On British Islam: Religion, Law, and Everyday Practice in Shariʿa Councils
On British Islam examines the history and everyday workings of Islamic institutions in Britain, with a focus on shariʿa councils. These councils concern themselves with religious matters, especially divorce. They have a higher profile in Britain than in other Western nations. Why? Taking a historica...
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Princeton, NJ
Princeton University Press
[2016]
|
Schriftenreihe: | Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics
62 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | FAB01 FAW01 FCO01 FHA01 FKE01 FLA01 UBG01 UPA01 Volltext |
Zusammenfassung: | On British Islam examines the history and everyday workings of Islamic institutions in Britain, with a focus on shariʿa councils. These councils concern themselves with religious matters, especially divorce. They have a higher profile in Britain than in other Western nations. Why? Taking a historical and ethnographic look at British Islam, John Bowen examines how Muslims have created distinctive religious institutions in Britain and how shariʿa councils interpret and apply Islamic law in a secular British context.Bowen focuses on three specific shariʿa councils: the oldest and most developed, in London; a Midlands community led by a Sufi saint and barrister; and a Birmingham-based council in which women play a leading role. Bowen shows that each of these councils represents a prolonged, unique experiment in meeting Muslims' needs in a Western country. He also discusses how the councils have become a flash point in British public debates even as they adapt to the English legal environment.On British Islam highlights British Muslims' efforts to create institutions that make sense in both Islamic and British terms. This balancing act is rarely acknowledged in Britain-or elsewhere-but it is urgent that we understand it if we are to build new ways of living together |
Beschreibung: | Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (publisher's Web site, viewed 30. Aug 2021) |
Beschreibung: | 1 online resource (288 Seiten) 4 halftones. 1 table |
ISBN: | 9781400881055 |
DOI: | 10.1515/9781400881055 |
Internformat
MARC
LEADER | 00000nmm a2200000zcb4500 | ||
---|---|---|---|
001 | BV047667154 | ||
003 | DE-604 | ||
005 | 20231108 | ||
007 | cr|uuu---uuuuu | ||
008 | 220112s2016 |||| o||u| ||||||eng d | ||
020 | |a 9781400881055 |9 978-1-4008-8105-5 | ||
024 | 7 | |a 10.1515/9781400881055 |2 doi | |
035 | |a (ZDB-23-DGG)9781400881055 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)938018225 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV047667154 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
041 | 0 | |a eng | |
049 | |a DE-1046 |a DE-1043 |a DE-858 |a DE-Aug4 |a DE-859 |a DE-860 |a DE-739 |a DE-473 |a DE-11 | ||
082 | 0 | |a 297.140941 |2 23 | |
084 | |a BE 8607 |0 (DE-625)10772: |2 rvk | ||
084 | |a MC 9100 |0 (DE-625)122477: |2 rvk | ||
100 | 1 | |a Bowen, John Richard |d 1951- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)128701013 |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a On British Islam |b Religion, Law, and Everyday Practice in Shariʿa Councils |c John R. Bowen |
264 | 1 | |a Princeton, NJ |b Princeton University Press |c [2016] | |
264 | 4 | |c © 2016 | |
300 | |a 1 online resource (288 Seiten) |b 4 halftones. 1 table | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b c |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b cr |2 rdacarrier | ||
490 | 1 | |a Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics |v 62 | |
500 | |a Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (publisher's Web site, viewed 30. Aug 2021) | ||
520 | |a On British Islam examines the history and everyday workings of Islamic institutions in Britain, with a focus on shariʿa councils. These councils concern themselves with religious matters, especially divorce. They have a higher profile in Britain than in other Western nations. Why? Taking a historical and ethnographic look at British Islam, John Bowen examines how Muslims have created distinctive religious institutions in Britain and how shariʿa councils interpret and apply Islamic law in a secular British context.Bowen focuses on three specific shariʿa councils: the oldest and most developed, in London; a Midlands community led by a Sufi saint and barrister; and a Birmingham-based council in which women play a leading role. Bowen shows that each of these councils represents a prolonged, unique experiment in meeting Muslims' needs in a Western country. He also discusses how the councils have become a flash point in British public debates even as they adapt to the English legal environment.On British Islam highlights British Muslims' efforts to create institutions that make sense in both Islamic and British terms. This balancing act is rarely acknowledged in Britain-or elsewhere-but it is urgent that we understand it if we are to build new ways of living together | ||
546 | |a In English | ||
650 | 7 | |a SOCIAL SCIENCE / Anthropology / General |2 bisacsh | |
650 | 4 | |a Islam and politics |z Great Britain | |
650 | 4 | |a Islam |z Great Britain |x History |y 21st century | |
650 | 4 | |a Islamic law |z Great Britain | |
650 | 4 | |a Islamic sects |z Great Britain |x History |y 21st century | |
650 | 4 | |a Muslims |x Legal status, laws, etc |z Great Britain | |
650 | 4 | |a Muslims |x Legal status, laws, etc |z Great Britain | |
650 | 4 | |a Muslims |x Political activity |z Great Britain | |
650 | 4 | |a Religion and law |z Great Britain | |
830 | 0 | |a Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics |v 62 |w (DE-604)BV048256175 |9 62 | |
856 | 4 | 0 | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055 |x Verlag |z URL des Erstveröffentlichers |3 Volltext |
912 | |a ZDB-23-DGG | ||
999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033051874 | ||
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055?locatt=mode:legacy |l FAB01 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q FAB_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055?locatt=mode:legacy |l FAW01 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q FAW_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055?locatt=mode:legacy |l FCO01 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q FCO_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055?locatt=mode:legacy |l FHA01 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q FHA_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055?locatt=mode:legacy |l FKE01 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q FKE_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055?locatt=mode:legacy |l FLA01 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q FLA_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055?locatt=mode:legacy |l UBG01 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q UBG_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055?locatt=mode:legacy |l UPA01 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q UPA_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804183143397195776 |
---|---|
adam_txt | |
any_adam_object | |
any_adam_object_boolean | |
author | Bowen, John Richard 1951- |
author_GND | (DE-588)128701013 |
author_facet | Bowen, John Richard 1951- |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Bowen, John Richard 1951- |
author_variant | j r b jr jrb |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV047667154 |
classification_rvk | BE 8607 MC 9100 |
collection | ZDB-23-DGG |
ctrlnum | (ZDB-23-DGG)9781400881055 (OCoLC)938018225 (DE-599)BVBBV047667154 |
dewey-full | 297.140941 |
dewey-hundreds | 200 - Religion |
dewey-ones | 297 - Islam, Babism & Bahai Faith |
dewey-raw | 297.140941 |
dewey-search | 297.140941 |
dewey-sort | 3297.140941 |
dewey-tens | 290 - Other religions |
discipline | Politologie Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
discipline_str_mv | Politologie Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
doi_str_mv | 10.1515/9781400881055 |
format | Electronic eBook |
fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>04362nmm a2200613zcb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV047667154</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20231108 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr|uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">220112s2016 |||| o||u| ||||||eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781400881055</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-4008-8105-5</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="024" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.1515/9781400881055</subfield><subfield code="2">doi</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(ZDB-23-DGG)9781400881055</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)938018225</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV047667154</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-1046</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-1043</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-858</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-Aug4</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-859</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-860</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-739</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-473</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">297.140941</subfield><subfield code="2">23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">BE 8607</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)10772:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">MC 9100</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)122477:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bowen, John Richard</subfield><subfield code="d">1951-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)128701013</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">On British Islam</subfield><subfield code="b">Religion, Law, and Everyday Practice in Shariʿa Councils</subfield><subfield code="c">John R. Bowen</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Princeton, NJ</subfield><subfield code="b">Princeton University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">[2016]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2016</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 online resource (288 Seiten)</subfield><subfield code="b">4 halftones. 1 table</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics</subfield><subfield code="v">62</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (publisher's Web site, viewed 30. Aug 2021)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">On British Islam examines the history and everyday workings of Islamic institutions in Britain, with a focus on shariʿa councils. These councils concern themselves with religious matters, especially divorce. They have a higher profile in Britain than in other Western nations. Why? Taking a historical and ethnographic look at British Islam, John Bowen examines how Muslims have created distinctive religious institutions in Britain and how shariʿa councils interpret and apply Islamic law in a secular British context.Bowen focuses on three specific shariʿa councils: the oldest and most developed, in London; a Midlands community led by a Sufi saint and barrister; and a Birmingham-based council in which women play a leading role. Bowen shows that each of these councils represents a prolonged, unique experiment in meeting Muslims' needs in a Western country. He also discusses how the councils have become a flash point in British public debates even as they adapt to the English legal environment.On British Islam highlights British Muslims' efforts to create institutions that make sense in both Islamic and British terms. This balancing act is rarely acknowledged in Britain-or elsewhere-but it is urgent that we understand it if we are to build new ways of living together</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="546" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">In English</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">SOCIAL SCIENCE / Anthropology / General</subfield><subfield code="2">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Islam and politics</subfield><subfield code="z">Great Britain</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Islam</subfield><subfield code="z">Great Britain</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield><subfield code="y">21st century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Islamic law</subfield><subfield code="z">Great Britain</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Islamic sects</subfield><subfield code="z">Great Britain</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield><subfield code="y">21st century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Muslims</subfield><subfield code="x">Legal status, laws, etc</subfield><subfield code="z">Great Britain</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Muslims</subfield><subfield code="x">Legal status, laws, etc</subfield><subfield code="z">Great Britain</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Muslims</subfield><subfield code="x">Political activity</subfield><subfield code="z">Great Britain</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Religion and law</subfield><subfield code="z">Great Britain</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics</subfield><subfield code="v">62</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV048256175</subfield><subfield code="9">62</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="z">URL des Erstveröffentlichers</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033051874</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055?locatt=mode:legacy</subfield><subfield code="l">FAB01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">FAB_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055?locatt=mode:legacy</subfield><subfield code="l">FAW01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">FAW_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055?locatt=mode:legacy</subfield><subfield code="l">FCO01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">FCO_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055?locatt=mode:legacy</subfield><subfield code="l">FHA01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">FHA_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055?locatt=mode:legacy</subfield><subfield code="l">FKE01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">FKE_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055?locatt=mode:legacy</subfield><subfield code="l">FLA01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">FLA_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055?locatt=mode:legacy</subfield><subfield code="l">UBG01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">UBG_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055?locatt=mode:legacy</subfield><subfield code="l">UPA01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">UPA_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
id | DE-604.BV047667154 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
index_date | 2024-07-03T18:54:15Z |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:18:45Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9781400881055 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033051874 |
oclc_num | 938018225 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-1046 DE-1043 DE-858 DE-Aug4 DE-859 DE-860 DE-739 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-11 |
owner_facet | DE-1046 DE-1043 DE-858 DE-Aug4 DE-859 DE-860 DE-739 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-11 |
physical | 1 online resource (288 Seiten) 4 halftones. 1 table |
psigel | ZDB-23-DGG ZDB-23-DGG FAB_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG FAW_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG FCO_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG FHA_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG FKE_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG FLA_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG UBG_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG UPA_PDA_DGG |
publishDate | 2016 |
publishDateSearch | 2016 |
publishDateSort | 2016 |
publisher | Princeton University Press |
record_format | marc |
series | Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics |
series2 | Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics |
spelling | Bowen, John Richard 1951- Verfasser (DE-588)128701013 aut On British Islam Religion, Law, and Everyday Practice in Shariʿa Councils John R. Bowen Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press [2016] © 2016 1 online resource (288 Seiten) 4 halftones. 1 table txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics 62 Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (publisher's Web site, viewed 30. Aug 2021) On British Islam examines the history and everyday workings of Islamic institutions in Britain, with a focus on shariʿa councils. These councils concern themselves with religious matters, especially divorce. They have a higher profile in Britain than in other Western nations. Why? Taking a historical and ethnographic look at British Islam, John Bowen examines how Muslims have created distinctive religious institutions in Britain and how shariʿa councils interpret and apply Islamic law in a secular British context.Bowen focuses on three specific shariʿa councils: the oldest and most developed, in London; a Midlands community led by a Sufi saint and barrister; and a Birmingham-based council in which women play a leading role. Bowen shows that each of these councils represents a prolonged, unique experiment in meeting Muslims' needs in a Western country. He also discusses how the councils have become a flash point in British public debates even as they adapt to the English legal environment.On British Islam highlights British Muslims' efforts to create institutions that make sense in both Islamic and British terms. This balancing act is rarely acknowledged in Britain-or elsewhere-but it is urgent that we understand it if we are to build new ways of living together In English SOCIAL SCIENCE / Anthropology / General bisacsh Islam and politics Great Britain Islam Great Britain History 21st century Islamic law Great Britain Islamic sects Great Britain History 21st century Muslims Legal status, laws, etc Great Britain Muslims Political activity Great Britain Religion and law Great Britain Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics 62 (DE-604)BV048256175 62 https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055 Verlag URL des Erstveröffentlichers Volltext |
spellingShingle | Bowen, John Richard 1951- On British Islam Religion, Law, and Everyday Practice in Shariʿa Councils Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics SOCIAL SCIENCE / Anthropology / General bisacsh Islam and politics Great Britain Islam Great Britain History 21st century Islamic law Great Britain Islamic sects Great Britain History 21st century Muslims Legal status, laws, etc Great Britain Muslims Political activity Great Britain Religion and law Great Britain |
title | On British Islam Religion, Law, and Everyday Practice in Shariʿa Councils |
title_auth | On British Islam Religion, Law, and Everyday Practice in Shariʿa Councils |
title_exact_search | On British Islam Religion, Law, and Everyday Practice in Shariʿa Councils |
title_exact_search_txtP | On British Islam Religion, Law, and Everyday Practice in Shariʿa Councils |
title_full | On British Islam Religion, Law, and Everyday Practice in Shariʿa Councils John R. Bowen |
title_fullStr | On British Islam Religion, Law, and Everyday Practice in Shariʿa Councils John R. Bowen |
title_full_unstemmed | On British Islam Religion, Law, and Everyday Practice in Shariʿa Councils John R. Bowen |
title_short | On British Islam |
title_sort | on british islam religion law and everyday practice in shariʿa councils |
title_sub | Religion, Law, and Everyday Practice in Shariʿa Councils |
topic | SOCIAL SCIENCE / Anthropology / General bisacsh Islam and politics Great Britain Islam Great Britain History 21st century Islamic law Great Britain Islamic sects Great Britain History 21st century Muslims Legal status, laws, etc Great Britain Muslims Political activity Great Britain Religion and law Great Britain |
topic_facet | SOCIAL SCIENCE / Anthropology / General Islam and politics Great Britain Islam Great Britain History 21st century Islamic law Great Britain Islamic sects Great Britain History 21st century Muslims Legal status, laws, etc Great Britain Muslims Political activity Great Britain Religion and law Great Britain |
url | https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400881055 |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV048256175 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT bowenjohnrichard onbritishislamreligionlawandeverydaypracticeinshariʿacouncils |