Civilian-based resistance in the Baltic states: historical precedents and current capabilities
In the event of an occupation of Estonia, Latvia, or Lithuania, a conventional military intervention by allies-including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union, and the United States-would be crucial for the Baltic countries to regain national independence. But Baltic civi...
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| Format: | Elektronisch Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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RAND
2021
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| Online-Zugang: | https://doi.org/10.7249/RR-A198-3 Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | In the event of an occupation of Estonia, Latvia, or Lithuania, a conventional military intervention by allies-including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union, and the United States-would be crucial for the Baltic countries to regain national independence. But Baltic civilians could play a powerful role in their own defense-and, in fact, the Baltic countries' constitutions and national security strategies highlight the importance of the willingness and preparedness of their civilians to meet external aggression with resilience and resistance. Increasingly, Baltic governments consider national military defense to be closely intertwined with nonmilitary capabilities, and each has introduced a whole-of-society approach into high-level strategy and policy documents. RAND researchers sought to better understand the nature and effectiveness of contributions that Baltic civilians could make to a resistance campaign during a notional occupation. In this report, using an original analytical framework, the authors examine historic episodes of Baltic armed resistance from 1940 to 1955 and unarmed resistance from 1955 to 1991. Drawing from this analysis, the authors examine more-recent plans and policies to prepare Baltic populations for crises and consider the contributions that Baltic civilians could make during an occupation scenario by imposing costs on an adversary, securing external support, denying an occupier's political and economic consolidation, reducing an occupier's capacity for repression, and maintaining and expanding popular support for resistance. Finally, the authors present recommendations for how allies and partners can support the Baltic countries in strengthening civilian capacity for resilience and resistance |
| Beschreibung: | Title from PDF document (title page; viewed October 29, 2021) |
| Beschreibung: | xvii, 155 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781977406071 |
| DOI: | 10.7249/RR-A198-3 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Chapter One: Introduction -- Chapter Two: Proximate Resistance Objectives for Civilians Under Occupation -- Chapter Three: Armed Resistance in the Baltic States (1940-1955) -- Chapter Four: Unarmed Resistance in the Baltic States (1955-1991) -- Chapter Five: Current Preparation and Capabilities for Resistance -- Chapter Six: Findings and Recommendations | |
| 520 | 3 | |a In the event of an occupation of Estonia, Latvia, or Lithuania, a conventional military intervention by allies-including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union, and the United States-would be crucial for the Baltic countries to regain national independence. But Baltic civilians could play a powerful role in their own defense-and, in fact, the Baltic countries' constitutions and national security strategies highlight the importance of the willingness and preparedness of their civilians to meet external aggression with resilience and resistance. Increasingly, Baltic governments consider national military defense to be closely intertwined with nonmilitary capabilities, and each has introduced a whole-of-society approach into high-level strategy and policy documents. RAND researchers sought to better understand the nature and effectiveness of contributions that Baltic civilians could make to a resistance campaign during a notional occupation. In this report, using an original analytical framework, the authors examine historic episodes of Baltic armed resistance from 1940 to 1955 and unarmed resistance from 1955 to 1991. Drawing from this analysis, the authors examine more-recent plans and policies to prepare Baltic populations for crises and consider the contributions that Baltic civilians could make during an occupation scenario by imposing costs on an adversary, securing external support, denying an occupier's political and economic consolidation, reducing an occupier's capacity for repression, and maintaining and expanding popular support for resistance. Finally, the authors present recommendations for how allies and partners can support the Baltic countries in strengthening civilian capacity for resilience and resistance | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents About This Report.......................................................................................... iii Figures............................................................................................................. vii Tables............................................................................................................. ix Summary........................................................................................................ xi Acknowledgments..........................................................................................xv Abbreviations................................................................................................xvii CHAPTER ONE Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 Study Scope and Assumptions.......................................................................... 3 Research Questions and Approach................................................................... 6 CHAPTER TWO Proximate Resistance Objectives for Civilians Under Occupation....... 9 Imposing Direct or Indirect Costs on an Occupying Force........................ 11 Securing External Support ............................................................................. 18 Denying an Occupier’s Political and Economic Consolidation.................. 21 Reducing an Occupier’s Capacity for Repression...................................... 24 Maintaining and Expanding Popular Support ......................................... 28
Conclusion....................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER THREE Armed Resistance in the Baltic States (1940-1955) ................................ 35 Historical Overview...................................................................................... 36 Illustrative Examples of Resistance Activities............................................ 40 Conclusion..................................................................................................... 50 v
vi Civilian-Based Resistance in the Baltic States CHAPTER FOUR Unarmed Resistance in the Baltic States (1955-1991) ......................... 53 Historical Overview..................................................................................... 53 Illustrative Examples of Resistance Activities............................................. 57 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER FIVE Current Preparation and Capabilities for Resistance......................... 77 Current State of Play..................................................................................... 78 Imposing Direct or Indirect Costs on an Occupying Force.......................83 Securing External Support ........................................................................... 89 Denying an Occupier’s Political and Economic Consolidation............... 94 Reducing an Occupier’s Capacity for Repression..................................... 103 Maintaining and Expanding Popular Support......................................... Ill Conclusion.................................................................................................... 120 CHAPTER SIX Findings and Recommendations........................................................... 123 Findings......................................................................................................... 124 Recommendations for Allies and Partners................................................ 127
References................................................................................................... 133
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Contents About This Report. iii Figures. vii Tables. ix Summary. xi Acknowledgments.xv Abbreviations.xvii CHAPTER ONE Introduction. 1 Study Scope and Assumptions. 3 Research Questions and Approach. 6 CHAPTER TWO Proximate Resistance Objectives for Civilians Under Occupation. 9 Imposing Direct or Indirect Costs on an Occupying Force. 11 Securing External Support . 18 Denying an Occupier’s Political and Economic Consolidation. 21 Reducing an Occupier’s Capacity for Repression. 24 Maintaining and Expanding Popular Support . 28
Conclusion. 33 CHAPTER THREE Armed Resistance in the Baltic States (1940-1955) . 35 Historical Overview. 36 Illustrative Examples of Resistance Activities. 40 Conclusion. 50 v
vi Civilian-Based Resistance in the Baltic States CHAPTER FOUR Unarmed Resistance in the Baltic States (1955-1991) . 53 Historical Overview. 53 Illustrative Examples of Resistance Activities. 57 Conclusion . 74 CHAPTER FIVE Current Preparation and Capabilities for Resistance. 77 Current State of Play. 78 Imposing Direct or Indirect Costs on an Occupying Force.83 Securing External Support . 89 Denying an Occupier’s Political and Economic Consolidation. 94 Reducing an Occupier’s Capacity for Repression. 103 Maintaining and Expanding Popular Support. Ill Conclusion. 120 CHAPTER SIX Findings and Recommendations. 123 Findings. 124 Recommendations for Allies and Partners. 127
References. 133
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Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2010. i Bayerische . , Staatsbibliothek՛ * München |
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| author | Binnendijk, Anika Kepe, Marta |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1184942366 (DE-588)1184943028 |
| author_facet | Binnendijk, Anika Kepe, Marta |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Binnendijk, Anika |
| author_variant | a b ab m k mk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047689506 |
| contents | Chapter One: Introduction -- Chapter Two: Proximate Resistance Objectives for Civilians Under Occupation -- Chapter Three: Armed Resistance in the Baltic States (1940-1955) -- Chapter Four: Unarmed Resistance in the Baltic States (1955-1991) -- Chapter Five: Current Preparation and Capabilities for Resistance -- Chapter Six: Findings and Recommendations |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1378493696 (DE-599)BVBBV047689506 |
| doi_str_mv | 10.7249/RR-A198-3 |
| era | Geschichte 1940- gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1940- |
| format | Electronic Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>04844nam a2200637 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV047689506</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20230424 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">220118s2021 a||| b||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781977406071</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-977406-07-1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="024" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.7249/RR-A198-3</subfield><subfield code="2">doi</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1378493696</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV047689506</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Binnendijk, Anika</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1184942366</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Civilian-based resistance in the Baltic states</subfield><subfield code="b">historical precedents and current capabilities</subfield><subfield code="c">Anika Binnendijk, Marta Kepe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Santa Monica, CA</subfield><subfield code="b">RAND</subfield><subfield code="c">2021</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xvii, 155 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Karten</subfield><subfield code="c">23 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Title from PDF document (title page; viewed October 29, 2021)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Chapter One: Introduction -- Chapter Two: Proximate Resistance Objectives for Civilians Under Occupation -- Chapter Three: Armed Resistance in the Baltic States (1940-1955) -- Chapter Four: Unarmed Resistance in the Baltic States (1955-1991) -- Chapter Five: Current Preparation and Capabilities for Resistance -- Chapter Six: Findings and Recommendations</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">In the event of an occupation of Estonia, Latvia, or Lithuania, a conventional military intervention by allies-including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union, and the United States-would be crucial for the Baltic countries to regain national independence. But Baltic civilians could play a powerful role in their own defense-and, in fact, the Baltic countries' constitutions and national security strategies highlight the importance of the willingness and preparedness of their civilians to meet external aggression with resilience and resistance. Increasingly, Baltic governments consider national military defense to be closely intertwined with nonmilitary capabilities, and each has introduced a whole-of-society approach into high-level strategy and policy documents. RAND researchers sought to better understand the nature and effectiveness of contributions that Baltic civilians could make to a resistance campaign during a notional occupation. In this report, using an original analytical framework, the authors examine historic episodes of Baltic armed resistance from 1940 to 1955 and unarmed resistance from 1955 to 1991. Drawing from this analysis, the authors examine more-recent plans and policies to prepare Baltic populations for crises and consider the contributions that Baltic civilians could make during an occupation scenario by imposing costs on an adversary, securing external support, denying an occupier's political and economic consolidation, reducing an occupier's capacity for repression, and maintaining and expanding popular support for resistance. 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| geographic | Baltikum (DE-588)4004379-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Baltikum |
| id | DE-604.BV047689506 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:57:02Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:19:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781977406071 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033073520 |
| oclc_num | 1378493696 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xvii, 155 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 23 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230424 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | RAND |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Binnendijk, Anika Verfasser (DE-588)1184942366 aut Civilian-based resistance in the Baltic states historical precedents and current capabilities Anika Binnendijk, Marta Kepe Santa Monica, CA RAND 2021 xvii, 155 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia c rdamedia nc rdacarrier cr rdacarrier Title from PDF document (title page; viewed October 29, 2021) Chapter One: Introduction -- Chapter Two: Proximate Resistance Objectives for Civilians Under Occupation -- Chapter Three: Armed Resistance in the Baltic States (1940-1955) -- Chapter Four: Unarmed Resistance in the Baltic States (1955-1991) -- Chapter Five: Current Preparation and Capabilities for Resistance -- Chapter Six: Findings and Recommendations In the event of an occupation of Estonia, Latvia, or Lithuania, a conventional military intervention by allies-including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union, and the United States-would be crucial for the Baltic countries to regain national independence. But Baltic civilians could play a powerful role in their own defense-and, in fact, the Baltic countries' constitutions and national security strategies highlight the importance of the willingness and preparedness of their civilians to meet external aggression with resilience and resistance. Increasingly, Baltic governments consider national military defense to be closely intertwined with nonmilitary capabilities, and each has introduced a whole-of-society approach into high-level strategy and policy documents. RAND researchers sought to better understand the nature and effectiveness of contributions that Baltic civilians could make to a resistance campaign during a notional occupation. In this report, using an original analytical framework, the authors examine historic episodes of Baltic armed resistance from 1940 to 1955 and unarmed resistance from 1955 to 1991. Drawing from this analysis, the authors examine more-recent plans and policies to prepare Baltic populations for crises and consider the contributions that Baltic civilians could make during an occupation scenario by imposing costs on an adversary, securing external support, denying an occupier's political and economic consolidation, reducing an occupier's capacity for repression, and maintaining and expanding popular support for resistance. Finally, the authors present recommendations for how allies and partners can support the Baltic countries in strengthening civilian capacity for resilience and resistance Geschichte 1940- gnd rswk-swf Verteidigung (DE-588)4063254-4 gnd rswk-swf Zivilbevölkerung (DE-588)4190984-7 gnd rswk-swf Gewaltloser Widerstand (DE-588)4071818-9 gnd rswk-swf Baltikum (DE-588)4004379-4 gnd rswk-swf National security / Baltic states Baltic States / Defenses Baltic States / Millitary policy Military readiness National security Baltic States Baltikum (DE-588)4004379-4 g Zivilbevölkerung (DE-588)4190984-7 s Gewaltloser Widerstand (DE-588)4071818-9 s Verteidigung (DE-588)4063254-4 s Geschichte 1940- z DE-604 Kepe, Marta Verfasser (DE-588)1184943028 aut https://doi.org/10.7249/RR-A198-3 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033073520&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033073520&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Binnendijk, Anika Kepe, Marta Civilian-based resistance in the Baltic states historical precedents and current capabilities Chapter One: Introduction -- Chapter Two: Proximate Resistance Objectives for Civilians Under Occupation -- Chapter Three: Armed Resistance in the Baltic States (1940-1955) -- Chapter Four: Unarmed Resistance in the Baltic States (1955-1991) -- Chapter Five: Current Preparation and Capabilities for Resistance -- Chapter Six: Findings and Recommendations Verteidigung (DE-588)4063254-4 gnd Zivilbevölkerung (DE-588)4190984-7 gnd Gewaltloser Widerstand (DE-588)4071818-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4063254-4 (DE-588)4190984-7 (DE-588)4071818-9 (DE-588)4004379-4 |
| title | Civilian-based resistance in the Baltic states historical precedents and current capabilities |
| title_auth | Civilian-based resistance in the Baltic states historical precedents and current capabilities |
| title_exact_search | Civilian-based resistance in the Baltic states historical precedents and current capabilities |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Civilian-based resistance in the Baltic states historical precedents and current capabilities |
| title_full | Civilian-based resistance in the Baltic states historical precedents and current capabilities Anika Binnendijk, Marta Kepe |
| title_fullStr | Civilian-based resistance in the Baltic states historical precedents and current capabilities Anika Binnendijk, Marta Kepe |
| title_full_unstemmed | Civilian-based resistance in the Baltic states historical precedents and current capabilities Anika Binnendijk, Marta Kepe |
| title_short | Civilian-based resistance in the Baltic states |
| title_sort | civilian based resistance in the baltic states historical precedents and current capabilities |
| title_sub | historical precedents and current capabilities |
| topic | Verteidigung (DE-588)4063254-4 gnd Zivilbevölkerung (DE-588)4190984-7 gnd Gewaltloser Widerstand (DE-588)4071818-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Verteidigung Zivilbevölkerung Gewaltloser Widerstand Baltikum |
| url | https://doi.org/10.7249/RR-A198-3 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033073520&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033073520&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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