igarashi Yoshikuni, 42, 314ո3, 343nl68 Iítsuka Toshio, 3, 86, 92,100-101 Ikite sokoku e memoir collection (Returning Alive to the Motherland), 86, 94 Imperial General Headquarters, 6,61,62,64 Imperial Japanese Army Academy (Shikan Gakkõ), 6, 187 Imperial Japanese Army (IJA), 3,14,63,212, 230; class warfare in, 197-198; defeat of, 7, 82; Fourth Army, 82, 210; general staff, 213; ideological training in, 237; Koreans in, 7,181, 230, 260, 285, 292; military discipline (gunki) in, 54-55,154, 188, 200; Military Operations Depart ment, 213; military pensions, 260, 264-265; officers of, 6, 27, 55-56, 72, 182, 188; opportunism in, 193; shame of becoming POW in, 58; Thirty-Third Army, 74; uniforms of, 14, 49, 84,142, 205-206; violence in, 22, 54-55,100, 173-174. See also Kwantung Army Imperial Palace (Tokyo), 58,188, 286 Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors (1945), 81 inada Yoshio, 175 Inami Kiyoshi, 194 Inner Mongolia, 156 Inokuma Tokurõ, 286 Inomata Kuniо, 90,136,199-201 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). See Red Cross “Internationale” (song), 23, 178,189, 197, 208, 242 International Memorial POW Cemetery at Tambov-Rada, 147-148 International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE). See Tokyo Trial Irkutsk (Russia), 13m, 26, 98m, 132, 170, 257, 272 Ishiguro Tatsunosuke, 55, 180, 200, 255 Ishihara Yoshirõ, 7 Ishiwara Kanji, 52, 74 Itagaki Seishiro, 52, 60,187, 190-191, 212
360 Index Itagaki Tadashi, 42,151, 204; becoming communist, 181,185, 187,189-191; on the decadence among Japanese internee officers, 188-189; as a Democratic Movement activist, 191; Diet testimony of, 191-192, 236-237; on the emperor system, 162; on his father’s role in the war, 190-191; on the Nihon shimbun, 60, 189; post-repatriation career, 192-193; transfer to Khabarovsk, 189 Italian POWs in the USSR, 131,147 Itö Masao: on the emperor, 58; on the imperialist war, 47-48, 59; on the memory of internment, 79; on Soviet poverty, 122 Ito Sadao, 275 Ivanovo (Russia), 12m, 157, 230, 268 Iwate Prefecture, 94, 239, 275 Izvestiia (newspaper), 171 Japan: aggressive plans against the USSR, 6,66,211,214; Allied Occupation of, 130; anticommunism in, 224, 231, 247-248, 252-253; anti-Soviet feelings in, 224-226, 231-234, 238, 256, 287; as an Asian model of modernity, 52,74-75; Attorney General of, 247, 266; citizens’ groups, 31, 74, 227, 232, 254, 261, 264, 271; climate of, 91, 140; defeat in WWII, 36, 43, 57, 81-82, 287; disabled veterans in, 30, 71, 263, 265; experience in WWII, 47, 61, 81, 134, 265; fear of Soviet invasion in, 23, 225-226; imperialism, 36, 48, 52-55, 59-60, 71, 75, 161,184; joining the United Nations, 260, 271; Livelihood Protection Law, 267; milita rism of, 51, 67, 73, 159,162, 168,171, 184,191-192,237,265; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of, 225,258,281; Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of, 258, 274, 294; Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of 277; Ministry of Transport of 258; nationalism of 185, 216; postwar prosperity in, 112, 290; postwar
reconstruction and remaking, 17,19, 31,43, 45, 209,295-296; Silk Road diplomacy of 293; Supreme Court, 271, 273, 283; surrender to the Allies, 2, 26, 51, 58-59, 63, 67, 81-82,131, 152, 308n3; territorial disputes, 41, 281; unresolved “history problems,” 261; victim narratives in, 29-33, 38, 76,104, 289-292, 297; victimization of Asians, 53-54,261,297; war memory in, 27-28, 31, 35, 44, 50-51, 71, 78-79; war responsibility, 36,189; working people of 7, 53, 164,184, 244-245, 247, 256, 273. See also Empire of Japan Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK), 8-9, 200 Japan Disabled Veterans Association (Nihon Shöi Gunjin Kai), 265 Japanese Communist Party (JCP), 184,187, 192-193; allegations of foreign influence, 246-247; attempts to reestablish during wartime, 185; attempts to use internment for political goals, 240-246; commemo ration of the Siberian Internment, 287; criticism by Cominform, 245; disputes within, 246,248; history of, 191; internees opposed to, 252; Japanese government prosecution of, 247; “kamikaze policy,” 248, 252; “lovable,” 241; media attacks on, 223, 231, 234, 240; Occupation policies against, 240,245,248; perceived threat from, 245; publications of, 153; relations with Occupation authorities, 241; Siberian returnees joining, 23, 207-208, 242, 249; Soviet influence on, 248; success at the 1949 elections, 18, 241-242, 244; threat of a “violent revolution,” 18, 149, 225, 246-248 Japanese POWs and internees in the USSR: applications for Soviet citizenship, 201-203,231; convicted as war criminals, 3, 6, 38, 132, 229; deaths of, 39, 59, 125-127, 142,171,199,236,
276, 286, 290, 302n9; divisions within, 100,150, 167, 173, 176, 203; encounters with locals, 104-105,189,201-202; experi ences of defeat, 81-86,152; gulf between postwar Japanese society and, 34-35; imperial consciousness of 42,47-50, 59-61; as instruments in the Cold War, 18-19, 221, 240; mistreatment of, 3, 103,117,150; payment for labor of, 87, 104, 194,278, 285; postwar campaigns for compensation, 18, 23,31, 36, 46,
Index 260-283, 287, 291; pursuit of truth about the internment, 27-28; reintegra tion into postwar society, 28, 203, 258-260, 263, 275; return to Japan of the remains of, 294-295; special treatment provided to, 129-134,147,157, 194; suspicion faced after repatriation, 23, 34, 80, 104,150,199, 208, 259, 263; as witnesses of the USSR in postwar Japan, 32, 42, 184; working on the construction of BAM, 5, 26, 101, 118, 272. See also memoirs of the Siberian Internment Japanese Red Cross Society (JRCS), 4, 7, 229-230 Japanese Returnees League (Nichikidõ), 266,267. See also League for Supporting the Livelihoods of Returnees from the USSR (Sokidő) Japan-Russia Friendship Association, 87 Japan Times, 238 Japan-Uzbekistan Association, 293 Japan War Bereaved Families Association (Nihon Izokukai), 192, 282 Jewish Autonomous Region (Russia), 85, 196 jibunshi (self-history), 27-28, 111 Johnston, Charles Hepburn, 228 Kagawa Shõíchi, 5,194, 195 Kagawa Yutaka, 173 Kaifu Toshiki, 277 Kaji Ryösaku, 252 Kambayashi Tomoya, 281, 283 kamikaze units (tokkõtai), 187, 237 Kamiya Kyohei, 170 Kannon, 25 Kan Sueharu, 191, 209, 250; allegations of communism, 253; as a philosopher, 253; suicide, 252-254; summons to the National Diet, 250-251 Kanzaki Tatsuo, 65 Karafuto (Southern Sakhalin), 7,50,55,63, 302n5; repatriation from, 221, 229. See also Sakhalin Karafuto Agency, 212 Karaganda (Kazakhstan), 12m, 141,250,251 Kasahara Kinzaburõ, 176 Katakura Tadashi, 74 m 361 Katasonova, Elena, 138, 139, 161, 181, 280 Katõ Kintarõ, 61, 259 Kato Kyüzõ, 92 Kawabe Torashirõ, 63 Kazakhstan, 104,141, 146, 250 Kazuki
Yasuo, 7, 304n30 Keiõ University, 166 KGB (Committee for State Security), 121, 195, 247-248. See also MGB Khabarovsk Territory, 145, 164,169, 201; Asahara Seiki’s activities in, 5; Demo cratic Movement in, 190, 194-195; Department of Internal Affairs, 138, 174; Itagaki Tadashi transferred to, 189; mistreatment of the Japanese in, 194; propaganda authorities in, 156; reeduca tion courses in, 181, 193; regional directorate for POW affairs, 143; Tanaka Takeshi’s return to, 295 Khabarovsk Trial, The (1949), 217, 222 Khalkhin-Gol. See Nomonhan Incident Khingan Range, 68, 156 Khruliov, Andrei, 124 Khrushchev, Nikita, 119, 230 Kikuchi Toshio, 104, 259 Kimura Battalion, 171 Kimura Kõhei, 253 Kimura Такао, 77,91,177 Kirichenko, Aleksei, 63, 247-248, 280 Kitagawa Nagayoshi, 93, 102 Kiyose Ichiro, 214 KMT (Chinese Nationalist Party), 49 Koan-maru (ship), 4-5 Kobayashi Akina, 39 Kolyma (Russia), 128 Komatsu Shigerõ, 173,175,193 Komatsuzaki Risaku, 94 Kõmeitõ Party, 270, 284 Komori Kiyoo, 174 Komsomolsk-on-Amur (Russia), 171, 179 Komsomol (Young Communist Movement), 106, 317n65 Kondo Takeo, 79, 83-84 Kõno Akira, 170 Kõno Chiharu, 69 Konoe Fumimaro, 72, 222 Konoe Fumitaka, 222, 313n94, 336n50 Konsalik, Heinz, 103
362 *и Index Korakuen Stadium (Tokyo), 166 Korean internees in the USSR, 7,229,230, 260, 285 Korean peninsula, 4, 64,142,187,208; as Japanese colony, 50; repatriation from, 29; partition of, 49 Korean War, 18, 32, 208, 223-227, 240 Koshkin, Anatolii, 167 Kotkin, Stephen, 99, 200 Kovalenko, Ivan, 5,167,184,196; influence on Soviet policy on Japan, 168; leader ship in the Democratic Movement, 185; on the selection of Japanese witnesses for Soviet prosecution at the Tokyo Trial, 211 Kõza-ha, 186 Krasnogorsk (Russia), 12m, 157 Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russia), 12m, 98m, 120, 203 Kriukov, Dmitrii, 221, 336n46 Krivenko, Mikhail, 138 Kruglov, Sergei, 82, 145; on the internees’ labor exploitation, 146, 220; on the internees physical condition, 125, 141-142; on the political mood among the Japanese, 159; on repatriation, 15-16, 89, 219-220; order to start antifascist training, 157 Kubota Zenzö, 249-250 kulaks, 115,173 Kurihara Yasuyo, 89, 225, 239 ^ Kuril Islands, 1, 37, 50, 67, 81, 221, 281 Kuroyanagi Moritsuna, 165, 200 Kuroyanagi Tetchan” Tetsuko, 200 Kurumizawa Kõshi, 7 Kusaba Tatsumi, 210-212 Kusachi Faction, 197-198 Kusachi Teigo, 197-198 Kwantung Army, 50, 92,106,153,159,186; antipathy in Japanese society toward, 71, 73; atrocities in Manchuria, 54, 184; commanders of, 2, 6,48, 62, 64-65, 71-72, 184, 230, 268; failure to protect Japanese in Manchukuo, 31, 36, 48, 51, 61-62, 65-66, 70,198; inflated reputa tion of, 52-53, 63, ЗОІпЗ, 301n4; Infor mation Bureau (Jõhõbu), 268; military strategies of, 62-64, 214; mobilization into, 7, 66, 70, 214, 260; Operations Division, 197;
responsibility for Siberian Internment, 55-56; role in colonizing Manchuria, 50-56, 71; Russian Educa tion Unit, 5; Staff, 197, 210, 212; surrender of, 71-72, 115; violence toward soldiers in, 54-55; weakening of, 48, 61-62, 81. See also Imperial Japanese Army Kyodo News Agency, 203 Kyoto, 13m, 177, 207, 216, 242 Kyushu, 26, 264, 276 Labor unions, 244,245,259 Lago-Ozerov, Boris, 222 Lake Baikal, 13m, 86, 89, 98m Lake Khasan Incident, 134 League for Hastening the Repatriation of Officers and Soldiers Abroad (Zaigai Shõhei Kikan Sokushin Domei), 266-267 League for Obtaining Compensations and Consolation Payments for Wartime POWs (Senji Horyo Hoshõkin Isharyõ Kakutoku Suishin Kyõgikai Domei), 264 League for Supporting the Livelihoods of Returnees from the USSR (Sokidő), 100, 153, 238, 266-267. See also Japanese Returnees League (Nichikidö) lebensraum, 52 Lenin, Vladimir, 47,119, 312n77, 321nl6 Leninism, 106,199. See also Marxism; Marxism-Leninism Liaoning (China), 52, 75 Liberal Democratic Party, LDP (Japan), 192, 264, 276-278, 282, 284, 287 lieux de mémoire, 29 Life (magazine), 205-209 Lipper, Elinor, 117,172 “literature of hardship,” 80, 89,104,114, 135, 297 London, 4, 87, 225, 228, 230 Long-Term Internees’ League (Chõyokudõ), 266, 268-271 Lutz, Robert, 125 MacArthur, Douglas, 3,26, 63, 249 Maddocks, Arthur F., 227 Maeda Akihiro, 264,273 Magadan (Russia), 13m, 141 mahjongg, 188
Index Mainichi shimbun, 234-237 Maizuru, 5, 13m, 14, 240, 257; cold reception at, 259; disturbances at, 23, 177, 241-242, 244, 255, 289; interroga tion of returnees at, 32, 235-236, 242; last repatriation vessel at, 4; repatriation procedures at, 274 Malinovskii, Rodion, 72 Manchukuo, 1-2, 9, 21, 81, 83; bandits in, 53,69; climate of, 3,141; collapse of, 51, 58, 74-75, 82, 289; contrast with the USSR, 122; defense of, 48, 62-64; Department of Communications, 87; development plans for, 48, 74; disman tling of industry by the Soviets, 2, 85; as an expansionist project, 52,184; govern ment employees of, 6, 59, 65, 75, 87; imperial family of, 65; imperial propa ganda about, 48, 53, 56, 60, 61,184; importance within Japanese Empire, 50, 52, 60, 62; importance for the Siberian Internment, 50,74-75; Japanese coloni zation of, 31, 53-55; Japanese settlers in, 7,50-51, 56-57, 62-65, 82, 186; Japanese troops stationed in, 48, 54-56, 60,81,131,272; Japanese victimhood in, 44,57,62-63,68-73, 74-75; memories of, 36,50,55, 71, 74-75; military con scription in, 7, 8; pan-Asian dream of, 45,48, 52-53, 71-75; repatriation from, 29,65,69-70; Soviet occupation of 236; Soviet plunder of, 2, 62, 84, 94, 143; White Russians in, 88, 215 Manchu people, 53, 83 Manchuria. See Manchukuo Manchurian Incident (1931), 52, 74 Manchurian Offensive, 1-2, 38, 50, 66-68, 72-73,156, 167, 197. See also SovietJapanese War (1945) Manstein, Erich von, 158 Mao Zedong, 242, 245 Maritime Province (Russia), 3, 72,147,294 Marunouchi (Tokyo), 211 Marxism, 5, 17, 119, 182-183,185,191. See also Marxism-Leninism
Marxism-Leninism, 110,151,181,194, 199, 233. See also Marxism; Leninism Masuda Koji, 9-10, 165 Matsukawa Incident, 244-245 яш 363 Matsumoto Shun’ichi, 4 Matsumoto Yasujirõ, 103 Matsumura Shözõ, 195 Matsumura Tomokatsu, 210-213, 215 Matsuno Hisayoshi, 165 May Day, 189, 273 McCarthyism, 232, 252 McManus, Lawrence J., 214-215 Meiji Emperor, 23 memoirs of the Siberian Internment, 24, 27; as attempts to forge identities, 28; as best sellers, 7; biases in, 79-80, 199; civilian vs military, 27,42,50-52, 70-71, 289; cold weather in, 8, 59, 80, 89, 140-141; collections of, 76-77, 86, 135, 153, 175,194, 277, 293; contempt for the Democratic Movement in, 150-151, 168-170,175,180; by converts to Marxism, 23, 188; diversity of experiences in, 7, 27-28, 32, 76-77, 80, 97; in the early postwar, 21, 71; by German POWs, 78, 158; hard labor in, 8, 59, 80, 89, 143; as historical sources, 10-11,14, 16, 22, 43, 135; hunger in, 8,59, 80, 89, 94-96, 140,174; importance of, 28; Japanese defeat in, 81-86; Japanese Empire in, 57-60; limitations of 28, 35, 48, 111, 127, 137; Manchukuo in the, 71, 122, 289; need to combine with archives, 113-114,130,150; nostalgia in, 79, 125, 188, 290; political utility of, 78; positive experiences in, 104-108; readers of, 35, 80,103-104,106,109,135-136; reliance on memory in, 79, 135; Soviet women in, 83, 94, 102, 104-105,107, 125, 203; suffering in the, 8, 89-104,134, 290, 293. See also “literature of hardship” Memorial Museum for Soldiers, Detainees in Siberia, and Postwar Repatriates (Heiwa Kinen Tenji Shiryökan), 91, 277, 291 Meretskov, Kirill, 72 MGB (Ministry
of State Security of the USSR), 121, 195-196 Miki Jun, 205 Mikoyan, Anastas, 230 militarist cliques (gunbatsu), 61, 168 Minamiguchi Sarchi, 100 Minami Jiro, 212
364 Index Minami Nobushirõ, 182 Mitaka Incident, 244 Miura Kõichi, 9 Miyakawa Funao, 71, 72 Miyake Mitsuharu, 212 Mizuhara Shigeru, 166 Molotov, Viacheslav, 5, 121,159, 220, 229, 303nl9 Mongolia, 225; Japanese internment in, 104, 236; participation in the Manchurian offensive, 156-157 Moore, Aaron William, 34, 135 Morozov, Pavlik, 173 Morshansk (Russia), 12m, 182-183,185 Moscow, 12m, 87-88,188, 208, 211, 217; as the administrative center of the Soviet system, 130, 138-139, 221; archives in, 296; camp authorities in, 125, 128,147, 156,167; Ivan Chistyakov’s nostalgia for, 121-122; Japanese representatives in, 62; Konoe Fumimaro’s aborted mission to, 72; as reference to the USSR as a whole, 3,123, 229, 232, 233, 250, 281 Moscow Radio, 239 Mudanjiang (China), 13m, 86-87, 98m, 137 Munakata Hajime, 186 Murai Michiaki, 168 Murai Misao, 257 Murata Jinsaku, 94 Murayama Tsuneo, 286, 302n9 Muto Akira, 230 MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, 1946-1991): attempts to improve camp conditions, 139-140,143; control of internee labor exploitation, 144-146; controlling the repatriation of the Japanese, 218-221, 223; inspections of camps, 146; monitoring the mood among internees, 159; recruitment of Japanese for intelligence, 248; rejection of Japanese citizenship applications, 203; role in the Soviet economy, 119. See also NKVD Nagase Ryõji, 38 Naitõ Misao. See Uchimura Gõsuke Naitõ Takashi, 191 Nakamaki Yasuhiro, 104 Nakano Intelligence School (IJA), 83, 212 Nakano Shigeharu, 250, 343nl64 Nakasone Yasuhiro, 193 Nakayama Kõzõ, 8-10 Nakaya Masataka, 92,100,125 Nakhodka, 13m, 98m,
175-176,191; arrival from, 4, 240, 242, 247; communist reeducation at, 255, 267; port of, 4; sea route to Maizuru from, 4-5, 274 Nanbara Shigeru, 230 Napier, Jack P., 266-267 Narita Ryūichi, 57, 60 Narita Seiji, 166 Nasukawa Masashi, 282-283 Nasu Tadao, 100 National Archives and Records Adminis tration of the United States (NARA), 212 National Committee for a Free Germany, 157 National Council for Accelerating the Repatriation of Japanese Nationals Abroad (Zaigai Dõhõ Hikiage Sokushin Zenkoku Kyögikai), 226-227,229, 261 National Diet (Japan), 21,23,175-176,209, 242; discussion of internee compensa tions at, 268-270,284; House of Coun cillors (Upper), 192, 236, 247, 249, 253; House of Representatives (Lower), 252, 284; Itagaki Tadashi testimony at, 191-193; JCP increasing its representa tion at, 241-242, 244; Kan Sueharu’s testimony at, 251-253; Siberian internees submitting demands to, 242, 249, 264, 268, 283-284; Tokuda Kyūichi’s testimony at the, 249-250 National Railway Workers’ Union (Kokutetsu Rödö Kumiai), 244-245 Navoiy Theater (Tashkent), 293-294 Nazi coalition, 119,129 Nazi Germany, 2, 66, 157,159; concentra tion camps, 124,127, 232; defeat of, 83; internment history in, 113; Occupied by the Allies, 44, 315n27; POWs in the US, 108; POWs in the USSR, 78, 117,157, 320n3; rape of women by Soviet soldiers, 70; Reichsbahn, 85; Third Reich, 83; treatment of Soviet POWs, 127; victims of, 148; war trophies removed from, 85; Wehrmacht, 127 New York City, 206
Index Nihonjinron, 293 Nihon shimbun, 152,160; editorial team of, 99, 154, 167, 185-186; Friends of (tomo no kai), 162, 172, 273; influence on internee thinking, 55,170-171, 201; internee attitudes toward, 60, 154, 170-172, 189; leadership of, 5; origins of, 168; portrayal of Japan in, 34-35, 163,238; role in the Democratic Move ment, 55,167-169 Niibori Jūzū, 86-87 Niigata Prefecture, 97,186 Nimmo, William, 41 Ninomiya Jobu, 195 Nippon Light Metal Company, 54 Nishizawa Ryūji, 248 Nizhny Novgorod (Russia), 131 NKVD, 2, 7, 14; accommodation of the internees, 112, 131, 141; attempts to improve camp conditions by, 125-126, 138, 318n88; confiscation of internees’ items by, 84; construction projects of, 119; labor exploitation of internees, 118, 143-144; prosecution of the Japanese internees, 221-222; renting of internees as labor force, 144; transportation of internees, 96, 131; treatment of the Japanese internees, 132. See also MVD Nomonhan Incident, 14, 66 noncommissioned officers (NCOs): attitudes to the Democratic Movement among, 61,154; food rations for, 139; grievances against officers, 99-100; labor exploita tion of, 144; postwar pensions of, 265; Soviet reeducation of, 159, 194, 200 non-Japanese internees, 18, 134, 285. See also entries on internees from individual nations Norilsk, 12m, 91, 98m, 141 Northern Territories Issue, 37, 67, 281 North Korea (DPRK), abduction of Japanese citizens by, 38 noruma (daily work quota), 99-100,104, 179,199 Nosaka Sanzõ, 248 Novikov, Aleksandr, 72 nuclear weapons, 242, 295 nurses: Japanese, 7, 205-207, 303n28; Soviet, 102 ա 365 Ob’
River (Russia), 91 October Revolution. See Russian Revolution OGPU, 118. See also NKVD; MVD Oguma Eiji, 93,259, 291-292 Oguma Kenji, 93, 259, 291-292 Ohira Hirayuki, 260 Õki Eiichi, 266-267 Oki Tatsuji, 63, 82-83, 85-86, 108-109 Oranki (Oranskii) Monastery camp (Russia), 12m, 131, 157 Oshima Hiroshi, 212 Otsuka Michio, 274, 276 Otsu Toshio, 212 Owada Mitsu, 54-55, 81 Oyama Ikuo, 229 Ozawa Yuki, 291-292 Pacific Ocean, 217; eastern, 33; islands in, 295; southern, 239 Pacific War, 44, 61-63 Pakhta-Aral (Kazakhstan), 12m, 146 Pal, Radhabinod, 216 Pan-Asianism, 16,17, 50 Paulus, Friedrich, 157 Pennington, Lee, 30, 71, 81, 263, 265, 289 Perevertkin, Semion, 230-231 Petrov, Ivan, 144,157 Pliev, Issa, 64, 156-157 Poglitsch, Emerich, 110 Pokrovskii (Ukraine), 124 Poland, 1, 14,147 Politburo of the CPSU (USSR), 118,168 Potsdam Declaration, 71, 82; Soviet disregard of, 26, 63, 223-224, 226, 228; as a tool to put pressure on the USSR, 228-229 Pravda (newspaper), 168,171 “Prayer at Dawn Incident,” 175-176 Project Stitch, 32, 242 Project Wringer, 32, 242 propaganda: anti-American by USSR, 150, 199, 239, 248; anti-Soviet, 209, 227, 231-234, 238-239; Japanese wartime, 48, 52-54, 56, 59-61,152, 184; impact on Soviet citizens, 84,106-108; reedu cation in the Soviet camps, 5, 10, 17, 21, 38, 47, 55, 61, 121,129. See also Democratic Movement
366 Index Public Foundation for Peace and Consolation (Heiwa Kinen Jigyõ Tokubetsu Kikin, PFPC), 266, 276-278 Pu Yi, 65, 312ո67 Pyongyang, 1 racism, perceived lack of in the USSR, 15, 108 Rada Camp (Russia), 12m, 89,115,123-125, 147-148,166, 182 Radchuk, Iosif, 146 rape: of German women by Soviet soldiers, 312n73; of Japanese women by Soviet soldiers, 36, 68-70, 74. See also “comfort women” Rastvorov, Yuri, 248, 34ІПІ44 “recalcitrant repatriates,” 242-245, 255, 258 Red Army (Soviet), 64,82,84,124,156-158, 181,186, 232; atrocities committed by, 62, 66; Chief Political Directorate of, 168; history of, 68; looting by, 83-86; and rape of German women, 70,312n73; and rape of Japanese women, 36,68-70, 74, 83; military might of, 64; propaganda about, 168; symbols of, 148; victory over IJA, 2, 52; war against Germany, 127. See also Soviet-German War “Red Banner Brigade” (Akahata Teidän), 249 Red Cross (ICRC), 109,175, 229. See also Japanese Red Cross Society “Red Purge,” 245, 259 “red repatriates,” 177, 209, 242, 244, 254-255, 259, 263, 267. See also “recalcitrant repatriates” Rehabilitation camps (ozdonmitel’nyi lager’), 126,139,142,146 repatriation: announcement of the end of, 219; as a Cold War battlefield, 217-231; coverage in Japanese newspapers, 234; Japanese agencies, 242, 258; Japanese efforts to hasten, 223-230; media pressure on the USSR, 231-240; memories of, 57; promise of, 177-178; “recalcitrant repatriates,” 242-245,255, 258; Soviet approaches to, 218-222, 240; from US- and UK-controlled areas, 213, 218 Repatriation Assistance Bureau (Hikiage Engochõ), 242, 258
repatriation literature (hikiage bungaku, also hikiagemono), 51, 69 “Rising Sun Brigade” (Hinomaru Teidän), 194, 249 Rodzaevskii, Konstantin, 215 Romanian National Bloc, 157 Romanian POWS in the USSR, 130, 148, 157 Rosenblit, Solomon, 212, 213 Russian Fascist Union (Harbin), 215 Russian Federation (Penal Code; ) Russian Revolution (1917), 66,119, 168 Russian State Military Archive (RGVA), 182-184 Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), 44, 66-67, 312n77 Saga Prefecture, 264 Saitama Prefecture, 95 Saito Akira, 102, 169 Saitõ Rokurõ, 259,280; awarded Russian Order of Friendship, 280; as a Demo cratic Movement activist, 273; death of, 282, 285; efforts to expand Zenyokukyõ, 276-277; election to Tsuruoka City Council, 273; established Zenyokukyõ prefectural branch, 274; lawsuits against the Japanese state, 278-279,283; legacy of, 283-285; Siberian Internment of, 272-273; split with the Aizawa Faction, 277-278; start of campaigning, 272, 274; vision of, 274, 276-277; visits to Russia, 279-280,282; writings of, 275; as Zenyokukyõ leader, 262, 276 Sakhalin, 1, 13m, 69, 98m, 225; Japanese residents remaining in, 203; sovietization of, 221. See also Karafuto Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail, 144 San Francisco Peace Treaty (1951), 226-228, 270-271 Sataka Makoto, 69 Satõ Kashio, 25-27, 33, 45, 86, 272, 296 Sawada Seikichi, 109 Sawatari Hideo, 101 Scott, C. Peter (British diplomat), 227 Sea of Japan, 4, 8,11, 86, 272, 274 Sebald, William J., 228, 239, 249, 267
Index Sėjimą Ryüzõ, 188; confrontation with Asahara Seiki, 198; early career of, 6; internment memoir of, 7, 72, 211, 213; in Manchukuo prior to Soviet invasion, 61-66; postwar interviews of, 216; postwar success as business leader, 42, 259; repatriation of, 5-6; sentencing in the USSR, 6,215; as Soviet witness at the Tokyo Trial, 6,209-216,254; as strategist in the Imperial General Headquarters, 61-66, 213-214; at surrender negotia tions with Soviets, 71-73; suspected role in offering Japanese soldiers to the USSR, 72-73; suspicions of collabora tion with the Soviets, 211 Sekai (magazine), 291 Sekine Tadayoshi, 94-95 Semionov, Grigorii, 215 Seno Eijirõ, 270 Seno Osamu, 91 Seraphim, Franziska, 31, 263, 282, 289 Seydlitz-Kurzbach, Walther von, 158 Shalamov, Varlam, 117, 120, 303ո22 Shenyang, 13m, 65, 98m Shiki Theater Company, 9 Shikoku, 26 Shikoku Gorõ, 7 Shimada Shirõ, 89, 125,148 Shimazu Tadatsugu, 229-230 Shimizu Hiroshi, 270 Shimoyama Incident, 244 Shimoyama Sadanori, 244 Shinkyõ (Changchun), 13m, 59, 63,65, 98m Shin Toho Film Studio, 9, 239 Shinyõ-maru (ship), 177 Shirai Hisaya, 198; on internee campaigns for compensation, 267-269, 278; on the Japanese responsibility for the Siberian Internment, 55; on Saitõ Rokurõ, 278 shock workers, 179. See also Hiratsuka movement; socialist competition; Stakhanovite movement shõgi (board game), 188 Showa Emperor. See Hirohito Showa period, 28 Siberia Day (memorial service on 23 August), 286, 290 Siberian internment: archives on, 10-11, 14-16, 26, 38-40, 77, 84,112; attitudes ա 367 in Japanese society toward, 21, 33, 35, 37, 235;
as a Cold War battleground, 16, 41, 209,216-217; commemoration of, 9, 22, 29-30, 277, 286-287; compared to abduction of Japanese by North Korea, 38; compared to Babylonian Captivity, 11; complexity of, 19, 44, 77-80, 115, 292; conspiracy theories about, 72-73, 210-211; controversial nature of, 36-37, 261; as a corollary of WWII, 19, 43, 50; end of, 4,6; as a global history event, 21, 33-34, 41, 43-46, 288; as a historical lens, 43, 297; historiography of, 14, 33-43,50,115; in history, 10-20, 29-30; illegality of, 20, 35, 41, 86, 88-89, 130, 219, 283; Japanese responsibility for, 31, 50-51, 55-56, 73; length of, 4, 218; narratives and memoirs of, 22, 30, 32, 57-61, 73, 76-80, 91,102-104, 134; origins of, 2-3, 25-27,49, 75; signifi cance of, 11, 29, 41, 261, 288; Soviet attitudes to, 66-68, 106, 126-127, 279, 312n78. See also memoirs of the Siberian Internment Siberian intervention, 66 Silk Road, 293 Sino-Soviet Alliance, 235 Skvortsov, Nikolai, 146-147 Slovak POWs in the USSR, 147 soccer, 166 Socialist competition, 178-179, 183,194. See also Hiratsuka movement; Stakhano vite movement Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 6,10,117,303n22 Sophia University (Tokyo), 1 Southeast Asia, 50, 61, 73, 184, 239, 296 Southern Sakhalin. See Karafuto South Manchurian Railway Company (Mantetsu), 53, 65 Soviet camps for POWs, 14, 22, 45-46; afterlives of POWs, 148; broader context of, 22, 39, 113, 296; class struggle in, 150-152, 154-155, 163-164, 175-177, 193-194; contrast with Gulag camps, 14, 41, 96, 114-117, 147; contrast with other POW camp systems, 114,116-117, 125, 127, 133; food and nutrition
in, 39, 91-96, 136; geography of, 11, 91, 140-142; history of, 38-41,111-112;
368 Index Soviet camps for POWs (continued) improvement in conditions in, 110, 137-140, 143-147, 220; knowledge about the USSR gained in, 19, 76,107, 112; labor exploitation in, 22,96-102,116, 129; leadership of, 128; management of, 120-121,127,144-145; memories of, 109, 111, 290; mortality rates in, 124, 220; recreation in, 166; perceptions of, 236; Red Cross visits to, 4; reeducation in (see Democratic Movement); survivors of, 35, 76, 287, 288; transfers of POWs between, 9,131; transit camps, 3, 21, 125, 145; transportation into, 38,51, 86-89, 113, 124, 128,130-131, 218; violence in, 100,175-177, 273. See also GUPVI Soviet-German War (1941-1945), 15, 85, 118, 122,157-158 Soviet-Japanese Joint Declaration (1956), 4, 230, 260, 270-271, 288 Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941), 37, 55, 88, 211 Soviet-Japanese normalization talks (1955-1956), 4, 222, 230, 270-271 Soviet-Japanese War (1945), 1-2, 81, 88, 167,289. See also Manchurian Offensive Soviet postwar, 26, 231-232, 245-246 Soviet prewar and wartime, 40,67-68,119, 153-154, 157-158 Soviet reeducation program in the camps. See Democratic Movement Soviet Union: collapse of 77,211; Commis sioner for Repatriation, 220-221; conditions in early postwar, 113, 136; construction ministry (Narkomstroy), 145; contribution to Allied victory, 67, 168, 219; de-Stalinization in, 232; development of atomic bomb, 242; egalitarianism in, 108; forced labor in, 22, 41,99, 111, 113,118,129,231; foreign criticism of, 16, 219, 220, 223, 227, 231-240; forestry ministry (Narkomles), 146; freedom of the press in, 172; geopo litical aims in East
Asia, 68; Great Terror in, 122,166; hunger in, 15, 96,136-137, 321n20, 324n67; international image after WWII, 220, 231; labor shortages after WWII, 44,102; ministry of cellulose and paper industry, 146; ministry of railway transport, 219; ministry of state-owned farms (Minsovkhoz), 146; ministry of the coal industry (Narkomugol’), 146; Pacific Fleet of, 72; policies toward foreign captives, 118; political purges, 173, 222; population losses to war, 318n82; postwar influence in Japan, 44; postwar Japanese views of, 19, 32, 76, 88; in postwar period, 112-113, 122; postwar reconstruction of 26, 97, 137,187; reasons for holding on to foreign POWs, 129; State Defense Committee of 2; stereotypes about, 106, 189, 237; system of government, 17,100, 105, 109,163,189,191-192, 200, 232; at the Tokyo Trial, 211-217,223; victory in WWII, 67,122,128,168; wartime conditions in, 110 special settlements (USSR), 119, 321n21 Štajner, Karlo, 133 Stakhanovite movement, 178-179,194 Stalin, Iosif, 23, 45,159, 288, 289; crimes committed during the reign of, 17,40-41, 112,116, 173; cult of personality, 158, 161,163,194,255; death of, 1,4, 6,229, 231, 240; entry into the war against Japan, 66-67,312n78; forced migra tions initiated by, 15, 273; ideology of, 119, 179; industrial projects initiated by, ЗГ7Һ65; influence on the JCP, 248; on Japan’s defeat, 67, 312n77; letters from families of Matsukawa Incident suspects, 245; letters of thanks by POWs to, 184, 195, 201; motivations for interning the Japanese, 26-27,126,132, 221; on the need to industrialize, 178; order to dismantle Manchukuo
industrial facilities, 85; order to intern the Japanese, 2-3, 26, 44, 51, 68, 72, 96, 218, 286; plans for postwar reconstruction of the USSR, 113, 119,136, 221; proposal to Truman to jointly occupy Japan, 16, 26, 130; reports on the Siberian internees to, 15, 82,171, 220, 240, 342nl59 Stalingrad, the Battle of 124,127,157,158 Stalin Peace Prize, 229 State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), 200, 245
Index Suchan (Russia), 13m, 94, 98m sumo, 166, 328n38 Suslov, Mikhail, 154, 167-168 Sutherland, Richard K., 63 Suzuki (corporation), 244 Taishet, 13m, 26, 27, 98m, 272 Taishõ period, 38 Taiwan, 49, 50,166 Takahashi Daizõ, 153,170,171 Takahashi Такао, 94 Takahashi Yoshirö, 97 Takasago-maru (ship), 237, 247 Takasugi Ichirõ, 11, 272; attempts to study the USSR and its people, 24, 105-107, 180; decision to record his Siberian experiences, 254; friendship with a Russian woman, 107,318n93; on humanity in the camps, 107-108, 298; on the humiliation of Japanese internees, 27; on hunger in the USSR, 136-137; on Japan’s war of aggression, 54; memoir of Siberia by, 7, 77; on Soviet ideology, 106 Takayama Hideo, 190, 194 Takayama Noboru, 171 Takeyama Itsurõ, 9 Takeyama TakejirS, 140 Takeyasu Kumaichi, 103 Takura Hachirõ, 87-88, 92 Tambov (Russia), 12m, 115,125,147,182-183 Tanabe Minoru, 183 Tanaka Kin’ichi, 179 Tanaka Takeshi, 295 Tanemura Suketaka (Sako), 236 Tashkent, 12m, 94, 104, 293-294 Tatarstan, 188 TBS Television, 279 Telegraph Agency of the USSR (TASS), 219, 240, 250 tenkā (recantation), 183-185,186, 196 Time (magazine), 179 Times Square, 206 Tochigi Prefecture, 101 Toho Film Studio, 304n32, 316n46 Tõhoku University (Japan), 230 Tõjõ Heihachirõ, 103 Tõjõ Hideki, 187, 212 Tokuda Incident (Tokuda yõsei mondai), 209, 223, 248-254 яш 369 Tokuda Kyūichi: message to returnees from Siberia, 241; participation in postwar politics, 241; Stalin’s influence on, 248; summons to the Diet, 249-250. See also Tokuda Incident Tokushima Prefecture, 168 Tokyo, 13m; firebombing of, 73; flights
between Vladivostok and, 294; Gor bachev’s visit to, 279-280; internees’ arrival to, 23; Metropolitan Government Building, 277; symphony orchestra of, 200 Tokyo Agricultural University, 171 Tokyo damoi, 3, 86-87 Tokyo District Court, 279 Tokyo Giants, 166 Tokyo High Court, 279 Tokyo Imperial University (now University of Tokyo), 5, 185, 230 Tokyo School of Foreign Studies, 83 Tokyo Times, 164,166 Tokyo Trial, 6, 209, 210, 254; as a Cold War battlefield, 210, 216-217; crossexamination of witnesses at, 211; defense counsels at, 213-215; dissent of Radhabinod Pal at, 216; legacies of, 216; Soviet prosecution at, 6,209,211; verdict of, 187, 190, 217, 223 Tomita Takeshi, 38-39, 225 Toshiba (corporation), 244 Trans-Siberian Railway, 26, 118 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965), 260 Truman, Harry S., 16, 26, 45, 130 Tsuchibashi Haruyoshi, 89-90,94,142-143 Tsumura Kenji, 176, 267 Tsurumi Shunsuke, 253 Turgenev, Ivan, 125, 148 Uchimura Gõsuke, 23, 84; arrest and sentencing of, 5; friendship with Jacques Rossi, 132-133, 221; on hunger, 95-96; memories of Siberia, 1, 77; on Soviets, 122; repatriation of, 3-5, 257 Uchiyama Takashi, 140, 151 Ueda Shunkichi, 247 Ueda Takao, 276-277 Uemura Mikio, 82 Ukraine, 119,124 Umezu Yoshijirõ, 212
370 «■ Index Unit 731 (IJA), 7, 217 United Kingdom (UK), 4, 50, 162, 224; Commonwealth, 249; embassy in Japan, 226-227; Foreign Office, 226-227,230; Liaison Mission, 225-226 United Nations, 224,232; Ad Hoc Com mission on POWs, 224; General Assembly, 224; Japanese membership in, 260, 270-271 United States (US), 43; alliance with Japan (see US-Japan Alliance); anticommunism of, 232,295; archives in, 225; confron tation with the USSR, 210,216-217,221; Congress, 232; Department of State, 271; diplomatic disputes with the USSR, 16, 163, 209, 218, 223-224; government officials of, 233-235, 242; imperialism of, 150,163,199, 239, 248; influence in East Asia, 44, 217, 242; intelligence officials, 229; Occupation of Japan, 140, 149, 204, 210, 221, 224, 298; policies toward the USSR, 233,247; POW camps in, 108; public of, 232; racism in, 108; Soviet defectors to, 248; version of postwar order, 204; at the Tokyo Trial, 210, 212, 215; war with Japan, 15, 44, 58, 73 Uno Sósuké, 42 Ural Mountains, 68, 97 US-Japan alliance, 17, 44, 209, 235, 261 (origins of, 216) US-Japan Security Treaty (Anpo), 263 USSR. See Soviet Union Uzbekistan, 104, 293 Vasilevskii, Aleksandr, 72,167 V-J Day, 206-207 Vladimirskii Tsentral Prison, 12m, 212 Vladivostok, 9,13m, 87,94,98m, 210, 225, 294; Abe Shinzo’s visits to, 294; antifas cist school in, 136, 199 volleyball, 166 Vorkuta, 12m, 91 Vyshinskii, Andrei, 240 Wakatsuki Yasuo, 30, 37 War Victims’ Relief Association (Sensai Engo Kai), 258 Waseda-Keiõ baseball rivalry (Sõkeisen), 166 Waseda University, 166 Washington, DC, 225, 228, 239 Watanabe Kazuo, 107
Watanabe Nobuo, 141 Watt, Lori, 42, 259, 318n92 Webb, William, 215 White Russians, 88, 92 women internees in the USSR, ix, 7,8,169, 231, 303n28 women’s groups, 258 World War 1,110 World War II, 11, 116,119, 264, 297; devastation caused by, 264; European theater of, 2, 67,127; internees’ experi ences of, 20,152; Japanese views on, 29, 289; last battles of, 1, 49; legacies, 35, 261,288,297; Marxist critique of, 308n2; Pacific theater of, 44, 61, 63, 295; population displacement caused by, 15, 296; soldier diaries of, 135; victims of, 260; world order emerging after, 79, 152, 218; writing the history of, 34,41 Yalta Conference, 26, 63, 312n78 Yamada Ichiro, 101 Yamada Kunisuke, 207-208, 240 Yamada Otozõ, 230, 268 Yamada Seizaburõ, 104, НО, 184-186 Yamagata Prefecture, 272, 274 Yamakawa Hayamı, 129 Yanami Hisao. See Aikawa Haruki Yasukuni Shrine (Tokyo), 193 Yawatagaki Masao, 105 Yeltsin, Boris, 279-280 Yokoyama Shüdõ, 87 Yomiuri shimbun, 5 Yoshida Kõhei, 163, 173,197, 198 Yoshida Shigeru, 73, 168, 224, 227-228, 270-271 Yoshida Tadashi, 9-10, 304n35 Yoshikawa Mitsusada, 266-267 Yoshimura Hisayoshi (Ikeda Shigeyoshi), 176-177 Yumashev, Ivan, 72 Yuzha camp (Russia), 12m, 157 zaibatsu, 168 Zavedeev, Aleksandr, 183 Zharikovo, 72 Zhdanov, Andrei, 159 f Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
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CONTENTS Note on Terms ix Abbreviations xi Introduction: In the Prisons Stalin Built 1 1 Beyond the Nation: The Siberian Internment in Global History 25 2 Embodiments of Empire: The Internees as Imperial Vestiges 47 3 Bedbug Country Chronicles: The Soviet Union in Japanese Camp Memoirs 76 4 5 6 7 Cold, Hunger, and Hard Labor: Japanese Experiences in the Soviet Camps 111 The Skillful Application of Propaganda Principles: POWs and Soviet Reeducation 149 In the Cold War Cross Fire: Returnees and the Superpower Confrontation 205 We Cannot Die as Slaves: The Struggle for Recognition and Compensation 257 Epilogue: Breaking Boundaries 286 Notes 301 Acknowledgments 351 Index 355
INDEX Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations, the letter m following a page number denotes a map Abe Gunji, 38-39, 134, 302nl0 Abe Shinzõ, 293-294, 296 African Americans, 108 Agamben, Giorgio, 101 Aikawa Haruki, 99,151-153, 185; apology for the USSR, 99, 186-187; on the Democratic Movement, 186-187; in the service of the empire, 110, 186; tenkā, 186,196 Aizawa Hideyuki, 97, 277 Akahata (newspaper), 251 Akikusa Shun, 212 Akita Prefecture, 275 Aleksandrovskii Tsentral Prison, 13m, 98m, 132-133 Allied Council for Japan, 218,239,249-250 Allied Occupation of Japan, 3, 14, 36, 71, 130, 260, 264-265. See also United States: Occupation of Japan Allied Powers, 62, 68,227,233,239; defeat of Axis armies, 2,119,219; disagreements over postwar justice, 217, 223; good will and trust between, 227; joint occupation of Austria, 183; lobbying of by internee groups, 226-229; POW camps in, 116 Allied POWs in Japanese captivity, 30, 54 All-Japan Council for Demanding and Promoting Compensations for Forced Internees (Aizawa Zenyokukyo), 97,264, 277-278, 281; connections with LDP, 277-278; rivalry with Saito Zenyokukyo, 277-278, 281 All-Japan Council for Demanding and Promoting Compensations for Forced Internees (Zenyokukyo, Original organization), 273 All-Japan Council for the Compensation of Internees (Saito Zenyokukyo), 262, 272, 276-278, 280, 282-284; afterlife of, 283; diplomatic efforts of, 279-281; failure of, 283; lawsuits against the Japanese government, 278-279; lobbying politicians, 284; sit-in protests, 284; support among internees, 282; receipt of internee lists from Russia,
280 Alma-Ata (now Almaty, Kazakhstan), 12m, 98m, 104 Altai Territory (Russia), 91 Amaya Konokichi, 103 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 232, 320nl0 Amur Region (Russia), 184 355
356 ա Index anticommunism: of the internees, 197-198, 200, 269-270; of Japanese historians, 37; in Japanese society, 110, 224, 247, 254; Japan’s role in, 295; networks forged by the US, 295-296; newspapers in Japan, 233; of the US Occupation authorities, 234 Aomori Prefecture, 275 Araki Sadao, 212 Arctic Circle, 91,141 Arimitsu Ken, 283-284 Armstrong, Oriand Kay, 232 Army Air Force Academy (Japan), 237 Army Ministry (Japan), 46 Army War College (Japan), 6 Article 58 of the Russian Criminal Code (1927), 5-6, 215, 303n22 Artyom (Russia), 13m, 98m, 294 Asaeda Shigeharu, 54 Asahara Seiki, 6-7,151,152,187,197; arrest of, 5, 195, 221; avoiding labor, 196; confrontation with Kusachi Teigo, 198; on the Democratic Movement, 55,171, 196; editor of Nihon shimbun, 5,167; memoir of, 195-196; previous history of Marxism, 5, 185; repatriation of, 5; resentment toward, 5, 37, 194-195 Asahi shimbun, 36,55,168,234,247,264; coverage of repatriation, 237-238; coverage of the Tokuda Incident, 249-251 Asaka Yūho, 292 Associated Press, 237 Association for Accelerating the Repatria tion of Compatriots from the USSR (Zaiso Dõhõ Kikan Sokushin Kai), 266-267. See also Long-Term Internees’ League (Chõyokudõ) Association for Recording the Life Experi ences of Japanese POWs in the USSR (Kirokusuru Kai), 170 Association of Shinto Shrines, 282 Association of the Families of the Missing (Rusu Kazoku Daniai Zenkoku Kyõgikai), 228-229, 261 atomic bomb victims (hibakusha), 268,281, 295; compensations for, 262-263, 281; victimhood of, 29-30, 71, 73, 270 Australia, 224 Austria: Communist Party of, 183;
communists in, 121,133,183; POWs in the USSR, 5, 121; prisoners in the USSR, 110 Axis POWs in the USSR, 41,115,125-127, 131,156; at Morshansk camp, 182; at Rada camp, 115,123-125,147-148, 166. See also individual countries Baikal Amur Railway Mainline (BAM), 13m, 98m, 317n65; alternative to TransSiberian Railway, 118; Japanese POWs building the, 5,26,101,118,272; origins of, 118. See also Chistyakov, Ivan “barbed-wire disease,” 177 Barshay, Andrew, 43, 54 baseball, 166 Bei’an (China), 13m, 98m, 83 Belorussia, 232 Beria, Lavrentii, 121,124, 141,159 Brisk (Russia), 12m, 91, 98m Birobidzhan (Russia), 13m, 85 Blagoveshchensk (Russia), 13m, 98m, 122 Blakeney, Bruce, 212-214 Bolsheviks, 66-67,133 Bratsk, 13m, 92, 98m, 105 Buchegger, Ernst, 183 Buddhism, 25, 65, 99,156,164 Bulganin, Nikolai, 230 Bungei shunjū (The Literary Chronicles), 74, 104, 211 Carruthers, Susan, 208, 232 Central Asia, 91,97,104,142,293. See also Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 120, 225-226 Chernyshov, Vasilii, 138,143-144 Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery (Tokyo), 286, 295 China, 1,18, 74, 208; alliance with the USSR, 235; civilian repatriation from, 64-66; fear of joint invasion of Japan, with USSR, 225; Japanese diplomatic considerations toward, 193; Japanese interests in, 50-54; Japanese internees in, 226-227; Japanese mistreatment of the population of, 53, 73; Japanese ship crews captured by, 264; Japanese troops
Index stationed in, 7, 11, 48, 51, 54, 63, 83; Japanese withdrawal from, 49-50, 86; treatment of Japanese war criminals by, 75 China Eastern Railway, 118 Chinese Civil War, 11,49, 242 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 49, 246-247; allegations of funding JCP, 247 Chistyakov, Ivan, 118,121-122 Chita (Russia), 13m, 65, 87, 94, 98m, 162, 196 Cold War: anticommunism, 19,110, 287; bilateral treaties dictated by, 260,264, 281; discourses in Japan, 28, 32-33, 71; early, 10,18, 23, 33, 43; ideological confrontation of, 48, 66; increase in tensions, 231, 240, 242; influence on historiography, 19, 34-37, 41, 111, 297-298; international order of, 15, 17, 24, 34,253,296; legacies of, 31,77,209, 288; media battles of, 208-209; origins of, 16, 209; in the Soviet POW camps, 23,155; victims of, 253 “comfort women,” 260, 281 Cominform, 245-246 communism, 149, 253; as alternative to capitalism, 150; converts to, 149, 158, 225; Japanese, 185,241,246; propaganda against, 232-234, 247; Soviet, 17,181, 185; study of, 162; suspicion of, 259, 263 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 156,167,174,179,229; allegations of giving funds to JCP, 246; history of, 190-191; influence on JCP, 248; leadership of, 229-230; Politburo of, 168; propaganda efforts of, 67,154 Conrad, Sebastian, 36, 44-45, 241 “consolation payments” (isharyo), 264, 265-266, 284 Council on Passing Legislation on the Siberian Internment (Shiberia Rippõ Suishin Kaigi), 283-285 Culver, Annika, 184-185 Daily Telegraph (London), 225-226 decolonization, 261 Democratic Liberal Party (Minjitõ), 247 Democratic Movement (Soviet reeducation
program for Japanese internees), 5; m 357 activists of, 23, 174-175, 177, 179, 182-183,267; agitators of, 162,181, 190; attraction of, 17,185, 187; efficiency of, 167, 187; expansion of, 161,167-168; goals of, 150,159,186-187; impact on non-officers, 61, 194; incentives to participate in, 174,177,194; influence on internee thinking, 22, 47, 55, 152, 159, 172, 191; Japanese reactions to, 150-152, 180-183,185-198; “kangaroo courts,” 175-176,177,195; memories of, 22,150,180,199-200; methods of, 107, 155-156, 167-168, 175, 189-190; as national humiliation for the Japanese, 37; opportunists in, 151,159,180,193-194; origins of, 100, 150-156, 181; Party History Study Group, 194; perceptions in the West, 149-150, 208; resistance to, 150, 180, 189, 194,197-198; role in raising production, 177-180; scope of, 161; Soviet reports on, 171; strategists of, 185-187; Youth Action Group (Seinen Kõdõtai), 162,191 Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), 284 Dimitrov, Georgi, 121 Din, Iuliia, 221 Dodge, Joseph M., 244 Dodge Line, 244 Doihara Kenji, 212 Dolgikh, Ivan, 138, 145, 174 Drea, Edward, 64,197 Dudorov, Nikolai, 203 Eels, Walter C., 245 Einsidel, Heinrich Graf von, 158 Eisenstaedt, Alfred, 206-207 Elabuga (Russia), 12m, 166,187-190,194 Emiot, Israel, 134 emperor system, 57, 162, 164,189, 251 Empire of Japan, 11,17, 31, 56-61,184, 210; collapse of, 1,48-49, 61-66, 200, 289; colonialism of, 38; disappearance from public consciousness, 14; expan sionism of, 16, 28, 38, 68, 150, 295; foreign outposts of 10; history of, 14, 43, 216; informal, 11; legacies of, 10,19, 41, 56, 253, 264, 296; memory
of, 14, 50, 57, 76-77, 295; nostalgia about, 74-75; pan-Asianism of, 17, 50; in postwar
358 «ж Index Empire of Japan (continued) consciousness, 14, 16-17, 28-29,57-58, 71, 295; propaganda about, 48,186; sacrifices lor, 18,20,49-50,56,82,185-186; and the Siberian Internment, 21-22,49; transition to nation-state, 11,43, 49,78, 295; victims of, 20,31,54,281,297 Endõ Shõji, 295 Field Service Code (Senjinkun), 46, 81 Fifteen-Year War, 44 French POWs in the USSR, 147 Fujiwara Tei, 61, 65 Fukushima Prefecture, 9, 244, 275 Furuhashi Shinzo, 195 Furami Tadayuki, 53,58-60; on Manchukuo, 62, 69, 74, 77; on repatriation, 65; on the Soviets, 84 Fushun War Criminals Management Center, 75 Futaba Kaname, 77, 84-86 Garibaldists’ Union, 157 Gavrilov, Viktor, 138, 139,161, 181 General Affairs State Council (GASC) of Manchukuo, 53 General Headquarters of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (GHQ SCAP): anticommunism of, 32, 108, 241, 244-245, 248; attitudes toward Siberian internees, 46, 237, 242-244; efforts to hasten repatriation of the Japanese from the USSR, 3,218, 224; Press Code, 233; reforms, 259-260, 264-265; rewriting the history of WWII, 44, 73; on Soviet propaganda efforts, 149,155, 234-235; special reports of, 16, 149, 236, 242, 246; surveillance of returnee groups, 266-267. See also Allied Occupation of Japan; MacArthur, Douglas Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of POWs, (Second, 1929), 116 Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of POWs (Third, 1949), 116, 278-279, 283 German Officers’ Union, 157 German POWs in the USSR. See Nazi Germany: POWs in the USSR Gibney, Frank, 208, 240, 246, 255 Ginzburg, Eugenia, 128 glasnost, 40 Gobi Desert, 156
Golubev, Konstantin, 218-219 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 279-280 Great Terror (1937-1938), 122,166 Gromyko, Andrei, 203, 233 Guadalcanal, 11 Gulag, 14, 138, 141,155; consciousness in the West, 114-115,232; contrast with Tsarist prisons, 110; historiography of, 41, 44,121-122; impact on the GUPVI, 112,115,117-132; inmate solidarity in, 133-134; mortality rates in, 128; purposes of, 116-117; recreation activities in, 164-166; role in the Soviet economy, 118-119, 128-129; testimonies of survivors, 117, 132-134; as a tool to criticize the USSR, 231-240; transpor tation of Europeans into, 113; treatment of inmates in, 41, 111, 117,147 GUPVI: Antifascist Movement Section of, 196; attempts to improve conditions in, 137-140,143-147; broader historical context of, 14,113; camps as correctional institutions, 116-117; conditions in, 41, 123,129-131,138-139; difference from Gulag, 14, 115, 130; differences from other POW camp systems, 116-117; experiences of foreigners in, 14-15, 123; foreign knowledge of, 112-113; goals of, 115; history of, 114-123; impact of Gulag on, 115; inner workings of, 16, 120-121; management of, 117,121,127, 137-147; mechanisms of control, 117, 120-121, 167-168; multiethnic and multinational nature, 15, 45,114,123; role of forced labor in, 40,116. See also Soviet camps for POWs Hakamada Mutsuo, 196 Hakamada Satomi, 196, 248 Hama Toshikazu, 174,177-178 Hando Kazutoshi, 65 Haneda Airport, 211 Harbin, 13m, 65, 72, 98m, 215 Harbin Special Organization (Harubin tokumu kikan), 83,196 Harvard-Yale football match, 166
Index Hasegawa Hideo, 203 Hasegawa Tsuyoshi, 66 Hasegawa Uichi, 267-269 Hashimoto Takuzö, 77, 91,177 Hata Hikosaburõ, 71-72 Hata Ikuhiko, 63,130, 323ո52 Hatakeda Kan, 105 Hatoyama Ichiro, 270 Haushofer, Karl, 52 Hayashi Mutsuo, 182 Hayashi Teru, 7,196-197 Heilongjiang Province (China), 52, 83, 272 Heiwa no ishizue memoir collection (Foun dation for Peace), 77, 78, 125, 135, 277 hibakusha. See atomic bomb victims Hidaka Makoto, 189 Higurashi Yoshinobu, 216 Hill, Christopher L., 34 Hiratsuka Mitsuo, 257, 261, 284-285, 288 Hiratsuka movement, 179 Hirohito, Emperor of Japan: caricature of, 164; gifts of honor from, 6; Imperial Broadcast of 15 August 1945, 2, 11, 77, 82; in imperial propaganda, 52; loyalty to, 70, 81, 194,198, 242; role in the war, 163; sacrifices for the, 162-163; and the Siberian internees, 57-59, 82, 162,191, 242; and the Tokyo Trial, 162, 217 Hirokawa Kozen, 247 Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings, 71, 73,295. See also atomic bomb victims Hiroshima Prefecture, 173 Hirota Kõki, 62, 311n50 history problems (rekishi mondai), 261, 297 Hitachi (corporation), 244 Hitler, Adolf, 158 Hodgson, William Roy, 249 Hokkaido, 13m, 26, 98m, 130, 238 Holl, Adelbert, 83, 85-86,103,110; on inmate solidarity, 133; on the Japanese internees, 188; on Soviet poverty, 85, 122-123; on Soviet reeducation efforts, 158; on the treatment of foreign inmates, 134 Honshu, 13m, 26 Horyo taikenki (Records ofPOW Experiences), 77-78, 153, 170 Hosaka Masayasu, 211-212 Hősei University (Manchukuo), 59 m 359 Hungarian National Committee, 157 Hungarian POWs in the USSR, 130-131, 147-148,
312n73 Hungary, 1 Ide Shõichi, 281 Igarashi Yoshikuni, 42, 314ո3, 343nl68 Iítsuka Toshio, 3, 86, 92,100-101 Ikite sokoku e memoir collection (Returning Alive to the Motherland), 86, 94 Imperial General Headquarters, 6,61,62,64 Imperial Japanese Army Academy (Shikan Gakkõ), 6, 187 Imperial Japanese Army (IJA), 3,14,63,212, 230; class warfare in, 197-198; defeat of, 7, 82; Fourth Army, 82, 210; general staff, 213; ideological training in, 237; Koreans in, 7,181, 230, 260, 285, 292; military discipline (gunki) in, 54-55,154, 188, 200; Military Operations Depart ment, 213; military pensions, 260, 264-265; officers of, 6, 27, 55-56, 72, 182, 188; opportunism in, 193; shame of becoming POW in, 58; Thirty-Third Army, 74; uniforms of, 14, 49, 84,142, 205-206; violence in, 22, 54-55,100, 173-174. See also Kwantung Army Imperial Palace (Tokyo), 58,188, 286 Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors (1945), 81 inada Yoshio, 175 Inami Kiyoshi, 194 Inner Mongolia, 156 Inokuma Tokurõ, 286 Inomata Kuniо, 90,136,199-201 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). See Red Cross “Internationale” (song), 23, 178,189, 197, 208, 242 International Memorial POW Cemetery at Tambov-Rada, 147-148 International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE). See Tokyo Trial Irkutsk (Russia), 13m, 26, 98m, 132, 170, 257, 272 Ishiguro Tatsunosuke, 55, 180, 200, 255 Ishihara Yoshirõ, 7 Ishiwara Kanji, 52, 74 Itagaki Seishiro, 52, 60,187, 190-191, 212
360 Index Itagaki Tadashi, 42,151, 204; becoming communist, 181,185, 187,189-191; on the decadence among Japanese internee officers, 188-189; as a Democratic Movement activist, 191; Diet testimony of, 191-192, 236-237; on the emperor system, 162; on his father’s role in the war, 190-191; on the Nihon shimbun, 60, 189; post-repatriation career, 192-193; transfer to Khabarovsk, 189 Italian POWs in the USSR, 131,147 Itö Masao: on the emperor, 58; on the imperialist war, 47-48, 59; on the memory of internment, 79; on Soviet poverty, 122 Ito Sadao, 275 Ivanovo (Russia), 12m, 157, 230, 268 Iwate Prefecture, 94, 239, 275 Izvestiia (newspaper), 171 Japan: aggressive plans against the USSR, 6,66,211,214; Allied Occupation of, 130; anticommunism in, 224, 231, 247-248, 252-253; anti-Soviet feelings in, 224-226, 231-234, 238, 256, 287; as an Asian model of modernity, 52,74-75; Attorney General of, 247, 266; citizens’ groups, 31, 74, 227, 232, 254, 261, 264, 271; climate of, 91, 140; defeat in WWII, 36, 43, 57, 81-82, 287; disabled veterans in, 30, 71, 263, 265; experience in WWII, 47, 61, 81, 134, 265; fear of Soviet invasion in, 23, 225-226; imperialism, 36, 48, 52-55, 59-60, 71, 75, 161,184; joining the United Nations, 260, 271; Livelihood Protection Law, 267; milita rism of, 51, 67, 73, 159,162, 168,171, 184,191-192,237,265; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of, 225,258,281; Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of, 258, 274, 294; Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of 277; Ministry of Transport of 258; nationalism of 185, 216; postwar prosperity in, 112, 290; postwar
reconstruction and remaking, 17,19, 31,43, 45, 209,295-296; Silk Road diplomacy of 293; Supreme Court, 271, 273, 283; surrender to the Allies, 2, 26, 51, 58-59, 63, 67, 81-82,131, 152, 308n3; territorial disputes, 41, 281; unresolved “history problems,” 261; victim narratives in, 29-33, 38, 76,104, 289-292, 297; victimization of Asians, 53-54,261,297; war memory in, 27-28, 31, 35, 44, 50-51, 71, 78-79; war responsibility, 36,189; working people of 7, 53, 164,184, 244-245, 247, 256, 273. See also Empire of Japan Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK), 8-9, 200 Japan Disabled Veterans Association (Nihon Shöi Gunjin Kai), 265 Japanese Communist Party (JCP), 184,187, 192-193; allegations of foreign influence, 246-247; attempts to reestablish during wartime, 185; attempts to use internment for political goals, 240-246; commemo ration of the Siberian Internment, 287; criticism by Cominform, 245; disputes within, 246,248; history of, 191; internees opposed to, 252; Japanese government prosecution of, 247; “kamikaze policy,” 248, 252; “lovable,” 241; media attacks on, 223, 231, 234, 240; Occupation policies against, 240,245,248; perceived threat from, 245; publications of, 153; relations with Occupation authorities, 241; Siberian returnees joining, 23, 207-208, 242, 249; Soviet influence on, 248; success at the 1949 elections, 18, 241-242, 244; threat of a “violent revolution,” 18, 149, 225, 246-248 Japanese POWs and internees in the USSR: applications for Soviet citizenship, 201-203,231; convicted as war criminals, 3, 6, 38, 132, 229; deaths of, 39, 59, 125-127, 142,171,199,236,
276, 286, 290, 302n9; divisions within, 100,150, 167, 173, 176, 203; encounters with locals, 104-105,189,201-202; experi ences of defeat, 81-86,152; gulf between postwar Japanese society and, 34-35; imperial consciousness of 42,47-50, 59-61; as instruments in the Cold War, 18-19, 221, 240; mistreatment of, 3, 103,117,150; payment for labor of, 87, 104, 194,278, 285; postwar campaigns for compensation, 18, 23,31, 36, 46,
Index 260-283, 287, 291; pursuit of truth about the internment, 27-28; reintegra tion into postwar society, 28, 203, 258-260, 263, 275; return to Japan of the remains of, 294-295; special treatment provided to, 129-134,147,157, 194; suspicion faced after repatriation, 23, 34, 80, 104,150,199, 208, 259, 263; as witnesses of the USSR in postwar Japan, 32, 42, 184; working on the construction of BAM, 5, 26, 101, 118, 272. See also memoirs of the Siberian Internment Japanese Red Cross Society (JRCS), 4, 7, 229-230 Japanese Returnees League (Nichikidõ), 266,267. See also League for Supporting the Livelihoods of Returnees from the USSR (Sokidő) Japan-Russia Friendship Association, 87 Japan Times, 238 Japan-Uzbekistan Association, 293 Japan War Bereaved Families Association (Nihon Izokukai), 192, 282 Jewish Autonomous Region (Russia), 85, 196 jibunshi (self-history), 27-28, 111 Johnston, Charles Hepburn, 228 Kagawa Shõíchi, 5,194, 195 Kagawa Yutaka, 173 Kaifu Toshiki, 277 Kaji Ryösaku, 252 Kambayashi Tomoya, 281, 283 kamikaze units (tokkõtai), 187, 237 Kamiya Kyohei, 170 Kannon, 25 Kan Sueharu, 191, 209, 250; allegations of communism, 253; as a philosopher, 253; suicide, 252-254; summons to the National Diet, 250-251 Kanzaki Tatsuo, 65 Karafuto (Southern Sakhalin), 7,50,55,63, 302n5; repatriation from, 221, 229. See also Sakhalin Karafuto Agency, 212 Karaganda (Kazakhstan), 12m, 141,250,251 Kasahara Kinzaburõ, 176 Katakura Tadashi, 74 m 361 Katasonova, Elena, 138, 139, 161, 181, 280 Katõ Kintarõ, 61, 259 Kato Kyüzõ, 92 Kawabe Torashirõ, 63 Kazakhstan, 104,141, 146, 250 Kazuki
Yasuo, 7, 304n30 Keiõ University, 166 KGB (Committee for State Security), 121, 195, 247-248. See also MGB Khabarovsk Territory, 145, 164,169, 201; Asahara Seiki’s activities in, 5; Demo cratic Movement in, 190, 194-195; Department of Internal Affairs, 138, 174; Itagaki Tadashi transferred to, 189; mistreatment of the Japanese in, 194; propaganda authorities in, 156; reeduca tion courses in, 181, 193; regional directorate for POW affairs, 143; Tanaka Takeshi’s return to, 295 Khabarovsk Trial, The (1949), 217, 222 Khalkhin-Gol. See Nomonhan Incident Khingan Range, 68, 156 Khruliov, Andrei, 124 Khrushchev, Nikita, 119, 230 Kikuchi Toshio, 104, 259 Kimura Battalion, 171 Kimura Kõhei, 253 Kimura Такао, 77,91,177 Kirichenko, Aleksei, 63, 247-248, 280 Kitagawa Nagayoshi, 93, 102 Kiyose Ichiro, 214 KMT (Chinese Nationalist Party), 49 Koan-maru (ship), 4-5 Kobayashi Akina, 39 Kolyma (Russia), 128 Komatsu Shigerõ, 173,175,193 Komatsuzaki Risaku, 94 Kõmeitõ Party, 270, 284 Komori Kiyoo, 174 Komsomolsk-on-Amur (Russia), 171, 179 Komsomol (Young Communist Movement), 106, 317n65 Kondo Takeo, 79, 83-84 Kõno Akira, 170 Kõno Chiharu, 69 Konoe Fumimaro, 72, 222 Konoe Fumitaka, 222, 313n94, 336n50 Konsalik, Heinz, 103
362 *и Index Korakuen Stadium (Tokyo), 166 Korean internees in the USSR, 7,229,230, 260, 285 Korean peninsula, 4, 64,142,187,208; as Japanese colony, 50; repatriation from, 29; partition of, 49 Korean War, 18, 32, 208, 223-227, 240 Koshkin, Anatolii, 167 Kotkin, Stephen, 99, 200 Kovalenko, Ivan, 5,167,184,196; influence on Soviet policy on Japan, 168; leader ship in the Democratic Movement, 185; on the selection of Japanese witnesses for Soviet prosecution at the Tokyo Trial, 211 Kõza-ha, 186 Krasnogorsk (Russia), 12m, 157 Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russia), 12m, 98m, 120, 203 Kriukov, Dmitrii, 221, 336n46 Krivenko, Mikhail, 138 Kruglov, Sergei, 82, 145; on the internees’ labor exploitation, 146, 220; on the internees' physical condition, 125, 141-142; on the political mood among the Japanese, 159; on repatriation, 15-16, 89, 219-220; order to start antifascist training, 157 Kubota Zenzö, 249-250 kulaks, 115,173 Kurihara Yasuyo, 89, 225, 239 ^ Kuril Islands, 1, 37, 50, 67, 81, 221, 281 Kuroyanagi Moritsuna, 165, 200 Kuroyanagi "Tetchan” Tetsuko, 200 Kurumizawa Kõshi, 7 Kusaba Tatsumi, 210-212 Kusachi Faction, 197-198 Kusachi Teigo, 197-198 Kwantung Army, 50, 92,106,153,159,186; antipathy in Japanese society toward, 71, 73; atrocities in Manchuria, 54, 184; commanders of, 2, 6,48, 62, 64-65, 71-72, 184, 230, 268; failure to protect Japanese in Manchukuo, 31, 36, 48, 51, 61-62, 65-66, 70,198; inflated reputa tion of, 52-53, 63, ЗОІпЗ, 301n4; Infor mation Bureau (Jõhõbu), 268; military strategies of, 62-64, 214; mobilization into, 7, 66, 70, 214, 260; Operations Division, 197;
responsibility for Siberian Internment, 55-56; role in colonizing Manchuria, 50-56, 71; Russian Educa tion Unit, 5; Staff, 197, 210, 212; surrender of, 71-72, 115; violence toward soldiers in, 54-55; weakening of, 48, 61-62, 81. See also Imperial Japanese Army Kyodo News Agency, 203 Kyoto, 13m, 177, 207, 216, 242 Kyushu, 26, 264, 276 Labor unions, 244,245,259 Lago-Ozerov, Boris, 222 Lake Baikal, 13m, 86, 89, 98m Lake Khasan Incident, 134 League for Hastening the Repatriation of Officers and Soldiers Abroad (Zaigai Shõhei Kikan Sokushin Domei), 266-267 League for Obtaining Compensations and Consolation Payments for Wartime POWs (Senji Horyo Hoshõkin Isharyõ Kakutoku Suishin Kyõgikai Domei), 264 League for Supporting the Livelihoods of Returnees from the USSR (Sokidő), 100, 153, 238, 266-267. See also Japanese Returnees League (Nichikidö) lebensraum, 52 Lenin, Vladimir, 47,119, 312n77, 321nl6 Leninism, 106,199. See also Marxism; Marxism-Leninism Liaoning (China), 52, 75 Liberal Democratic Party, LDP (Japan), 192, 264, 276-278, 282, 284, 287 lieux de mémoire, 29 Life (magazine), 205-209 Lipper, Elinor, 117,172 “literature of hardship,” 80, 89,104,114, 135, 297 London, 4, 87, 225, 228, 230 Long-Term Internees’ League (Chõyokudõ), 266, 268-271 Lutz, Robert, 125 MacArthur, Douglas, 3,26, 63, 249 Maddocks, Arthur F., 227 Maeda Akihiro, 264,273 Magadan (Russia), 13m, 141 mahjongg, 188
Index Mainichi shimbun, 234-237 Maizuru, 5, 13m, 14, 240, 257; cold reception at, 259; disturbances at, 23, 177, 241-242, 244, 255, 289; interroga tion of returnees at, 32, 235-236, 242; last repatriation vessel at, 4; repatriation procedures at, 274 Malinovskii, Rodion, 72 Manchukuo, 1-2, 9, 21, 81, 83; bandits in, 53,69; climate of, 3,141; collapse of, 51, 58, 74-75, 82, 289; contrast with the USSR, 122; defense of, 48, 62-64; Department of Communications, 87; development plans for, 48, 74; disman tling of industry by the Soviets, 2, 85; as an expansionist project, 52,184; govern ment employees of, 6, 59, 65, 75, 87; imperial family of, 65; imperial propa ganda about, 48, 53, 56, 60, 61,184; importance within Japanese Empire, 50, 52, 60, 62; importance for the Siberian Internment, 50,74-75; Japanese coloni zation of, 31, 53-55; Japanese settlers in, 7,50-51, 56-57, 62-65, 82, 186; Japanese troops stationed in, 48, 54-56, 60,81,131,272; Japanese victimhood in, 44,57,62-63,68-73, 74-75; memories of, 36,50,55, 71, 74-75; military con scription in, 7, 8; pan-Asian dream of, 45,48, 52-53, 71-75; repatriation from, 29,65,69-70; Soviet occupation of 236; Soviet plunder of, 2, 62, 84, 94, 143; White Russians in, 88, 215 Manchu people, 53, 83 Manchuria. See Manchukuo Manchurian Incident (1931), 52, 74 Manchurian Offensive, 1-2, 38, 50, 66-68, 72-73,156, 167, 197. See also SovietJapanese War (1945) Manstein, Erich von, 158 Mao Zedong, 242, 245 Maritime Province (Russia), 3, 72,147,294 Marunouchi (Tokyo), 211 Marxism, 5, 17, 119, 182-183,185,191. See also Marxism-Leninism
Marxism-Leninism, 110,151,181,194, 199, 233. See also Marxism; Leninism Masuda Koji, 9-10, 165 Matsukawa Incident, 244-245 яш 363 Matsumoto Shun’ichi, 4 Matsumoto Yasujirõ, 103 Matsumura Shözõ, 195 Matsumura Tomokatsu, 210-213, 215 Matsuno Hisayoshi, 165 May Day, 189, 273 McCarthyism, 232, 252 McManus, Lawrence J., 214-215 Meiji Emperor, 23 memoirs of the Siberian Internment, 24, 27; as attempts to forge identities, 28; as best sellers, 7; biases in, 79-80, 199; civilian vs military, 27,42,50-52, 70-71, 289; cold weather in, 8, 59, 80, 89, 140-141; collections of, 76-77, 86, 135, 153, 175,194, 277, 293; contempt for the Democratic Movement in, 150-151, 168-170,175,180; by converts to Marxism, 23, 188; diversity of experiences in, 7, 27-28, 32, 76-77, 80, 97; in the early postwar, 21, 71; by German POWs, 78, 158; hard labor in, 8, 59, 80, 89, 143; as historical sources, 10-11,14, 16, 22, 43, 135; hunger in, 8,59, 80, 89, 94-96, 140,174; importance of, 28; Japanese defeat in, 81-86; Japanese Empire in, 57-60; limitations of 28, 35, 48, 111, 127, 137; Manchukuo in the, 71, 122, 289; need to combine with archives, 113-114,130,150; nostalgia in, 79, 125, 188, 290; political utility of, 78; positive experiences in, 104-108; readers of, 35, 80,103-104,106,109,135-136; reliance on memory in, 79, 135; Soviet women in, 83, 94, 102, 104-105,107, 125, 203; suffering in the, 8, 89-104,134, 290, 293. See also “literature of hardship” Memorial Museum for Soldiers, Detainees in Siberia, and Postwar Repatriates (Heiwa Kinen Tenji Shiryökan), 91, 277, 291 Meretskov, Kirill, 72 MGB (Ministry
of State Security of the USSR), 121, 195-196 Miki Jun, 205 Mikoyan, Anastas, 230 militarist cliques (gunbatsu), 61, 168 Minamiguchi Sarchi, 100 Minami Jiro, 212
364 Index Minami Nobushirõ, 182 Mitaka Incident, 244 Miura Kõichi, 9 Miyakawa Funao, 71, 72 Miyake Mitsuharu, 212 Mizuhara Shigeru, 166 Molotov, Viacheslav, 5, 121,159, 220, 229, 303nl9 Mongolia, 225; Japanese internment in, 104, 236; participation in the Manchurian offensive, 156-157 Moore, Aaron William, 34, 135 Morozov, Pavlik, 173 Morshansk (Russia), 12m, 182-183,185 Moscow, 12m, 87-88,188, 208, 211, 217; as the administrative center of the Soviet system, 130, 138-139, 221; archives in, 296; camp authorities in, 125, 128,147, 156,167; Ivan Chistyakov’s nostalgia for, 121-122; Japanese representatives in, 62; Konoe Fumimaro’s aborted mission to, 72; as reference to the USSR as a whole, 3,123, 229, 232, 233, 250, 281 Moscow Radio, 239 Mudanjiang (China), 13m, 86-87, 98m, 137 Munakata Hajime, 186 Murai Michiaki, 168 Murai Misao, 257 Murata Jinsaku, 94 Murayama Tsuneo, 286, 302n9 Muto Akira, 230 MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, 1946-1991): attempts to improve camp conditions, 139-140,143; control of internee labor exploitation, 144-146; controlling the repatriation of the Japanese, 218-221, 223; inspections of camps, 146; monitoring the mood among internees, 159; recruitment of Japanese for intelligence, 248; rejection of Japanese citizenship applications, 203; role in the Soviet economy, 119. See also NKVD Nagase Ryõji, 38 Naitõ Misao. See Uchimura Gõsuke Naitõ Takashi, 191 Nakamaki Yasuhiro, 104 Nakano Intelligence School (IJA), 83, 212 Nakano Shigeharu, 250, 343nl64 Nakasone Yasuhiro, 193 Nakayama Kõzõ, 8-10 Nakaya Masataka, 92,100,125 Nakhodka, 13m, 98m,
175-176,191; arrival from, 4, 240, 242, 247; communist reeducation at, 255, 267; port of, 4; sea route to Maizuru from, 4-5, 274 Nanbara Shigeru, 230 Napier, Jack P., 266-267 Narita Ryūichi, 57, 60 Narita Seiji, 166 Nasukawa Masashi, 282-283 Nasu Tadao, 100 National Archives and Records Adminis tration of the United States (NARA), 212 National Committee for a Free Germany, 157 National Council for Accelerating the Repatriation of Japanese Nationals Abroad (Zaigai Dõhõ Hikiage Sokushin Zenkoku Kyögikai), 226-227,229, 261 National Diet (Japan), 21,23,175-176,209, 242; discussion of internee compensa tions at, 268-270,284; House of Coun cillors (Upper), 192, 236, 247, 249, 253; House of Representatives (Lower), 252, 284; Itagaki Tadashi testimony at, 191-193; JCP increasing its representa tion at, 241-242, 244; Kan Sueharu’s testimony at, 251-253; Siberian internees submitting demands to, 242, 249, 264, 268, 283-284; Tokuda Kyūichi’s testimony at the, 249-250 National Railway Workers’ Union (Kokutetsu Rödö Kumiai), 244-245 Navoiy Theater (Tashkent), 293-294 Nazi coalition, 119,129 Nazi Germany, 2, 66, 157,159; concentra tion camps, 124,127, 232; defeat of, 83; internment history in, 113; Occupied by the Allies, 44, 315n27; POWs in the US, 108; POWs in the USSR, 78, 117,157, 320n3; rape of women by Soviet soldiers, 70; Reichsbahn, 85; Third Reich, 83; treatment of Soviet POWs, 127; victims of, 148; war trophies removed from, 85; Wehrmacht, 127 New York City, 206
Index Nihonjinron, 293 Nihon shimbun, 152,160; editorial team of, 99, 154, 167, 185-186; Friends of (tomo no kai), 162, 172, 273; influence on internee thinking, 55,170-171, 201; internee attitudes toward, 60, 154, 170-172, 189; leadership of, 5; origins of, 168; portrayal of Japan in, 34-35, 163,238; role in the Democratic Move ment, 55,167-169 Niibori Jūzū, 86-87 Niigata Prefecture, 97,186 Nimmo, William, 41 Ninomiya Jobu, 195 Nippon Light Metal Company, 54 Nishizawa Ryūji, 248 Nizhny Novgorod (Russia), 131 NKVD, 2, 7, 14; accommodation of the internees, 112, 131, 141; attempts to improve camp conditions by, 125-126, 138, 318n88; confiscation of internees’ items by, 84; construction projects of, 119; labor exploitation of internees, 118, 143-144; prosecution of the Japanese internees, 221-222; renting of internees as labor force, 144; transportation of internees, 96, 131; treatment of the Japanese internees, 132. See also MVD Nomonhan Incident, 14, 66 noncommissioned officers (NCOs): attitudes to the Democratic Movement among, 61,154; food rations for, 139; grievances against officers, 99-100; labor exploita tion of, 144; postwar pensions of, 265; Soviet reeducation of, 159, 194, 200 non-Japanese internees, 18, 134, 285. See also entries on internees from individual nations Norilsk, 12m, 91, 98m, 141 Northern Territories Issue, 37, 67, 281 North Korea (DPRK), abduction of Japanese citizens by, 38 noruma (daily work quota), 99-100,104, 179,199 Nosaka Sanzõ, 248 Novikov, Aleksandr, 72 nuclear weapons, 242, 295 nurses: Japanese, 7, 205-207, 303n28; Soviet, 102 ա 365 Ob’
River (Russia), 91 October Revolution. See Russian Revolution OGPU, 118. See also NKVD; MVD Oguma Eiji, 93,259, 291-292 Oguma Kenji, 93, 259, 291-292 Ohira Hirayuki, 260 Õki Eiichi, 266-267 Oki Tatsuji, 63, 82-83, 85-86, 108-109 Oranki (Oranskii) Monastery camp (Russia), 12m, 131, 157 Oshima Hiroshi, 212 Otsuka Michio, 274, 276 Otsu Toshio, 212 Owada Mitsu, 54-55, 81 Oyama Ikuo, 229 Ozawa Yuki, 291-292 Pacific Ocean, 217; eastern, 33; islands in, 295; southern, 239 Pacific War, 44, 61-63 Pakhta-Aral (Kazakhstan), 12m, 146 Pal, Radhabinod, 216 Pan-Asianism, 16,17, 50 Paulus, Friedrich, 157 Pennington, Lee, 30, 71, 81, 263, 265, 289 Perevertkin, Semion, 230-231 Petrov, Ivan, 144,157 Pliev, Issa, 64, 156-157 Poglitsch, Emerich, 110 Pokrovskii (Ukraine), 124 Poland, 1, 14,147 Politburo of the CPSU (USSR), 118,168 Potsdam Declaration, 71, 82; Soviet disregard of, 26, 63, 223-224, 226, 228; as a tool to put pressure on the USSR, 228-229 Pravda (newspaper), 168,171 “Prayer at Dawn Incident,” 175-176 Project Stitch, 32, 242 Project Wringer, 32, 242 propaganda: anti-American by USSR, 150, 199, 239, 248; anti-Soviet, 209, 227, 231-234, 238-239; Japanese wartime, 48, 52-54, 56, 59-61,152, 184; impact on Soviet citizens, 84,106-108; reedu cation in the Soviet camps, 5, 10, 17, 21, 38, 47, 55, 61, 121,129. See also Democratic Movement
366 Index Public Foundation for Peace and Consolation (Heiwa Kinen Jigyõ Tokubetsu Kikin, PFPC), 266, 276-278 Pu Yi, 65, 312ո67 Pyongyang, 1 racism, perceived lack of in the USSR, 15, 108 Rada Camp (Russia), 12m, 89,115,123-125, 147-148,166, 182 Radchuk, Iosif, 146 rape: of German women by Soviet soldiers, 312n73; of Japanese women by Soviet soldiers, 36, 68-70, 74. See also “comfort women” Rastvorov, Yuri, 248, 34ІПІ44 “recalcitrant repatriates,” 242-245, 255, 258 Red Army (Soviet), 64,82,84,124,156-158, 181,186, 232; atrocities committed by, 62, 66; Chief Political Directorate of, 168; history of, 68; looting by, 83-86; and rape of German women, 70,312n73; and rape of Japanese women, 36,68-70, 74, 83; military might of, 64; propaganda about, 168; symbols of, 148; victory over IJA, 2, 52; war against Germany, 127. See also Soviet-German War “Red Banner Brigade” (Akahata Teidän), 249 Red Cross (ICRC), 109,175, 229. See also Japanese Red Cross Society “Red Purge,” 245, 259 “red repatriates,” 177, 209, 242, 244, 254-255, 259, 263, 267. See also “recalcitrant repatriates” Rehabilitation camps (ozdonmitel’nyi lager’), 126,139,142,146 repatriation: announcement of the end of, 219; as a Cold War battlefield, 217-231; coverage in Japanese newspapers, 234; Japanese agencies, 242, 258; Japanese efforts to hasten, 223-230; media pressure on the USSR, 231-240; memories of, 57; promise of, 177-178; “recalcitrant repatriates,” 242-245,255, 258; Soviet approaches to, 218-222, 240; from US- and UK-controlled areas, 213, 218 Repatriation Assistance Bureau (Hikiage Engochõ), 242, 258
repatriation literature (hikiage bungaku, also hikiagemono), 51, 69 “Rising Sun Brigade” (Hinomaru Teidän), 194, 249 Rodzaevskii, Konstantin, 215 Romanian National Bloc, 157 Romanian POWS in the USSR, 130, 148, 157 Rosenblit, Solomon, 212, 213 Russian Fascist Union (Harbin), 215 Russian Federation (Penal Code; ) Russian Revolution (1917), 66,119, 168 Russian State Military Archive (RGVA), 182-184 Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), 44, 66-67, 312n77 Saga Prefecture, 264 Saitama Prefecture, 95 Saito Akira, 102, 169 Saitõ Rokurõ, 259,280; awarded Russian Order of Friendship, 280; as a Demo cratic Movement activist, 273; death of, 282, 285; efforts to expand Zenyokukyõ, 276-277; election to Tsuruoka City Council, 273; established Zenyokukyõ prefectural branch, 274; lawsuits against the Japanese state, 278-279,283; legacy of, 283-285; Siberian Internment of, 272-273; split with the Aizawa Faction, 277-278; start of campaigning, 272, 274; vision of, 274, 276-277; visits to Russia, 279-280,282; writings of, 275; as Zenyokukyõ leader, 262, 276 Sakhalin, 1, 13m, 69, 98m, 225; Japanese residents remaining in, 203; sovietization of, 221. See also Karafuto Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail, 144 San Francisco Peace Treaty (1951), 226-228, 270-271 Sataka Makoto, 69 Satõ Kashio, 25-27, 33, 45, 86, 272, 296 Sawada Seikichi, 109 Sawatari Hideo, 101 Scott, C. Peter (British diplomat), 227 Sea of Japan, 4, 8,11, 86, 272, 274 Sebald, William J., 228, 239, 249, 267
Index Sėjimą Ryüzõ, 188; confrontation with Asahara Seiki, 198; early career of, 6; internment memoir of, 7, 72, 211, 213; in Manchukuo prior to Soviet invasion, 61-66; postwar interviews of, 216; postwar success as business leader, 42, 259; repatriation of, 5-6; sentencing in the USSR, 6,215; as Soviet witness at the Tokyo Trial, 6,209-216,254; as strategist in the Imperial General Headquarters, 61-66, 213-214; at surrender negotia tions with Soviets, 71-73; suspected role in offering Japanese soldiers to the USSR, 72-73; suspicions of collabora tion with the Soviets, 211 Sekai (magazine), 291 Sekine Tadayoshi, 94-95 Semionov, Grigorii, 215 Seno Eijirõ, 270 Seno Osamu, 91 Seraphim, Franziska, 31, 263, 282, 289 Seydlitz-Kurzbach, Walther von, 158 Shalamov, Varlam, 117, 120, 303ո22 Shenyang, 13m, 65, 98m Shiki Theater Company, 9 Shikoku, 26 Shikoku Gorõ, 7 Shimada Shirõ, 89, 125,148 Shimazu Tadatsugu, 229-230 Shimizu Hiroshi, 270 Shimoyama Incident, 244 Shimoyama Sadanori, 244 Shinkyõ (Changchun), 13m, 59, 63,65, 98m Shin Toho Film Studio, 9, 239 Shinyõ-maru (ship), 177 Shirai Hisaya, 198; on internee campaigns for compensation, 267-269, 278; on the Japanese responsibility for the Siberian Internment, 55; on Saitõ Rokurõ, 278 shock workers, 179. See also Hiratsuka movement; socialist competition; Stakhanovite movement shõgi (board game), 188 Showa Emperor. See Hirohito Showa period, 28 Siberia Day (memorial service on 23 August), 286, 290 Siberian internment: archives on, 10-11, 14-16, 26, 38-40, 77, 84,112; attitudes ա 367 in Japanese society toward, 21, 33, 35, 37, 235;
as a Cold War battleground, 16, 41, 209,216-217; commemoration of, 9, 22, 29-30, 277, 286-287; compared to abduction of Japanese by North Korea, 38; compared to Babylonian Captivity, 11; complexity of, 19, 44, 77-80, 115, 292; conspiracy theories about, 72-73, 210-211; controversial nature of, 36-37, 261; as a corollary of WWII, 19, 43, 50; end of, 4,6; as a global history event, 21, 33-34, 41, 43-46, 288; as a historical lens, 43, 297; historiography of, 14, 33-43,50,115; in history, 10-20, 29-30; illegality of, 20, 35, 41, 86, 88-89, 130, 219, 283; Japanese responsibility for, 31, 50-51, 55-56, 73; length of, 4, 218; narratives and memoirs of, 22, 30, 32, 57-61, 73, 76-80, 91,102-104, 134; origins of, 2-3, 25-27,49, 75; signifi cance of, 11, 29, 41, 261, 288; Soviet attitudes to, 66-68, 106, 126-127, 279, 312n78. See also memoirs of the Siberian Internment Siberian intervention, 66 Silk Road, 293 Sino-Soviet Alliance, 235 Skvortsov, Nikolai, 146-147 Slovak POWs in the USSR, 147 soccer, 166 Socialist competition, 178-179, 183,194. See also Hiratsuka movement; Stakhano vite movement Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 6,10,117,303n22 Sophia University (Tokyo), 1 Southeast Asia, 50, 61, 73, 184, 239, 296 Southern Sakhalin. See Karafuto South Manchurian Railway Company (Mantetsu), 53, 65 Soviet camps for POWs, 14, 22, 45-46; afterlives of POWs, 148; broader context of, 22, 39, 113, 296; class struggle in, 150-152, 154-155, 163-164, 175-177, 193-194; contrast with Gulag camps, 14, 41, 96, 114-117, 147; contrast with other POW camp systems, 114,116-117, 125, 127, 133; food and nutrition
in, 39, 91-96, 136; geography of, 11, 91, 140-142; history of, 38-41,111-112;
368 Index Soviet camps for POWs (continued) improvement in conditions in, 110, 137-140, 143-147, 220; knowledge about the USSR gained in, 19, 76,107, 112; labor exploitation in, 22,96-102,116, 129; leadership of, 128; management of, 120-121,127,144-145; memories of, 109, 111, 290; mortality rates in, 124, 220; recreation in, 166; perceptions of, 236; Red Cross visits to, 4; reeducation in (see Democratic Movement); survivors of, 35, 76, 287, 288; transfers of POWs between, 9,131; transit camps, 3, 21, 125, 145; transportation into, 38,51, 86-89, 113, 124, 128,130-131, 218; violence in, 100,175-177, 273. See also GUPVI Soviet-German War (1941-1945), 15, 85, 118, 122,157-158 Soviet-Japanese Joint Declaration (1956), 4, 230, 260, 270-271, 288 Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941), 37, 55, 88, 211 Soviet-Japanese normalization talks (1955-1956), 4, 222, 230, 270-271 Soviet-Japanese War (1945), 1-2, 81, 88, 167,289. See also Manchurian Offensive Soviet postwar, 26, 231-232, 245-246 Soviet prewar and wartime, 40,67-68,119, 153-154, 157-158 Soviet reeducation program in the camps. See Democratic Movement Soviet Union: collapse of 77,211; Commis sioner for Repatriation, 220-221; conditions in early postwar, 113, 136; construction ministry (Narkomstroy), 145; contribution to Allied victory, 67, 168, 219; de-Stalinization in, 232; development of atomic bomb, 242; egalitarianism in, 108; forced labor in, 22, 41,99, 111, 113,118,129,231; foreign criticism of, 16, 219, 220, 223, 227, 231-240; forestry ministry (Narkomles), 146; freedom of the press in, 172; geopo litical aims in East
Asia, 68; Great Terror in, 122,166; hunger in, 15, 96,136-137, 321n20, 324n67; international image after WWII, 220, 231; labor shortages after WWII, 44,102; ministry of cellulose and paper industry, 146; ministry of railway transport, 219; ministry of state-owned farms (Minsovkhoz), 146; ministry of the coal industry (Narkomugol’), 146; Pacific Fleet of, 72; policies toward foreign captives, 118; political purges, 173, 222; population losses to war, 318n82; postwar influence in Japan, 44; postwar Japanese views of, 19, 32, 76, 88; in postwar period, 112-113, 122; postwar reconstruction of 26, 97, 137,187; reasons for holding on to foreign POWs, 129; State Defense Committee of 2; stereotypes about, 106, 189, 237; system of government, 17,100, 105, 109,163,189,191-192, 200, 232; at the Tokyo Trial, 211-217,223; victory in WWII, 67,122,128,168; wartime conditions in, 110 special settlements (USSR), 119, 321n21 Štajner, Karlo, 133 Stakhanovite movement, 178-179,194 Stalin, Iosif, 23, 45,159, 288, 289; crimes committed during the reign of, 17,40-41, 112,116, 173; cult of personality, 158, 161,163,194,255; death of, 1,4, 6,229, 231, 240; entry into the war against Japan, 66-67,312n78; forced migra tions initiated by, 15, 273; ideology of, 119, 179; industrial projects initiated by, ЗГ7Һ65; influence on the JCP, 248; on Japan’s defeat, 67, 312n77; letters from families of Matsukawa Incident suspects, 245; letters of thanks by POWs to, 184, 195, 201; motivations for interning the Japanese, 26-27,126,132, 221; on the need to industrialize, 178; order to dismantle Manchukuo
industrial facilities, 85; order to intern the Japanese, 2-3, 26, 44, 51, 68, 72, 96, 218, 286; plans for postwar reconstruction of the USSR, 113, 119,136, 221; proposal to Truman to jointly occupy Japan, 16, 26, 130; reports on the Siberian internees to, 15, 82,171, 220, 240, 342nl59 Stalingrad, the Battle of 124,127,157,158 Stalin Peace Prize, 229 State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), 200, 245
Index Suchan (Russia), 13m, 94, 98m sumo, 166, 328n38 Suslov, Mikhail, 154, 167-168 Sutherland, Richard K., 63 Suzuki (corporation), 244 Taishet, 13m, 26, 27, 98m, 272 Taishõ period, 38 Taiwan, 49, 50,166 Takahashi Daizõ, 153,170,171 Takahashi Такао, 94 Takahashi Yoshirö, 97 Takasago-maru (ship), 237, 247 Takasugi Ichirõ, 11, 272; attempts to study the USSR and its people, 24, 105-107, 180; decision to record his Siberian experiences, 254; friendship with a Russian woman, 107,318n93; on humanity in the camps, 107-108, 298; on the humiliation of Japanese internees, 27; on hunger in the USSR, 136-137; on Japan’s war of aggression, 54; memoir of Siberia by, 7, 77; on Soviet ideology, 106 Takayama Hideo, 190, 194 Takayama Noboru, 171 Takeyama Itsurõ, 9 Takeyama TakejirS, 140 Takeyasu Kumaichi, 103 Takura Hachirõ, 87-88, 92 Tambov (Russia), 12m, 115,125,147,182-183 Tanabe Minoru, 183 Tanaka Kin’ichi, 179 Tanaka Takeshi, 295 Tanemura Suketaka (Sako), 236 Tashkent, 12m, 94, 104, 293-294 Tatarstan, 188 TBS Television, 279 Telegraph Agency of the USSR (TASS), 219, 240, 250 tenkā (recantation), 183-185,186, 196 Time (magazine), 179 Times Square, 206 Tochigi Prefecture, 101 Toho Film Studio, 304n32, 316n46 Tõhoku University (Japan), 230 Tõjõ Heihachirõ, 103 Tõjõ Hideki, 187, 212 Tokuda Incident (Tokuda yõsei mondai), 209, 223, 248-254 яш 369 Tokuda Kyūichi: message to returnees from Siberia, 241; participation in postwar politics, 241; Stalin’s influence on, 248; summons to the Diet, 249-250. See also Tokuda Incident Tokushima Prefecture, 168 Tokyo, 13m; firebombing of, 73; flights
between Vladivostok and, 294; Gor bachev’s visit to, 279-280; internees’ arrival to, 23; Metropolitan Government Building, 277; symphony orchestra of, 200 Tokyo Agricultural University, 171 Tokyo damoi, 3, 86-87 Tokyo District Court, 279 Tokyo Giants, 166 Tokyo High Court, 279 Tokyo Imperial University (now University of Tokyo), 5, 185, 230 Tokyo School of Foreign Studies, 83 Tokyo Times, 164,166 Tokyo Trial, 6, 209, 210, 254; as a Cold War battlefield, 210, 216-217; crossexamination of witnesses at, 211; defense counsels at, 213-215; dissent of Radhabinod Pal at, 216; legacies of, 216; Soviet prosecution at, 6,209,211; verdict of, 187, 190, 217, 223 Tomita Takeshi, 38-39, 225 Toshiba (corporation), 244 Trans-Siberian Railway, 26, 118 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965), 260 Truman, Harry S., 16, 26, 45, 130 Tsuchibashi Haruyoshi, 89-90,94,142-143 Tsumura Kenji, 176, 267 Tsurumi Shunsuke, 253 Turgenev, Ivan, 125, 148 Uchimura Gõsuke, 23, 84; arrest and sentencing of, 5; friendship with Jacques Rossi, 132-133, 221; on hunger, 95-96; memories of Siberia, 1, 77; on Soviets, 122; repatriation of, 3-5, 257 Uchiyama Takashi, 140, 151 Ueda Shunkichi, 247 Ueda Takao, 276-277 Uemura Mikio, 82 Ukraine, 119,124 Umezu Yoshijirõ, 212
370 «■ Index Unit 731 (IJA), 7, 217 United Kingdom (UK), 4, 50, 162, 224; Commonwealth, 249; embassy in Japan, 226-227; Foreign Office, 226-227,230; Liaison Mission, 225-226 United Nations, 224,232; Ad Hoc Com mission on POWs, 224; General Assembly, 224; Japanese membership in, 260, 270-271 United States (US), 43; alliance with Japan (see US-Japan Alliance); anticommunism of, 232,295; archives in, 225; confron tation with the USSR, 210,216-217,221; Congress, 232; Department of State, 271; diplomatic disputes with the USSR, 16, 163, 209, 218, 223-224; government officials of, 233-235, 242; imperialism of, 150,163,199, 239, 248; influence in East Asia, 44, 217, 242; intelligence officials, 229; Occupation of Japan, 140, 149, 204, 210, 221, 224, 298; policies toward the USSR, 233,247; POW camps in, 108; public of, 232; racism in, 108; Soviet defectors to, 248; version of postwar order, 204; at the Tokyo Trial, 210, 212, 215; war with Japan, 15, 44, 58, 73 Uno Sósuké, 42 Ural Mountains, 68, 97 US-Japan alliance, 17, 44, 209, 235, 261 (origins of, 216) US-Japan Security Treaty (Anpo), 263 USSR. See Soviet Union Uzbekistan, 104, 293 Vasilevskii, Aleksandr, 72,167 V-J Day, 206-207 Vladimirskii Tsentral Prison, 12m, 212 Vladivostok, 9,13m, 87,94,98m, 210, 225, 294; Abe Shinzo’s visits to, 294; antifas cist school in, 136, 199 volleyball, 166 Vorkuta, 12m, 91 Vyshinskii, Andrei, 240 Wakatsuki Yasuo, 30, 37 War Victims’ Relief Association (Sensai Engo Kai), 258 Waseda-Keiõ baseball rivalry (Sõkeisen), 166 Waseda University, 166 Washington, DC, 225, 228, 239 Watanabe Kazuo, 107
Watanabe Nobuo, 141 Watt, Lori, 42, 259, 318n92 Webb, William, 215 White Russians, 88, 92 women internees in the USSR, ix, 7,8,169, 231, 303n28 women’s groups, 258 World War 1,110 World War II, 11, 116,119, 264, 297; devastation caused by, 264; European theater of, 2, 67,127; internees’ experi ences of, 20,152; Japanese views on, 29, 289; last battles of, 1, 49; legacies, 35, 261,288,297; Marxist critique of, 308n2; Pacific theater of, 44, 61, 63, 295; population displacement caused by, 15, 296; soldier diaries of, 135; victims of, 260; world order emerging after, 79, 152, 218; writing the history of, 34,41 Yalta Conference, 26, 63, 312n78 Yamada Ichiro, 101 Yamada Kunisuke, 207-208, 240 Yamada Otozõ, 230, 268 Yamada Seizaburõ, 104, НО, 184-186 Yamagata Prefecture, 272, 274 Yamakawa Hayamı, 129 Yanami Hisao. See Aikawa Haruki Yasukuni Shrine (Tokyo), 193 Yawatagaki Masao, 105 Yeltsin, Boris, 279-280 Yokoyama Shüdõ, 87 Yomiuri shimbun, 5 Yoshida Kõhei, 163, 173,197, 198 Yoshida Shigeru, 73, 168, 224, 227-228, 270-271 Yoshida Tadashi, 9-10, 304n35 Yoshikawa Mitsusada, 266-267 Yoshimura Hisayoshi (Ikeda Shigeyoshi), 176-177 Yumashev, Ivan, 72 Yuzha camp (Russia), 12m, 157 zaibatsu, 168 Zavedeev, Aleksandr, 183 Zharikovo, 72 Zhdanov, Andrei, 159 f Bayerische Staatsbibliothek' |
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| author | Muminov, Sherzod |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1126439339 |
| author_facet | Muminov, Sherzod |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Muminov, Sherzod |
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| bvnumber | BV047709614 |
| contents | Introduction: In the prisons Stalin built -- Beyond the nation: the Siberian internment in global history -- Embodiments of empire: the internees as imperial vestiges -- Bedbug country chronicles: the Soviet Union in Japanese camp memoirs -- Cold, hunger, and hard labor: Japanese experiences in the Soviet camps -- Skillful application of propaganda principles: POWs and Soviet reeducation -- In the Cold War crossfire: returnees and the superpower confrontation -- We cannot die as slaves: the struggle for recognition and compensation -- Epilogue: Breaking boundaries |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1310252925 (DE-599)BVBBV047709614 |
| era | Geschichte 1945-1956 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1956 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Sibirien (DE-588)4054780-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sibirien |
| id | DE-604.BV047709614 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:00:15Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:19:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780674986435 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033093415 |
| oclc_num | 1310252925 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | xiii, 370 Seiten Illustrationen, Portraits (schwarz-weiß) |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220408 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Harvard University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Muminov, Sherzod Verfasser (DE-588)1126439339 aut Eleven winters of discontent the Siberian internment and the making of a new Japan Sherzod Muminov Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England Harvard University Press [2022] © 2022 xiii, 370 Seiten Illustrationen, Portraits (schwarz-weiß) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Introduction: In the prisons Stalin built -- Beyond the nation: the Siberian internment in global history -- Embodiments of empire: the internees as imperial vestiges -- Bedbug country chronicles: the Soviet Union in Japanese camp memoirs -- Cold, hunger, and hard labor: Japanese experiences in the Soviet camps -- Skillful application of propaganda principles: POWs and Soviet reeducation -- In the Cold War crossfire: returnees and the superpower confrontation -- We cannot die as slaves: the struggle for recognition and compensation -- Epilogue: Breaking boundaries "In this book, Sherzod Muminov draws on extensive Japanese, Russian, and English archives-including more than a hundred memoirs and survivor interviews-to piece together a portrait of life in Siberia and in Japan after World War II. Eleven Winters of Discontent reveals the real people underneath facile tropes of the prisoner of war and expands our understanding of the Cold War front. This book is the first comprehensive English-language study of the captivity of more than 600,000 Japanese former servicemen in the Soviet labor camps in the wake of World War II"-- Geschichte 1945-1956 gnd rswk-swf Kriegsgefangenenlager (DE-588)4033130-1 gnd rswk-swf Japanischer Kriegsgefangener (DE-588)4280807-8 gnd rswk-swf Sibirien (DE-588)4054780-2 gnd rswk-swf Prisoners of war / Japan / History / 20th century Prisoners of war / Russia (Federation) / Siberia / History / 20th century Prisoner-of-war camps / Russia (Federation) / Siberia / History / 20th century Cold War Prisoner-of-war camps Prisoners of war Japan Russia (Federation) / Siberia 1900-1999 History (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Sibirien (DE-588)4054780-2 g Japanischer Kriegsgefangener (DE-588)4280807-8 s Kriegsgefangenenlager (DE-588)4033130-1 s Geschichte 1945-1956 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033093415&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033093415&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Muminov, Sherzod Eleven winters of discontent the Siberian internment and the making of a new Japan Introduction: In the prisons Stalin built -- Beyond the nation: the Siberian internment in global history -- Embodiments of empire: the internees as imperial vestiges -- Bedbug country chronicles: the Soviet Union in Japanese camp memoirs -- Cold, hunger, and hard labor: Japanese experiences in the Soviet camps -- Skillful application of propaganda principles: POWs and Soviet reeducation -- In the Cold War crossfire: returnees and the superpower confrontation -- We cannot die as slaves: the struggle for recognition and compensation -- Epilogue: Breaking boundaries Kriegsgefangenenlager (DE-588)4033130-1 gnd Japanischer Kriegsgefangener (DE-588)4280807-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033130-1 (DE-588)4280807-8 (DE-588)4054780-2 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Eleven winters of discontent the Siberian internment and the making of a new Japan |
| title_auth | Eleven winters of discontent the Siberian internment and the making of a new Japan |
| title_exact_search | Eleven winters of discontent the Siberian internment and the making of a new Japan |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Eleven winters of discontent the Siberian internment and the making of a new Japan |
| title_full | Eleven winters of discontent the Siberian internment and the making of a new Japan Sherzod Muminov |
| title_fullStr | Eleven winters of discontent the Siberian internment and the making of a new Japan Sherzod Muminov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Eleven winters of discontent the Siberian internment and the making of a new Japan Sherzod Muminov |
| title_short | Eleven winters of discontent |
| title_sort | eleven winters of discontent the siberian internment and the making of a new japan |
| title_sub | the Siberian internment and the making of a new Japan |
| topic | Kriegsgefangenenlager (DE-588)4033130-1 gnd Japanischer Kriegsgefangener (DE-588)4280807-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kriegsgefangenenlager Japanischer Kriegsgefangener Sibirien Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033093415&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033093415&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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