Defining Latvia: recent explorations in history, culture, and politics
"In just over a century, Latvia has transitioned from imperial periphery to nation-state, then Soviet republic, and finally following the collapse of the Soviet Union to an independent republic. Defining Latvia brings together the latest research on the multiple social, political, and cultural...
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Budapest ; Vienna ; New York
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2022
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "In just over a century, Latvia has transitioned from imperial periphery to nation-state, then Soviet republic, and finally following the collapse of the Soviet Union to an independent republic. Defining Latvia brings together the latest research on the multiple social, political, and cultural contexts of Latvia throughout this turbulent period. Its ten chapters are written by leading political scientists, historians, and area studies specialists from across Europe and North America. The volume moves beyond an exclusively political context to incorporate a variety of social and cultural perspectives, ranging from the experiences of Latvian mapmakers in the Russian Empire, to the participation of Latvians in the Wehrmacht and Red Army during World War II, Latvian national communism, and the development of extremist politics following Latvia’s accession to the European Union. Other chapters address developing trends in the fields of history and political science, including the history of antisemitism, memory, language politics, photography, and political extremism. Based on the book’s temporal span from the nineteenth century to the present, the authors and editors of Defining Latvia understand the construction of Latvian identity as a continuous and interconnected process across significant political and ideological ruptures"-- Provided by publisher. |
| Beschreibung: | 269 Seiten Karten |
| ISBN: | 9789633864456 |
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Table of Contents List of Figures 7 Acknowledgements 9 Foreword Ivars Ijabs 11 Introduction Latvia and Latvian Identity in Historical Perspective Siobhan Hearne 17 1 Mapping Latwija Matīss Šiliņš and Latvian Cartographic Publishing in the 1890s Catherine Gibson 39 63 2 The Sokolowski Affair Testing the Limits of Cultural Autonomy in Interwar Latvia Christina Douglas Per Bolin More than a Means to an End Pērkonkrusts’s Antisemitism and Attacks on Democracy, 1932-1934 Paula Oppermann 83 4 “My Home and My Family Are Now Our Regiment” National Belonging and Familial Feelings in Latvian Units during World War II Harry C. Merritt 105 3 5 The Economic Program of the Latvian National Communists Myth or Reality? 129 Daina Bleiere 6 Latvia Goes Rogue Language Politics and Khrushchev’s 1958 Soviet Education Reform Michael Loader 151
7 Latvian Photography of the 1960s between Art and Censorship Ekaterina Vikulina 8 Onwards and Upwards! Mainstreaming Radical Right Populism in Contemporary Latvia Daunis Auers 189 213 9 Gaming the System Far-Right Entryism in Post-Soviet Latvian Politics Matthew Kott 233 Glossary of Archives 257 About the Contributors 259 Index 261
Index “A Mighty Fortress is Our God” (Lutheran hymn) izi Aizpute 238 Aizsargi (Home Guard) 100-102,104 Akmentiņš, Roberts 76, 76Ո52,77, 77Ո55, 78 anticapitalism 94,202 anticommunism 30,113,140 antisemitism 76Ո49, 84, 84Ո9, 85, 85mi, 86-87, 91-96,102,104, 217-218, 241 numerus clausus 97Ո86 pogroms 25, 83, 83Ո2, 84Ո7, 85, 86ոշօ, 95 Aperāts, Kārlis 124 Arendt, Hannah 89Ո32,97Ո85, ւօշուշշ Aryan(s) 92, 242, 244. 245. 25° Auers, Daunis 18,36, 213Ո2, 238Ո20, 246 Baltic Germans 13, 22,78, 88Ո29, 91Ո46, 92 as cultural elite (Kulturträger) 69, 81-82, 104 as landowning elite 63 cultural autonomy of 24, 64-66, 80-82 in universities 64, 67, 74 relationship with Latvians 13, 23-24, 69, 73-75. 78-82,190Ո4 Baltic States 18, 29, 65,108, 213, 219 Baltic provinces, Russian Empire 12,19, 25, 40-41, 43-44, 52, 54-55, 58, 61 Baltic SSRs (Baltic Republics) 153-154, 154Ո9,161,166,173,184,197,198, 198Ո33, 200, 204, 207, 210, 210Ո84,211 see also Lifliand Governorate, Kurliand Governorate see also Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania Balvi 125 Bangerskis, Rudolfs 111 Barkashov, Aleksandr 237-240 Barkashovites see political parties/organizations (non-Latvian), Russian National Unity movement (Russkoe Natsional’noe Edinstvo; RNE) Barons, Krišjānis 42-43 Bartov, Omer 109-110 Baumanu Kārlis (Kārlis Baumanis) 12 Bauska 93 Belarus (Belorussia) 134,172 Bergmann, Werner 83Ո2 Bergs, Arveds 98 Berklavs, Eduards 14,129-132,135-140, 140Ո29,141-145,147,149,166-167,169-172. 177-179,182-183, 247 Bielenstein, August 51, 53-54 Biezais, Haralds 90Ո41, 91Ո46 Binde, Gunārs 193Ո18,197, 200, 200Ո44, 204-207, 209, 212 Blāķis, Adolfs
111,113 Bolin, Per 24, 87-88Ո24, 88 boycott economic 93, 94, 99,104 electoral 216 Brezhnev, Leonid era of leadership 33,187 Brivibas iela (Freedom Street) Brubaker, Rogers 12 Budnitskii, Oleg 109-110П18 83 Campbell, Alan 235, 255 cartography see maps Celmiņa, leva 102Ո118 Celmiņš, Gustavs 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96-102, 103Ո126, 217 censorship 31, 54, 54Ո47,189-190,195, 201202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 210Ո84, 211; see also Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Glavlit (Main Directorate for the Protection of State Secrets in the Press) chastushki 120,120Ո73 chauvinism German 13, 69-70, 79, 81,106 Latvian 78,91 Russian 157 choirs 119,120,122, 253 Christmas 54,116-118 Cilēvičs, Boriss 241 “Cīņai sveiks” (“Hail the struggle”) 100 citizenship noncitizens 238-239,243 relationship to ethnicity/nationality 15, 22-25, 79-80, 87-90, 223, 237, 249 1919 Citizenship Law 23, 25, 33, 87-88 1994 Law on Citizenship 34, 237 Cold War 27-28, 234 collectivization (agricultural) 28-29,133, 148,149,160 colonialism 12-13, 70,81,106 “colonies” of Latvians outside the Baltic provinces 51,57 “colonies” of non-Latvians in “Latwija" 47 decolonization 218-219,249 postcolonialism 69 commemorative dates coup d’état of Kārlis Ulmanis, 15 May 25, 96, 226 Day of the Great October Socialist Revolution, 7 November 118 Day of the Red Army, 23 February 118 International Workers’ Day, 1 May 118
DEFINING LATVIA 2б2 Latvian Independence Day, 18 Novem ber 22, 99,118, 226, 229 Remembrance Day of the Latvian Legion naires, 16 March 107, 219, 226 Victory Day, 9 May 108 Commission for the History of the Great Patriotic War (Mints Commission) 109, 109-110П18 Communist Party, Latvia (LCP; until 1952, Communist Party of Latvia [Bolshe viks]) 14, 30,108,114-116,120,127,129, 136-141 Central Committee (CC) 108,136-138, 140-141,145,147-148 nomenklatura 30, 30Ո52,129,140,150 Youth League (Komsomol) 127,138,145 Communist Party, Soviet Union (CPSU) 132,136 Central Committee (CC) 136,141,152, 157.159.168,173-175.178 nomenklatura 129,201 purge of “Anti-Party Group” 139,158 20th Congress of 132,151, 202 Constitution of Azerbaijan SSR 151-152 of Latvia (1922) 22-23, 33, 70, 79-80, 87-90, 96 proposed amendments 89-90,244 of the Soviet Union (1936; aka Stalin Constitution) 119,154 corporation (studentu korporācija) see fraternities, student Council of Europe 33,216 Istanbul Convention 36, 214, 225 Courland see Kurzeme (Latvian province); Kurliand province (governorate), Russian Empire dainas 122 Dārziņš, Emils 122 Daugava River 83Ո1,144 Daugavpils 99,143,191Ո5, 239 Death Island (Nāves sala) 113 demography as political issue 36, 213, 214Ո3, 219, 223, 228,230-231 historical demographic shifts 15, 29, 34-35. 39Ո2,116,134, 223 see also Russification, in the USSR, demographic Denis, Juliette 114 deportations, mass 106,134 of 14 June 1941 26, 98Ո94,126 of March 1949 28 Dichavičius, Rimantas 205-206 “Dievs, svētī Latviju” (“God, Bless Lat via”) 12,121,123,123Ո97 Dinsbergs, Ernests 43, 46,
53 Douglas, Christina 24, 87-88Ո24 Dugin, Aleksandr 237 Dzērve, Pauls 130-131,136-140,144-149 Dzintars, Raivis 37, 248-255 Dzividzinska, Zenta 205 education Latvian education law (1919) 64 Latvian education reform (2004) 243 Law on Language (1992) 34 Saeima Educational Committee 76Ո52 Soviet education reform (1958-59) 30, 30Ո53, 31, 34,136,151-157.159.161, 180-181,184-187 debate in the USSR Supreme Soviet 165-169 Latvian SSR language law (1959) 170, 177.179.182 public debates in Latvian SSR 158-165 “Thesis 19” 152-154,157,159-161,163, 167-170,172,181 see also schools; universities Eksteins, Modris 110-111 émigrés see exile, postwar Latvian diaspora (trimda) entryism (entrism) 233-236, 239, 241, 245, 248-251, 255-256 Estonia 41, 64-66,121,133,154,168,172Ո70, 173. Г98, 205, 21ՕՈ84, 213-214, 231, 238 cultural autonomy policy in 64-66 European Union (EU) criticism of 15, 214, 218 European Conservatives and Reformists (European Parliament) 247 European People’s Party (European Parliament) 229 Euroscepticism 218 Latvian accession to 15,18, 33, 221, 223-224 2003 Latvian referendum on EU membership 219 exile internal Soviet political exile 140 postwar Latvian diaspora (trimda) 26, 103,107-108,126,143Ո35, 204, 219, 229 Farmers’ Union, Latvian 89-90, 228 Feldmanis, Inesis 109 15th Waifen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian) 105,111-112,122,125Ո107 Financial crisis, 2008 35, 247 First World War see World War I flag, Latvian 110Ո21,110Ո23,112-113, 226 France 198Ո31,255 Paris 170,198
INDEX fraternities, student 84-86, 92, 95, 95Ո71, 99,102 Freedom monument 118, 219, 229 Germane, Marina 87, 89 Germanization 106 Germans (Reichsdeutsche) 69, 94,111; see also Baltic Germans Germany 13, 26, 33, 76-78, 83, 86ni6, 91, 91Ո46, 92,105-106,109,123Ո97,126,134, 191Ո8,198, 231, 255; see also occupations, Nazi German occupation of Latvia Girs, Illarion 243Ո41, 245 glasnost’ 33,247 Gleizds, Jānis 205, 207 Gorbachev, Mikhail 33 Gorokhovets 116 Great Depression 93, 93Ո62 Griffin, Roger 86Ո14, 241Ո33 Grinbergs, Karlis 93 Guļāns, Pēteris 136,146,148 Hakoah Riga (football club) 83,95,95Ո17 Hāzners, Vilis 124Ո104 Hellbeck, Jochen 109 Herder Institute see schools, Herder Institute in Riga (Herder Institut zu Riga) Himmler, Heinrich 112Ո33 Hitler, Adolf 13 as object of admiration 92 as object of mockery 120 birthday of, 20 April 118 Holocaust 26-27 Home Guard(s) see Aizsargi homosociability 123 HQ for the Defense of Russian Schools (Shtab zashchity russkikh shkol) 243; see also education, 2004 education reform Hydroelectric Power Plant, Pļaviņas 144 identitarianism 255,255Ո75 industrialisation 19-20, 23, 39Ո2, 52,133֊134 141-144,146,149 opposition to Soviet industrial policy 144 Interfront (International Front of the Working People of the Latvian SSR) 238, 238Ո20 Intermarium 254Ո74 internationalism 11,13, 99,167 Iron Cross (military decoration) 124 Iron March (website) 252-254 Janaitis, Gunārs 205 Jāņi see Midsummer Janums, Vilis 111 Jelgava 134,191Ո5 journals see magazines 263 Kacena, Vera 119,144 Kalnbērziņš, Jānis 108Ո9,138,177Ո86,180 Kalpiņš, Voldemārs 140-141,141Ո30,144
Karavīru biedrība (Soldiers’ Association) 100 Kārsava 84Ո7 Kasekamp, Andres 90,100Ո109 Keller, Karl 68 Khrushchev, Nikita 14,31-32,129,139, 150,151-152,153-154,156-158,168, 176Ո84, 177-178,182-187 era of leadership 31,189Ո2,193, 247; see also Thaw, Khrushchev “Secret Speech” see Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 20th Congress of Kreicbergs, Jānis 205-206 Krūmiņš, Vilis 14 Kupffer, Karl Reinhold 72,75 Kurland see Kurzeme (Latvian province); Kurliand province (governorate), Russian Empire Kurliand province (governorate), Russian Empire 12, 39-40, 39Ո2, 43, 46, 47fig. 1, 49 fig. 3, 56, 58 Kurzeme (Latvian province) 99,106,112, 117,127 Kviesite, Sarmīte 205 Labvakar (TV program) 241 Lācis, Vilis 141,144,159-161,163,177-181, 181Ո98 Lācis, Visvaldis 121, 228 Laitin, David 237 language bilingualism 30, 34,157,160,162,183, 185. 244 Estonian 54Ո47 German 24, 39, 44, 60, 65, 67, 75, 77-78, 175Ո81, 203 Latgalian 43, 46, 58-59 Latvian 12,15,19-21, 31, 34,39-42, 45-46, 50, 53-57 59-61, 78,115,121,130,156-157, 161-164,167,170-171,175,178,180,184, 243 proficiency as requirement for employ ment 34,157, 225 proficiency as a requirement for Latvian citizenship 34 Russian 19, 29, 31, 34,39, 59-60, 67, 78, 121,130,143Ո35,156-157,161-162,164, 167,171,174-175,178,181,183-186, 225, 243, 243Ո41, 244 as lingua franca of USSR 153 as “second mother tongue” of the “Soviet people” 156 use in public sector 15, 34,157 Yiddish 25,121
2б4 Latgale (Latgalia/Latgallia) 25, 43,101Ո115, 112,184 Latvia as a linguistic zone (Sprachgebiet) 19, 22, 42, 46, 51, 61 as an ethno-cultural concept 12,19, 40-41, 43, 46, 61 EU accession see European Union (EU), Latvian accession to Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) 14,115,129,132,134,149,162, 167,177, 236 Council of Ministers 132,136Ո17, 137-138 140-141144,159,172, 201П50 Economics Institute, Latvian Academy of Sciences 130,136-138, 142,145-149 Gosplan (State Planning Commit tee) 135,135Ո17,136-138,140, 142-144,147-148 Ministry of Culture 140,144,192Ո12 Ministry of Education 157,159 -160, 163,171,174,180 Sovnarkhoz (Regional Economic Council) 132,135,137,142-143, 149, Ці. 158 Supreme Soviet 138,170,174,179-180, 216, 247 Presidium 138,181 Republic of Latvia, 1918-1940 Latvian Ministry of Education 23, 68, 76Ո52 Republic of Latvia, 1991-present Ministry of Culture 213 Ministry of Justice 225,240 State Security Service 220 restoration of independence (19891991) 11,13,15,30,33, 216, 223, 236-238, 240, 246-247 Soviet annexation of ??? Latvian Army 84Ո7,110-112 Latvian Legion 105-108,110-112,116,118,121, 123-127, 228 Day see Commemorative dates, Remembrance Day of the Latvian Legionnaires, 16 March see also 15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (ist Latvian); 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian) Latvian National Oral History project 109 Latvian Operation, NKVD 106 Latvian Rifle Corps see 130th Latvian Rifle Corps Latvian Riflemen (World War I) 113, 121-122 Latvian-Russian border treaty (2007) 221, 228, 249 DEFINING LATVIA Latvian War of
Independence 25, 70, 100-102,122 Latvianization as fear of non-Latvian minorities 63-65 as goal of the National Communists 140 as policy in interwar Latvia 67,74, 74-75Ո45, 82 Lazerson, Max 75-76, 76Ո49 LGBT 35 homophobia 15, 35, 218, 241 Liepaja 134,191Ո5, 238-239, 241-244, 249 Liepaja City Council 240, 243 Lifliand province (governorate), Russian Empire 12, 39, 39Ո2, 43, 46,47 fig. 1, 49 fig. 3. 5б 58 Līgo see Midsummer Limonov, Eduard 239 Linderman, Vladimir 239, 244 Lithuania 14, 50,133-134,144,168, 172Ո70, 173,198,198Ո33,199, 205, 210Ո84 Livland see Vidzeme (Latvian province); Lifliand province (governorate), Russian Empire Livonia see Vidzeme (Latvian province); Lifliand province (governorate), Russian Empire Lobe, Kārlis 118 Lohse, Hinrich 118 magazines Atbalss 39-40, 45-46, 52-54, 58 Camera 204,204Ո57 Das Magazin 209 Fotografie (aka Revue Fotografie՛, Czechoslovak periodical) 203, 203Ո56, 206-207 Karogs 137 Kommunist Sovetskoi Latvii 159,181 Liesma 197 Māksla 197,209 Ogoniok 196,199Ո37 Reichls Philosophischer Almanach: Inter nationales Jahrbuch der Philosophie der Gegenwart 69-71,75,79 Sovetsku soiuz 209 Sovetskoe foto 32,193-194,195Ո24,196, 198-199,199Ո37, 200, 204, 209-210 Stari 191 Zvaigzne 197 Māliņš, Armands 240-244 maps business of publishing 42, 51-60 ethnocultural 50, 56-58, 60-61 linguistic 46-47, 49, 51, 60-61 map literacy 44-45, 55-56 mapmakers (cartographers) 12,18, 39-40, 50-51, 53-54, 56, 61 Martin, Terry 14
2б5 INDEX masculinity 123 McIlroy, John 235, 255 memory 18, 69,107, no Merridale, Catherine 120,120Ո73 Mežotne 113 Midsummer 116-117,117Ո54,119,119Ո68,120 migration 19-20, 23,35, 39Ո2 following EU accession 15, 35, 223-224, 228, 242 international students 224 refugees 220, շշշ, 231 Soviet era 14, 29,34,132,134-136,140, 142-143,144,149,156,165, 223Ո19, 237, 242 United Nations Migration Pact (2018) 214,225 militsiia see police minorities 49, 78, 87Ո23, 88, 224 Africans 239 “beached” 237 Belarusians (Belorussians) 24, 47, 64, 90,116,155Ո15 cultural autonomy for 24, 64-66, 69, 79-82 Estonians 22, 43, 47, 65,154 Germans see Baltic Germans Jews 22, 25-26, 64, 76Ո49, 78, 83, 83Ո1, 84, 84Ո7, 85-93, 95-96, 98-99,102,104, 115,125,199Ո68 Judeo-Bolshevism 94; see also antisemitism Latgalians 24, 46,58 Lithuanians 22, 47,115 Livs (Finno-Ugric ethnic group) 120-121 non-EU students 224 Poles 22, 47, 64, 90 Roma 27,239 “Russian Latvians” 114,114Ո45,115 Russians 22, 47, 78,115,120,134,154-155· 155Ш5,162,176,184-185,187, 229, 236, 238, 241, 243Ո41, 249, 253 “Russian speakers” (Russophones) 34,36,155. 155Ո15, 217. 223-224, 226-228, 236, 236ПЮ, 237, 239, 246 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939 33, 219 Morgan, David H. J. 123 Moscow as metonym for the central Soviet govern ment and CPSU 14,18, 29-30, 32-33, 136-137.139.141,151.156-159.1591124. 161,163,166-172,172Ո70,173-176, 179-180,182-183,185-186, 236-237 location 40,119-120,129,136,139,145, 147,150,159,165,183,186,191,197-198, 203Ո54 Muižnieks, Nils 216-217, 240, 240Ո30, 241, 243, 246Ո48 multiculturalism 19, 225; see also minori ties, cultural
autonomy Museum of the Occupation of Latvia (Latvijas Okupācijas muzejs) 109 National Anthem, Latvian see “Dievs, svētī Latviju” (“God, Bless Latvia”) National Awakening, Latvian First (19th century) 20-21 Fourth (anticipated) 253 National Communists, Latvia 14, 30-32 debates on whether they constitute a coherent group 131,137-141,149-150, 156 economic policies of 129-131,136-137, 142,149 “Perspectives on the Latvian SSR National Economy” 130-131, 147-148 education and linguistic policies of 132, 154Ո9,156-157,160-163,166-167,173,183 migration policies of 132,135-136,142, 149 purge thereof 129,145,148-150,161,167, 180,182-183,186, 247 nationalism 12, 41, 61,106,128,149,176,181, 214, 228, 246-247, 250 “bourgeois nationalism” 108,119Ո68, 146,176,181 civic nationalism 11, 87, 89, 89Ո32,103 ethnonationalism (ethnic national ism) 11, 35, 88, 243, 245 national consciousness 22, 39, 57-59 “national indifference” 41, 41mi “new nationalism” (ideology) 89,102, 254 patriotism 120,122, 253 as self-descriptive euphemism юз104, 219, 241, 244. 249 radical (right-wing) nationalism 216, 219, 236-237, 246-247, 252, 254, 254Ո74, 255 völkisch nationalism 26, 89, 89Ո32, 94 103-104 Nazi Germany see Germany; occupations, Nazi German occupation of Latvia Neiburgs, Uldis 109 New Nationalism, The (website) 254 newspapers 22,40,56,59,94 Cīņa 130,138,161П30,163 Daugavas Vanagi (1940s periodical) 125 Düna Zeitung 54 Jaunākais Ziņas 69 Latviešu strēlnieks 119 Latvietis Latvijā 218 Latvijas Avīze 249 Latvis 98 Latweeschu Awizes ¡7
2бб Libauishe Zeitung 59 Literatūra un Māksla 144 Pravda 179-180 Rīgas Balss 162,164 Rigasche Rundschau 74, 851111, 94-95 Skolotāju Avīze 156,175 Sovetskaia Latviia 1611130,163,1631137, 164,172 Sovetskaia molodezh’ 164 Tautas Vairogs 98, 981192 Trud 163 Ugunskrusts 84-85, 96-97, 971189, 98 Universitas 98 Niedra, Andrievs 721132 as prime minister of a Latvian govern ment, 1919 80 Ņikonovs, Aleksandrs 138,140-141,149 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian) 105-106,112,119,122,125Ո107 43rd "Imanta” Regiment of 118 44th Regiment of 124 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 15 occupations 26-28,105,128, 219 Nazi German occupation of Latvia 13, 26-27, 83, 85, 94,105,110,110Ո23,111,116 Soviet occupation of Latvia 13,15, 26-28, 105,109, 216 130th Latvian Rifle Corps 105,107-108, 121 43rd Guards Latvian Rifle Division of (previously known as 201st Latvian Rifle Division)io5,115,119,120-121, 125 145 191st Regiment of 116 121st Regiment of 121 308th Latvian Rifle Division of 105,116, 120 Osipov, Evgenii 238-242, 242Ո37, 243-245, 249-251, 255-256; see also political parties/organisations (contemporary Latvia, 1989-present), Latvian National Democratic Party (Latvijas Nacionāli demokrātiskā partija; LNDP), Osipov’s Party (Osipova partija) Ostland, Reichskommissariat 118; see also occupations, Nazi German occupation of Latvia Paplaka 117 parliament Latvian see Saeima Latvian SSR see Latvia, Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR), Supreme Soviet Soviet see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Supreme Soviet DEFINING LATVIA Peise, Arvids 14,131,137,139,147,149,
166-168,170,177-181 perestroika 33,237, 238Ո20, 246 photography compositional techniques 194-196,199, 199Ո41, 200-201 international exhibitions of 191Ո5,197, 198Ո31, 203Ո54, 212 Latvian exhibitions of 192Ո12,197, 200, 209, 212 nude (akts) 203, 205-206, 206Ո69, 207, 207Ո74, 208-212 Soviet trends in 192mi, 194, 205, 208, 211 Western trends in 202, 206Ո69, 207, 211 Pinksis, Indriķis 138,147 Plāķis, Ernests 98, 98Ո98 Plāķis, Juris 74, 76, 76Ո52,77-78, 78-79Ո64, 79-81, 98, 98Ո98, 99 Preiļi 85mi Prigge, William 130-131,160,167 police 29, 83, 91, 95-96, 96Ո82,101Ш13, 101П115,105, 217, 240, 242-243 political police, Latvia 25, 88Ո29, 90, 99 secret police see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), secret police (NKVD, KGB) political ideologies communism 14,106,141Ո30, 241 fascism 86, 89, 97Ո85, 99,103,106, 234, 254 categorization and definition of 86, 86Ո17 neofascism 37, 237, 239 liberalism 13,106, 214-215, 223-226, 230-231, 233 Marxism 94,118 “socialism with a human face” 141 Marxism-Leninism 106,140,140Ո29, 162,174-175,186 national socialism 25, 86, 92,104,106, 218, 237, 239, 241-242, 245, 252 Nazism see political ideologies, national socialism Stalinism 14, 31,129,139,146,149-150, 15Ն197 Trotskyism 234-235 political parties/organisations (interwar Latvia, 1918-1940) Farmers’ Union (Zemnieku savienība; ZS) 89-90 Latvian National Association (Latviešu Nacionāla Apvienība; LNA) 86 Latvian National Club (Latvju Nacionālais Klubs; LNK) 85, 85Ո13, 86, 92-93, 97, 248Ո54 Latvian Social Democratic Workers Party (Latvijas Sociāldemokrātiskā
2б7 INDEX strādnieku partija՛, LSDSP) 68, 90Ո41, 92,143Ո35 paramilitary organization of. Strādnieku Sports un Sargs (SSS) 92Ո56 Pērkonkrusts (Thunder Cross) 13, 25-26, 85, 85П11-П12, 86, 86П17, 87, 89Ո32, 90, 91Ո46, 92-97, 97Ո85, 98Ո96, 99-101, 101П113,101П115-П116,102,1Օ2Ո118,103, 103Ո126,104 banning of 90, 90Ո41, 91 ideology of 86, 86Ո17, 87, 88-92, 102-104 (symbol) see swastika Ugunskrusts (Fire Cross) 25-26, 84-85, 85Ո12, 86, 88-90, 92-94, 96-101 Central Council (Centrālā Valde) 98-99 refoundation as Pērkonkrusts 90 (symbol) see swastika see also Pērkonkrusts (Thunder Cross) United Latvian National Socialist Party (Apvienotā Latvijas nacionālsociālistiskā partija) 86ni6, 100 political parties/organisations (contempo rary Latvia, 1989-present) All for Latvia! (Visu Latvijai! VL!) 215, 220-222, 230, 245-246, 248-255 Citizens’ Congress (Pilsoņu Kongress; PK) 216-217, 221, 247 Democratic Initiative Center (Demokrātiskās iniciatīvas centrs) 240Ո30 Fatherland Guards (Tēvijas Sargi; TS) 220 For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK (ТВ/ LNNK) 37, 215, 220-222, 226, 247-251, 253-255 For Fatherland and Freedom (Tēvzemei un Brīvībai; ТВ) 215, 220-221, 223, 226, 247 For Human Rights in a United Latvia (Par cilvēka tiesībām vienotā Latvijā) 240Ո30, 243Ո42; see also Latvian Russian Union For the Native Language! (Za rodnoi yazyk!; ZaRYA) 244 Gustavs Celmiņš Center (Gustava Celmiņa Centrs) 217 Harmony (Saskaņa) 245 Harmony Center (2005-2014) 228-230 People’s Harmony Party (1994-2010) 243Ո42 Klubs 41$ 218-219, 222· 248 Latvian Latvia, A (Latviešu Latvija; LL) 222 Latvian National Democratic
Party (Latvijas Nacionāli demokrātiskā partija; LNDP) 240-244 Osipov’s Party (Osipova partija) 243 Latvian National Front (Latvijas Nacionālā Fronte; LNF) 218 Latvian National Independence Move ment (Latvijas Nacionālā Neatkarības Kustība; LNNK) 215, 220, 222-223, 226, 247; see also For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK (TB/LNNK) Latvian Nationalists (Latviešu Nacionālisti; LN) 222 Latvian Nationalists’ Club (Latviešu nacionālistu klubs) 248Ո54 Latvian Popular Front (Latvijas Tautas fronte; LTF) 216, 237, 247 Latvian Russian Union (Latvijas Krievu savienība) 243Ո42 National Alliance (Nacionālā Apvienība; NA) 15, 36, 213-214, 214Ո3, 215-216, 218, 220-231, 251-252, 254-255 National Bolshevik Party 239, 244 National Power Unity (Nacionālā Spēka Savienība; NSS) 222 National Justice Union (Nacionālā Savienība Taisnīgums; NST) 222 People’s Party (Tautas Partija; TP) 218 Russian Party (Krievu partija) 240 Socialist Party of Latvia (Latvijas Sociālistiskā partija) 240Ո30 Union of Greens and Farmers (Zaįo un Zemnieku savienība; ZZS) 228 Unity (Vienotība) 229 Zatlers Reform Party (Zattera Reformu partija; ZRP) 229 political parties/organizations (non-Latvian) Azov movement (Ukraine) 254 Conservative Party (UK) 247 Conservative People’s Party of Estonia (Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond; EKRE) 214, 226, 231 Labour Party (UK) 234 Chartists (Labour Party faction) 235 Militant tendency (Labour Party faction) 234-235 Nordisk Ungdom (Sweden) 254 Pamyať (Russia) 237 Republican Party (US) 256Ո77 Russian National Unity movement (Russkoe Natsional’noe Edinstvo; RNE) 37, 237-238, 238Ո18, 239,
239Ո23, 240-242, 242Ո36, 243, 243Ո42, 244-246 Sweden Democrats (Sverigedemokra terna; SD) 226
268 DEFINING LATVIA politics of Latvia coalition governments 15, 36, 68, 213, 214Ո3, 215, 221, 226-227, 229-231, 240Ո30, 247 cordon sanitaire 15, 36, 227, 229, 231 ethnolinguistic divide 36-37, 241, 245-246 nativism 15,36, 214-215, 218, 222-223, 226-231 oligarchs 230 populism 213, 213m, 214-215, 221-223, 246 racism 13, 89,103, 216-217, 223 Raymond, Benjamin 252, 254 Red Army (later, Soviet Army) 18, 27-28, 105,107Ո7,108-109,114-116,118-121,123, 125-127,145,147 Latvian national formations in see 130th Latvian Rifle Corps political officers 114-115,124,147 withdrawal from Latvia 238 Reichelt, Katrin 84,84Ո9 religion 44, 89,119 Catholicism 19,58 Eastern Orthodoxy 44, 47Ո28,119Ո68 Islam 224 Judaism see minorities, Jews Lutheranism 19, 44, 58, 82,121 Old Believers (Old Ritualists) 47, 47Ո28 Rēzekne 85mi Riga as metonym for Latvian SSR and LCP leadership 18, 29,157,182 location 13,19, 24,31-32,39Ո2, 40,42, 4445,91,93-98,98Ո98,115-116,121-122,124, 126,134-136,140,142,165,178,183,190Ո4, 197, 200,220,224, 226, 239, 248, 252 maps of 50 fig. 4 Old Town 52, 84 Riga City Committee (gorkom) oí the Latvian Communist Party 135,159,171 Riga City Council 240Ո30, 244 Riga City Education Department (Latvian SSR) 163 Sarkandaugava neighborhood of 92 Riga Latvian Society (Rīgas Latviešu Biedrība) 40, 50 fig. 4, 52Ո38, 85 Riga Photo Club 192,192Ո12,197, 208 various other names for 208Ո77 Rokpelnis, Fricis 120 Ruberts, Jānis 72-73,73Ո36 Rundāle Palace 117 Russia 190-191 Russian Empire 12-13,18-20, 23, 25, 42, 45, 50-51, 57, 59, 88,128,133,191Ո8, 192mi Ministry of Education 19 Russian Federation
15, 36,108, 221, 226, 238-239, 239Ո35 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) 120,126,134, 152-154,159,161,167-168,177,179,181 Russification in the Russian Empire 19-20, 23, 65, 67 in the USSR demographic 14, 223, 223Ո19 linguistic 14, 29-30,114,114Ո45,115, 155-157,180,183,186-187 Saeima (Latvian parliament) 23-24,36, 63, 68, 72-76, 79, 90, 90Ո41, 214Ո3, 218, 221, 225-226, 231, 240Ո30, 245, 247 Samsons, Vilis 157,159,162,162Ո34,163,171, 173-175,180,180-181Ո97 Satversme see Constitution of Latvia (1922) Schiemann, Paul 66, 75, 78 Second World War see World War II schools 19, 26, 31, 39, 42-46, 68,152-155,161 augstskola (private higher education institution) 68,81 curriculum 153,161,163,167,171,174, 181П97, 223 Daugavpils Pedagogical Institute 164 for ethnic minorities 23, 34, 64-66, 153Ո6,160 Herder Institute in Riga (Herder-Institut zu Riga) 13, 24, 67-76,76Ո52, 77-81 Higher Party School (Moscow) 139 Institute of Red Professors (Moscow) 147 primary 44-45,124,153 Riga Teachers” Institute 100 secondary 44, 99-100,104,152,154Ո9, 162-163,165,171,176, 248 seminaries 44,75 teachers 26, 40, 75,160-161,165,171,183, 185 years of instruction, debates surround ing 153-154,154Ո9,162,162Ո34,163, 168,174,179; see also education, Soviet education reform (1958-59) Šildė, Adolfs 89, 96Ո82,97-98,1Օ2Ո117, 103Ո126,114Ո45 Silgailis, Artūrs 111 Šiliņš, Matiss 12, 21-22, 39-42, 45-47, 49-52, 52Ո33, 52-53Ո38, 53-61, 6ւո68 maps by 47 fig. 1, 48 fig. 2, 49 fig. 3,50 fig· 4 Skalbe, Kārlis 122 Smilga, Pēteris 120 Smith, Jeremy 155,158,172 Sniečkus, Antanas 14 Sokolowski, Paul 13,
69-73,75, 79-82 Soviet Union see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
2б9 INDEX Spekke, Arnolds 107 Sputnik News 244-245 St. John’s Day see Midsummer Stalin, Joseph (Iosif) 14, 31,119-120,127,135, 151,189Ո2 de-Stalinization 32,151,158,170,181, 206 ; see also Thaw, Khrushchev era of leadership 14,132,139,155,186, 189,193-194,197, 201 Štelmachers, Jānis 86ni6,100 Stranga, Aivars 27Ո40, 85-86 Straubergs, Kārlis 76, 76Ո52,77-78 Sutkus, Antanas 196Ո28 swastika 94,100,112, 218, 240 Sweden 143Ո35,148, 213m, 227, 231, 254 Universitātes Sports (football club) 83, 95 Universities 77,160-161 ethnic tensions within 25, 69,74-75, 76Ո49, 78-81 Dorpat (Tartu) University 42, 49 language of instruction 67-68, 77-78, 81 Riga Polytechnical Institute 67 University of Latvia 24-25, 67-70, 72, 74, 76-77, 79-81. 83. 84, 84Ո4, 98Ո94, 98Ո98,164 renaming during Soviet and German occupations 110Ո23 University of Munich 72 university professors 26, 49, 67, 69,72, 75-76, 78, 98Ո94,100 Talsi 99,143 Thaw, Khrushchev 18, 31-32,157-158,178, 186,189,189Ո1-Ո2,192-196, 201, 204, 209-211 Tomlinson, John 234-235, 255 Treijs, Benjamiņš 130-131,138,148 Trotsky, Leon 233 Tukums 125 Turkmenistan 57,114Ո42 Valdemars, Krišjānis 42,115 Valka 70 Valmiera 94, 99-100,143 Veikins, Jānis 114 Veinbergs, Fricis 13 Vestermanis, Marģers 83m Vētra, Mariss 122 Vidzeme 112,121 visual culture see maps; photography Vitebsk province (governorate), Russian Empire 12, 25, 43, 46-47, 51, 58 von Fircks, Wilhelm 72 Voss, Augusts 33 Ukraine 14,166,168,172Ո70, 254 Ulmanis, Kārlis 25-26, 87,90-91, 93, 96-97, looniio, 101,103,103Ո124,103Ո125, 226, 229 Ulmanis Coup d’état see commemora tive dates, coup of
Kārlis Ulmanis, 15 May Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Glavlit (Main Directorate for the Protection of State Secrets in the Press) 201, 201Ո50, 202, 204 Gosplan (State Planning Commit tee) 132,135,136-137.144 nationalities policy 13,33,106,113-114, 182, 237 “new course” in 151 relations between center and periph ery 31,31П55,132,136,151-152,156-157, 170,172,182,185-186 secret police (NKVD, KGB) 29,106 Supreme Soviet 165,167-169,172,186 United Kingdom (UK) 198Ո31, 234, 254 United States 57, 219, 256Ո77 Waffen-SS 18, 28,105,108,110-113,121, 219, 226,228 ideology 111 symbols 112,112ՈՅՅ, 113 see also Latvian Legion Willinger, Markus 255, 255Ո75 World War I 12-13, 22723. 61. 67,113,121-122, 128 World War II 13, 84, 92-94,103,105-107, 109-110,128, 217, 228, 236-237 Young Latvians 147; see also Latvian National Awakening, First Zālīte, Pēteris 69-71, 74, 76 Zelče, Vita 109 Zeltīts, Raivis 252-255 Zhdanok, Tatiana 241 Zīle, Roberts 247 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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Table of Contents List of Figures 7 Acknowledgements 9 Foreword Ivars Ijabs 11 Introduction Latvia and Latvian Identity in Historical Perspective Siobhan Hearne 17 1 Mapping Latwija Matīss Šiliņš and Latvian Cartographic Publishing in the 1890s Catherine Gibson 39 63 2 The Sokolowski Affair Testing the Limits of Cultural Autonomy in Interwar Latvia Christina Douglas Per Bolin More than a Means to an End Pērkonkrusts’s Antisemitism and Attacks on Democracy, 1932-1934 Paula Oppermann 83 4 “My Home and My Family Are Now Our Regiment” National Belonging and Familial Feelings in Latvian Units during World War II Harry C. Merritt 105 3 5 The Economic Program of the Latvian National Communists Myth or Reality? 129 Daina Bleiere 6 Latvia Goes Rogue Language Politics and Khrushchev’s 1958 Soviet Education Reform Michael Loader 151
7 Latvian Photography of the 1960s between Art and Censorship Ekaterina Vikulina 8 Onwards and Upwards! Mainstreaming Radical Right Populism in Contemporary Latvia Daunis Auers 189 213 9 Gaming the System Far-Right Entryism in Post-Soviet Latvian Politics Matthew Kott 233 Glossary of Archives 257 About the Contributors 259 Index 261
Index “A Mighty Fortress is Our God” (Lutheran hymn) izi Aizpute 238 Aizsargi (Home Guard) 100-102,104 Akmentiņš, Roberts 76, 76Ո52,77, 77Ո55, 78 anticapitalism 94,202 anticommunism 30,113,140 antisemitism 76Ո49, 84, 84Ո9, 85, 85mi, 86-87, 91-96,102,104, 217-218, 241 numerus clausus 97Ո86 pogroms 25, 83, 83Ո2, 84Ո7, 85, 86ոշօ, 95 Aperāts, Kārlis 124 Arendt, Hannah 89Ո32,97Ո85, ւօշուշշ Aryan(s) 92, 242, 244. 245. 25° Auers, Daunis 18,36, 213Ո2, 238Ո20, 246 Baltic Germans 13, 22,78, 88Ո29, 91Ո46, 92 as cultural elite (Kulturträger) 69, 81-82, 104 as landowning elite 63 cultural autonomy of 24, 64-66, 80-82 in universities 64, 67, 74 relationship with Latvians 13, 23-24, 69, 73-75. 78-82,190Ո4 Baltic States 18, 29, 65,108, 213, 219 Baltic provinces, Russian Empire 12,19, 25, 40-41, 43-44, 52, 54-55, 58, 61 Baltic SSRs (Baltic Republics) 153-154, 154Ո9,161,166,173,184,197,198, 198Ո33, 200, 204, 207, 210, 210Ո84,211 see also Lifliand Governorate, Kurliand Governorate see also Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania Balvi 125 Bangerskis, Rudolfs 111 Barkashov, Aleksandr 237-240 Barkashovites see political parties/organizations (non-Latvian), Russian National Unity movement (Russkoe Natsional’noe Edinstvo; RNE) Barons, Krišjānis 42-43 Bartov, Omer 109-110 Baumanu Kārlis (Kārlis Baumanis) 12 Bauska 93 Belarus (Belorussia) 134,172 Bergmann, Werner 83Ո2 Bergs, Arveds 98 Berklavs, Eduards 14,129-132,135-140, 140Ո29,141-145,147,149,166-167,169-172. 177-179,182-183, 247 Bielenstein, August 51, 53-54 Biezais, Haralds 90Ո41, 91Ո46 Binde, Gunārs 193Ո18,197, 200, 200Ո44, 204-207, 209, 212 Blāķis, Adolfs
111,113 Bolin, Per 24, 87-88Ո24, 88 boycott economic 93, 94, 99,104 electoral 216 Brezhnev, Leonid era of leadership 33,187 Brivibas iela (Freedom Street) Brubaker, Rogers 12 Budnitskii, Oleg 109-110П18 83 Campbell, Alan 235, 255 cartography see maps Celmiņa, leva 102Ո118 Celmiņš, Gustavs 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96-102, 103Ո126, 217 censorship 31, 54, 54Ո47,189-190,195, 201202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 210Ո84, 211; see also Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Glavlit (Main Directorate for the Protection of State Secrets in the Press) chastushki 120,120Ո73 chauvinism German 13, 69-70, 79, 81,106 Latvian 78,91 Russian 157 choirs 119,120,122, 253 Christmas 54,116-118 Cilēvičs, Boriss 241 “Cīņai sveiks” (“Hail the struggle”) 100 citizenship noncitizens 238-239,243 relationship to ethnicity/nationality 15, 22-25, 79-80, 87-90, 223, 237, 249 1919 Citizenship Law 23, 25, 33, 87-88 1994 Law on Citizenship 34, 237 Cold War 27-28, 234 collectivization (agricultural) 28-29,133, 148,149,160 colonialism 12-13, 70,81,106 “colonies” of Latvians outside the Baltic provinces 51,57 “colonies” of non-Latvians in “Latwija" 47 decolonization 218-219,249 postcolonialism 69 commemorative dates coup d’état of Kārlis Ulmanis, 15 May 25, 96, 226 Day of the Great October Socialist Revolution, 7 November 118 Day of the Red Army, 23 February 118 International Workers’ Day, 1 May 118
DEFINING LATVIA 2б2 Latvian Independence Day, 18 Novem ber 22, 99,118, 226, 229 Remembrance Day of the Latvian Legion naires, 16 March 107, 219, 226 Victory Day, 9 May 108 Commission for the History of the Great Patriotic War (Mints Commission) 109, 109-110П18 Communist Party, Latvia (LCP; until 1952, Communist Party of Latvia [Bolshe viks]) 14, 30,108,114-116,120,127,129, 136-141 Central Committee (CC) 108,136-138, 140-141,145,147-148 nomenklatura 30, 30Ո52,129,140,150 Youth League (Komsomol) 127,138,145 Communist Party, Soviet Union (CPSU) 132,136 Central Committee (CC) 136,141,152, 157.159.168,173-175.178 nomenklatura 129,201 purge of “Anti-Party Group” 139,158 20th Congress of 132,151, 202 Constitution of Azerbaijan SSR 151-152 of Latvia (1922) 22-23, 33, 70, 79-80, 87-90, 96 proposed amendments 89-90,244 of the Soviet Union (1936; aka Stalin Constitution) 119,154 corporation (studentu korporācija) see fraternities, student Council of Europe 33,216 Istanbul Convention 36, 214, 225 Courland see Kurzeme (Latvian province); Kurliand province (governorate), Russian Empire dainas 122 Dārziņš, Emils 122 Daugava River 83Ո1,144 Daugavpils 99,143,191Ո5, 239 Death Island (Nāves sala) 113 demography as political issue 36, 213, 214Ո3, 219, 223, 228,230-231 historical demographic shifts 15, 29, 34-35. 39Ո2,116,134, 223 see also Russification, in the USSR, demographic Denis, Juliette 114 deportations, mass 106,134 of 14 June 1941 26, 98Ո94,126 of March 1949 28 Dichavičius, Rimantas 205-206 “Dievs, svētī Latviju” (“God, Bless Lat via”) 12,121,123,123Ո97 Dinsbergs, Ernests 43, 46,
53 Douglas, Christina 24, 87-88Ո24 Dugin, Aleksandr 237 Dzērve, Pauls 130-131,136-140,144-149 Dzintars, Raivis 37, 248-255 Dzividzinska, Zenta 205 education Latvian education law (1919) 64 Latvian education reform (2004) 243 Law on Language (1992) 34 Saeima Educational Committee 76Ո52 Soviet education reform (1958-59) 30, 30Ո53, 31, 34,136,151-157.159.161, 180-181,184-187 debate in the USSR Supreme Soviet 165-169 Latvian SSR language law (1959) 170, 177.179.182 public debates in Latvian SSR 158-165 “Thesis 19” 152-154,157,159-161,163, 167-170,172,181 see also schools; universities Eksteins, Modris 110-111 émigrés see exile, postwar Latvian diaspora (trimda) entryism (entrism) 233-236, 239, 241, 245, 248-251, 255-256 Estonia 41, 64-66,121,133,154,168,172Ո70, 173. Г98, 205, 21ՕՈ84, 213-214, 231, 238 cultural autonomy policy in 64-66 European Union (EU) criticism of 15, 214, 218 European Conservatives and Reformists (European Parliament) 247 European People’s Party (European Parliament) 229 Euroscepticism 218 Latvian accession to 15,18, 33, 221, 223-224 2003 Latvian referendum on EU membership 219 exile internal Soviet political exile 140 postwar Latvian diaspora (trimda) 26, 103,107-108,126,143Ո35, 204, 219, 229 Farmers’ Union, Latvian 89-90, 228 Feldmanis, Inesis 109 15th Waifen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian) 105,111-112,122,125Ո107 Financial crisis, 2008 35, 247 First World War see World War I flag, Latvian 110Ո21,110Ո23,112-113, 226 France 198Ո31,255 Paris 170,198
INDEX fraternities, student 84-86, 92, 95, 95Ո71, 99,102 Freedom monument 118, 219, 229 Germane, Marina 87, 89 Germanization 106 Germans (Reichsdeutsche) 69, 94,111; see also Baltic Germans Germany 13, 26, 33, 76-78, 83, 86ni6, 91, 91Ո46, 92,105-106,109,123Ո97,126,134, 191Ո8,198, 231, 255; see also occupations, Nazi German occupation of Latvia Girs, Illarion 243Ո41, 245 glasnost’ 33,247 Gleizds, Jānis 205, 207 Gorbachev, Mikhail 33 Gorokhovets 116 Great Depression 93, 93Ո62 Griffin, Roger 86Ո14, 241Ո33 Grinbergs, Karlis 93 Guļāns, Pēteris 136,146,148 Hakoah Riga (football club) 83,95,95Ո17 Hāzners, Vilis 124Ո104 Hellbeck, Jochen 109 Herder Institute see schools, Herder Institute in Riga (Herder Institut zu Riga) Himmler, Heinrich 112Ո33 Hitler, Adolf 13 as object of admiration 92 as object of mockery 120 birthday of, 20 April 118 Holocaust 26-27 Home Guard(s) see Aizsargi homosociability 123 HQ for the Defense of Russian Schools (Shtab zashchity russkikh shkol) 243; see also education, 2004 education reform Hydroelectric Power Plant, Pļaviņas 144 identitarianism 255,255Ո75 industrialisation 19-20, 23, 39Ո2, 52,133֊134 141-144,146,149 opposition to Soviet industrial policy 144 Interfront (International Front of the Working People of the Latvian SSR) 238, 238Ո20 Intermarium 254Ո74 internationalism 11,13, 99,167 Iron Cross (military decoration) 124 Iron March (website) 252-254 Janaitis, Gunārs 205 Jāņi see Midsummer Janums, Vilis 111 Jelgava 134,191Ո5 journals see magazines 263 Kacena, Vera 119,144 Kalnbērziņš, Jānis 108Ո9,138,177Ո86,180 Kalpiņš, Voldemārs 140-141,141Ո30,144
Karavīru biedrība (Soldiers’ Association) 100 Kārsava 84Ո7 Kasekamp, Andres 90,100Ո109 Keller, Karl 68 Khrushchev, Nikita 14,31-32,129,139, 150,151-152,153-154,156-158,168, 176Ո84, 177-178,182-187 era of leadership 31,189Ո2,193, 247; see also Thaw, Khrushchev “Secret Speech” see Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 20th Congress of Kreicbergs, Jānis 205-206 Krūmiņš, Vilis 14 Kupffer, Karl Reinhold 72,75 Kurland see Kurzeme (Latvian province); Kurliand province (governorate), Russian Empire Kurliand province (governorate), Russian Empire 12, 39-40, 39Ո2, 43, 46, 47fig. 1, 49 fig. 3, 56, 58 Kurzeme (Latvian province) 99,106,112, 117,127 Kviesite, Sarmīte 205 Labvakar (TV program) 241 Lācis, Vilis 141,144,159-161,163,177-181, 181Ո98 Lācis, Visvaldis 121, 228 Laitin, David 237 language bilingualism 30, 34,157,160,162,183, 185. 244 Estonian 54Ո47 German 24, 39, 44, 60, 65, 67, 75, 77-78, 175Ո81, 203 Latgalian 43, 46, 58-59 Latvian 12,15,19-21, 31, 34,39-42, 45-46, 50, 53-57 59-61, 78,115,121,130,156-157, 161-164,167,170-171,175,178,180,184, 243 proficiency as requirement for employ ment 34,157, 225 proficiency as a requirement for Latvian citizenship 34 Russian 19, 29, 31, 34,39, 59-60, 67, 78, 121,130,143Ո35,156-157,161-162,164, 167,171,174-175,178,181,183-186, 225, 243, 243Ո41, 244 as lingua franca of USSR 153 as “second mother tongue” of the “Soviet people” 156 use in public sector 15, 34,157 Yiddish 25,121
2б4 Latgale (Latgalia/Latgallia) 25, 43,101Ո115, 112,184 Latvia as a linguistic zone (Sprachgebiet) 19, 22, 42, 46, 51, 61 as an ethno-cultural concept 12,19, 40-41, 43, 46, 61 EU accession see European Union (EU), Latvian accession to Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) 14,115,129,132,134,149,162, 167,177, 236 Council of Ministers 132,136Ո17, 137-138 140-141144,159,172, 201П50 Economics Institute, Latvian Academy of Sciences 130,136-138, 142,145-149 Gosplan (State Planning Commit tee) 135,135Ո17,136-138,140, 142-144,147-148 Ministry of Culture 140,144,192Ո12 Ministry of Education 157,159 -160, 163,171,174,180 Sovnarkhoz (Regional Economic Council) 132,135,137,142-143, 149, Ці. 158 Supreme Soviet 138,170,174,179-180, 216, 247 Presidium 138,181 Republic of Latvia, 1918-1940 Latvian Ministry of Education 23, 68, 76Ո52 Republic of Latvia, 1991-present Ministry of Culture 213 Ministry of Justice 225,240 State Security Service 220 restoration of independence (19891991) 11,13,15,30,33, 216, 223, 236-238, 240, 246-247 Soviet annexation of ??? Latvian Army 84Ո7,110-112 Latvian Legion 105-108,110-112,116,118,121, 123-127, 228 Day see Commemorative dates, Remembrance Day of the Latvian Legionnaires, 16 March see also 15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (ist Latvian); 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian) Latvian National Oral History project 109 Latvian Operation, NKVD 106 Latvian Rifle Corps see 130th Latvian Rifle Corps Latvian Riflemen (World War I) 113, 121-122 Latvian-Russian border treaty (2007) 221, 228, 249 DEFINING LATVIA Latvian War of
Independence 25, 70, 100-102,122 Latvianization as fear of non-Latvian minorities 63-65 as goal of the National Communists 140 as policy in interwar Latvia 67,74, 74-75Ո45, 82 Lazerson, Max 75-76, 76Ո49 LGBT 35 homophobia 15, 35, 218, 241 Liepaja 134,191Ո5, 238-239, 241-244, 249 Liepaja City Council 240, 243 Lifliand province (governorate), Russian Empire 12, 39, 39Ո2, 43, 46,47 fig. 1, 49 fig. 3. 5б 58 Līgo see Midsummer Limonov, Eduard 239 Linderman, Vladimir 239, 244 Lithuania 14, 50,133-134,144,168, 172Ո70, 173,198,198Ո33,199, 205, 210Ո84 Livland see Vidzeme (Latvian province); Lifliand province (governorate), Russian Empire Livonia see Vidzeme (Latvian province); Lifliand province (governorate), Russian Empire Lobe, Kārlis 118 Lohse, Hinrich 118 magazines Atbalss 39-40, 45-46, 52-54, 58 Camera 204,204Ո57 Das Magazin 209 Fotografie (aka Revue Fotografie՛, Czechoslovak periodical) 203, 203Ո56, 206-207 Karogs 137 Kommunist Sovetskoi Latvii 159,181 Liesma 197 Māksla 197,209 Ogoniok 196,199Ո37 Reichls Philosophischer Almanach: Inter nationales Jahrbuch der Philosophie der Gegenwart 69-71,75,79 Sovetsku soiuz 209 Sovetskoe foto 32,193-194,195Ո24,196, 198-199,199Ո37, 200, 204, 209-210 Stari 191 Zvaigzne 197 Māliņš, Armands 240-244 maps business of publishing 42, 51-60 ethnocultural 50, 56-58, 60-61 linguistic 46-47, 49, 51, 60-61 map literacy 44-45, 55-56 mapmakers (cartographers) 12,18, 39-40, 50-51, 53-54, 56, 61 Martin, Terry 14
2б5 INDEX masculinity 123 McIlroy, John 235, 255 memory 18, 69,107, no Merridale, Catherine 120,120Ո73 Mežotne 113 Midsummer 116-117,117Ո54,119,119Ո68,120 migration 19-20, 23,35, 39Ո2 following EU accession 15, 35, 223-224, 228, 242 international students 224 refugees 220, շշշ, 231 Soviet era 14, 29,34,132,134-136,140, 142-143,144,149,156,165, 223Ո19, 237, 242 United Nations Migration Pact (2018) 214,225 militsiia see police minorities 49, 78, 87Ո23, 88, 224 Africans 239 “beached” 237 Belarusians (Belorussians) 24, 47, 64, 90,116,155Ո15 cultural autonomy for 24, 64-66, 69, 79-82 Estonians 22, 43, 47, 65,154 Germans see Baltic Germans Jews 22, 25-26, 64, 76Ո49, 78, 83, 83Ո1, 84, 84Ո7, 85-93, 95-96, 98-99,102,104, 115,125,199Ո68 Judeo-Bolshevism 94; see also antisemitism Latgalians 24, 46,58 Lithuanians 22, 47,115 Livs (Finno-Ugric ethnic group) 120-121 non-EU students 224 Poles 22, 47, 64, 90 Roma 27,239 “Russian Latvians” 114,114Ո45,115 Russians 22, 47, 78,115,120,134,154-155· 155Ш5,162,176,184-185,187, 229, 236, 238, 241, 243Ո41, 249, 253 “Russian speakers” (Russophones) 34,36,155. 155Ո15, 217. 223-224, 226-228, 236, 236ПЮ, 237, 239, 246 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939 33, 219 Morgan, David H. J. 123 Moscow as metonym for the central Soviet govern ment and CPSU 14,18, 29-30, 32-33, 136-137.139.141,151.156-159.1591124. 161,163,166-172,172Ո70,173-176, 179-180,182-183,185-186, 236-237 location 40,119-120,129,136,139,145, 147,150,159,165,183,186,191,197-198, 203Ո54 Muižnieks, Nils 216-217, 240, 240Ո30, 241, 243, 246Ո48 multiculturalism 19, 225; see also minori ties, cultural
autonomy Museum of the Occupation of Latvia (Latvijas Okupācijas muzejs) 109 National Anthem, Latvian see “Dievs, svētī Latviju” (“God, Bless Latvia”) National Awakening, Latvian First (19th century) 20-21 Fourth (anticipated) 253 National Communists, Latvia 14, 30-32 debates on whether they constitute a coherent group 131,137-141,149-150, 156 economic policies of 129-131,136-137, 142,149 “Perspectives on the Latvian SSR National Economy” 130-131, 147-148 education and linguistic policies of 132, 154Ո9,156-157,160-163,166-167,173,183 migration policies of 132,135-136,142, 149 purge thereof 129,145,148-150,161,167, 180,182-183,186, 247 nationalism 12, 41, 61,106,128,149,176,181, 214, 228, 246-247, 250 “bourgeois nationalism” 108,119Ո68, 146,176,181 civic nationalism 11, 87, 89, 89Ո32,103 ethnonationalism (ethnic national ism) 11, 35, 88, 243, 245 national consciousness 22, 39, 57-59 “national indifference” 41, 41mi “new nationalism” (ideology) 89,102, 254 patriotism 120,122, 253 as self-descriptive euphemism юз104, 219, 241, 244. 249 radical (right-wing) nationalism 216, 219, 236-237, 246-247, 252, 254, 254Ո74, 255 völkisch nationalism 26, 89, 89Ո32, 94 103-104 Nazi Germany see Germany; occupations, Nazi German occupation of Latvia Neiburgs, Uldis 109 New Nationalism, The (website) 254 newspapers 22,40,56,59,94 Cīņa 130,138,161П30,163 Daugavas Vanagi (1940s periodical) 125 Düna Zeitung 54 Jaunākais Ziņas 69 Latviešu strēlnieks 119 Latvietis Latvijā 218 Latvijas Avīze 249 Latvis 98 Latweeschu Awizes ¡7
2бб Libauishe Zeitung 59 Literatūra un Māksla 144 Pravda 179-180 Rīgas Balss 162,164 Rigasche Rundschau 74, 851111, 94-95 Skolotāju Avīze 156,175 Sovetskaia Latviia 1611130,163,1631137, 164,172 Sovetskaia molodezh’ 164 Tautas Vairogs 98, 981192 Trud 163 Ugunskrusts 84-85, 96-97, 971189, 98 Universitas 98 Niedra, Andrievs 721132 as prime minister of a Latvian govern ment, 1919 80 Ņikonovs, Aleksandrs 138,140-141,149 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian) 105-106,112,119,122,125Ո107 43rd "Imanta” Regiment of 118 44th Regiment of 124 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 15 occupations 26-28,105,128, 219 Nazi German occupation of Latvia 13, 26-27, 83, 85, 94,105,110,110Ո23,111,116 Soviet occupation of Latvia 13,15, 26-28, 105,109, 216 130th Latvian Rifle Corps 105,107-108, 121 43rd Guards Latvian Rifle Division of (previously known as 201st Latvian Rifle Division)io5,115,119,120-121, 125 145 191st Regiment of 116 121st Regiment of 121 308th Latvian Rifle Division of 105,116, 120 Osipov, Evgenii 238-242, 242Ո37, 243-245, 249-251, 255-256; see also political parties/organisations (contemporary Latvia, 1989-present), Latvian National Democratic Party (Latvijas Nacionāli demokrātiskā partija; LNDP), Osipov’s Party (Osipova partija) Ostland, Reichskommissariat 118; see also occupations, Nazi German occupation of Latvia Paplaka 117 parliament Latvian see Saeima Latvian SSR see Latvia, Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR), Supreme Soviet Soviet see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Supreme Soviet DEFINING LATVIA Peise, Arvids 14,131,137,139,147,149,
166-168,170,177-181 perestroika 33,237, 238Ո20, 246 photography compositional techniques 194-196,199, 199Ո41, 200-201 international exhibitions of 191Ո5,197, 198Ո31, 203Ո54, 212 Latvian exhibitions of 192Ո12,197, 200, 209, 212 nude (akts) 203, 205-206, 206Ո69, 207, 207Ո74, 208-212 Soviet trends in 192mi, 194, 205, 208, 211 Western trends in 202, 206Ո69, 207, 211 Pinksis, Indriķis 138,147 Plāķis, Ernests 98, 98Ո98 Plāķis, Juris 74, 76, 76Ո52,77-78, 78-79Ո64, 79-81, 98, 98Ո98, 99 Preiļi 85mi Prigge, William 130-131,160,167 police 29, 83, 91, 95-96, 96Ո82,101Ш13, 101П115,105, 217, 240, 242-243 political police, Latvia 25, 88Ո29, 90, 99 secret police see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), secret police (NKVD, KGB) political ideologies communism 14,106,141Ո30, 241 fascism 86, 89, 97Ո85, 99,103,106, 234, 254 categorization and definition of 86, 86Ո17 neofascism 37, 237, 239 liberalism 13,106, 214-215, 223-226, 230-231, 233 Marxism 94,118 “socialism with a human face” 141 Marxism-Leninism 106,140,140Ո29, 162,174-175,186 national socialism 25, 86, 92,104,106, 218, 237, 239, 241-242, 245, 252 Nazism see political ideologies, national socialism Stalinism 14, 31,129,139,146,149-150, 15Ն197 Trotskyism 234-235 political parties/organisations (interwar Latvia, 1918-1940) Farmers’ Union (Zemnieku savienība; ZS) 89-90 Latvian National Association (Latviešu Nacionāla Apvienība; LNA) 86 Latvian National Club (Latvju Nacionālais Klubs; LNK) 85, 85Ո13, 86, 92-93, 97, 248Ո54 Latvian Social Democratic Workers Party (Latvijas Sociāldemokrātiskā
2б7 INDEX strādnieku partija՛, LSDSP) 68, 90Ո41, 92,143Ո35 paramilitary organization of. Strādnieku Sports un Sargs (SSS) 92Ո56 Pērkonkrusts (Thunder Cross) 13, 25-26, 85, 85П11-П12, 86, 86П17, 87, 89Ո32, 90, 91Ո46, 92-97, 97Ո85, 98Ո96, 99-101, 101П113,101П115-П116,102,1Օ2Ո118,103, 103Ո126,104 banning of 90, 90Ո41, 91 ideology of 86, 86Ո17, 87, 88-92, 102-104 (symbol) see swastika Ugunskrusts (Fire Cross) 25-26, 84-85, 85Ո12, 86, 88-90, 92-94, 96-101 Central Council (Centrālā Valde) 98-99 refoundation as Pērkonkrusts 90 (symbol) see swastika see also Pērkonkrusts (Thunder Cross) United Latvian National Socialist Party (Apvienotā Latvijas nacionālsociālistiskā partija) 86ni6, 100 political parties/organisations (contempo rary Latvia, 1989-present) All for Latvia! (Visu Latvijai! VL!) 215, 220-222, 230, 245-246, 248-255 Citizens’ Congress (Pilsoņu Kongress; PK) 216-217, 221, 247 Democratic Initiative Center (Demokrātiskās iniciatīvas centrs) 240Ո30 Fatherland Guards (Tēvijas Sargi; TS) 220 For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK (ТВ/ LNNK) 37, 215, 220-222, 226, 247-251, 253-255 For Fatherland and Freedom (Tēvzemei un Brīvībai; ТВ) 215, 220-221, 223, 226, 247 For Human Rights in a United Latvia (Par cilvēka tiesībām vienotā Latvijā) 240Ո30, 243Ո42; see also Latvian Russian Union For the Native Language! (Za rodnoi yazyk!; ZaRYA) 244 Gustavs Celmiņš Center (Gustava Celmiņa Centrs) 217 Harmony (Saskaņa) 245 Harmony Center (2005-2014) 228-230 People’s Harmony Party (1994-2010) 243Ո42 Klubs 41$ 218-219, 222· 248 Latvian Latvia, A (Latviešu Latvija; LL) 222 Latvian National Democratic
Party (Latvijas Nacionāli demokrātiskā partija; LNDP) 240-244 Osipov’s Party (Osipova partija) 243 Latvian National Front (Latvijas Nacionālā Fronte; LNF) 218 Latvian National Independence Move ment (Latvijas Nacionālā Neatkarības Kustība; LNNK) 215, 220, 222-223, 226, 247; see also For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK (TB/LNNK) Latvian Nationalists (Latviešu Nacionālisti; LN) 222 Latvian Nationalists’ Club (Latviešu nacionālistu klubs) 248Ո54 Latvian Popular Front (Latvijas Tautas fronte; LTF) 216, 237, 247 Latvian Russian Union (Latvijas Krievu savienība) 243Ո42 National Alliance (Nacionālā Apvienība; NA) 15, 36, 213-214, 214Ո3, 215-216, 218, 220-231, 251-252, 254-255 National Bolshevik Party 239, 244 National Power Unity (Nacionālā Spēka Savienība; NSS) 222 National Justice Union (Nacionālā Savienība Taisnīgums; NST) 222 People’s Party (Tautas Partija; TP) 218 Russian Party (Krievu partija) 240 Socialist Party of Latvia (Latvijas Sociālistiskā partija) 240Ո30 Union of Greens and Farmers (Zaįo un Zemnieku savienība; ZZS) 228 Unity (Vienotība) 229 Zatlers Reform Party (Zattera Reformu partija; ZRP) 229 political parties/organizations (non-Latvian) Azov movement (Ukraine) 254 Conservative Party (UK) 247 Conservative People’s Party of Estonia (Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond; EKRE) 214, 226, 231 Labour Party (UK) 234 Chartists (Labour Party faction) 235 Militant tendency (Labour Party faction) 234-235 Nordisk Ungdom (Sweden) 254 Pamyať (Russia) 237 Republican Party (US) 256Ո77 Russian National Unity movement (Russkoe Natsional’noe Edinstvo; RNE) 37, 237-238, 238Ո18, 239,
239Ո23, 240-242, 242Ո36, 243, 243Ո42, 244-246 Sweden Democrats (Sverigedemokra terna; SD) 226
268 DEFINING LATVIA politics of Latvia coalition governments 15, 36, 68, 213, 214Ո3, 215, 221, 226-227, 229-231, 240Ո30, 247 cordon sanitaire 15, 36, 227, 229, 231 ethnolinguistic divide 36-37, 241, 245-246 nativism 15,36, 214-215, 218, 222-223, 226-231 oligarchs 230 populism 213, 213m, 214-215, 221-223, 246 racism 13, 89,103, 216-217, 223 Raymond, Benjamin 252, 254 Red Army (later, Soviet Army) 18, 27-28, 105,107Ո7,108-109,114-116,118-121,123, 125-127,145,147 Latvian national formations in see 130th Latvian Rifle Corps political officers 114-115,124,147 withdrawal from Latvia 238 Reichelt, Katrin 84,84Ո9 religion 44, 89,119 Catholicism 19,58 Eastern Orthodoxy 44, 47Ո28,119Ո68 Islam 224 Judaism see minorities, Jews Lutheranism 19, 44, 58, 82,121 Old Believers (Old Ritualists) 47, 47Ո28 Rēzekne 85mi Riga as metonym for Latvian SSR and LCP leadership 18, 29,157,182 location 13,19, 24,31-32,39Ո2, 40,42, 4445,91,93-98,98Ո98,115-116,121-122,124, 126,134-136,140,142,165,178,183,190Ո4, 197, 200,220,224, 226, 239, 248, 252 maps of 50 fig. 4 Old Town 52, 84 Riga City Committee (gorkom) oí the Latvian Communist Party 135,159,171 Riga City Council 240Ո30, 244 Riga City Education Department (Latvian SSR) 163 Sarkandaugava neighborhood of 92 Riga Latvian Society (Rīgas Latviešu Biedrība) 40, 50 fig. 4, 52Ո38, 85 Riga Photo Club 192,192Ո12,197, 208 various other names for 208Ո77 Rokpelnis, Fricis 120 Ruberts, Jānis 72-73,73Ո36 Rundāle Palace 117 Russia 190-191 Russian Empire 12-13,18-20, 23, 25, 42, 45, 50-51, 57, 59, 88,128,133,191Ո8, 192mi Ministry of Education 19 Russian Federation
15, 36,108, 221, 226, 238-239, 239Ո35 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) 120,126,134, 152-154,159,161,167-168,177,179,181 Russification in the Russian Empire 19-20, 23, 65, 67 in the USSR demographic 14, 223, 223Ո19 linguistic 14, 29-30,114,114Ո45,115, 155-157,180,183,186-187 Saeima (Latvian parliament) 23-24,36, 63, 68, 72-76, 79, 90, 90Ո41, 214Ո3, 218, 221, 225-226, 231, 240Ո30, 245, 247 Samsons, Vilis 157,159,162,162Ո34,163,171, 173-175,180,180-181Ո97 Satversme see Constitution of Latvia (1922) Schiemann, Paul 66, 75, 78 Second World War see World War II schools 19, 26, 31, 39, 42-46, 68,152-155,161 augstskola (private higher education institution) 68,81 curriculum 153,161,163,167,171,174, 181П97, 223 Daugavpils Pedagogical Institute 164 for ethnic minorities 23, 34, 64-66, 153Ո6,160 Herder Institute in Riga (Herder-Institut zu Riga) 13, 24, 67-76,76Ո52, 77-81 Higher Party School (Moscow) 139 Institute of Red Professors (Moscow) 147 primary 44-45,124,153 Riga Teachers” Institute 100 secondary 44, 99-100,104,152,154Ո9, 162-163,165,171,176, 248 seminaries 44,75 teachers 26, 40, 75,160-161,165,171,183, 185 years of instruction, debates surround ing 153-154,154Ո9,162,162Ո34,163, 168,174,179; see also education, Soviet education reform (1958-59) Šildė, Adolfs 89, 96Ո82,97-98,1Օ2Ո117, 103Ո126,114Ո45 Silgailis, Artūrs 111 Šiliņš, Matiss 12, 21-22, 39-42, 45-47, 49-52, 52Ո33, 52-53Ո38, 53-61, 6ւո68 maps by 47 fig. 1, 48 fig. 2, 49 fig. 3,50 fig· 4 Skalbe, Kārlis 122 Smilga, Pēteris 120 Smith, Jeremy 155,158,172 Sniečkus, Antanas 14 Sokolowski, Paul 13,
69-73,75, 79-82 Soviet Union see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
2б9 INDEX Spekke, Arnolds 107 Sputnik News 244-245 St. John’s Day see Midsummer Stalin, Joseph (Iosif) 14, 31,119-120,127,135, 151,189Ո2 de-Stalinization 32,151,158,170,181, 206 ; see also Thaw, Khrushchev era of leadership 14,132,139,155,186, 189,193-194,197, 201 Štelmachers, Jānis 86ni6,100 Stranga, Aivars 27Ո40, 85-86 Straubergs, Kārlis 76, 76Ո52,77-78 Sutkus, Antanas 196Ո28 swastika 94,100,112, 218, 240 Sweden 143Ո35,148, 213m, 227, 231, 254 Universitātes Sports (football club) 83, 95 Universities 77,160-161 ethnic tensions within 25, 69,74-75, 76Ո49, 78-81 Dorpat (Tartu) University 42, 49 language of instruction 67-68, 77-78, 81 Riga Polytechnical Institute 67 University of Latvia 24-25, 67-70, 72, 74, 76-77, 79-81. 83. 84, 84Ո4, 98Ո94, 98Ո98,164 renaming during Soviet and German occupations 110Ո23 University of Munich 72 university professors 26, 49, 67, 69,72, 75-76, 78, 98Ո94,100 Talsi 99,143 Thaw, Khrushchev 18, 31-32,157-158,178, 186,189,189Ո1-Ո2,192-196, 201, 204, 209-211 Tomlinson, John 234-235, 255 Treijs, Benjamiņš 130-131,138,148 Trotsky, Leon 233 Tukums 125 Turkmenistan 57,114Ո42 Valdemars, Krišjānis 42,115 Valka 70 Valmiera 94, 99-100,143 Veikins, Jānis 114 Veinbergs, Fricis 13 Vestermanis, Marģers 83m Vētra, Mariss 122 Vidzeme 112,121 visual culture see maps; photography Vitebsk province (governorate), Russian Empire 12, 25, 43, 46-47, 51, 58 von Fircks, Wilhelm 72 Voss, Augusts 33 Ukraine 14,166,168,172Ո70, 254 Ulmanis, Kārlis 25-26, 87,90-91, 93, 96-97, looniio, 101,103,103Ո124,103Ո125, 226, 229 Ulmanis Coup d’état see commemora tive dates, coup of
Kārlis Ulmanis, 15 May Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Glavlit (Main Directorate for the Protection of State Secrets in the Press) 201, 201Ո50, 202, 204 Gosplan (State Planning Commit tee) 132,135,136-137.144 nationalities policy 13,33,106,113-114, 182, 237 “new course” in 151 relations between center and periph ery 31,31П55,132,136,151-152,156-157, 170,172,182,185-186 secret police (NKVD, KGB) 29,106 Supreme Soviet 165,167-169,172,186 United Kingdom (UK) 198Ո31, 234, 254 United States 57, 219, 256Ո77 Waffen-SS 18, 28,105,108,110-113,121, 219, 226,228 ideology 111 symbols 112,112ՈՅՅ, 113 see also Latvian Legion Willinger, Markus 255, 255Ո75 World War I 12-13, 22723. 61. 67,113,121-122, 128 World War II 13, 84, 92-94,103,105-107, 109-110,128, 217, 228, 236-237 Young Latvians 147; see also Latvian National Awakening, First Zālīte, Pēteris 69-71, 74, 76 Zelče, Vita 109 Zeltīts, Raivis 252-255 Zhdanok, Tatiana 241 Zīle, Roberts 247 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| spelling | Defining Latvia recent explorations in history, culture, and politics edited by Michael Loader, Siobhán Hearne, and Matthew Kott Budapest ; Vienna ; New York CEU Press 2022 269 Seiten Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "In just over a century, Latvia has transitioned from imperial periphery to nation-state, then Soviet republic, and finally following the collapse of the Soviet Union to an independent republic. Defining Latvia brings together the latest research on the multiple social, political, and cultural contexts of Latvia throughout this turbulent period. Its ten chapters are written by leading political scientists, historians, and area studies specialists from across Europe and North America. The volume moves beyond an exclusively political context to incorporate a variety of social and cultural perspectives, ranging from the experiences of Latvian mapmakers in the Russian Empire, to the participation of Latvians in the Wehrmacht and Red Army during World War II, Latvian national communism, and the development of extremist politics following Latvia’s accession to the European Union. Other chapters address developing trends in the fields of history and political science, including the history of antisemitism, memory, language politics, photography, and political extremism. Based on the book’s temporal span from the nineteenth century to the present, the authors and editors of Defining Latvia understand the construction of Latvian identity as a continuous and interconnected process across significant political and ideological ruptures"-- Provided by publisher. Geschichte 1850- gnd rswk-swf Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 gnd rswk-swf Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2018 Uppsala gnd-content Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 g Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 s Geschichte 1850- z DE-604 Loader, Michael (DE-588)1262434998 edt aut Hearne, Siobhán (DE-588)1131187806 edt aut Kott, Matthew 1974- (DE-588)1020396415 edt aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-963-386-446-3 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033054073&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033054073&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Loader, Michael Hearne, Siobhán Kott, Matthew 1974- Defining Latvia recent explorations in history, culture, and politics Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 gnd |
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| title | Defining Latvia recent explorations in history, culture, and politics |
| title_auth | Defining Latvia recent explorations in history, culture, and politics |
| title_exact_search | Defining Latvia recent explorations in history, culture, and politics |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Defining Latvia recent explorations in history, culture, and politics |
| title_full | Defining Latvia recent explorations in history, culture, and politics edited by Michael Loader, Siobhán Hearne, and Matthew Kott |
| title_fullStr | Defining Latvia recent explorations in history, culture, and politics edited by Michael Loader, Siobhán Hearne, and Matthew Kott |
| title_full_unstemmed | Defining Latvia recent explorations in history, culture, and politics edited by Michael Loader, Siobhán Hearne, and Matthew Kott |
| title_short | Defining Latvia |
| title_sort | defining latvia recent explorations in history culture and politics |
| title_sub | recent explorations in history, culture, and politics |
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