Public Service Media in Europe: Law, Theory and Practice
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Milton
Taylor & Francis Group
2021
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge Research in Media Law Ser
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | HWR01 |
| Beschreibung: | Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources |
| Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (331 Seiten) |
| ISBN: | 9781351105552 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Cover -- Endorsement -- Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Illustrations -- Preface -- 1 Introduction: A Mismatch between Public Service Media theory, Law and Practice -- Should Public Service Broadcasting/Media be Part of Our Societies? -- Aim of the Book -- Where do Grand Theories and Day-to-Day Practice Meet? -- Methods -- Structure -- Notes -- References -- Part I Theory -- 2 Public Service Media in a Digitised and International Media Market -- Is There a Spontaneous Achievement of Public Interest Objectives in a Digitised and Internationalised Media Landscape? -- Digitisation: Thinking Beyond Convergence -- Analogue Is Death, Long Live Digital -- Long Live Digital, Long Live Public Service Media -- Internationalisation: The Limits and Possibilities of nation State Intervention -- From Forecast to Reality -- Public Broadcasters From the Centre to the Periphery -- Digitisation and Internationalisation Combined: How Platformisation Strengthens the Case for Public service Media -- The Intrinsic Incongruity Between Digitisation, Internationalisation and Public Service Media -- Note -- References -- 3 From Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Anything: The Gaps in Public Service Media Theory -- Introduction -- Public Service Broadcasting -- Public Service Media -- Public Service Communication, Public Service Content -- Public Service Publisher, Public Service Light -- Public Service Platforms and Public Service Algorithms -- Why this Tectonic Field Between Democracy-Centric and Market Failure Perspectives? -- Note -- References -- 4 Public Service Media as a Democracy- and Citizenship-Centric Project -- Introduction -- Public Service Media as a Project to Serve Democracy -- Contributing to Political, Social, Cultural and Civic Citizenship -- Political Citizenship | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Social Citizenship -- Cultural Citizenship -- Civic Citizenship -- How to Serve the Public Interest in Media -- References -- 5 Making Public Service Media Work through Institutions -- Introduction -- Means and Principles -- Access -- Content -- Connection -- Innovation -- Necessary Conditions -- Independence and Professional Governance -- Adequate Funding -- Accountability and Professionalism -- Achieving Public Service Media -- References -- Part II Law -- 6 Ideological Divisions in National Public Service Media Policy -- Introduction -- Hallin and Mancini's Media Models as Starting Point -- Caught Between Neoliberal, Social Responsibility and social Democratic Media Policies -- The Relative Stability of the Polarised Pluralist Countries -- The Persistence of Government Capture and the Emergence of Competitive Authoritarianism -- The Thin Blue Line Between Policies and Politics Across Media Models -- The Declining Legitimacy of Public Broadcasters as Mainstream Media -- The Increasing Value of Alternative Media -- Conclusions -- Note -- References -- 7 Weak European Cultural Versus Strong Economic Policies -- Market Integration as First Objective of European policies in Media -- Media as an Economic Good -- The Television without Frontiers Directive and its Successors -- First Attacks on Public Broadcasters in Europe -- European State Aid Control as a Friend and Foe of Public Service Media -- The Illegality and Admissibility of State Aid Under European Law -- Broadcasting Communication 2001 and 2009 -- Amsterdam Protocol -- Procedural Aspects -- An Increased Attachment to Culture and Freedom Speech -- The Council of Europe's Protective Stance on Public Service Media -- Pressing Issues Regarding Freedom of Expression in Europe -- A Stronger Mandate for European Democracy-Centric Policies in Media -- Note -- References | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 8 Applying State Aid Rules in an Internationalised and Converged Media Landscape -- Public Broadcasters' Facing European Intervention -- Main Questions -- Methodology -- Application of the State Aid Rules Before the 2009 Broadcasting Communication -- Balancing Member States' Right to Define the Remit With a Manifest Error Approach -- Requiring Explicit Entrustment and Independent Control -- Aiming for Good Governance -- Application of the State Aid Rules After the 2009 Broadcasting Communication -- Limited Attention for Internationalisation and a Presumed Impact On Markets -- Dismissing the Reality of an Internationalised, Converged and platform-Based Media Market -- A Double-Edged Sword -- References -- 9 Regulating Public Broadcasters' Moving Online -- Sensitivities On Public Broadcasters' Expansion Online -- Methodology -- From Alleged Market Distortion, Over EU Intervention, to Member State Regulation -- Market Distortion -- European Intervention and Member State Actions -- Public Value Tests: Far Away From Evidence-Based in Flanders -- A Vague Regulatory Framework -- Ketnet Jr. as a Significantly New Service -- The Chaotic Public Value Test Process -- An Indecisive Regulator and a Government 'no' to Ketnet Jr. -- Constraining On-Demand Offer of Audiovisual Content in the United Kingdom -- Yes to Iplayer, But ... -- Similar Rules in Other EU Member States -- Why These Rules Do Not Work in Practice -- No Text-Based Services in Germany -- A New Interstate Treaty On Broadcasting and Telemedia -- A Partial Prohibition of Press-Like Services -- De-publication of Websites -- The Necessity of an Alternative Narrative -- References -- 10 Laws and Policy Instruments dealing with Funding -- Money Matters -- Methodology -- From License Fee to Household Fee: the Finnish, german, British and Irish Experiences | |
| 505 | 8 | |a From a License Fee to an Individual Tax in Finland -- From a License Fee to a Household Fee in Germany -- Heated Discussions and No Reform (yet) in Ireland -- From License Fee to Subsidy-Based System: Flanders and the Netherlands Taking a Similar Approach -- Socialists Abolishing the License Fee in Flanders -- From Abolishment of the License Fee to Re-Instalment in the Netherlands? -- How Financing Is Being Weaponised By Governments in Spain, Portugal and Poland -- The Not-So-Objectivity of Austerity Measures on Public Service Media in Spain and Portugal -- Massive License Fee Evasion in Poland and an Active Subsidy Policy from the Pis Government -- When a Democracy-Centric and Market Failure View on Public Service Media Clash -- Note -- References -- 11 Governance: Optimising for Societal Value or political Control -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Where Is the Trust? Governance of Public Service Media in Flanders -- Re-politicisation of Public Broadcasters Towards National Media: the Polish Case -- The Drivers of Governance -- Note -- References -- Part III Practice -- 12 Multi-Platform Strategies of Public Broadcasters in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Flanders and the Netherlands -- From Public Broadcaster to Public Media Organisation -- Main Questions -- Methodology -- Radio and Television as 'safe Zones' of Public Service Media -- Online Distribution of Radio and Television Content Or Full-Fledged Full-Fledged-Multi-Media Company -- Lack of Coordination on Online Activities -- The Certainty of Excelling in Radio and Television -- From Experiments to Consolidation and Back Again -- More Consideration of Audiences, But ... -- Changed Consumption Behaviours as a Given -- Lip Service to Interaction, Co-Creation and Participation -- The Difficulty of Reaching Youngsters -- An Increased Public Service Awareness, But Commercialism Is Boosted Too | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Strengthening Public Broadcasters' Legitimacy in an International and converged Media Market -- Friction Between Public Service Awareness and Commercial Pragmatism -- Internal Reorganisation as the Achilles Heel of Public service Media Strategies -- A Focus On Democracy, Not on Commercial Revenues -- Note -- References -- 13 A Prominent Market and Cultural Logic in Public Service Media Policies in Flanders -- Public Broadcasting in Flanders -- Public Service Broadcasting in a Divided Country -- Main Questions -- Methodology -- Citizenship as an Implied Goal of Public Service Media -- Political Citizenship -- Social Citizenship -- Cultural Citizenship -- Difficult Transition to the Digital Era -- Protectionist Logic On the Rise (again) -- An Unfit Governance Environment -- Questioning the Politicised Board of Governors -- A Lack of Trust Between Government and Vrt -- Glass Half Full Or Half Empty -- References -- 14 State Broadcasting in Poland -- From a Post-Communist to a Competitive Authoritarian State -- The Party of Law and Justice Changed It All -- Methodology -- Changes to Polish Public Broadcasting Post-2015 -- Changes to the Polish Public Service Media System Post-2015 -- Additional State Funding -- Erosion of Citizenship -- Political Citizenship -- Social Citizenship -- Cultural Citizenship -- Civic Citizenship -- Structural Barriers to Public Service Media in Poland -- Lack of Political Willingness to Make Public Service Media Work -- Lack of Legal Safeguards -- Lack of a Sustainable Financing System -- Lack of Citizen Identification With Public Service Media -- Aggravating Factors -- Catholic Church - Pis Alliance -- The Limited Reach of Non-Public Service Offers in Rural Areas -- Experts' Orientation to the West -- The Mission Impossible of Achieving Public Service media in Poland -- References | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 15 Conclusions: Explaining the (mis)match Between Theory, the Law and Practice | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| contents | Cover -- Endorsement -- Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Illustrations -- Preface -- 1 Introduction: A Mismatch between Public Service Media theory, Law and Practice -- Should Public Service Broadcasting/Media be Part of Our Societies? -- Aim of the Book -- Where do Grand Theories and Day-to-Day Practice Meet? -- Methods -- Structure -- Notes -- References -- Part I Theory -- 2 Public Service Media in a Digitised and International Media Market -- Is There a Spontaneous Achievement of Public Interest Objectives in a Digitised and Internationalised Media Landscape? -- Digitisation: Thinking Beyond Convergence -- Analogue Is Death, Long Live Digital -- Long Live Digital, Long Live Public Service Media -- Internationalisation: The Limits and Possibilities of nation State Intervention -- From Forecast to Reality -- Public Broadcasters From the Centre to the Periphery -- Digitisation and Internationalisation Combined: How Platformisation Strengthens the Case for Public service Media -- The Intrinsic Incongruity Between Digitisation, Internationalisation and Public Service Media -- Note -- References -- 3 From Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Anything: The Gaps in Public Service Media Theory -- Introduction -- Public Service Broadcasting -- Public Service Media -- Public Service Communication, Public Service Content -- Public Service Publisher, Public Service Light -- Public Service Platforms and Public Service Algorithms -- Why this Tectonic Field Between Democracy-Centric and Market Failure Perspectives? -- Note -- References -- 4 Public Service Media as a Democracy- and Citizenship-Centric Project -- Introduction -- Public Service Media as a Project to Serve Democracy -- Contributing to Political, Social, Cultural and Civic Citizenship -- Political Citizenship Social Citizenship -- Cultural Citizenship -- Civic Citizenship -- How to Serve the Public Interest in Media -- References -- 5 Making Public Service Media Work through Institutions -- Introduction -- Means and Principles -- Access -- Content -- Connection -- Innovation -- Necessary Conditions -- Independence and Professional Governance -- Adequate Funding -- Accountability and Professionalism -- Achieving Public Service Media -- References -- Part II Law -- 6 Ideological Divisions in National Public Service Media Policy -- Introduction -- Hallin and Mancini's Media Models as Starting Point -- Caught Between Neoliberal, Social Responsibility and social Democratic Media Policies -- The Relative Stability of the Polarised Pluralist Countries -- The Persistence of Government Capture and the Emergence of Competitive Authoritarianism -- The Thin Blue Line Between Policies and Politics Across Media Models -- The Declining Legitimacy of Public Broadcasters as Mainstream Media -- The Increasing Value of Alternative Media -- Conclusions -- Note -- References -- 7 Weak European Cultural Versus Strong Economic Policies -- Market Integration as First Objective of European policies in Media -- Media as an Economic Good -- The Television without Frontiers Directive and its Successors -- First Attacks on Public Broadcasters in Europe -- European State Aid Control as a Friend and Foe of Public Service Media -- The Illegality and Admissibility of State Aid Under European Law -- Broadcasting Communication 2001 and 2009 -- Amsterdam Protocol -- Procedural Aspects -- An Increased Attachment to Culture and Freedom Speech -- The Council of Europe's Protective Stance on Public Service Media -- Pressing Issues Regarding Freedom of Expression in Europe -- A Stronger Mandate for European Democracy-Centric Policies in Media -- Note -- References 8 Applying State Aid Rules in an Internationalised and Converged Media Landscape -- Public Broadcasters' Facing European Intervention -- Main Questions -- Methodology -- Application of the State Aid Rules Before the 2009 Broadcasting Communication -- Balancing Member States' Right to Define the Remit With a Manifest Error Approach -- Requiring Explicit Entrustment and Independent Control -- Aiming for Good Governance -- Application of the State Aid Rules After the 2009 Broadcasting Communication -- Limited Attention for Internationalisation and a Presumed Impact On Markets -- Dismissing the Reality of an Internationalised, Converged and platform-Based Media Market -- A Double-Edged Sword -- References -- 9 Regulating Public Broadcasters' Moving Online -- Sensitivities On Public Broadcasters' Expansion Online -- Methodology -- From Alleged Market Distortion, Over EU Intervention, to Member State Regulation -- Market Distortion -- European Intervention and Member State Actions -- Public Value Tests: Far Away From Evidence-Based in Flanders -- A Vague Regulatory Framework -- Ketnet Jr. as a Significantly New Service -- The Chaotic Public Value Test Process -- An Indecisive Regulator and a Government 'no' to Ketnet Jr. -- Constraining On-Demand Offer of Audiovisual Content in the United Kingdom -- Yes to Iplayer, But ... -- Similar Rules in Other EU Member States -- Why These Rules Do Not Work in Practice -- No Text-Based Services in Germany -- A New Interstate Treaty On Broadcasting and Telemedia -- A Partial Prohibition of Press-Like Services -- De-publication of Websites -- The Necessity of an Alternative Narrative -- References -- 10 Laws and Policy Instruments dealing with Funding -- Money Matters -- Methodology -- From License Fee to Household Fee: the Finnish, german, British and Irish Experiences From a License Fee to an Individual Tax in Finland -- From a License Fee to a Household Fee in Germany -- Heated Discussions and No Reform (yet) in Ireland -- From License Fee to Subsidy-Based System: Flanders and the Netherlands Taking a Similar Approach -- Socialists Abolishing the License Fee in Flanders -- From Abolishment of the License Fee to Re-Instalment in the Netherlands? -- How Financing Is Being Weaponised By Governments in Spain, Portugal and Poland -- The Not-So-Objectivity of Austerity Measures on Public Service Media in Spain and Portugal -- Massive License Fee Evasion in Poland and an Active Subsidy Policy from the Pis Government -- When a Democracy-Centric and Market Failure View on Public Service Media Clash -- Note -- References -- 11 Governance: Optimising for Societal Value or political Control -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Where Is the Trust? Governance of Public Service Media in Flanders -- Re-politicisation of Public Broadcasters Towards National Media: the Polish Case -- The Drivers of Governance -- Note -- References -- Part III Practice -- 12 Multi-Platform Strategies of Public Broadcasters in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Flanders and the Netherlands -- From Public Broadcaster to Public Media Organisation -- Main Questions -- Methodology -- Radio and Television as 'safe Zones' of Public Service Media -- Online Distribution of Radio and Television Content Or Full-Fledged Full-Fledged-Multi-Media Company -- Lack of Coordination on Online Activities -- The Certainty of Excelling in Radio and Television -- From Experiments to Consolidation and Back Again -- More Consideration of Audiences, But ... -- Changed Consumption Behaviours as a Given -- Lip Service to Interaction, Co-Creation and Participation -- The Difficulty of Reaching Youngsters -- An Increased Public Service Awareness, But Commercialism Is Boosted Too Strengthening Public Broadcasters' Legitimacy in an International and converged Media Market -- Friction Between Public Service Awareness and Commercial Pragmatism -- Internal Reorganisation as the Achilles Heel of Public service Media Strategies -- A Focus On Democracy, Not on Commercial Revenues -- Note -- References -- 13 A Prominent Market and Cultural Logic in Public Service Media Policies in Flanders -- Public Broadcasting in Flanders -- Public Service Broadcasting in a Divided Country -- Main Questions -- Methodology -- Citizenship as an Implied Goal of Public Service Media -- Political Citizenship -- Social Citizenship -- Cultural Citizenship -- Difficult Transition to the Digital Era -- Protectionist Logic On the Rise (again) -- An Unfit Governance Environment -- Questioning the Politicised Board of Governors -- A Lack of Trust Between Government and Vrt -- Glass Half Full Or Half Empty -- References -- 14 State Broadcasting in Poland -- From a Post-Communist to a Competitive Authoritarian State -- The Party of Law and Justice Changed It All -- Methodology -- Changes to Polish Public Broadcasting Post-2015 -- Changes to the Polish Public Service Media System Post-2015 -- Additional State Funding -- Erosion of Citizenship -- Political Citizenship -- Social Citizenship -- Cultural Citizenship -- Civic Citizenship -- Structural Barriers to Public Service Media in Poland -- Lack of Political Willingness to Make Public Service Media Work -- Lack of Legal Safeguards -- Lack of a Sustainable Financing System -- Lack of Citizen Identification With Public Service Media -- Aggravating Factors -- Catholic Church - Pis Alliance -- The Limited Reach of Non-Public Service Offers in Rural Areas -- Experts' Orientation to the West -- The Mission Impossible of Achieving Public Service media in Poland -- References 15 Conclusions: Explaining the (mis)match Between Theory, the Law and Practice |
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-- Note -- References -- 4 Public Service Media as a Democracy- and Citizenship-Centric Project -- Introduction -- Public Service Media as a Project to Serve Democracy -- Contributing to Political, Social, Cultural and Civic Citizenship -- Political Citizenship</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Social Citizenship -- Cultural Citizenship -- Civic Citizenship -- How to Serve the Public Interest in Media -- References -- 5 Making Public Service Media Work through Institutions -- Introduction -- Means and Principles -- Access -- Content -- Connection -- Innovation -- Necessary Conditions -- Independence and Professional Governance -- Adequate Funding -- Accountability and Professionalism -- Achieving Public Service Media -- References -- Part II Law -- 6 Ideological Divisions in National Public Service Media Policy -- Introduction -- Hallin and Mancini's Media Models as Starting Point -- Caught Between Neoliberal, Social Responsibility and social Democratic Media Policies -- The Relative Stability of the Polarised Pluralist Countries -- The Persistence of Government Capture and the Emergence of Competitive Authoritarianism -- The Thin Blue Line Between Policies and Politics Across Media Models -- The Declining Legitimacy of Public Broadcasters as Mainstream Media -- The Increasing Value of Alternative Media -- Conclusions -- Note -- References -- 7 Weak European Cultural Versus Strong Economic Policies -- Market Integration as First Objective of European policies in Media -- Media as an Economic Good -- The Television without Frontiers Directive and its Successors -- First Attacks on Public Broadcasters in Europe -- European State Aid Control as a Friend and Foe of Public Service Media -- The Illegality and Admissibility of State Aid Under European Law -- Broadcasting Communication 2001 and 2009 -- Amsterdam Protocol -- Procedural Aspects -- An Increased Attachment to Culture and Freedom Speech -- The Council of Europe's Protective Stance on Public Service Media -- Pressing Issues Regarding Freedom of Expression in Europe -- A Stronger Mandate for European Democracy-Centric Policies in Media -- Note -- References</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">8 Applying State Aid Rules in an Internationalised and Converged Media Landscape -- Public Broadcasters' Facing European Intervention -- Main Questions -- Methodology -- Application of the State Aid Rules Before the 2009 Broadcasting Communication -- Balancing Member States' Right to Define the Remit With a Manifest Error Approach -- Requiring Explicit Entrustment and Independent Control -- Aiming for Good Governance -- Application of the State Aid Rules After the 2009 Broadcasting Communication -- Limited Attention for Internationalisation and a Presumed Impact On Markets -- Dismissing the Reality of an Internationalised, Converged and platform-Based Media Market -- A Double-Edged Sword -- References -- 9 Regulating Public Broadcasters' Moving Online -- Sensitivities On Public Broadcasters' Expansion Online -- Methodology -- From Alleged Market Distortion, Over EU Intervention, to Member State Regulation -- Market Distortion -- European Intervention and Member State Actions -- Public Value Tests: Far Away From Evidence-Based in Flanders -- A Vague Regulatory Framework -- Ketnet Jr. as a Significantly New Service -- The Chaotic Public Value Test Process -- An Indecisive Regulator and a Government 'no' to Ketnet Jr. -- Constraining On-Demand Offer of Audiovisual Content in the United Kingdom -- Yes to Iplayer, But ... -- Similar Rules in Other EU Member States -- Why These Rules Do Not Work in Practice -- No Text-Based Services in Germany -- A New Interstate Treaty On Broadcasting and Telemedia -- A Partial Prohibition of Press-Like Services -- De-publication of Websites -- The Necessity of an Alternative Narrative -- References -- 10 Laws and Policy Instruments dealing with Funding -- Money Matters -- Methodology -- From License Fee to Household Fee: the Finnish, german, British and Irish Experiences</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">From a License Fee to an Individual Tax in Finland -- From a License Fee to a Household Fee in Germany -- Heated Discussions and No Reform (yet) in Ireland -- From License Fee to Subsidy-Based System: Flanders and the Netherlands Taking a Similar Approach -- Socialists Abolishing the License Fee in Flanders -- From Abolishment of the License Fee to Re-Instalment in the Netherlands? -- How Financing Is Being Weaponised By Governments in Spain, Portugal and Poland -- The Not-So-Objectivity of Austerity Measures on Public Service Media in Spain and Portugal -- Massive License Fee Evasion in Poland and an Active Subsidy Policy from the Pis Government -- When a Democracy-Centric and Market Failure View on Public Service Media Clash -- Note -- References -- 11 Governance: Optimising for Societal Value or political Control -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Where Is the Trust? Governance of Public Service Media in Flanders -- Re-politicisation of Public Broadcasters Towards National Media: the Polish Case -- The Drivers of Governance -- Note -- References -- Part III Practice -- 12 Multi-Platform Strategies of Public Broadcasters in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Flanders and the Netherlands -- From Public Broadcaster to Public Media Organisation -- Main Questions -- Methodology -- Radio and Television as 'safe Zones' of Public Service Media -- Online Distribution of Radio and Television Content Or Full-Fledged Full-Fledged-Multi-Media Company -- Lack of Coordination on Online Activities -- The Certainty of Excelling in Radio and Television -- From Experiments to Consolidation and Back Again -- More Consideration of Audiences, But ... -- Changed Consumption Behaviours as a Given -- Lip Service to Interaction, Co-Creation and Participation -- The Difficulty of Reaching Youngsters -- An Increased Public Service Awareness, But Commercialism Is Boosted Too</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Strengthening Public Broadcasters' Legitimacy in an International and converged Media Market -- Friction Between Public Service Awareness and Commercial Pragmatism -- Internal Reorganisation as the Achilles Heel of Public service Media Strategies -- A Focus On Democracy, Not on Commercial Revenues -- Note -- References -- 13 A Prominent Market and Cultural Logic in Public Service Media Policies in Flanders -- Public Broadcasting in Flanders -- Public Service Broadcasting in a Divided Country -- Main Questions -- Methodology -- Citizenship as an Implied Goal of Public Service Media -- Political Citizenship -- Social Citizenship -- Cultural Citizenship -- Difficult Transition to the Digital Era -- Protectionist Logic On the Rise (again) -- An Unfit Governance Environment -- Questioning the Politicised Board of Governors -- A Lack of Trust Between Government and Vrt -- Glass Half Full Or Half Empty -- References -- 14 State Broadcasting in Poland -- From a Post-Communist to a Competitive Authoritarian State -- The Party of Law and Justice Changed It All -- Methodology -- Changes to Polish Public Broadcasting Post-2015 -- Changes to the Polish Public Service Media System Post-2015 -- Additional State Funding -- Erosion of Citizenship -- Political Citizenship -- Social Citizenship -- Cultural Citizenship -- Civic Citizenship -- Structural Barriers to Public Service Media in Poland -- Lack of Political Willingness to Make Public Service Media Work -- Lack of Legal Safeguards -- Lack of a Sustainable Financing System -- Lack of Citizen Identification With Public Service Media -- Aggravating Factors -- Catholic Church - Pis Alliance -- The Limited Reach of Non-Public Service Offers in Rural Areas -- Experts' Orientation to the West -- The Mission Impossible of Achieving Public Service media in Poland -- References</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">15 Conclusions: Explaining the (mis)match Between Theory, the Law and Practice</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4114245-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Medienrecht</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4074661-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Rundfunkanstalt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4129429-4</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Fernsehanstalt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4154047-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Europa</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4015701-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Europa</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4015701-5</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Rundfunkanstalt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4129429-4</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Fernsehanstalt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4154047-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4114245-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Medienrecht</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4074661-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Druck-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="a">Donders, Karen</subfield><subfield code="t">Public Service Media in Europe</subfield><subfield code="d">Milton : Taylor & Francis Group,c2021</subfield><subfield code="z">9781138477056</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-30-PQE</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033082327</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hwr/detail.action?docID=6550956</subfield><subfield code="l">HWR01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-30-PQE</subfield><subfield code="q">HWR_PDA_PQE</subfield><subfield code="x">Aggregator</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europa |
| id | DE-604.BV047698362 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:58:07Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:19:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781351105552 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033082327 |
| oclc_num | 1246580193 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-2070s |
| owner_facet | DE-2070s |
| physical | 1 Online-Ressource (331 Seiten) |
| psigel | ZDB-30-PQE ZDB-30-PQE HWR_PDA_PQE |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Routledge Research in Media Law Ser |
| spelling | Donders, Karen Verfasser aut Public Service Media in Europe Law, Theory and Practice Milton Taylor & Francis Group 2021 ©2021 1 Online-Ressource (331 Seiten) txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Routledge Research in Media Law Ser Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources Cover -- Endorsement -- Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Illustrations -- Preface -- 1 Introduction: A Mismatch between Public Service Media theory, Law and Practice -- Should Public Service Broadcasting/Media be Part of Our Societies? -- Aim of the Book -- Where do Grand Theories and Day-to-Day Practice Meet? -- Methods -- Structure -- Notes -- References -- Part I Theory -- 2 Public Service Media in a Digitised and International Media Market -- Is There a Spontaneous Achievement of Public Interest Objectives in a Digitised and Internationalised Media Landscape? -- Digitisation: Thinking Beyond Convergence -- Analogue Is Death, Long Live Digital -- Long Live Digital, Long Live Public Service Media -- Internationalisation: The Limits and Possibilities of nation State Intervention -- From Forecast to Reality -- Public Broadcasters From the Centre to the Periphery -- Digitisation and Internationalisation Combined: How Platformisation Strengthens the Case for Public service Media -- The Intrinsic Incongruity Between Digitisation, Internationalisation and Public Service Media -- Note -- References -- 3 From Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Anything: The Gaps in Public Service Media Theory -- Introduction -- Public Service Broadcasting -- Public Service Media -- Public Service Communication, Public Service Content -- Public Service Publisher, Public Service Light -- Public Service Platforms and Public Service Algorithms -- Why this Tectonic Field Between Democracy-Centric and Market Failure Perspectives? -- Note -- References -- 4 Public Service Media as a Democracy- and Citizenship-Centric Project -- Introduction -- Public Service Media as a Project to Serve Democracy -- Contributing to Political, Social, Cultural and Civic Citizenship -- Political Citizenship Social Citizenship -- Cultural Citizenship -- Civic Citizenship -- How to Serve the Public Interest in Media -- References -- 5 Making Public Service Media Work through Institutions -- Introduction -- Means and Principles -- Access -- Content -- Connection -- Innovation -- Necessary Conditions -- Independence and Professional Governance -- Adequate Funding -- Accountability and Professionalism -- Achieving Public Service Media -- References -- Part II Law -- 6 Ideological Divisions in National Public Service Media Policy -- Introduction -- Hallin and Mancini's Media Models as Starting Point -- Caught Between Neoliberal, Social Responsibility and social Democratic Media Policies -- The Relative Stability of the Polarised Pluralist Countries -- The Persistence of Government Capture and the Emergence of Competitive Authoritarianism -- The Thin Blue Line Between Policies and Politics Across Media Models -- The Declining Legitimacy of Public Broadcasters as Mainstream Media -- The Increasing Value of Alternative Media -- Conclusions -- Note -- References -- 7 Weak European Cultural Versus Strong Economic Policies -- Market Integration as First Objective of European policies in Media -- Media as an Economic Good -- The Television without Frontiers Directive and its Successors -- First Attacks on Public Broadcasters in Europe -- European State Aid Control as a Friend and Foe of Public Service Media -- The Illegality and Admissibility of State Aid Under European Law -- Broadcasting Communication 2001 and 2009 -- Amsterdam Protocol -- Procedural Aspects -- An Increased Attachment to Culture and Freedom Speech -- The Council of Europe's Protective Stance on Public Service Media -- Pressing Issues Regarding Freedom of Expression in Europe -- A Stronger Mandate for European Democracy-Centric Policies in Media -- Note -- References 8 Applying State Aid Rules in an Internationalised and Converged Media Landscape -- Public Broadcasters' Facing European Intervention -- Main Questions -- Methodology -- Application of the State Aid Rules Before the 2009 Broadcasting Communication -- Balancing Member States' Right to Define the Remit With a Manifest Error Approach -- Requiring Explicit Entrustment and Independent Control -- Aiming for Good Governance -- Application of the State Aid Rules After the 2009 Broadcasting Communication -- Limited Attention for Internationalisation and a Presumed Impact On Markets -- Dismissing the Reality of an Internationalised, Converged and platform-Based Media Market -- A Double-Edged Sword -- References -- 9 Regulating Public Broadcasters' Moving Online -- Sensitivities On Public Broadcasters' Expansion Online -- Methodology -- From Alleged Market Distortion, Over EU Intervention, to Member State Regulation -- Market Distortion -- European Intervention and Member State Actions -- Public Value Tests: Far Away From Evidence-Based in Flanders -- A Vague Regulatory Framework -- Ketnet Jr. as a Significantly New Service -- The Chaotic Public Value Test Process -- An Indecisive Regulator and a Government 'no' to Ketnet Jr. -- Constraining On-Demand Offer of Audiovisual Content in the United Kingdom -- Yes to Iplayer, But ... -- Similar Rules in Other EU Member States -- Why These Rules Do Not Work in Practice -- No Text-Based Services in Germany -- A New Interstate Treaty On Broadcasting and Telemedia -- A Partial Prohibition of Press-Like Services -- De-publication of Websites -- The Necessity of an Alternative Narrative -- References -- 10 Laws and Policy Instruments dealing with Funding -- Money Matters -- Methodology -- From License Fee to Household Fee: the Finnish, german, British and Irish Experiences From a License Fee to an Individual Tax in Finland -- From a License Fee to a Household Fee in Germany -- Heated Discussions and No Reform (yet) in Ireland -- From License Fee to Subsidy-Based System: Flanders and the Netherlands Taking a Similar Approach -- Socialists Abolishing the License Fee in Flanders -- From Abolishment of the License Fee to Re-Instalment in the Netherlands? -- How Financing Is Being Weaponised By Governments in Spain, Portugal and Poland -- The Not-So-Objectivity of Austerity Measures on Public Service Media in Spain and Portugal -- Massive License Fee Evasion in Poland and an Active Subsidy Policy from the Pis Government -- When a Democracy-Centric and Market Failure View on Public Service Media Clash -- Note -- References -- 11 Governance: Optimising for Societal Value or political Control -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Where Is the Trust? Governance of Public Service Media in Flanders -- Re-politicisation of Public Broadcasters Towards National Media: the Polish Case -- The Drivers of Governance -- Note -- References -- Part III Practice -- 12 Multi-Platform Strategies of Public Broadcasters in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Flanders and the Netherlands -- From Public Broadcaster to Public Media Organisation -- Main Questions -- Methodology -- Radio and Television as 'safe Zones' of Public Service Media -- Online Distribution of Radio and Television Content Or Full-Fledged Full-Fledged-Multi-Media Company -- Lack of Coordination on Online Activities -- The Certainty of Excelling in Radio and Television -- From Experiments to Consolidation and Back Again -- More Consideration of Audiences, But ... -- Changed Consumption Behaviours as a Given -- Lip Service to Interaction, Co-Creation and Participation -- The Difficulty of Reaching Youngsters -- An Increased Public Service Awareness, But Commercialism Is Boosted Too Strengthening Public Broadcasters' Legitimacy in an International and converged Media Market -- Friction Between Public Service Awareness and Commercial Pragmatism -- Internal Reorganisation as the Achilles Heel of Public service Media Strategies -- A Focus On Democracy, Not on Commercial Revenues -- Note -- References -- 13 A Prominent Market and Cultural Logic in Public Service Media Policies in Flanders -- Public Broadcasting in Flanders -- Public Service Broadcasting in a Divided Country -- Main Questions -- Methodology -- Citizenship as an Implied Goal of Public Service Media -- Political Citizenship -- Social Citizenship -- Cultural Citizenship -- Difficult Transition to the Digital Era -- Protectionist Logic On the Rise (again) -- An Unfit Governance Environment -- Questioning the Politicised Board of Governors -- A Lack of Trust Between Government and Vrt -- Glass Half Full Or Half Empty -- References -- 14 State Broadcasting in Poland -- From a Post-Communist to a Competitive Authoritarian State -- The Party of Law and Justice Changed It All -- Methodology -- Changes to Polish Public Broadcasting Post-2015 -- Changes to the Polish Public Service Media System Post-2015 -- Additional State Funding -- Erosion of Citizenship -- Political Citizenship -- Social Citizenship -- Cultural Citizenship -- Civic Citizenship -- Structural Barriers to Public Service Media in Poland -- Lack of Political Willingness to Make Public Service Media Work -- Lack of Legal Safeguards -- Lack of a Sustainable Financing System -- Lack of Citizen Identification With Public Service Media -- Aggravating Factors -- Catholic Church - Pis Alliance -- The Limited Reach of Non-Public Service Offers in Rural Areas -- Experts' Orientation to the West -- The Mission Impossible of Achieving Public Service media in Poland -- References 15 Conclusions: Explaining the (mis)match Between Theory, the Law and Practice Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts (DE-588)4114245-7 gnd rswk-swf Medienrecht (DE-588)4074661-6 gnd rswk-swf Rundfunkanstalt (DE-588)4129429-4 gnd rswk-swf Fernsehanstalt (DE-588)4154047-5 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Rundfunkanstalt (DE-588)4129429-4 s Fernsehanstalt (DE-588)4154047-5 s Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts (DE-588)4114245-7 s Medienrecht (DE-588)4074661-6 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Donders, Karen Public Service Media in Europe Milton : Taylor & Francis Group,c2021 9781138477056 |
| spellingShingle | Donders, Karen Public Service Media in Europe Law, Theory and Practice Cover -- Endorsement -- Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Illustrations -- Preface -- 1 Introduction: A Mismatch between Public Service Media theory, Law and Practice -- Should Public Service Broadcasting/Media be Part of Our Societies? -- Aim of the Book -- Where do Grand Theories and Day-to-Day Practice Meet? -- Methods -- Structure -- Notes -- References -- Part I Theory -- 2 Public Service Media in a Digitised and International Media Market -- Is There a Spontaneous Achievement of Public Interest Objectives in a Digitised and Internationalised Media Landscape? -- Digitisation: Thinking Beyond Convergence -- Analogue Is Death, Long Live Digital -- Long Live Digital, Long Live Public Service Media -- Internationalisation: The Limits and Possibilities of nation State Intervention -- From Forecast to Reality -- Public Broadcasters From the Centre to the Periphery -- Digitisation and Internationalisation Combined: How Platformisation Strengthens the Case for Public service Media -- The Intrinsic Incongruity Between Digitisation, Internationalisation and Public Service Media -- Note -- References -- 3 From Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Anything: The Gaps in Public Service Media Theory -- Introduction -- Public Service Broadcasting -- Public Service Media -- Public Service Communication, Public Service Content -- Public Service Publisher, Public Service Light -- Public Service Platforms and Public Service Algorithms -- Why this Tectonic Field Between Democracy-Centric and Market Failure Perspectives? -- Note -- References -- 4 Public Service Media as a Democracy- and Citizenship-Centric Project -- Introduction -- Public Service Media as a Project to Serve Democracy -- Contributing to Political, Social, Cultural and Civic Citizenship -- Political Citizenship Social Citizenship -- Cultural Citizenship -- Civic Citizenship -- How to Serve the Public Interest in Media -- References -- 5 Making Public Service Media Work through Institutions -- Introduction -- Means and Principles -- Access -- Content -- Connection -- Innovation -- Necessary Conditions -- Independence and Professional Governance -- Adequate Funding -- Accountability and Professionalism -- Achieving Public Service Media -- References -- Part II Law -- 6 Ideological Divisions in National Public Service Media Policy -- Introduction -- Hallin and Mancini's Media Models as Starting Point -- Caught Between Neoliberal, Social Responsibility and social Democratic Media Policies -- The Relative Stability of the Polarised Pluralist Countries -- The Persistence of Government Capture and the Emergence of Competitive Authoritarianism -- The Thin Blue Line Between Policies and Politics Across Media Models -- The Declining Legitimacy of Public Broadcasters as Mainstream Media -- The Increasing Value of Alternative Media -- Conclusions -- Note -- References -- 7 Weak European Cultural Versus Strong Economic Policies -- Market Integration as First Objective of European policies in Media -- Media as an Economic Good -- The Television without Frontiers Directive and its Successors -- First Attacks on Public Broadcasters in Europe -- European State Aid Control as a Friend and Foe of Public Service Media -- The Illegality and Admissibility of State Aid Under European Law -- Broadcasting Communication 2001 and 2009 -- Amsterdam Protocol -- Procedural Aspects -- An Increased Attachment to Culture and Freedom Speech -- The Council of Europe's Protective Stance on Public Service Media -- Pressing Issues Regarding Freedom of Expression in Europe -- A Stronger Mandate for European Democracy-Centric Policies in Media -- Note -- References 8 Applying State Aid Rules in an Internationalised and Converged Media Landscape -- Public Broadcasters' Facing European Intervention -- Main Questions -- Methodology -- Application of the State Aid Rules Before the 2009 Broadcasting Communication -- Balancing Member States' Right to Define the Remit With a Manifest Error Approach -- Requiring Explicit Entrustment and Independent Control -- Aiming for Good Governance -- Application of the State Aid Rules After the 2009 Broadcasting Communication -- Limited Attention for Internationalisation and a Presumed Impact On Markets -- Dismissing the Reality of an Internationalised, Converged and platform-Based Media Market -- A Double-Edged Sword -- References -- 9 Regulating Public Broadcasters' Moving Online -- Sensitivities On Public Broadcasters' Expansion Online -- Methodology -- From Alleged Market Distortion, Over EU Intervention, to Member State Regulation -- Market Distortion -- European Intervention and Member State Actions -- Public Value Tests: Far Away From Evidence-Based in Flanders -- A Vague Regulatory Framework -- Ketnet Jr. as a Significantly New Service -- The Chaotic Public Value Test Process -- An Indecisive Regulator and a Government 'no' to Ketnet Jr. -- Constraining On-Demand Offer of Audiovisual Content in the United Kingdom -- Yes to Iplayer, But ... -- Similar Rules in Other EU Member States -- Why These Rules Do Not Work in Practice -- No Text-Based Services in Germany -- A New Interstate Treaty On Broadcasting and Telemedia -- A Partial Prohibition of Press-Like Services -- De-publication of Websites -- The Necessity of an Alternative Narrative -- References -- 10 Laws and Policy Instruments dealing with Funding -- Money Matters -- Methodology -- From License Fee to Household Fee: the Finnish, german, British and Irish Experiences From a License Fee to an Individual Tax in Finland -- From a License Fee to a Household Fee in Germany -- Heated Discussions and No Reform (yet) in Ireland -- From License Fee to Subsidy-Based System: Flanders and the Netherlands Taking a Similar Approach -- Socialists Abolishing the License Fee in Flanders -- From Abolishment of the License Fee to Re-Instalment in the Netherlands? -- How Financing Is Being Weaponised By Governments in Spain, Portugal and Poland -- The Not-So-Objectivity of Austerity Measures on Public Service Media in Spain and Portugal -- Massive License Fee Evasion in Poland and an Active Subsidy Policy from the Pis Government -- When a Democracy-Centric and Market Failure View on Public Service Media Clash -- Note -- References -- 11 Governance: Optimising for Societal Value or political Control -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Where Is the Trust? Governance of Public Service Media in Flanders -- Re-politicisation of Public Broadcasters Towards National Media: the Polish Case -- The Drivers of Governance -- Note -- References -- Part III Practice -- 12 Multi-Platform Strategies of Public Broadcasters in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Flanders and the Netherlands -- From Public Broadcaster to Public Media Organisation -- Main Questions -- Methodology -- Radio and Television as 'safe Zones' of Public Service Media -- Online Distribution of Radio and Television Content Or Full-Fledged Full-Fledged-Multi-Media Company -- Lack of Coordination on Online Activities -- The Certainty of Excelling in Radio and Television -- From Experiments to Consolidation and Back Again -- More Consideration of Audiences, But ... -- Changed Consumption Behaviours as a Given -- Lip Service to Interaction, Co-Creation and Participation -- The Difficulty of Reaching Youngsters -- An Increased Public Service Awareness, But Commercialism Is Boosted Too Strengthening Public Broadcasters' Legitimacy in an International and converged Media Market -- Friction Between Public Service Awareness and Commercial Pragmatism -- Internal Reorganisation as the Achilles Heel of Public service Media Strategies -- A Focus On Democracy, Not on Commercial Revenues -- Note -- References -- 13 A Prominent Market and Cultural Logic in Public Service Media Policies in Flanders -- Public Broadcasting in Flanders -- Public Service Broadcasting in a Divided Country -- Main Questions -- Methodology -- Citizenship as an Implied Goal of Public Service Media -- Political Citizenship -- Social Citizenship -- Cultural Citizenship -- Difficult Transition to the Digital Era -- Protectionist Logic On the Rise (again) -- An Unfit Governance Environment -- Questioning the Politicised Board of Governors -- A Lack of Trust Between Government and Vrt -- Glass Half Full Or Half Empty -- References -- 14 State Broadcasting in Poland -- From a Post-Communist to a Competitive Authoritarian State -- The Party of Law and Justice Changed It All -- Methodology -- Changes to Polish Public Broadcasting Post-2015 -- Changes to the Polish Public Service Media System Post-2015 -- Additional State Funding -- Erosion of Citizenship -- Political Citizenship -- Social Citizenship -- Cultural Citizenship -- Civic Citizenship -- Structural Barriers to Public Service Media in Poland -- Lack of Political Willingness to Make Public Service Media Work -- Lack of Legal Safeguards -- Lack of a Sustainable Financing System -- Lack of Citizen Identification With Public Service Media -- Aggravating Factors -- Catholic Church - Pis Alliance -- The Limited Reach of Non-Public Service Offers in Rural Areas -- Experts' Orientation to the West -- The Mission Impossible of Achieving Public Service media in Poland -- References 15 Conclusions: Explaining the (mis)match Between Theory, the Law and Practice Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts (DE-588)4114245-7 gnd Medienrecht (DE-588)4074661-6 gnd Rundfunkanstalt (DE-588)4129429-4 gnd Fernsehanstalt (DE-588)4154047-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4114245-7 (DE-588)4074661-6 (DE-588)4129429-4 (DE-588)4154047-5 (DE-588)4015701-5 |
| title | Public Service Media in Europe Law, Theory and Practice |
| title_auth | Public Service Media in Europe Law, Theory and Practice |
| title_exact_search | Public Service Media in Europe Law, Theory and Practice |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Public Service Media in Europe Law, Theory and Practice |
| title_full | Public Service Media in Europe Law, Theory and Practice |
| title_fullStr | Public Service Media in Europe Law, Theory and Practice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Public Service Media in Europe Law, Theory and Practice |
| title_short | Public Service Media in Europe |
| title_sort | public service media in europe law theory and practice |
| title_sub | Law, Theory and Practice |
| topic | Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts (DE-588)4114245-7 gnd Medienrecht (DE-588)4074661-6 gnd Rundfunkanstalt (DE-588)4129429-4 gnd Fernsehanstalt (DE-588)4154047-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts Medienrecht Rundfunkanstalt Fernsehanstalt Europa |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT donderskaren publicservicemediaineuropelawtheoryandpractice |