Elizabeth Stuart, queen of hearts:
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2021
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| Beschreibung: | xxvi, 581 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents xiii List of Plates List of Figures Abbreviations XV xix xxiii xxvii Editorial Conventions Maps Introduction I PART ONE 1596-1612 I. A Monument to Succession 2. ‘The Kinge and His Cubbs’ in Peril 3. Matches Made in Court, not in Heaven 4. The Marriage ofThames and Rhine 17 34 49 70 PART TWO 1613—1620 5. Heidelberg: The Eye of the Storm 91 6. In the Service of the Electress 108 7. Queen of Bohemia I2I 8. Troubles in Prague Escalate 139 PART THREE 1621-1632 9. A Republican Queen 10. Military Manoeuvres 159 178 її. Inseverable Ties with Austria and Spain 199 12. ‘I can send you nothing but deaths’ 2II 13. An ‘Evil State’ 14· Losing Champions 243
ХІІ CONTENTS PART FOUR 1632-1642 15. A Widow’s Weeds 271 16. Unlikely Bedfellows 294 17. The Archbishop Strikes Back 319 PART FIVE 1642-1662 18. Obeisance to His Majesty, and Love to the Parliament’ 341 19. Undesirable Matches, Unfortunate Endings 357 20. Peace, at a Price 373 21. Dwindling Influence 386 22. Restoration 400 Epilogue 409 Notes Bibliography Index 413 489 515 S'
Elizabeth Stuart is one of the most misrepresented — and underestimated—figures ol the seventeenth century. Labelled a spendthrift more interested in the theatre and her pet monkeys than in polities or her children, and long pitied as ' The Winter Queen', the direct ancestor of Elizabeth 11 lias been widely misunderstood. Nadine Akkerman s biographe rec eais an altogether ditterent woman, painting a vivid picture of a queen torged. in the w hite heat ot Luropean coni liet. Llizabcth Stuart, daughter ot James VI and 1. was married to Frederick V, Fleetor Palatine, in 1613. The couple were crowned King and Queen ot Bohemia in 161У, only to be deposed in 1620 and exiled to the Dutch Republie. Flizabeth then found herself at the epicentre ot'the Thirty Years War and the Civil Wars, political and militare struggles that defined sew enteentlweenturi Furope. Follow ing her husband's death in 1632, Flizabeth fostered a cult of widowhood, dressing berseli and her apartments in black, and conducted a long and tierce political campaign to regain her children s birthright—bv toree, it possible—wielding her pen with the same deft precision with which she liad once speared boars írom horseback. Through deep immersion in the archives and masteliui detective work, .Akkerman overturns the received view ot Flizabeth Stuart, showing her to be a patron of the arts and a cannv stat es worn an with a sharp w it and a long memory. On returning to Fnghmd in 1661, Flizabeth. Stuart found a country whose people still considered her their 'Queen of Hearts'. Akkerman’s biography reveals the impact
that Elizabeth Stuart had on both Furope and the British Isles, demonstrating shat she wans more than lust the grandmo!her ot George I.
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512 BIBLIOGRAPHY Vlaardingerbroek, Hans, and Leo Wevers, Bouwhistorische opname en waardestelling: ‘s Gravenhage Kneuterdijk 20-24, Deel 2: Kneuterdijk 22—24 (Utrecht: Rijksgebouwendienst/Bureau Rijksbouwmeester, 2000). Walle, Etienne van de, ‘Flowers and Fruit: Two Thousand Years of Menstrual Regulation’ ,Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 28/2 (1997), 183—202. Warburton, Eliot, Memoirs of Prince Rupert, and the Cavaliers Including their Private Correspondence (London: R. Bentley, 1849). Weiss,John Gustav,‘DieVorgeschichte des böhmischen Abenteuers Friedrichs V. von der Pfalz’, Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins, 53 (1940), 383—492. Weisser, Olivia, III Composed: Sickness, Gender, and Belief in Early Modern England (New Haven:Yale University Press, 2015). Wendland, Anna, Briefe der Elisabeth Stuart, Königin von Böhmen, an ihren Sohn, den Kurfürsten Carl Ludwig von der Pfalz, 1650-1662, nach den im Königlichen Staatsarchiv zu Hannover befindlichen Originalen (Tübingen: LiterarischerVerein in Stuttgart, 1902). Westin, Gunnar (ed.), Negotiations about Church Unity i628—i6ļ4:John Durie, Gustavus Adolphus, Axel Oxenstierna (Uppsala: Almqvist Wiksells, 1932). White, Michelle Anne, Henrietta Maria and the English Civil Wars (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006). Wiggins, Martin (ed.), British Drama 1533-1642: A Catalogue, vi (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015). Wilson, Peter H., Europe’s Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War (London: Allen Lane, 2009). Wilson, Peter H.,‘The Stuarts, the Palatinate and the Thirty Years’War’, in Valentina Caldari and Sara J. Wolfson
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Index I have indexed under individual family names, rather than under titles:Villiers, George (1592-1628), ist Duke of Buckingham. Women are indexed under their maiden name. For informative purposes, and to avoid confusion of individuals, I have also given birth/ baptism and death dates between brackets. If these dates are unknown, I have given the floruit period were possible. Further, to assist the reader who might not be familiar with a family name, I have cross-referenced extensively: Buckingham, Duke of, see Villiers, George. Cross-referencing is particularly important when it concerns women: all too often they are indexed under one married name only, and thereby disappear from the records if they remarry. In the case of monarchs, stadholders, and all German princes, I have adopted the convention to index under first names: Charles I, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. As for spelling, if a person is well known in Anglophone scholarship, then I have used English spelling (so the Elector of Mainz rather than the Elector of Mentz). Furthermore, if he or she is a relatively obscure figure, then his or her name is not altered: thus the King of Bohemia is Frederick V, but his father is Friedrich IV. Aarschot, Duke of, see Ligne, Karel van Abbot, George (1562-1633), Archbishop of Canterbury (1611-33) 71 Abercorn, Lady, see Boyd, Marion account books 10,12,25,28—30, 34, 37-9, 57,64,67,69,104,111-12,166,222, 240,250,284, 381, 384, 390 Actaeon, mythological figure who, having seen Diana bathing, was turned into a stag and hunted 74-5,425 Ո.31 Adam (1583-1641), Count of
Schwarzenberg (1600); councillor in Julich (1609-10); Brandenburg privy councillor (from 1610); council leader (1620-40) 358 Aerssen, François van (1572-1641), Lord of Sommelsdijck (1605), Dutch extraordinary ambassador to the Stuart court (Nov. 1639-Mar. 1640; Jan.-June 1641) 201,204,208 Africa 388 Agnes of Sayn-Wittgenstein (1569-1617), marriage (1590) to the Count of Solms-Braunfels; mother ofAmalia 220 Alba Iulia (town in Romania, seat of Gabors court) 246 Albany, Duke of, see James II VII Albert (1559-1621), Archduke ofAustria (1619-20); Cardinal (1577); ist Viceroy of Portugal for Philip II (1583-93); principal advisor to Philip II (1593-6); governed Netherlands for Philip II (1596-8); sovereign ruler, with Isabella, of the Habsburg Netherlands (1598-1621) 35, 51, 105, 127, 142, 171,425 п.22 Albertine Agnes of Nassau (1634-96), Princess of Orange, daughter of Frederick Henry and Amalia; marriage (1652) to Willem Frederik; regent of Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe (1664-79) 37L376 album amicorum 38, 115,164,228
SIÓ INDEX Alexander the Great (356 все - 323 все), aka Alexander III of Macedon 76 Algiers (capital of Algeria, a mediterranean port on the North coast ofAfrica) 388 Alnwick Castle (seat of the Duke of Northumberland, 30 mi. S of Berwick-upon-Tweed) 3, 410 Althorp (estate in Northamptonshire, 75 mi. NW of London. Owned by the Spencers since 1508) 28 Alting, Hendrik (1583-1644), German divine 189 Alzey (Lower Palatinate) 142 Amalia (1602-75), daughter of Frederick’s counsellor the Count of Solms-Braunfels; lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth (1613-24); marriage (1625) to Frederick Henry of Nassau, Prince of Orange as Elizabeths lady-in-waiting 123, 217, 221,229, 332,366,453 n.36; marriage to Frederick Henry 217-21,229-30,343; precedence issues 231,343; cultural rivalry with Elizabeth 257-8,275-7 (Fig. 29), 279 (Fig· 31), 354, 387,463 n.35; match-maker for her children, dynastic struggles with Elizabeth 330-З, 357-8, 371, 376; Elizabeth as godmother of her son William 330; tension between her and Elizabeth 245-6; amicable relations with Elizabeth 246, 395; and the Stuart cause 366,369—70, 376—7,379—80; relations with Elizabeth s niece Mary 353—4, 383; welcomes L’Espinay’s murder 365; as regent and widow 367-9, 383, 387; and the Peace ofWestphalia 368-9; debs to Honthorst 384; and Secretary Huygens 368,387,396, 478 n.50 Amalie Elisabeth (1602-51), daughter of the Count of HanauMünzenberg; marriage (1619) to Wilhelm V later (1627) Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel; after husband’s death regent of Hesse-Kassel (1637-50) 13, 315, 386-7, 394 Amberg (capital of the Upper Palatinate) 113,122, 134
Ames, William (1576-1633), theologian and university teacher, chaplaincy Sacramentsgasthuis (1Ó11-19) 470 n.6 Amsterdam (large trading city and port in Holland, 35 mi. N ofThe Hague) Map 2, Map 4, 94, 163-5, 180, 200, 209,230,239, 252, 321, 344, 367-8 Anhalt-Bernburg, Princes of, see Christian I; Christian II Anjou, Duke of, see Gaston Anna of Denmark (1574-1619); daughter of Frederick II of Denmark and Sophie Frederica of Mecklenburg; marriage (1589) to King James; Queen consort of Scotland (1589-1619), of England, and Ireland (1603-19); mother of Henry, Elizabeth, and the future Charles I her wedding 73, 182; children of 6, 42; and Henry 21-2, 24-7, 30, 63—4; and Elizabeth’s guardians 19-24, 28, зб;јоигпеу to Scotland 98; relationship with Elizabeth Stuart 43-5, 65, 91—3, 99, 108, 118-20, 124-7, 21З, 217, 244, 259-60,294, 392, 403; and Catholicism 23-4, 43, 51; miscarriages of 19, 26—7, 29—30, 64; marriage proposals for her daughter 31,49, 51—2, 60—1; and Spain 51-2, 60-1, 66,172; and the Palatine wedding 61, 66, 71-2, 82-5, 91; and masques and engineers 78-9, no—12 Anna of Spain (1601-66), daughter of King Philip III of Spain and Margaret ofAustria; marriage (1615) to Louis XIII of France; Queen consort of France and Navarre (1615-43); after husbands death regent for son Louis XIV of France (1642-51); excluded from government (1661) 56, 59, 396
INDEX Anstruther, Sir Robert (bap. 1578d.1645?), dual Stuart ambassador ordinary to Denmark-Norway (1606-35; 1644) and Danish ambassador to the Stuart crown simultaneously; Stuart ambassador extraordinary to the Low Countries (summer 1624; Dec. 1632), Saxony (1624), Sweden (1626), the Ratisbon Vienna convention (Aug.-Nov. 1630; June 1631), the Emperor atVienna (1632), the Heilbronn convention (Dec. 1632-July 1633), and to the German princes (up to Apr. 1635) 163,237, 278, 324,476 n.62 Antelmi .Valerio (n.d.),Venetian secretary in Florence 186, 446 n.42 Antony, Lewes (fl. 1642), Italian conspirator 343 Antwerp (large town on the Scheldt River in the Spanish Netherlands) Map 2, 152, 366—7, 394-5,478 n.44 Apollo, Elizabeths dog 8 Apsley, Elizabeth (d.1626), daughter of Sir Edward Apsley and Elizabeth Elmes; lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth (1613-24); engagement (1624) and marriage (1625) to Elizabeths secretary Morton 113-14, 118-19 Apsley,James (n.d.), colonel, possibly the brother of Sir Allen 383 Arenberg, Prince of, see Ligne, Karel van Argyll, Countess of, see Douglas, Agnes Argyll, Earl of, see Campbell, Archibald Argyll, Marquess of, see Campbell, Archibald armadas 72 armadillo 9, 414 n.36 Arnhem (United Provinces; quarter of Gelderland; also called the Veluwe) Map 2, Map 3,94, 156, 317,39s Arran, Earl of, see Hamilton, James Arthur (1486-1502), Prince ofWales 73 Ascham, Anthony (d. 1650), academic, tutor to James, Duke of York, and Henry, Duke of Gloucester SI? (1646); representative for the Commonwealth in Spain (1650) 383 Ashdown House (country house now in Oxfordshire,
built by Lord Craven) 406, 487 п.14 Arundel and Surrey, Countess of, see Talbot, Alatheiaa Arundel and Surrey, Earl of, see Howard, Thomas Ashburnham, Sir John (1603-71), knt. (Sept. 1625); key position in Elizabeth’s household (from c. 1617); master of Elizabeths household (c. 1626-8) 117,219 Ashby St Ledgers (village in West Northamptonshire, whose manor house was owned by the Catesby family) 40 assassinations, assassination attempts 21, 34-7,40-3,46, 55-6,60,67,69, 249,365 Aston,Walter (1584-1639), ist Lord Aston of Forfar (1627), Stuart ambassador to the Spanish court 153 Astraea, literary character in Honoré D’Urfé’s ĽAstrée (pastoral novel published between 1607-27) 254 Asturias, Princes of, see Balthasar Charles; Philip IV Atholl, Earl of, see Murray, John Atlas (figure from Greek mythology) 56 Aubrey, John (1626-97), author best known for Brief Lives (1690) 363 Auchmowtie, Elizabeth (fl. 1598), wetnurse at Linlithgow 23 Augsburg (city in Bavaria, 40 mi. NW of Munich), Peace of 52—3,262 Ausson, Sieur ď, see Jaucourt, Zacharie de Austria, Archduchess of, see Isabella Clara Eugenia Austria, Archdukes of, see Albert; Charles V; Ferdinand II; LeopoldV Avaux, Count ď, see Mesmes, Claude de Avon, River (river that flows from Northamptonshire to the Severn and thence into the Bristol Channel) 40
5і8 INDEX Babler, Elizabeth s dog 250-1 Bacon, Francis (1561-1626), philosopher and politician,Viscount St Albans (1621) 84-5, 238, 425 n.31 Bacon, Lady, see Meautys, Jane Baden-Durlach, Margrave of, see Georg Friedrich Baldwin,William (1563-1632), English Jesuit priest 59-60 ballets, see masques Balmford, Samuel (d. 1657), Church of England clergyman, chaplaincy Sacramentsgasthuis (1630-50) 320-1, 470 n.6 Balthasar Charles (1629-46), Prince of Asturias (1629-46), Prince of Portugal (1629-40) 331 Baltic 262 Baltimore, Baron, see Calvert, Sir George Banbury, Countess of, see Howard, Elizabeth Bandon, River (river in County Cork, in the south of Ireland) 378 Banér,Johan (1596-1641), in Swedish service (1615), as colonel (1622), as commandant of Riga (1625-6), as councillor of State and general of infantry (1630), as fieldmarshal (1634), as governor general of Pomerania (1638) 309-ю banqueting halls 112, 276, see also Banqueting House Banqueting House (Whitehall) 71, 372 banquets 19, 36, 93-4, 104, 194, 306, 401 (Fig. 40) baptisms 19-21,103, 114, 135, 138, 172 Barbara Sophia of Brandenburg (1584-1636), marriage (1609) to the Duke ofWürttemberg, regent ofWürttemberg (1631-3) 114 Barberini, Maffeo (1568-1644), Pope Urban VIII (1623-44) 395,4°9 Barker, Rafael (/L1638), surgeon 355 Bary, Pyramus de (fl. 1632-8), Palatine servant 284,463 n.43 Bassen, Bartholomeus van (1590-1652), Dutch painter and architect 256-7 Bath (Spa town in Somerset, England, 97 mi. W of London) 37 Baudringien, David (c. 1581-1650), painter 207 Bavaria, Duchesses of, see Elizabeth of Lorraine; Maria Anna of
Austria Bavaria, Dukes of, see Maximilian I; Wilhelm V Bavaria, Electors of, see Ferdinand Maria; Maximilian I Bayning,Viscountess, see Glemham, Anne Beau-Chesne,Jean de (d. 1620), French writing master 38,67 Beaumont, Comte de, see Harlay, Christophe de Beaumont, Francis (1584/5-1616), playwright 8; The Coxcomb 62; Cupid’s Revenge 72; Philaster 66; The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn 85, 112 Beck, David (fl. 1624-8), Dutch schoolmaster and diary writer 194 Bedford, Countess of, see Harington, Lucy Bedford, Earl of, see Russell, Edward beer 159,216,249,252,281,318,391 Beer, Antoni Alberts de (fl. 1633), caretaker of Rhenen 282 Beeston, Lady, see Cave, Eleanor Bellenden, Lady, see Livingston, Margaret Bellheim (municipality in the Lower Palatinate, 28 mi. SW of Heidelberg) 101 Benock, Mr (fl. 1605), horse trainer at Warwick Castle 40 Bensheim (border town 22 mi. N of Heidelberg) 127 Berbisdorf (Berbiscorff), Ehrenfried (Ehrenfriet; Lhonffridt) von (d. 1629), Gabor’s envoy to the States General (Jan. 1623), member of Fredericks council of war 253,459 ո.53 Bergen-op-Zoom (coastal town on the border of the Spanish Netherlands) viii, Map 2, Map 4, 175-7,212,233-394-6 Bergen-op-Zoom, Marquise of, see Maria Elisabeth II
INDEX Bergh, Catharina van den (1578-1640), marriage (1601) to Floris II van Pallandt, Count of Culemborch 200 Bergh, Count Hendrik van den (1573-1638), brother of the above; first marriage (1612) to Margaretha van Wittem van Beersei (d. 1627); commander ofArmy of Flanders in Germany (1624-8) and Netherlands (1629); second marriage unknown; third marriage (1629) to Hieronyma Katharina of Spauer-Flavon; governor of Opper-Gelder (1618-32); leader of revolt against Spanish rule in Netherlands (1632); official transfer to Dutch States’ army (from 1633) 208-9,227,395 Bergues (town in what is now France, 6 mi. S of Dunkirk) 367 Berkshire (county in south east England, location ofWindsor Castle) 202 Berlin (capital of Brandenburg) Map 3, Map 4, 144, 152,155-6, 188-9, 358,365 Bernard (1604-39), Duke of Saxe-Weimar, German prince and general in service of Protestant armies in Germany (1621-3; 1625-7), States’ army (1623-5; 1627-30), Swedish (1630-5) and French service (from 1635) 310,327 Bernardines (army of the above) 327—9 Bertie, Robert (1582-1641), Baron Willoughby (1601), rst Earl of Lindsey (1626), naval officer, later royalist army commander 208, 249 Berwick-upon-Tweed (northernmost town in England) Map 1, 27-8, 323 Bethlen Gabor (1580-1629), Prince of Transylvania (1613); at war with Habsburg (1619-21; 1623-4; 1626); assumes title of King of Hungary (Aug. 1620 — Jan. 1622) 126, 137-8, 150-1,181, 237, 240, 358, 385 SIÇ Bethlen, Miklós (fl. 1630s), Hungarian statesman 86 Béthune, Maximilien de (1560-1641), Marquis de Rosny, ist Duke of Sully (1606-41), informal chief minister
to the French monarch (1589-1610) 29—30 Bettis,William (fl. 1613), gunner 74-5 bezoar stones 271, 355—6 bibles 37,67, 190 Bielefeld (NE of North-Rhine Westphalia) 144,156 Bill,John (a 1578-1630), printer and bookseller 67 billiards 66, 232,257 bills 64, 85,164, 242, 259, 352, 361 Biondi, Giovanni Francesco (1572-1644), historian and romance writer, in London advocating Stuart-Savoyard marriages (1609-12) 72 Bishops’Wars 317, 322—3, 328-30, 344 Blake, Robert (1598-1657), naval commander 378 Bloemaert, Abraham (1566-1651), painter 251 bloodletting 63, 244, 355,401 ‘Bloody Mary’, see Mary I Blount, Penelope, see Devereux, Penelope Boag, Marion (fl. 1598), laundress at Linlithgow 23 Bohemia, Kings of, see Ferdinand II of Austria; Ferdinand III of Austria; Ferdinand IV ofAustria; Frederick V; Matthias Bohemia, Queen (consorts) of, see Eleonore of Mantua; Elizabeth Stuart Bois-le-Duc, see ‘s-Hertogenbosch Boleyn, Anne (c. 1501-36), marriage (1533) to Henry VIII ofEngland; Queen consort ofEngland (153З-6) 19-20 Borlase, Sir John (1576-1648), army officer 247 Boržita of Martinice, Jaroslav (1582-1649), Bohemian nobleman, representative of Ferdinand II 123
520 INDEX Boswell, Sir William (d.1650), knt. 25 July 1633; secretary to Herbert, and Carlisle in France (1624); succeeds Carleton as ambassador in The Hague (1633-50); brief return to Stuart court (Mar.с. June 1634; May ió3ó;July 1639-July 1640); postmaster to Elizabeth (from 1633) 271-3, 277, 280, 285, 320-1, 323, 332, 380 Bouillon, Duke of, see La Tour d’ Auvergne, Henri de Bouffy, Charles de (n.d.), owner of album amicorum 38 Bourchier, Baron, see Devereux, Robert Bowes, Robert (1535?-97), English ambassador to Scotland (1577-83) 19-22 Boyd, Marion (d. after 1642), Mistress of Paisley, marriage (1592) to James Hamilton, later (1603) Baron Abercorn and (1606) ist Earl of Abercorn 26 Boye (d. 1644), Rupert’s white hunting poodle (actually a girle) 9, 360 Brabant 215, 256 Bradshaw,John (1602-59),judge, President of the High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I (1649); President of the Council of State (1649-51) 402 Brandenburg (German duchy and town 45 mi. SW of Berlin) 153, 264, 365, see also Berlin; Kiistrin; Crossen Brandenburg-Ansbach, Margrave of, see Joachim Ernst Brandenburg, Electors of, see Frederick William; George William; John Sigismund of Hohenzollern Brandenburg, Electresses of, see Elisabette Charlotte; Louise Henriette of Nassau Bratislava, see Pressburg Brechtel, Hans Coenraad (1609-75), goldsmith, painter 332 Breda (southern town in United Provinces, near the Spanish Netherlands); siege of (27 Aug. 1624 - 2 June 1625) Map 2, Map 4, 176, 185-6, 209, 212-13, 215-16, 225-6, 228, 230,233, 237, 260, 315, 349, 377= 379, 388 Brederode, Amalia Margaretha
van (1625-63), daughter ofjohan Wolfert; first marriage (1645) to Albert Henry, Baron of Slavata (d. 1660) 387 Brederode, Johan Wolfert van (1599-1655); father of the above; colonel in States’ army, as lieutenant-general (1626), as general (1630), as field-marshal (1642); governor of ’s-Hertogenbosch (1630-55) Dutch ambassador extraordinary to the Stuart court (Jan.-June 1641) 200,363 Breisach (fortified town in Alsace on the Rhine, io mi. SE of Colmar) Map 4, 327,471 n.38 Breitenfeld (village in Germany, now part of Leipzig) 262,264 Brent, Nathaniel (c. 1573-1652), Warden of Merton College, Oxford 433 n.55 Brereton, Sir William (1604-61), ist Baronet, parliamentarian army officer, travel writer 281,320, 447 nn.56-7 Brescia (city in Lombardy, northern Italy, 56 mi. E of Milan) 247 Breslau (Silesia) Map 3, Map 4,151—4 Bridlington (port, 28 mi. N of Hull) 9 Bristol (English port set on the mouth of the Avon River, 115 mi. W of London) 362 Bristol, Earls of, see Digby, George; Digby, John Bromley, Sir George (1753-1808), editor 4,410,4140.16 Brooke, Henry (1564-1619), nth Baron Cobham, Elizabeth’s preceptor (June-Oct. 1603), conspirator 35-7, 42 Broughton, Lady Elizabeth fl. 1632), maiden name unknown, wife of Sir Edward 280
INDEX Brown, John fl. 1642),Jesuit priest 343 Browne. Sir Richard (1605-83), secretary to Wake in Venice and Paris (1631-3), secretary to Scudamore in Paris ( 1636-40); clerk-in-ordinary of the ¡privy council (Jan. 1641; June 1660-4); Charles’s ambassador to Elizabeth (Mar. 1641) 333 Bruce, Henry fl. 1601-26), captain in the Scots-Dutch Brigade (1601); in imperial service (c. 1604-20); attempted to rejoin the ScotsDutch Brigade (Jan. 1620) 140 Bruges (city 55 mi.W ofAntwerp) 367 Brunswick, see Christian of Brunswick Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duchess of, see Elisabeth of Denmark; Sophia Brunswick-Luneburg, Dukes of, see Ernst August of Brunswick-Lüneburg; Friedrich Ulrich; Georg Brussels (capital of Southern Netherlands) XXV, Map 2,41, 51,95, 153-4, 169, 171, 179-80,266, 324-6, 328, 364, 380, 388, 395, 398 Bruyns, Margaretha Catharina (1595-1624), mistress of Frederick Henry 218 Bucephalus,Alexander the Greats horse 76, 425 п.31 Buckhold,Thomasine (d. 1650), marriage (1586) to Sir John Swinnerton, Lord Mayor of London (1611-12) 63 Buckhurst, Lord, see Sackville, Richard Buckingham, Duke of, see Villiers, George Buckingham, Earl of, see Villiers, George Buckingham, Marquess of, see Villiers, George Buckinghamshire (county in England, NW of London) 99 Bucquoy, Count of, see Longueval, Charles Bonaventure de Budweis (capital of south Bohemia, now České Budějovice, 90 mi. S of Prague) 122,129 Buisseaux, Seigneur de, see Spifame, Samuel Bull,John (1559x63-1628), composer 38, 67, 68 (Fig. 7) 521 Bulwick (Northamptonshire) 292 Buren (fortified city in the Dutch Province of Gelderland)
257 Burgess, John (1563-1635), Church of England clergyman and religious controversialist, chaplaincy Sacramentsgasthuis (1604-10) 470 n.6 Burgh, Lady, see Vaughan, Frances Burghley, Baron, see Cecil,William Burlamachi, Philip (d. 1644); chief royal creditor of Italian origin; merchant in London 456 n.53, 460 n.74 Burley-on-the-Hill, see Harington-Burley Burlington Bay (bay in the parish of East Riding in Yorkshire between Hornsea and Flamborough Head; its main port being Bridlington), see Bridlington Burnett,Thomas fl. 1598), provider of sugar candies at Linlithgow 23 Burntisland (town in Fife, Scotland, directly N of Edinburgh (across the Firth of Forth)) 23 Burroughs, Sir John (d.1627), military officer, governor of Frankenthal (1623), in English company at the siege of Breda (1625), Buckingham’s second-incommand (1627) 180,470 n.5 Bushell, Mr (n.d.), Palatine servant 211-12,441 n.i Butler, James (1610-88), 12th Earl (1634), ist Marquess (1642), and ist Duke (1661) of Ormond 376 Butler,Thomas fl. 1613), gunner 74-5 Butler,William (1535-1617), physician 63, 244, 457 n.6 Bye Plot 35 Byrd,William (1539x43-1623), composer 67, 68 (Fig. 7) Cadiz (port in SW Spain, subject of disastrous expedition led by Buckingham and Essex) 234, 238, 24i,247,252,3H,455 Ո.15 Caesar, Julius (100 вс-44 все), Roman general and statesman xxiv
522 INDEX Caesar [formerly Aldelmare], Sir Julius (bap. 1558, d. 1636), politician and judge, Chancellor of the Exchequer (1606-14); privy councillor (from 1607); master of the rolls (1614-36); commissioner for the treasury (1619-20) 92,109 Calais (French coastal town and port on the North Sea, 26 mi. from Dover in England) 216, 334 Calandrini, Philip (1587-1649), Charles’s financial intermediary, Burlamachi’s brother-in-law 239-40 Calderwood, David (1575-1650), historian 26 Calenberg, Prince of, see Ernst August of Brunswick-Lüneburg Callender, Earl of, see Livingston, James Calvert, Sir George (1579/80-1632), knt. (1617), ist Baron Baltimore in Ireland (1624); English politician and coloniser; King James’s envoy to the Palatinate (Mar.-July 1615); Secretary of State (1619-25) 109, 164, 177,180 Calvin,Jean (1509-64), theologian 50, 52, 191 Calvinism xxv, Map 4, 54, 76-7, 86, 105, 125, 133,136-7,148, 169, 191,202, 262, 283, 322, 421 n.25 Cambridge (university town in the east of England, 55 mi. N of London) 63, 81, 86, 127, 427 n.74 Cambridge, Earls of, see Hamilton, James; Hamilton, William Camerarius,Joachim (1602-87), son of Ludwig; law student in Leiden (1623); page and secretary to Gustavus Adolphus, to Oxenstierna (after 1623); member secret council Sweden (1637) and Palatinate (1645) 391 Camerarius, Ludwig (1573-1651), member of Palatine council (from 1598), minister of Palatine foreign policy (1603-26), in Swedish diplomatic service (1626-41), Swedish ambassador in The Hague (1629-41) 121,137, 143,214,391,463 n.37 Camerarius, Mrs, see Pastoir, Anna Maria Modesta
Campbell, Archibald (1605-61), Lord Lorne (until 1638), 8th Earl of Argyll (1638), Marquess ofArgyll (1641), nobleman and politician 377-8 Campion,Thomas (1567-1620), poet and musician; The Lords’ Masque 83-4 Canterbury (cathedral city in Kent, SE England) Map 1,91-2 Canterbury, Archbishop of, see Laud, William Caracciolo,Tommaso (1572-1631), general of Italian origin, leader of Spanish forces 173 Carbisdale (area in Scotland north of Inverness) 379 Cardell, Francis (d.1606), son ofThomas, dancing master to Elizabeth (1604-6) 38 Cardell,Thomas (d.1621), lutenist and dancing master to Queen Elizabeth I and King James (1575-1621) 38 Carey, Elizabeth (1633-78), marriage (1657) to John Mordaunt, the later (1659) istViscount Mordaunt ofAvalon 398 Carey,John (d. 1617), 3rd Baron Hunsdon (1603-17), nobleman, chamberlain of Berwick (from 1585) 416 п.21 Carey, Philadelphia (c. 1552-1627), marriage (1584) to Sir Thomas Scrope, later (1592) Baron Scrope 27-8 Carey, Philadelphia (c. 1594-1655), marriage (1611) to Sir Thomas Wharton (r. 1588-1622) 191 Caribbean 311, 313 Carisbrooke Castle (castle on the Isle of Wight, S of Portsmouth, England) 182, 372 Carleton, Lady Anne, see Gerard, Anne Carleton, Sir Dudley (1573-1632), Baron Carleton of Imbercourt (May
INDEX 1626),Viscount Dorchester (July 1628); secretary to agent Winwood (1600-3), and țo Ambassador Parry (1602-6) in France; dual Stuart ambassador in Venice (Apr. 1610-N0V. 1615) and Savoy (Oct.1614-5); Stuart ambassador in The Hague (1616-26; brief return to London in July 1618 and June 1625; return to England with Buckingham in 1626; June 1627 (though appointed as early as Nov. 1626)- June 1628), ambassador extraordinary to France (Dec. 1625-Apr. 1626; July-Oct. 1626); vice-chamberlain (1625-8); chief secretary of state (1628-32) gives pets to Elizabeth 9, 118—19, 166, 179; as controller of Northumberland’s household 30; as ambassador to Venice 9, 52, 70, and his secretary Wake 71; return from Venice to England via Heidelberg 119; appointed as ambassador to The Hague 131; as art broker 131, 165-6, 207,251; and the Bohemian Crown 131, 134, 137-8, 146; and military might for the Palatine cause 140, 146, 173, 200, 205,214-16, 227, 240; Elizabeth’s flight after White Mountain 152—3, 156; welcomes and watches over Frederick and Elizabeth in exile 156,159-61, 165, 200, 211-13,221, 258; feasts in The Hague 156, 194-7; trip to Amsterdam 163-5; and Lady Bedford 167,183-4,191; as intermediary with Elizabeth 179, 184, 186,191,225, 227, 236, 454 n.3; and the provostship of Eton 185—6; ladies-in-waiting arriving in The Hague 191-2, 217, 219; end of the Spanish Match 192, 203, 205; close relationship with Elizabeth 211, 244, 246, 286; and Frederick 52Յ Henry of Nassau’s marriage 218-19; recommends Huygens for the position of secretary 221; King James’s death and Charles s succession
225; and Buckingham 225, 233, 236, 246; his newly married niece is widowed 226; as Dudley Carleton’s uncle 244, 246; appointed as vice chamberlain 246; death of his first wife 261; his second wife 261; death of 286 Carleton, Sir Dudley (d. 1654), nephew of Dorchester; secretary to Dorchester (after c.1622); chargé d’affaires in The Hague (Dec. 1625-Feb. 1628), agent, then resident ambassador in The Hague (Feb. 1628-N0V. 1632) and Lady Bedford 184; and the Palatine-Bavarian Match 201; reports Mansfelds arrival at the Stuart court 204; and Elizabeth’s health 244; as diplomat in The Hague 246; attempts to seize his uncle’s library and papers 286 Carlisle, Countess of, see Percy, Lucy Carlisle, Earl of, see Hay, Sir James Carr, Robert (c. 1587-1645),Viscount Rochester (1611), ist Earl of Somerset (1613); Secretary of State (1612-14); Lord Chamberlain (1614-15); Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (1614-15); Lord Privy Seal (1614-16) 96, 429 n.24, 430 n.53 Carré, Monsieur fl. 1655), French preacher in The Hague 388 Carrick, Earl of, see Stewart, John Cartignano, Count of, see Ruffia, Claudio di Casale, Hyacinth (Giacinto) of, Father (1575-1627), Capuchin; nuncio extraordinary in Germany (1621-4) 202 Castle,John (n.d.), newswriter 329 Castruccio (1281-1328), duke of Lucca 356
524 INDEX Catalonia (province in south east of Spain, capital Barcelona) 331 Catesby, Anne, see Throckmorton, Anne Catesby, Robert (1572-1605), conspirator 40—1 Catharina of Brandenburg (1602-44), sister of George William, Elector of Brandenburg; first marriage (1626) to Bethlen Gabor, Prince ofTransylvania; succeeded her husband as ruler ofTransylvania (1629), abdicated (1630); second marriage (1639) to Franz Karl, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 481 n.64 Catharina Belgica of Nassau (1578-1648), marriage (1596) to the Count of Hanau-Münzenberg; mother of Amalie Elisabeth, Landgravine of Hesse 13 Catherine ofAragon (1485-1536), first marriage (1501) to Arthur, Prince ofWales, second marriage (1509) to Henry ѴШ; Queen of England as HenryVIIIs first wife (1509-ЗЗ) 73 Catherine Sofie (1595-1626), sister of Frederick 188 Catholic League 13, 53, 77,142,147, 172, 264 Catholicism, and fear of 22-6,29, 35, 40, 43 45, 50-2, 55, 60, 74-7, 86, 136, 184,259, зи, 318,338,359-60, 395, 396,417 n.44,421 n.25, 484 n.54 Caus, Esther de, see Picart, Esther Caus, Salomon de ķ. 1176-1626), architect and engineer 100, no-12, 166, 431 n.ii Cave, Eleanor (d. 1675), first marriage (1610) to Sir George Beeston (1573-1611); second marriage (1614) to Sir Thomas Roe 9, 179,355 Cave, Sir Richard (d. 1645), military service in the States’ army as captain (before 1636), Palatine agent at the Stuart court (Oct. i635֊c.June 1638; Sept. 1638-Feb. 1639; Aug. 1640), at the French court (May-July 1640); member of the Long Parliament (Aug. 1641-Aug. 1642) 283, 326, 328, 330 Cavendish, Lady, see Ogle, Catherine Cecil,
Baron, see Cecil, Robert Cecil, Lady Diana (1596-1654), daughter ofThomas Cecil, 2nd Earl of Exeter; marriage (1624) to Henry de Vere, Earl of Oxford 208, 226 Cecil, Edward (1572-1638), istViscount Wimbledon (1625); colonel in States’ army of the first English regiment (1605-31) 142,191, 233-5,252,258,455 Ո.15 Cecil, Elizabeth (1578-1646), first marriage (early 1590s) to Sir William Hatton (d. 1597); second marriage (1598) to Sir Edward Coke 191 Cecil, Robert (1563-1612), Baron Cecil (1603),Viscount Cranborne (1604), ist Earl of Salisbury (1605); statesman, spymaster, Secretary of State (1590-1612); Lord Privy Seal (1598-1608); Lord High Treasurer (1608-12) 17-18,20-1,35-6,40-1, 51,71,280 Cecil,William (1520-98), ist Baron Burghley (1571); Secretary of State (1550-53; 1558-72); Lord Privy Seal (1571-2; 1590-98); Lord High Treasurer (1572-98) 20,22, 28 Cecylia Renate of Austria (1611-44), daughter of Emperor Ferdinand II and Maria Anna of Bavaria; marriage (1637) to Wladislaw IV, King of Poland 314 Celadon, literary character in Honoré D’Urfé’s ĽAstrée (pastoral novel published between 1607-27) 254 Cervantes, Miguel de (1547-1616), Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright 174; Don Quixote 174,182, 311, 396 České Budějovice, see Budweis Chaillot (area of Paris, France) 396 Chamberlain John (1553-1628), letter writer 62,70-2,82,91,118,457 n.6
INDEX Chapman,Alexander (d. 1629),Elizabeths chaplain in Heidelberg (1613-20) 99,429 п.39,470 n.7 Chapman, George (c. 1599-1634), author; The First Part of the Knaves 85; The Memorable Masque of the Middle Temple and Lincoln’s Inn 8s; The Widow’s Tears 85 Charles I (1600-49), brother of Elizabeth; King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-49) birth of 23; his journey from Scotland to England as a child 27,42; and the Gunpowder Plot 42; and the Spanish Match 76, 83; as Elizabeth’s brother 1-2, 6, 13, 27, 120; and theatre 8, 72, 85, 182; health of 27-8, 63, 67, 76, 126; Gunpowder Plot 42; as Henry’s chief mourner 64; Palatine wedding 83 (Fig. 10), 88; his farewell to Frederick and Elizabeth 91; Carleton as his vice-chamberlain 246; Chocqueux as his royal surgeon 407; and the Bohemian crown 131-2, 143, 223; and his nephew Charles Louis as godfather to її8; cancels contribution for Palatinate 285, 287, 294; Charles Louis’s investiture 299; Charles Louis’s visits to England 299, 310—11, 333,348,441 n.23;andthe Hessian army 310; offers Charles Louis a fleet 311, 313; supports Charles Louis’s Palatine army financially 317; and the Danes and The Hague Alliance 237, 241; support for Christian IV 237—9, 241, 246—8,260, 328; pawning of jewels 239,241, 244, 345—6; inheritance Danish grandmother 294,465 n.3; Christian IV acts as mediator in Ratisbon 334; and the Dutch his daughter’s marriage to William II 331-2, 341; and Electoral meetings, conventions, and Imperial Diet Taylor’s embassy to Vienna 299, 525 326; Arundel’s embassy to Vienna 300-3, 306-9, 309 (Fig. ՅՅ), 316, 324; Peace
of Prague 302; Roe ends his ambassadorial mission 349; Imperial Diet at Ratisbon and Vienna 336; and relations with Elizabeth receives a watch from Elizabeth 166; sends Elizabeth a lock of his hair 193 (Fig. 15), 230, Elizabeth rumoured to wear his hair in a ring 410; could never compete with Henry 201; Mansfeld’s expedition 204—5, 225—6, 232; Elizabeth’s belief in a warlike 201,220,223,261,380; and the Palatine-Villiers match 236; Elizabeth writes about Brunswick to 243; exchange of portraits 250—1, 254, 459 n.58; reaction to Frederick’s death 271, 273; invites Elizabeth to return to England 272—4, 277-80, 284, 288; Nethersole’s case 285,287-8,290-4,297; attempts to seize Elizabeth’s papers 286; Elizabeth’s pensions 264, 318—19, 321, 342, 352, 384,402; Rupert returns to the Stuart court 338; matches for Elizabeth’s children 354, 358; and the French his marriage 222, 234, 329, 345, childless 254, and the birth of his son Charles 261, 263; and the French protection 295; the Franco-Stuart war, end of 260, 264; Franco-Stuart treaty (never ratified) 309 (Fig. 33), 314, 324; and Charles Louis’s arrest 327 and the Spanish Spanish Match 83,103,140,160, 182-7,192-3,198,201,204, 206-7, 222, 344—5, 448 n.75; war with Spain 202-4, 223, 295-6; naval attacks 232֊3;Treaty of Southampton 234; truce with Spain 261-4,266,284,351,355; and treaty at Brussels xxv, 266, 301, 306-7, 324-7; attempts to negotiate a Spanish match for
52Ó INDEX Charles I (1600-49). (cont.) daughter Mary 331,341 Stuart kingdoms as heir 19, 63, 67, 76, 88, 91-2,126,183,185-6, 198, 202, 206, 220; religion 88, 184,299, 322-3, 329-30, 359; coronation of 222-3, 224 (Fig. 19); relationship with his favourite Buckingham 236,246, 249,260, 345, 404; ‘Personal Rule’ 13,263; relations with Laud 295—6, 298-9, 310, 321, 329-30; and the First Bishops’War 317—18,322—3, 326, 328, 344; Scottish coronation 322; and the Second Bishops’ War 323, 326, 328-9, 344; Short Parliament 328; Strafford’s trial and execution 330, 334;John Pym 333, ՅՅ8; his manifesto advocating the Palatine cause ՅՅ4—5, 337, Յ49; Scottish parliament 335-6; Irish rebellion 336; imprisonment of 182, 372; and Civil Wars viii, 338, 341, 344, 346—53, 360-2, 370; execution of 120, 372-3, 375, 380, 384, 386, 398,400,408,410; and the Swedes the Hamilton levy 263; Stuart-Vasa alliance 265, 309, 328; recapture of the Palatinate 264, 267, 289,294-5; Heilbronn League 285; recommends nephew Maurice for position in Swedish army 349 Charles II (1630-85), Prince ofWales; King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1660-85) birth of 261,263; Amalia rejects, for her daughter Louise Henrietta 357; in The Hague 371-2,375-6, 401 (Fig. 40); and the Covenanters 375-8; and Montrose 376—9; at Breda 376-7, 379; moves to Saint Germain 377; and parliament 383; and the Battle ofWorcester 387, 390; restoration 399-400; uneasy relationship with Elizabeth 380,402,404—5; Elizabeth’s debts 410; Elizabeth intends to marry her daughter Sophia to 380; and theatrical entertainments 372, 387, 389; and First
Anglo-Dutch War 388; in Brussels 388, 398; Elizabeth dines with 400,401 (Fig. 40) Charles II of Lorraine (1596-1657), 2nd Duke of Elbeuf (1605); French nobleman 359 Charles IV (1604-75), Duke of Lorraine (1624); driven into exile (1633); Habsburgs service (1633-54) 24°, 324, 383, 396 Charles V (1500-58), Lord of the Netherlands (1506-55), King of Spain (1516-56), Holy Roman Emperor (1519-56), Archduke of Austria (1519-21) 51 Charles Emmanuel I (1562-1630), Duke of Savoy (1580-1630) 49-51,63, 124, 126,170, 240 Charles Louis (1618-80), Prince Palatine of the Rhine, son of Frederick and Elizabeth; Elector Palatine of the Rhine (1632) personal, familial matters birth of 118,127, 374; in the care of Frederick’s family 132,188; brought to Leiden, the Prinsenhof 189-90; and Elizabeth’s chaplain Johnson 322; matchmaking for his siblings 354, 358; his brother Edward’s conversion 359—60; his brother Philip’s murderous act 364—5; his sister Louise Hollandine 381 (Fig. 38); and marriage Mary Stuart and William II 330-1,333; his own marriage 386, 394—5, 399; fatherhood 7, 399; military matters military training of 190, 280, 315; as dedicatee of Monro’s military account 227; and the Hessian army 310-11, 315 (Fig. 35), 316; Meppen 316-17; conjunction with LieutenantGeneral King 317-18,469 n.94; Osnabrück 317; Alexander Leslie 317; Battle ofVlotho
INDEX 318—19; France the French protection 289; Franco-Stuart treaty 309, 326—7; Bernardines po, 327—8; arrest of, by France 326—8; and his restricted liberty 329; and his full liberty, buying watches before returning home 166, 329; in England and Scotland at the Stuart court 299—301, 310—и, 313; plea to place him at the head of an army 289, 300, 308-10, 349; Charles promises him a fleet to attack Spanish colonies 311, 313; return to the Republic, at the siege ofBreda 315; and his uncle Charles I 273, return to the Stuart court once released by the French 333; on the advent of the Civil Wars 334-5, 338, 346-8, pawns his diamond garter 348, and his return to The Hague in 16142 348-51,475 n.33; his return to England in 1644 356; diplomacy Hamburg conference 324; Gerbier’s parallel negotiations 324, 328; and Charles’s manifesto 335, 349, 472 n.67; Imperial Diet in Ratisbon andVienna 336, 349; and Electoral title signature of xxiv; archive of 3 ; as eldest surviving son, heir to 253,298; Elizabeth as regent of, during his minority 272-3,276, 298, and during his imprisonment by the French 348; Elizabeth as political advisor of, during his majority 8, 349, 388,392; Palatine administrator during his minority 287; his investiture 299, 303, 305 (Fig. 32), 441 n.23; Imperial ban 301; partial restitution 301, 373—5, 385; Electoral dignity 301, 306, 318, 325, 385, 398; vicarie 313; Peace of Prague 302; Peace ofWestphalia 356, 373-5, 384; return to Heidelberg 380, 390, 392; relationship with Elizabeth 527 post-Westphalia 8, 382, 385, 398, 400, 402—7; attempts to claim inheritance, his
mother s possessions 382,393,402,404-5, 481 n.42, see also 3 ; Elizabeth’s jointure 11,384,390—1; Elizabeth’s debts 390—3, 403; and inheritance 409 Charles Stuart, see Charles II Charlotte (1628-31), Princess Palatine of the Rhine, daughter of Frederick and Elizabeth 6,251,263 Charlotte Brabantina (1580-1631), daughter ofWilliam I of Nassau and Charlotte de Bourbon; marriage (1598) to Claude de La Tremolile (d.1604), Duke of Thouars; mother of Charlotte de La Trémo ille, Lady Strange ιοί, 220, 250, 439 п.61 Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel (1627-86), daughter of the Landgrave and Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel, Wilhelm V and Amalie Elisabeth; marriage (Feb. 1650) to Elizabeth’s son Charles Louis 386, 394 Cheapside (street in the City of London, near to St. Paul’s Cathedral) 63, 197 Chichester, Baron Arthur (1563-1625); lord deputy of Ireland (1605-16); Stuart ambassador extraordinary to Heidelberg (Feb.-Nov. 1622), via The Hague (May 1622) 154, 173-5, 178 Chichester, Lady, see Perrot, Letitia Chimay, Prince of, see Ligne, Karel van Choqueux, Antoine (n.d.), surgeon-inordinaire to Charles I (1645) and Rupert (1667), secretary to Rupert 407-8 Christian I (1568-1630), Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg (1603); Frederick’s Calvinist advisor, under Imperial ban (1621), in exile in Sweden and Denmark (1621-3), return to his German principality (1624) 103, 105, in, 147-9, 170, 430 n.65
528 INDEX Christian II (1599-1656), Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg (1630), son of the above 148, 438 n.44 Christian II (1583-1611), Elector of Saxony (1591-1611) 54 Christian IV (1577-1648), King of Denmark-Norway (1588, personal rule from 1596); Elizabeth’s maternal uncle: his visit to the Stuart court 13, 61, 126,150, 155,172, 235, 237-9,241, 244-9,259,262,294, 32Ó, 328, 334,346,434 п.16,456 n.52, 471 n.30 Christian of Brunswick (1599-1626), administrator of the Catholic bishopric of Halberstadt (1616); brother of Sophia Hedwig; in Dutch (1620, 1622), Palatine (1621-2,1623-5) and Danish (1625-6) military service as Elizabeth’s first cousin 13, 168, 216, 243; as Elizabeth’s devotee 169, 177-8,194 (Fig. 16), 238; godfather to Louise Hollandine 173; infatuation with Amalia 217-18; desirous to raise a cavalry army for Frederick 168-70; the 1621/2 campaign to the Palatinate 172-4; his relations with Mansfeld 172—5, 205, and the Battle of Höchst 173-4; siege of Bergen-op-Zoom 175; Battle of Fleurus 176; amputation of his arm 176—8, 445 n.i; and the Emperor s pardon 181-2; Battle of Stadtlohn, and the 1623 campaign 199-200; wish to serve Elizabeth’s father 200,205; and advance on Breda, leads French cavalry 216, 237 joins Christian IV 237; death of 243-4 Christina (1626-89), daughter of Gustavus Adolphus and Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg; Queen of Sweden (1632, personal rule from 1644), abdicated (1654, in favour of cousin Charles Gustav) 349, 395 Chropin (Moravia) 141 cipher code xxiii, 4, 36, 51, 59,115, 143, 181,184, 203, 209, 229, 232, 249, 261, 266, 325, 328, 336, 338, 346,
373,380,475 n.25,480 n.35 cipher jewels 259—60, 460 n.77 Cirencester (town in Gloucestershire, England, 80 miles west of London) 353 Claeszoon, Cornelis (/?. 1629), Dutch skipper 253 Clarendon, Earl of, see Hyde, Edward Cleopatra (69 BCE-30 все), last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom ofEgypt 382 Cietcher,Thomas (1598-1668), jeweller 259, 344-5, 358, 391 Cleves (Rhineland city and duchy bordering on the Dutch province of Gelderland) Map 2, 54-5, 77, 102,105-6, 156,209, 238, 358,364 Clifford, Anne (1590-1676), first marriage (1609) to Richard Sackville, Lord Buckhurst, shortly thereafter (1609) 3rd Earl of Dorset; second marriage (1630) to Philip Herbert, ist Earl of Montgomery and 4th Earl of Pembroke 30, 36,73 Clouet, François (c 1520-72), painter 426 n.48 Cobham, Lord, see Brooke, Henry Cobham Hall (Manor house in Kent, 6 mi. SW of Chatham) 37 cockfighting 66,423 n.79 Cockpit-at-Court 66, 423 n.79 Cockpit Theatre (London) 423 n.79 Coignet de la Thuillerie, Baron Gaspard (d.1653), French ambassador in The Hague (1640-8) 363 Coke, Sir Edward (1552-1634), legal writer, lawyer, and politician; chiefjustice of the common pleas (1606-16); lord chiefjustice (1613-16) 61
INDEX Coke, Frances (1602-45), daughter of Sir Edward Coke and Lady Hatton, marriage (1617) to, separated from (1621) Sir John Villiers, ist Viscount Purbeck 191 Coke, Lady, see Cecil, Edward Coke, Sir John (1563-1644; knt. 1624), English lord privy seal (1625-8); Secretary of State (1625-40) 271-2, 279, 285, 287-90, 292,299 Coke, Roger (c. 1628-1703), grandson of Sir Edward Coke; writer 61 Collet, John (n.d.), seventeenth-century diarist 48,420 n.65 Cologne (Imperial Free City, part of the archbishopric of Cologne on the Rhine River, 15 mi. NW of Bonn) Map 2, 53, 58, 95, 250 Compiegne (town in France 50 mi. SE of Paris), treaty of 452 n.31 Condulmier, Domenico (n.d.), secretary to Contarmi 481 n.53 Constantinople (capital of Ottoman Empire) 9, 65,141,168, 178, 212,250 constitution, Imperial 53,125—6, 129,133, 139, 199, Зої, ЗИ Contarini, Alvise (1597-1651),Venetian ambassador to the Dutch Republic (1624-6), England (1626-9), France (Aug. 1629-32) 162, 223, 225, 232, 375, 377, 384 Contarini, Piero (n.d.),Venetian ambassador extraordinary in London (1617-18) 118 convents 188, 396 conversion, religious 23, 51-3, 77, 105, 184, 312, ՅԱ. ՅՅ8, 359-60, 362, 364, 394-6, 417 n.44,421 п.25, 484 n.54 Conway, Edward (c.1564-1631), ist Viscount Conway (1627), ist Viscount Killultagh (1627); MP for Penryn in the English parliament (1610-11); Stuart ambassador extraordinary to Germany with Sir Richard Weston (June 1620-Mar. 1621), 529 visit to Brussels (July 1620), Cologne (July- 12 Aug. 1620), Dresden (13 Aug.- 13 Oct. 1620), Prague and back to Dresden (14 Oct. — 17 Nov. 1620), Hamburg
(18. Nov. 1620 - 8 Feb. 1621), The Hague and Antwerp (Feb. 1621); Secretary of State (1623-8); MP for Evesham in the English parliament (1624); lord president of the council (1628-31) 142, 148-51,156, 195, 200-1, 203, 211—13, 215-16, 219-20, 225, 235, 249 Conway,Thomas (d. 1625), brother of Edward Conway, the Elder 213 Conway,Viscount, see Conway, Edward Coombe Abbey (in Warwickshire; the Haringtons’ estate since 1581; in the Craven family from 1622 to 1923) Map 1,28, 37, 39-40, 46 Cooper, Alexander (1609-60), miniature painter 444 n.93, see also Plate F. Cooper, Thomas (fl. 1626), author and vicar 41 Cooper,William (fl. 1640-81), clergyman, succeeds Johnson as Elizabeth’s chaplain (1644-8) 361, 470 n.7 Cordoba, Don Gonzalo Fernandez de (1585-1635), Spanish commander in Palatinate (іб2і֊з),іп Netherlands (1623-6), in war of Mantua (1626-30), in Palatinate (1632); governor of the duchy of Milan (1625-9) 171, 17З, 176 Cornwall, Duke of, see Edward VI Cornwallis, Lady, see Meautys, Jane Cornwallis, Sir William (c. 1576-1614), writer in coronations 18, 25, 55, 122, 132,134,136, 138, 172,222, 322, 402 Correr, Marc’Antonio (1570-1638), Venetian ambassador to the Stuart court (i6o8-n;July-Aug. 1626) 51 Coryate,Thomas (c. 1577-1617), English traveller and writer 86
530 INDEX Coster, Samuel (1579-1665), Dutch playwright 164 costume 77, 79-80, 85, 112, 302, 332, 387, 389, 426 п.43 Cottington, Sir Francis (1578-1652), ist Baron Cottington (1623); Stuart diplomat to Spain, as agent (Oct. 1609-Aug. i6n;Dec. 1615-Oct. 1622), as ambassador extraordinary (July 1629-Mar. 1631); secretary to Elizabeth’s brother Charles (1622); Chancellor of the Exchequer (1629-42); commissioner for the treasury (Mar. 1635-Mar. 1636); master of the court of wards (1635-41) 376,466 η. 15 Cottrell, Sir Charles (1615-1701), Elizabeths steward (1652) 11, 384,441 n.23,481 n.55 Covenant, Covenanters 317, 323, 328-30, 335-6, 362, 370, 375-7, 379, 474 п.20 Coventry (cathedral city in Warwickshire, England, 95 mi. NW of London) Map I, 37, 41, 46 Cracht, Pieter de (fl. 1648-62), tapestry maker 382 Cranborne,Viscount, see Cecil, Robert Cranfield,John (n.d.), slanderer of Elizabeth 197 Cranfield, Lionel (1575-1645), ist Earl of Middlesex (1622); Lord Treasurer (Sept. 1621-Apr. 1624) 205 Craven,William (1606-97), Baron Craven (1627),Viscount Craven of Uffington (1Ճ65), Earl of Craven (1665); imprisoned as colonel of Charles Louis’s Palatine army (Oct. 1638-r.July 1639) 3,287, 316, 318, 376, 391, 405-6, 409,411 Crichton, Helen (fl. 1598), possibly Lady Dunteren, mistress-nurse at Linlithgow 23 Crofts, Margaret (fl. 1623-37), sister of William, protégée of Lucy Percy Hay, Countess of Carlisle (before 1623), maid of honour to Elizabeth (1624-37), in England after dismissal from Elizabeth’s service (1637-?) 40, 219, 453 n.52,454-5 п.3,464 n.58 Crofts,William (d. 1677), Baron
Crofts of Saxham (1658) 192-3,219 Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658), Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (Dec.1653-Sept.1658) 361,370, 375-6, 378-9, 383, 386, 388, 392-3, 397-8,402,413 n.8 Cromwell, Richard (1626-1712), Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (Sept.ió58-May 1659) 398 Cromwell,Thomas (1588-1635), one of Mansfelds officers (1624-5) 216, 227, 229 Crossen (city on the W bank of the Oder) Map 3,153,264, 365 Crowe, Sackville (1595-1671), ist Baronet (1627),Treasurer of the Navy (1627-30) 239-40 Culemborch (municipality and city in the central Netherlands, entirely enclosed by walls and canals; its castle stood outside the city) Map 2,200,208 Culemborch, Count of, see Pallandt, Floris II van Culemborch, Countess of, see Bergh, Catharina van den Culpeper, Nicholas (1616-54), botanist, herbalist, physician, astrologer 69, 392,417 n.54 Cumberland, Duke of, see Rupert Cunningham, James (1552-1630), 7th Earl of Glencairn (1580) 26 Cunningham,Thomas (n.d.), diplomat 352 Cupid 302, 332 Cure, Cornelius (d. 1607), English-born sculptor of Dutch parentage 17 Cure, William (d. 1632), son of the above 17 curiosities (cabinet of) 39, 69, 165-6, 168, 229 Curtius, Sir William (fl. 163OS-7OS), secretary to Vane (May 1631-Nov. 1632), Charles Is agent to
INDEX Sweden (Oct. 1632-Dec. 1633), to German princes (Oct. 1632-Dec. 1633; Sept. 1639-40), in Palatine service (c. 1634-38/9), Charles Louis’s secretary (ճ.1635-7); Charles Louis’s envoy to the Landgravine of Hesse (Jan. 1639); Charles Is agent to the Imperial Diet (1640-1) 3, 86,407,409,485 n.26 Gusanee, Beatrix de (1614-63), marriage (1637) to Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine, who was already married (since 1621) to Nicole of Lorraine 395-6 Dalkeith (town in Scotland, 7 mi. S of Edinburgh) 23 Dallison, Sir Robert (c. 1562-1620), Lieutenant of His Majesty’s Ordnance 85 Daniel, Samuel (1562/3-1619), poet and historian; Tethys’ Festival 79, 195 Darcie, Abraham (fl. 1625), author 224 (Fig. 19) Darnley, Lord, see Stuart, Henry Dathenus, Peter (bap.1566, d. 1642?), Palatine secretary 282—3, 297 Dathenus, Petrus (1532-88), father of the above 283 Dauphin, the (heir apparent to the throne of France) 31,59 Davenant, Sir William (1608-68), English poet, playwright, theatre manager; The Witts 405; The Siege of Rhodes 405, 468 n.72 debts 85,92, 103-4, 109, 117, 179, շ4շ, 258-9, 263, 294, 384, 390-3,400, 402-3,410-11,441 n.23, 454 n.64, 460 n.74, 471 n.24, 474 n.7, 483 n.36 dedications 38, 41, 55, 67, 78, 86, in, 166, 212,227, 243, 355, 364, 395, 420 n.64,4շ5 n.31 deer 30-1,33 (Fig. 3), 40, 51,65,74, 76, loi, 151, 381, see also hunting defenestrations 122—5 Delff, Willem Jacobszoon (1580-1638), Dutch print artist, painter 193 (Fig- И) SSI Delft (city in the province of South Holland) Map 2, 94, 213, 253,403 Della Rota, Francesco, see Hales, Alexander von Denbigh, Earl of, see Feilding,
William Den Bosch, see ’s-Hertogenbosch Denmark-Norway, King of, see Christian IV Derby, Countess of, see La Tremolile, Charlotte de Descartes, René (1596-1650), philosopher 10,120, 189, 364-5 Desdemona, character in Shakespeare’s play Othello 411,487 η.10 Dessau (city in Germany, 78 mi. SW of Berlin) Map 4, 240 Deuxponts, see Zweibrücken Devereux, Penelope (1563-1607), sister of the 2nd Earl of Essex, first marriage (since 1581) to Robert Rich, later ist Earl ofWarwick, divorced 1605; second (secret) marriage (1605) to Charles Blount (1563-1606), ist Earl of Devonshire 27-8, 417 η.57 Devereux, Robert (1565-1601), 2nd Earl of Essex (1576) 18 Devereux, Robert (1591-1646), Baron Bourchier (1603),Viscount Hereford (1603), 3rd Earl of Essex (1603) 142,208,233,245, շ53,348 Devonshire, Countess of, see Devereux, Penelope D’Ewes, Sir Simonds (1602-50), Baron d’Ewes (1641), antiquary 335 diamonds 12, 43, 60, 82, 84, 94, 125, 162, 167-8, 193,207, 230,259, 345, 348, 391-2,403,409,414 n.36 Diana (goddess) 74—6, 94, 101,276, 399, 425 n.31,458-9 n.44 Diets, Imperial 53, 334՜7, 349 Dieussart, François (c. 1600-61),Walloon sculptor 336 Digby, Baron, see Digby, John Digby, George (1612-77), 2nd Earl of Bristol (1653/4), son °F John 341-2,347
532 INDEX Digby,John (1580-1653), knt. (1607); Baron Digby (Nov. 1618), ist Earl of Bristol (1622); Stuart ambassador to Spain (Oct. 1610-July 1616; May 1617- May 1618; Feb. 1622-Apr. 1624), ambassador extraordinary to the Emperor (May-Nov. 1621), visit to Heidelberg (Oct. 1621) 59, 102, 154, 165, 171 Digby, Sir Kenelm (1603-65), natural philosopher and courtier 8, 330, 409, 466 п.15 Digby, Simon (fl. 1620-40S), King James’s resident ambassador in Vienna (May 1621-Dec. 1622) 154 Dingley,Thomas (/1.1643), letter writer 352 Dinley, Sir John (/Ï.1620S-60S), knt. (after Aug. 1637);Wotton’s assistant secretary (1621-3); servant to Elizabeth (1624); tutor to Rupert at Leiden (from c. Mar. 1625); secretary of internal affairs to Elizabeth (c. Nov. 1632-51) 190-1, 283-4, 292-3, 297, 321-2, 447 n.5 8,465 n.79 Diodati,Theodore (1573-1651), physician, language teacher 67 disguises 63, 172, 182—3, 343, 37і, 461 п.103 Dohna, Baron Achatius von (1581-1647); in Frederick’s council (1606-10), diplomat, Frederick’s envoy to the Stuart court (i6i9֊Feb.i62i) and Denmark (1623) 124, 233 Dohna, Baron Christoph von (1583-1637), brother of Achatius and Diederik; grand tour through Italy (1600-Aug. 1601) and France (1604-6) with Achatius; in uncle Fabian’s diplomatic corps to Ratisbon Prussia (1603); in Anhalt’s diplomatic corps to France (June 1606 —Oct. 1607); sent by Anhalt as agent of the Protestant Union to Venice (July-Aug. 1608) and with Achatius to Paris, The Hague, and the Stuart court (1609) and again alone to Paris (July-Dec. 1609; Feb. 1610; June 1610; Jan.-Mar. 1612; Mar.-May
1615),The Hague (May 1610; June 1615), Bohemia (r. mid 1612), and Prussia (mid. 1612; Feb. 1Ó13); escorts Anhalt’s son to Italy (1613-mid. 1614); in Frederick’s council (Mar. 1615-24); Frederick’s envoy to the Stuart court (Jan.-Feb. 1619; Sept.-Oct. 1619); marriage (Mar. 1620) to Ursula Solms-Braunfels, a sister ofAmalia; evacuates Elizabeth to Kiistrin and Spandau, near Berlin (1621); governor of principality of Orange (1629-37) 131-2,137, UO Dohna, Baron Dietrich von (1580-1620), brother of Achatius and Christoph; military service as lieutenant in the States’ army (1597-1609), in service of Brandenburg (1610-5); followed Wittgenstein to France to assist the Prince of Condé (1615); in Frederick’s service (c. 1616-20) 144 Dohna, Baroness von, see Ursula Dohna, Burgrave Friedrich von (1621-88), first son of Christoph and Ursula von Dohna 155 dogs 6-9, 33 (Fig. 3), 57,65-6,74-5,118, 166,216,276, 381,423 п.81, 474 п.15; see also Apollo; Babler; Boye; Johnson, Sampson; St John, Oliver; Strickland, Walter Dolbier,Johan (d. 1648), German merchant and financer of Frederick; in Mansfelds service (until 1626); in Buckingham’s service as muster agent in the Low Countries (from May 1627); in Swedish service (c. 1630-2) 229 Domenico à Jesu Maria (і559-!бзо), Spanish monk 148 Donauwörth (Imperial Free City) 52-З, 55 Doncaster, Viscount, see Hay, Sir James
INDEX Donne, John (1572-1632), English poet, ordained (1615) 84, 87, in, 127-8, 407 Dorchester,Viscount, see Carleton, Sir Dudley Dorchester,Viscountess, see Glemham, Anne Dordrecht (city and municipality in the province of South Holland, bordered by various rivers) Map 2, 94, 377 Dordt, see Dordrecht Dorislaus, Isaac (1595-1649), diplomat 383 Dorp. Dorothea van (1592?-1657?), lover of Constantijn Huygens 218 Dorset, Countess of, see Clifford, Anne Dorset, Earls of, see Sackville, Edward; Sackville, Richard Dortmund (Imperial Free City, 30 mi. S of Minister), treaty of 54 Douglas, Agnes (1574-1607), marriage (1592) 7th Earl of Argyll 19 Douglas,James (c. 1516-81), 4th Earl of Morton (1553-81), regent of Scotland (1572-78) 21 Douglas,Thomas (n.d.), minister 417 n.39 D’Ouvily, Baron, see Gerbier, Sir Balthazar Dover (coastal town and port in Kent, SE England) Map I, 60, 182, 214,338 dowry 21, 79—80, 85, 134, 180, 184, 234, 357, 358 Drake, Sir Francis (c. 1540-96), English sea captain 72 Drebbel, Cornelis (1572-1633), inventor 39,47 dress 2, 12, 31-2, 34, 39,43—4, 47, 61, 73, 81-3, 104, 109, 140, 190, 230, 282, 302, ՅԱ, ՅՅ2, 365, 372, 387, 393,395 Drury Lane (street in London near Covent Garden, home to many theatres) Map 1,405,423 n.79 Dudley, Anne, see Sutton, Anne Dudley, Elizabeth (1599-1.1662), daughter of one Hans Dudley; Scottish lady-in-waiting to Ehzabeth (1613-after 1646); marriage 533 (Apr. 1622) to the Count of Löwenstein-Scharffeneck (d.June 1622); promoted to first lady-inwaiting (1625) after marriage Amalia to Prince of Orange; Elizabeth calls her ‘my wise /
reverent widow’; at the Stuart court (June 1638-May 1639) 174, 229, 371,389, 392, Յ96,444 n-95 Dudley, Lady, see Harington, Theodasia Dudley, Lord, see Sutton, Edward Dudley, Robert (1532-88), ist Earl of Leicester (1564), favourite of Elizabeth I 40, 203, 392, 469 п.3 Du Faur, Guy (1529-84), Seigneur de Pibrac; French jurist and poet 190 Dunbar, Earl of, see Home, George Dunfermline, Earl of, see Seton, Alexander Dunfermline Palace, Scottish Royal Palace, given to Queen Anna in 1589 Map i, 19-20, 23-4 Dunkirk (port in Spanish Netherlands) 367, 369 Duns Law (ancient hill fort in the Scottish borders, 115 mi. W of Berwick-upon-Tweed) 323 Dunteren, Lady, see Chrichton, Helen Du Plessis, Armand Jean, see Plessis, Armand Jean du Durie, Dorothy, see King, Dorothy Durie,John (1596-1680), Scottish preacher and ecumenist 353, 361, 398, 476 n.62 Dyck, Sir Anthony van (1599-1641), Flemish artist, leading court painter 312 (Fig. 34), 315 (Fig- 35), 382 Dysart, Earl of, see Murray,William Earney, Thomas fi. 1642), Italian conspirator 343 East, Edward (1602-96), royal watchmaker and clockmaker 166
534 INDEX Edgehill (village between Radway and Kineton in Warwickshire, io mi. E of Stratford-upon-Avon); battle of (Oct. 1642) 349, 360 Edinburgh (capital of Scotland) Map 1, 21,26-7,85,91,98,323,379 Edmondes, Clement (c. 1568-1622), English government official 108 Edmondes, Sir Thomas (c. 1563-1639); Stuart diplomat to France, as secretary to Ambassadors Stafford and Unton (Sept. 1583-Apr. 1589; July 1591-June 1592; Nov. 1595-Mar. 1596), as chargé d’affaires (June 1592-Apr. 1596; Sept. 1597-June 1599), as special ambassador (Mar.-July 1597; June-Sept. 1601; June-Aug. 1602), as ambassador (Apr. lóio-Nov. 1617), and ambassador extraordinary (May 1629-Mar. 1630); knt. (1603) 41,79 education 10, 23, 25, 36, 38-9,45,48, 67, 86,190,202,353,359 Edward (1625-63), Prince Palatine of the Rhine, son of Frederick and Elizabeth xxiv, 211-13, 273, 303, 354, 359-60, 362, 364, 384, 394, 409 EdwardVI (1537-53), son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour; Prince of Wales (1537-47); Duke of Cornwall (1537-47); King of England and Ireland (1547-53) 29 Eglinton, Earl of, see Montgomery, Alexander Eisenmenger, Johann Christoph (1592-1663), physician 433 n.44 Elbe, River (river running from Bohemia, through the German states and into the North Sea) Map 3, Map 4, 150-1, 156, 247 Elbeuf, Duke of, see Charles II of Lorraine El Dorado (mythical city of gold then thought to be in Guyana) 37 Eleonore of Mantua (1598-1655), marriage (1622) to Ferdinand II 303 Elincx, Eva (c 1535-90), mistress of William the Silent 452 n.25 Eliot, Sir John (1592-1632),Vice-Admiral ofDevon 235 Elisabeth (1618-80), Princess
Palatine of the Rhine, daughter of Frederick and Elizabeth; abbess of Herford (1667-80) ίο-п, 119, 127,132, 155, 188-90, 303, 313-14, 327, ՅՅ2, 356, 364-5, 395,409, 433 n.47, 447 n.57, 470 n.16 Elisabeth of Denmark (1573-1626), sister of Elizabeths mother Anna of Denmark and mother of Sophia Hedwig and Christian of Brunswick; marriage (1590) to Duke Heinrich Julius of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1564-1613); regent of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1616-22) 151,154,181-2 Elisabeth of France (1602-44), marriage (1615) to the Prince ofAsturias, the future Philip IV; Queen consort of Spain (1621-44), and Portugal (1621-40) 56 Elisabeth-Charlotte (1652-1722), aka Liselotte, Princess Palatine of the Rhine, daughter of Charles Louis and Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel; marriage (1671) to Philippe I (1640-1701), Duke of Orléans 7-8 Elisabeth Friso (1620-8), daughter of the Count and Countess of NassauDietz 152 Elisabette Charlotte (1597-1660), sister of Frederick; marriage (1616) to George William, later (1619) Elector of Brandenburg 153, 155-6,188, 381 (Fig. 38) Elizabeth I (1533-1603), Queen of England, and Ireland (1558-1603), godmother of Elizabeth reinterment of 17—19; as the ‘Virgin Queen’ 18,22, 75; as Goddess Diana 75 ; as Elizabeth Stuart’s godmother 17, 19—22, 28, 32, 38, 43, 87-8, 145, 181, 187, 217, 228, 243, 302; and the English
INDEX succession 35; Elizabeth Stuart copies signature 38,217,228,396; Elizabeth Stuart imitates 40, 43—4, 283, 406; diamond chain of 43,193, 392; at Tilbury 72, 135; Elizabeth Stuart compared to 73-7, 86-8,135, 145, 186-7, 204, 243, 350,427 n.77; and the Spanish 93 ; and chequers ring of 443 n.56 Elizabeth ofAustria (1526-45), daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I, marriage (1543) to Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 51 Elizabeth ofHungary (1207-31), venerated Catholic saint 136 Elizabeth ofLorraine (1574-1635), marriage (1595) to cousin Maximilian I, later (1597) Duke of Bavaria 147 Elizabeth Stuart (1596-1662), marriage (1613) to Frederick, Elector Palatine, and sometime King of Bohemia PRINCESS Scotland Map 1; birth of 19-21; baptism of 19-21, 135; as ‘first daughter of Scotland’ 21; her ‘first breeding’ with the Livingstons, and Catholicism 22-5, 36, 51; the journey to London 27—9, 91, and her governess Lady Kildare 27-9, 34-7; Scottish servants 98-9, England: writing practice xxiv-xxv, 14, 34, 37-8, 67 (for the development of her hand, see also Plates B., E., G., H., I., K., and L.); language skills xxiii, xxiv, 45—8, 67,447 n.55; her relationship with Henry 27, 30-1,34,37,45-52,55-6,60, during his illness 63—4; and mourning for Henry 64-5, 67, 79-81, 120, 201; the Main and Bye plots 35—7; the Gunpowder Plot 40-3,46,55,59-60; Haringtons 29,31,36—43,47—8, 535 and death of Lord Harington 99; marriage proposals 25, 31, 48—53, 55—6, 59, 63, 70, 124; courtship, and Frederick’s reception in England 56-63; and the Palatine wedding 17—18,
37, 65; farewell gifts to courtiers at the Stuart court 66—7; vows de presenti 70—2; public solemnization and festivities 73, 76-86, 92, 112; as James’s heir 14, 19, 28, 42, 67, 69-70, 87-8, 103, 126-7, 184-7, 192 ELECTRESS Heidelberg Map 2, Map 3; progress to 57, 91—2,94—5, 97, Map 4;Jiilich-Berg and Cleves crises 102, 105—6; precedence issues 59—60, 96-9, 101,107—8, 114-15, 117,127-8, 134,231; relationship with mother-in-law Louise Juliana 96-7, 106-7; relationship with her husband’s master of the household, Schomberg 96—7, 104-7, ио, ИД 115-16; her husband’s melancholia 106—7, no; ladies in-waiting 98—9, 113-14, 117-18, 123, 126; chaplains 99; Hortus Palatínus 99—100, по-n; homesick in 117-20, 126; loss of 178, and the Bibliotheca Palatina 175; and the Palatinate in its entirety: Doncaster’s embassy 127—8; fight for, Sir Horace Vere’s campaign 141—2; Brunswick 169—70, 173—4, 176—8, 181,200, 205, 216, 218, 237, 243-4; Mansfeld 14, 170—6, 181,200, 204-5, 214, 230, 232, 237, 245; Protestant Union 170; loss of Mannheim 177; Electoral dignity 223-5, 385; collection for, in England 285, 287, 294; Peace of Prague 298, 301-2; Peace ofWestphalia 373,382 QUEEN Prague Map 4; defenestration 125; Bohemian rebellion and
53б INDEX Elizabeth Stuart (1596-1662). (cont.) election 124, 129-35; coronation 121-2, 134, 136; alone in 122; her rights of worship 136-7; female servants in 137, 140-1, 143, 372; refusal to leave the capital 144—7, 256; intends to inspect army 148, Battle of White Mountain 148-9; flight and exile Map 3, 149-56, 162; in exile and the Dutch: Map 2; Map 4; familial relations 13; the 1613 progress 92—5 ; arrival in exile 156,159; setting up of court in The Hague 159-66, 168, 196 (Fig. 17), 221-2; ladies-in waiting 166-7, 174, 191-2, 216-17, 219, 221, 246, 369, 371, 395—6; precedence issues 167; the Prinsenhof in Leiden 6, 10-11, 188-9 (Fig- 14), 190-1, 332, Plate J.; Stuart-Orange alliance 201,208; secretariat (and attack on) 3, 282-93,շ97; private chaplains 320—2, 361; Palazzo Renense 255-7, 381-2, 393-4; Breda 209, 212,215-16, 225—6, 228—30, 315; marriage of Frederick Henry and Amalia von Solms 217-21; Maurice of Nassau as suitor 49; Maurice as a ‘second father’ 209,220—1; Maurices death and funeral 212, 220—1, 237; rivalry with court of Frederick Henry and Amalia von Solms 230-1 (Fig. 21), 232, 257-8,275-7, 333, 354, 357-8, 366, 383, 387; siege of Bois-leDuc 255,258; marriage William II and Mary Stuart 330-2, 337-8; Mary Stuart’s court in The Hague 353-4, 383, 387; Henrietta Maria in The Hague 342—3, 347-8, and assassination attempt on Elizabeth 342-3; Peace ofWestphalia; Charles II in The Hague 388; cultural rivalry with Charles II s exiled court 387-9; First Anglo-Dutch War 2, 387-8 MOTHER children, see also Fig. 32: Frederick Henry, pregnancy 94-5, 101-2, birth of
102-3,118, childhood of 113-14, 116, 119, 135-6; progress of 143-4; Elizabeth receives touching letter of 152; Palatine-Imperial match 184-5, 199; PalatineBavarian match 199-202; Villiers-Palatine match 206—8, 236; places bed next to her when under the weather 252; drowns 252—3, 263; burial of 254; included in Honthorst painting Celadon andAstraea in the Garden of Love 254; Charles Louis birth of 118; with German relatives 132,188; reaches majority in England 299; detained at the Stuart court 299—300,310-11,313; wants him to gain military experience or even head an army 310, 315; his position as ImperialVicar 313, 392; crushed at Battle oŕVlotho/Lemgo; French capture 327, 348, and release 329; marriage William II and Mary Stuart 331; arguments over inheritance 393—4,404—5; match with Christina of Sweden 395, Elisabeth pregnancy 119; birth 119-20; with German relatives 132, 188; Elizabeth wishes to buy pearls for 155; Polish match 313—14; match with Bernard of SaxeWeimar 327; Descartes 10, 365, and arguments regarding Philip 365; travels to the Spanish Netherlands with her to see Christina of Sweden 395; Rupert pregnancy 120-1, 129; birth of 120, 122, 137, 155; baptism of 137-8; flight from Prague 145; detained at the Stuart court 299-300,311-13; fears conversion of 312, 318, 338, 360; wants him to gain military
INDEX experience 315; Battle of Vlotho/Lemgo, captured by Imperial forces 318; released 337—8; active military service for the Royalists 349—51, 353, 360, 377-8; match with Marguerite of Rohan 354; Maurice pregnancy 145, 151-4; birth of 154-5; with German relatives 156; active military service for the Royalists 349, 351-2; drowns 388; Louise Hollandine birth of 172—3; baptism of 172-3; the States of Holland and Brunswick as godfathers to 173; and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg 357—8; as an artist 10, 366 (Fig. 37), 397 (Fig. 39); alleged amorous relation with Count L’Espinay 363; Montrose hopes to win hand of 376; conversion of 394-6, 397 (Fig. 39); Louis pregnancy 186,188; birth of 189; colonel of the French guards 212; death of 6,212—13; burial of 213; included in Honthorst painting Celadon and Astraea in the Garden of Love 254; Edward birth of 211-12; baptism of 213; marriage Anne de Gonzaga 359; conversion of 359-60,362; Henriette pregnancy 240—1, 244; birth 240; baptism of 244—5; marriage to Transylvania 385; death of 385; Philip pregnancy 248; birth 248; murdering of her court favourite, Count L’Espinay 363—5; Charlotte birth of 251, 253, 263; death of 6, 263; Sophia birth of 263; match with Charles II 380; Hanoverian succession 1, 263; Gustavus Adolphus birth of 265; death of 332; grandchildren 1,7-8,386,399 WIDOW Frederick death of 271—3, 281, his memory 364; cult of 537 widowhood 281—2,284,315—16, 319; commissions posthumous portrait of her husband 274 (Fig. 26), and of herself as a widow 275 (Fig. 27); as regent 273, 276; declines invitations to return
to England, opts for voluntary exile 277-80, 288, 374; alleged amorous relation with Count L’Espinay 363 DIPLOMAT and Bethlen Gabor 137-8, 181, 240, 245-6, 358; and Brandenburg familial relations 155; finds refuge at, during flight 153-5; and Denmark familial relations 13, 151,154,181—2 (see also, Anna of Denmark), 237, 259֊6o;The Hague Alliance 235-7, 241, 244; recruits officers for Danish service 247—9; bond from her maternal grandmother 163, that grandmother’s inheritance 294; and France Franco-Stuart alliance 9, 244, 246; FrancoStuart war 248-9; French protection 295; Franco-Stuart treaty (never ratified) 310—11; Bernardines 327; Elizabeth berates the French as "Monsieurs’ 327, 329, 337; and Hesse familial relations with 13, 386-7; attempts to claim regiments of 294—5; Wilhelm V willing to fight for Charles Louis; and Charles Louis as leader of the Hessian army 316; and Poland 2,313-14, 395; and Saxony Elizabeth s distrust of 264, 373; Peace of Prague 298; and Spain familial relations 51; and the Armada 72—3, 135; threat of war in 1614 105—6; Spinola overruns Lower Palatinate 142-3, '46; and Frankenthal and Isabella Clara Eugenia 171—2,179—80, 192, 265—7; informs on Córdoba 176-7; Spanish Match 140, 160, 184-7, 192-5,
538 INDEX Elizabeth Stuart (1596-1662). (cont.) 198, 206-7, 209, 219, 222; Anglo-Spanish war 200—4, 232-3, 238, 260; truce with Spain 260—3; Cadiz 233—4, 238-9, 311; treaty at Brussels and Gerbier 325—6; Elizabeth calls the Spanish ‘the scurvie Dons’ 264; and the Stuart kingdoms her mother’s death 124-7, 4°3; and court favourite Buckingham 132, 225, 228, 232, 236, 241, 246—50; requests her father for military support in the Bohemian conflict 140; resents father because of lack of action 53,143, 146, 168, 178-9, 209, 211,223; Villiers’s armistice 168-70; her father’s death 219-21, 223, 224 (Fig. 19), 225; wedding Charles I and Henrietta Maria 222; Church of England and Laud 295-9, 319-22, 329, 334, 361; Bishops’Wars 318,328,330; Civil Wars (Wars of the Three Kingdoms) 2, 341-2, 346-52, 370-1, 374; Charles I’s execution 372-3, 380, 398,400; the Covenanters, Presbyterianism 375—89; Cromwell 397-8, 402; restoration of Charles II i, 399-400; return to 3,120,403—5; loses godson the Duke of Gloucester and niece Mary Stuart 401—2; and parliaments: the Addled Parliament 103; the 3rd English parliament of her father 160; the 4th English parliament of her father 201; her brothers parliament 335; Scottish parliament 335-6; and Sweden hopes Gustavus Adolphus enters war 237; enters war 261-6; Hamilton 264; and Frankenthal 272,285,294-5; compensation for war expenses 28, 294; hopes of a Stuart-Vasa alliance 309-10; and Venice 48; Electoral meetings, conventions, and Imperial Diet Taylors embassy 326;Arundel’s embassy 300-1, 306-9, 324; Hamburg 324, 334; Imperial Diet at Ratisbon 334,
336, and Vienna 337 THE ARTS portraits Peake 31,43-5; around the time of her wedding 81-2; and the Tudor Crown 187; Van Poelenburch 250, Honthorst 251, 254—5, 274, 302-3; Miereveldt 250; Bloemaert 250-1; display of jewellery 12, 84, 259—60; see also List of Figures xv-xviii; as literary patron 65, 67, 86, 111-12; and masques 77-80,104, in-12, Ī17,195-7, 388-9; plays 8, 62, 65-6, 72, 85, 371-2, 387, 389, 395, 399, 405, and other theatrical entertainments 113,164, 194, 387; collector cabinet of curiosities 69, 165-6, and menagerie 8-9,39,57,65,118, 166, 179, 382; library of 8, 175, 409; reader of Shakespeare 8; Jonson 8; and Bacon 238; love of prose romances 141,254 FINANCES accounting 25, 28-30, 34, 37-8, 64-7; receives pension for life after delivery of a male heir 103; Stuart Crown falls behind with payments of 241-2, 244,258-9, 284; allowances for the household, as set out in her marriage contract 104-5, io8;jewellery as financial resource 108-10, 138, 156, 162, 211,240, 345-6, 391—2, 403; Bohemian jointure gift 141; dowry 79-80,85,134; bond from her maternal grandmother 163; dower 300, Frankenthal 99, 177, 368, 384, 390-1 (see also Spain); Germersheim 101,173; buys an army 316-19, 324; parliament stops pension 352, 360 and reassesses 361 and stops 384;
INDEX Peace ofWestphalia n, 384, 391-3; and the States General 384, 390; debts to Honthorst 384; and the States of Holland 384, 390-1,403; parliament promises to pay debts at her nephew’s restoration 400,402-3 ; but debts remain 410; no inheritance from her mother 403 HEALTH protection against poison 69; melancholia around Bohemian election 132-3; sympathetic suffering 177, 271-2; melancholic after Brunswick’s death 244, 355; pleurisy 355—6; and exercise 355, (and the hunt 30, 65, 75-6, 95, 101,106, 113, 151, 240, 264, 402); shingles and stomach ailments 392; unable to stand for long periods at a time 399; frailty of 406; death of 406-7; autopsy of 407-8; funeral of 408; will of 409; papers and goods of 410-11 REPUTATION in historiography 130, see also Introduction i-14; Green’s biography of 4—6; Elizabeth I’s legacy 19, 75, 86-8,135-6,145, 180—i, 204,217,243, 406; as Diana, goddess of the hunt 74-6,94—5, 101,144, 276, 399,425 п.31, 458 n.44; soldiers devoted to their ‘Queen of Hearts’ 13-14,142, 160-1,169,176-8,182, 193-4, 226—7, 233, 238, 353; as the ‘Jewel of Europe’ 227,247,441 n.i5;as Queen Esther 275-6; character of 301,308,318,335,365,374-5 Elizabeth Stuart (1635-50), Princess, daughter of Charles I and Henrietta Maria 330-1, 379-80 Elphinstone, Alexander (1552-1638), Master Elphinstone (until 1602), 4th Lord Elphinstone (1603) 26 Elphinstone, Sir William (d. after 1641), secretary to Elizabeth (c. 1613-14) 114,283 539 Elsevier, Abraham (1592-1652), Dutch publisher 303, 467 n.44 embroidery 12-13,47,73, 81-2, 85, 230, 282,416 п.17 Emilia of Nassau (1569-1629), sister
of Maurice; marriage (1597) to Manuel I, Prince of Portugal Plate D., 94, 428 п.7 Emmerich (Cleves), Dutch occupation (1614-72) 167-9 Emperors, Holy Roman, see Charles V; Ferdinand II of Austria; Ferdinand III of Austria; Matthias; Rudolf II ofAustria Empress consorts, see Eleonore of Mantua; Maria Anna of Spain England, Kings of, see Charles I; Charles II; EdwardVI; George I; Henry VII; Henry VIII; James VI I;James II VII England, Queen (consorts) of, see Anna of Denmark; Boleyn, Anne; Catherine ofAragon; Elizabeth I; Henrietta Maria; Mary I Enkhuizen (Holland; West Friesland) 247 Eppelmann, Peter (1585-1648), Count of Holzapfel-Schaumber, the Greek form of which, Melander, he used as a name; general in the Hessian service (1633-40); commander in the Imperial army (1642-8) 294, 316 Erckenbrecht, Dieterich (d. 1642), secretary to FrederickV 463 n.37 Erlach, Hans Ludwig von (1595-1650), in Palatine military service (1618-23), io Swedish military service (1623-7), military director ofBerne (1627-37);joins Bernard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1637); Director of Bernardines (1639-50) 327 Ernest (1580-1626), Count ofMansfeld; military service in armies of Habsburgs (1594-1610), Protestant Union (tóro-17), Savoy (1617-18), FrederickV (1618-22); further Protestant armies (1622-6)
540 INDEX Ernest (1580-1626). (cont.) and the Bohemian conflict 124, 129, 140, 150, 170; and the Palatine cause 1621/2 160, 171-4,181, 212, 214; possible defection of 147, 170-1, 174-5; and the FrenchWars ofReligion 175; relations with Brunswick 173-4, 205; and the Battle of Höchst 173-4; siege of Bergen-opZoom 175; Battle of Fleurus 176,233; wishes to serve Elizabeth’s father 199-200; raises military support in France 204—5, 214, and at the Stuart court 204-5, 209—10, 214; and advance on Breda 14, 213, 215-16, 225-30, 232—3; and the aftermath of the failed expedition 226-7, 229-30, 232—4,joins Christian IV 237-9; intends to join up with Bethlen Gabor 245; death of 245 Ernst August of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1629-98), Duke of BrunswickLüneburg and Prince of Calenberg (1679), Elector of Hanover (1692) 403 Ernst Casimir (1573-1632), Count of Nassau-Dietz (1606), Stadholder of Friesland (1620-32), of Groningen (1625-32) 94,143,176 Erroll, Earl of, see Hay, Francis Erskine, Alexander (d. 1640), nobleman, son of the 18th or 2nd Earl of Mar, and his second wife Lady Mary Stuart 40 Erskine, Frances (1715-76), daughter of the 11 th Earl of Mar 40, 47 Erskine, John (d. 1572), ist Earl of Mar (1565), regent of Scotland (1571-2) 21 Erskine,John (1558-1634), 2nd Earl of Mar (1572) 20-1, 23-5, 27, 40 Erskine, John (1585-1654), son of the 2nd Earl of Mar and Anne Drummond; Lord Erskine (until 1634), 3rd Earl of Mar (1634) 26 Erskine, Lady, see Murray, Annabell Espesses, Lord of, see Faye, Charles Essex, Earls of, see Devereux, Robert Essex House, see Leicester House Essex Rebellion 18,28
Esther, Queen; biblical figure 275—6, 278-9 (Figs 30 31) Etheldreda, see Shelton, Audrey Eton (charity school in Berkshire, England, founded in 1440 by Henry VI, 20 mi. W of London) 186 Evans, Dorethie (n.d.), printer 67,68 (Fig- 7) Evelyn, John (1620-1706), diarist, writer 281-2 executions 21, 35, 37,43, 165, 334, 372-3, 375,380,400,410,478 Ո.31 Exeter House (Wimbledon), see Leicester House expeditions 14, 37, 203, 226, 232-4, 238, 240-1, 249, 311, 379, 455 п.15 Exton Hall (Rutland) Map 1, 37 Eythin and Kerrey, Lord, see King, James Fabricius of Rosenfeld, Philip (d. after 1618), Bohemian Catholic officer 123 fabrics 31, 34, 39, 61, 64, 7г, 81, 112, 138, 163, 219, 281-2, 290, 302, 314, 39L4O8 Fairfax,Thomas (1612-71), 3rd Lord Fairfax (1648) 361-2 Fairnie,John (ft. 1598),bodyguard at Linlithgow 23 Falkirk (town in Scotland, 26 mi. W of Edinburgh) 19 fashion 9, 31, 34, 39, 46, 71, 81,119, 125, 140—i, 164, 314, 395, see also costume; dress; fabrics Fawkes, Guy (1570-1606), conspirator 42 Faye, Charles (d. 1636), Lord of Espesses, French ambassador in The Hague (1624-8) 246 Feilding,William (1587-1645),Viscount Feilding (1620), ist Earl of Denbigh (1622) 249 Felton, John (c. 1595-1628), assassin 249 fencing 190, 363,447 n.56 Ferdinand of Austria (1609-41), archbishop ofToledo (1619-40),
INDEX Cardinal-Infante of Spain (1619-41); Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands (1633-41) 324 Ferdinand II of Austria (1578-1637); Archduke ofAustria (1590-37); King of Hungary (1618-25); King of Bohemia (1617-9; 1620-37); Holy Roman Emperor (1619-37) and the rebel States 125, 130; elected as king 123, 125-7; replaced by Frederick as King of Bohemia 121, 130-4, 137, 139, 142; Imperial election 125—7, 129, 131; Doncaster’s embassy 128—9;as Bavaria’s brother-in-law 130; military officers of 140, 170, 264; and the Protestant Union 143; embassy ofJohn and Simon Digby 154, 165, 171; revenge of 165; and the Mühlhausen conference 139; places Frederick under the Imperial ban 139,154, 163, 179, 301; grants Bavaria Frederick’s Electorship 175, 179; and Baden-Durlach 173; offers Brunswick a pardon 181—2, and Anhalt’s son 438 n.44; and Bethlen Gabor 137,150, 237, 240, 245, 358, 481 n.64; PalatineImperial match 184-5, 199; and Charlesi 223; intercepts Elizabeth’s correspondence 238; and John Taylor’s embassy 300-1; and Arundel’s embassy 300-1, 303, 306-9; Peace of Lubeck 259, 262; Edict of Restitution 262; Peace of Prague 298—9, 302; death of 313 Ferdinand III of Austria (1608-57), son of Ferdinand II and Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574-1616); King of Hungary (1625); King of the Romans (1636-7); King of Bohemia (1637-57); Holy Roman Emperor (1637-57) and Arundel’s embassy 303; elected King of the Romans 313; 541 crowned King of Hungary 313; brother to Cecylia Renate 314; and the Swedes 317; and Gerbier’s negotiations 324—5; and John Taylor’s embassy 326, imprisons Rupert 327, 337—8,
360, releases Rupert 337; and the Imperial Diet in Ratisbon and Vienna 336; Peace of Westphalia 11, 373, 385, 391, 393; and the Imperial ban 385 Ferdinand IV ofAustria (1633-54), son of Ferdinand III and Maria Anna of Spain; King of Bohemia with his father (1646-54); King of Hungary with his father (1647-54); King of the Romans (1653-4) 392 Ferdinand Maria (1636-79), succeeds father Maximilian I as Elector of Bavaria (1651) 308 Ferencz, Sir Thomas (fl. 1632-42); German colonel of infantry in States’ army (1626-37); in Charles Louis’s train at the Stuart court (Oct. 1635-Dec. 1636; Feb. 1637c.June 1637); imprisoned by Imperial forces as colonel of Charles Louis’s Palatine army (Oct. 1638-Oct. 1639) 318 Filippo Emmanuel (1586-1605), Prince of Piedmont (1586), heir apparent to the Duchy of Savoy 25, 49-50 Finch, John (1584-1660), Baron Finch of Fordwich (1640), speaker of the House of Commons (1628-9); ChiefJustice of the Common Pleas (1634-40), Lord Keeper (1640-1) 334,342,347 Finet, Sir John (1571-1641), assistant of the master of ceremonies Sir Lewis Lewknor; Charles I’s master of ceremonies after Lewknor’s death (1627-41) 117, 285, 425 п.22 Firebrace, Sir Henry (1619/20-91) 446 п.22 fireworks 73-7, 85, 87, 201 Fisher, Lady, see Lane, Jane
542 INDEX Fletcher,John (1579-1625), playwright 8; The Coxcomb 62; Cupiđ’s Revenge 72; Philaster 66 Fleurus (W of Namur), battle of (1622) Map 4, 176, 233 Floyd, Edward (fl. 1588-1621), lawyer 197 Flushing (Vlissingen) (port in Zeeland on the island ofWalcheren) Map 2, 91,93, 214, 231 Fontainebleau (French royal palace, 35 mi. SE of Paris), treaty of 295 food 19, 36, 39, 85,93-4, 97, 104, 216, 230,259, 363, 384, 391,401, 416 n.28,427 п.61 Fort Mardyck (fort outside Dunkirk) 367 Foscarini, Antonio ( 1570-1622),Venetian ambassador to the Stuart court (July 1611-Dec. 1615) 61, 64, 67, 72,78,83-4,172 Fouquières,Jacques (c. 1590/1-1655), Flemish landscape painter 100 (Fig- 12) Foxe,John (1517-87), English historian and martyrologist; Actes and Monuments (Foxe’s Book of Martyrs) 67 Foxwell, Henry (n.d.), slanderer of Elizabeth 197 Fraiser, Alexander (i6io?-8i), physician to Charles II 407 France, Kings of, see Francis II; Henri II; Henri IV; Louis XIII France, Queen (consorts) of, see Anna of Spain; Marie de’ Medici; Mary Stuart Franche-Comté (Free county of Burgundy, since 1678 eastern France) 204 Francis II (1544-60), King consort of Scotland (1558-60), King of France (1559-60) 426 n.48 Frankenthal (town in Lower Palatinate west of the Rhine River, seventeen miles northwest of Heidelberg) Map 3, 99, 171-2, 177, 179-80, 192, 265-7, 272, 283, 285, 287, 294-5, 301, 368, 382, 384, 390-1,429 n.42, 463 п.44,470 п.5 Frankfurt[-am-Main] (fair; Imperial city which remained neutral during the Thirty Years War; 50 mi. N of Heidelberg, Swedish headquarters) in Frankfurt an der Oder (town
in Brandenburg, on the border with Poland) 144, 161 FrederickV (1596-1632), Elector Palatine (1610-32), King ofBohemia (1619-20) England: marriage proposal 49,55; courtship, and Frederick’s reception in England xxiii-xxiv, 56-63,428 n. 14; Henry’s illness 62—3, and death 64-5,70; as Henry’s spiritual heir 8,103, 135; and the Palatine wedding 17-18; vows de presenti 8,70—2; public solemnization and festivities 73, 82-3, 85-8; Order of the Garter 56,94,162, 230; the 1613 progress, and prepares to receive Elizabeth in Heidelberg 91-5,428 n.io, 446 n.47; Jiilich-Berg and Cleves crises 105—6; precedence issues 59—60, 96-9,101,107-8, no, 112-17, 127—8, 134,167,231; Protestant Union 76, 88, 93,106, 125-6, 128-9,132, 134, 142. ΐ7θ; care of Elizabeth while pregnant 119, 153-5; Imperial election 125—6, 129, 133; Doncaster’s embassy 127-8; Prague: Bohemian rebellion and election as King of Bohemia 7,100, 121-4,127, 129-35, 139,225, 350; James does not support rebellion and election 128, 130, 132, 134-5, 153; gathers oaths of allegiance 122, 141; military support of the Dutch 134,150, 156, 161,235; coronation of 136; rights of royal worship in Prague 136-7; Mühlhausen assembly 139; Imperial ban 139,225,301,385; military assistance from the Stuart kingdoms 139-40,150; and
INDEX Elizabeth’s refusal to leave Prague 144-7; Battle ofWhite Mountain 147—9; flight 149-50, 152-6, 159,162; vain hopes of gaining support of Silesian and Moravian princes 151,154; Villiers’s armistice 153—4, 168—70; arrival in exile 156; set up of court in The Hague, as base to organise military campaign 159-65,167, 221, 441 п.21, 481 n.55; entertainment in the Republic 194, 197,200,240,252, 381; painters 250-1, 254; marriage Frederick Henry and Amalia 217, 219; and Palazzo Renense 255—7, 264, 381; rivalry with court of Frederick Henry and Amalia von Solms 230-1 (Fig. 21), 257-8; the Palatine cause: Chichester’s armistice 173, 178; and volunteers from the Stuart kingdoms 168; others fight under mercenary banners 170-5, 181, 327; Frankenthal 172, 180, 192; in the field in 1622 172-5, 182; loss of Heidelberg 175,178; Electorship transferred to Bavaria 13, 175, 179—81, 223; return to The Hague 177-8; loss of Mannheim 177; and the Spanish Match 179-80,184-5,206-7; Anglo-Spanish war 201, 203, 208, 232—3; Mansfelds expedition for the Palatinate 204—5, routed to Breda 208-9,215,225-6,230,237, and remnants of, go into Danish service 237-8, 241; Cadiz 233—4; and Gabor 240; and Christian IV 241 ; as dedicatee of Scott s pamphlet 243; siege of Bois-leDuc 256, 258; as godfather to his wife’s nephew, Charles Stuart 261; and the Swedes 261, 265-6, 271, 280,285; and Saxony 264, finances: according to the marriage contract 104,109; steel production 133; Bohemian lands 141; pawns gold plate while 543 on the run 156; acts as pawn broker for the Stuart Crown 240-1, 345; reliance on
Elizabeth’s pension from the Stuart Crown 241—2, 258—9, 264; sale or Lixheim 241,264; investments of 284, reputation: 1-2, 86-7; his children 102-3, 136-7, 144, 155, 177, 254, and the PalatineImperial match 184, 199, and the Prinsenhof 10, 188—90, 332, and Palatine-Bavarian match 199-202; death of Louis 212—13; death of his first-born Frederick Henry 252—4,271; appearance of 96,102; character of 116, 133; health of 106-7, n°; death of 271-3,277,280-6,346, 356, 408,441 n.23, 463 n.44; memory of 2, 276,281-3, ՅՅ6, 364; posthumous portraits of 274-5 (Fig. 26), 302-4 (Fig. 32) Frederick Henry (1614-29), Prince Palatine of the Rhine, son of Frederick and Elizabeth Elizabeth pregnant with 94—5, 101-2; birth of 102-3, 105,118; baptism of 103—4; Elizabeth commissions portrait of in, 127; childhood of 113-14,116, 119, 135-6, 474 n.7; elected as successor to the Crown of Bohemia 137; progress of 143-4; Elizabeth receives touching letter of 152; Palatine-Imperial match 184-5, 199; moved to the Prinsenhof 188-90,236; PalatineBavarian match 199-202; Villiers-Palatine match 206-8, 236; places bed next to his mother when under the weather 252; drowns 7,252-3, 263,271; burial of 254; posthumously included in Honthorst paintings Celadon andAstraea in the Garden of Love 254; and The Triumph 303, 304 (Fig. 32)
544 INDEX Frederick Henry of Nassau (1584-1647), Prince of Orange, Stadholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Overijssel, and Gelderland (1625-47) and Groningen and Drenthe (1640-7); husband to Elizabeth’s former lady-inwaiting, Amalia accompanies Frederick to the Stuart court 58, 62, 65,91,428 n. 14; Elizabeth’s 1613 progress 91-2; as Frederick’s cousin 95, 130; attends baptism of namesake in Heidelberg 103-4; furnishes exile court in The Hague 162—3; entertainment in The Hague 194-6; Palatine children stay in residence of 211 ; marriage to Elizabeth’s lady-in-waiting, Amalia 217-20, 230, 332, 368; andVan der Myle’s banishment 221; Huygens as secretary of 221, 396; precedence issues, rivalry 230,231 (Fig. 21), 246, 257-8, 343, 354; as leader of the Dutch Army 300.315,317,356,363; sieges of Breda 212,225,230, 315; and the West India Company 252; siege of ‘s-Hertogenbosch 256; final military campaign, and Hulst 366, Venlo 367, plans to besiege Antwerp 366—7; Peace ofWestphalia 367-8; and the Stuart cause 341—3, 346—7, 352, 357, 359, 369, 474 n.13; and Arundel 279, 300; his son William 330-1, 343, 358, 363, 368; his daughter Louise Henriette 358; and L’Espinay’s murder 365; illnesses of 356,367; death of 369 Frederick William (1620-88), succeeds father George William as Elector of Brandenburg (1640) 155, 303, 357, 358, 381 (Fig. 38) Frederik of Nassau-Zuylenstein (1624-72), illegitimate son of of Frederick Henry of Nassau and Margaretha Catharina Bruyns 218 Friedelsheim (Castle near Bad Durkheim) Map 4, 265 Friedland, Duke and Prince of, see. Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel
Eusebius von Friedrich (1615-82), Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt; 3rd son of the 7th Duke of Württemberg 114 Friedrich III (1515-76), Count Palatine of Simmern (1557-76), Elector Palatine (1559-76) 12, 52 Friedrich IV (1574-1610), Elector Palatine (1583, personal rule 1592-1610), Director Protestant Union (1608-10), Fredericks father 12, 53-5, 59, 96, 170, 283 Friedrich Ulrich (1591-1Ճ34), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1613, in Grubenhagen until 1617), Prince ofWolfenbüttel (1613), Elizabeth’s cousin 49, 168 Friedrichsbühl (Neuhaus) 101,116 Friesland (Dutch province) 9, 143, 383 Frontenay, Duchess of, see Rohan, Marguerite de funerals 28, 64,125, 127, 152, 216,408, 434 n.io furniture 94, 104, 147, 159, 162, 163, 382, 411, see also cabinet of curiosities Fyvie, Lord, see Seton, Alexander Gabriel Bethlen, see Bethlen Gabor gambling 10, 65-6, 112,129 Gammer Gurton’s Needle (Elizabethan play) 442 n.47 gardens 26, 39,100 (Fig. 12), no, 189, 254, 257, 281, 381, see also Hortus Palatínus Garnet, Henry (1555-1606), English Jesuit priest 59 Garret, Ferdinando (b. before 1590), clockmaker/watchmaker 166 Garter, Order of 30, 33 (Fig. 3), 56,92,94, 162,230,274, 303, 315, 348,455 n.8 Gascoigne, Sir Bernard (1614-87), Genoese ambassador extraordinary (c. 1660) 405 Gaston (1608-60), son of King Henri IV of France and Marie de’ Medici;
INDEX Duke ofAnjou (from birth), Duke of Orléans (1626), heir presumptive to the French throne (until 1638) 362 Geertruidenberg (fortified town strategically located on the Maas River, 10 mi. N of Breda) 216 Gelderland (province of the Netherlands encompassing Arnhem and Nijmegen) 50, 245 Geneva (city in Switzerland) 50 Gennep (town 15 mi. S of Nijmegen on the Maas River) 209 Georg (1582-1641), Duke of BrunswickLüneburg (1636 in Calenberg); in Danish (1614-26), in Imperial (1626-30), and in Swedish military service (1630-5; 1639-41) 318 George I (1660-1727), Elector of Hanover (1698-1727); King of Great Britain and Ireland (1714-27) 1,410-11 Georg Friedrich (1569-1645), Count of Hohenlohe-NeuensteinWeikersheim, one of Frederick’s generals 146 Georg Friedrich (1573-1638), Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1604, abdication 1622 in favour of his son); general of the Protestant Union (until 1621); in Danish military service as lieutenant-general (summer 1627-Oct. 1627) 173-4 George Rákóczi (1593-1648), Hungarian nobleman; succeeds Bethlen Gabor as Prince ofTransylvania (1630) 385, 481 n.64 George William (1595-1640), succeeds father John Sigismund as Elector of Brandenburg (1619-40) 133, 153-6, 179, 188, 358, 381 (Fig. 38) Gerard, Anne (1585/6-1627), Lady Tredway; second marriage (1607) to Carleton; in England (Oct. 1620; May-Sept. 1623); Lord Carleton ’s first wife 9, 12, 156, 163, 166-7, 185-6, 191,202, 219, 261,415 n.44, 454 п.3 545 Gerbier, Sir Balthazar (1591-1667), styled by himself Baron D’Ouvily; Middleburg born artist and diplomat; came to England (1616) and entered
Buckingham’s household; Charles I’s agent in Brussels (1631-41); master of ceremonies (Apr.-July 1641) xxv, i, 4, 214, 266, 283, 301, 324-7, 380,406 Germersheim (Lower Palatinate, situated on the Rhine, close to the 1622 Battle ofWeisloch) 101,173 Gheeraerts, Marcus, the Younger (1561-1636), artist 66 (Fig. 6) Giavarina, Francesco (d. 1668),Venetian ambassador in London 404 Gibbons, Orlando (bap. 1583, d. 1625), composer and keyboard player 67, 68 (Fig. 7) Gifford, Captain (n.d.), English sailor and adventurer 232-3 gift-giving 8, li, 21,30,46-7, 51, 57, 59-60, Ğ3,65-7,72, 85,91,94-5,119,127, 131,138,166,169,172,179,201, 212,218,250,259,283,336, 368, 377,410 Giles, Edward (n.d.), captain 245 Giustinian, Zorzi aka Georgio (1572-1629), Venetian ambassador in England (1606-8), in France (1612) 422 ՈՈ.32 39 Glasgow (city in W Scotland) 24 Glemham,Anne (1595-1639); first marriage (before 1613) to Paul Bayning, later (1628), ist Viscount Bayning of Sudbury; second (1630) marriage to Dorchester; Dorchester’s 2nd wife 261, 286 Glencairn, Earl of, see Cunningham, James Gloucester, Duke of, see Henry Stuart Gloucestershire (county in SW England) 353 gloves 12, 29, 39, 169, 415 n.46, 443 ռ.64 Godolphin, Sir William (d. c. 1613), secretary to Elizabeth 114, 283 Goeree (former island in the SW part of Holland, just N of Zeeland) Map 2, 237-8
54-6 INDEX Goffe, Stephen (1605-81); ordained by Laud; chaplain to Horace de Vere’s regiment; studied at Leiden University (1633); chaplain to Charles; created Doctor of Divinity (1636) 357—8 gold 12, 39, 61-2, 69, 71, 73, 82-3, 94, 103, 134, 155-6, 163,219, 399,416 ՈՈ.9 17, Piatej. Golden Bull, see constitution, Imperial Goltzius, Hendrick (1588-1617), German-born printmaker, leading engraver 382 Gondomar, Count of, see Sarmiento de Acuña, Don Diego Gonzaga,Anne de (1616-84), marriage (1645) to Elizabeth’s son Edward 359,384 Goodere, Sir Henry (bap. 1571, d. 1627), father of Lucy; landowner and courtier in, 204 Goodere, Lucy (1593/4-1652), marriage (c. 1624) to Nethersole 167, 290 Goring, George (1583-1663), Baron Goring (1628), ist Earl of Norwich (1644), Charles Is ambassador extraordinary to the Low Countries (Dec. 1632-Feb. 1633) 97-8, 192, 278-9, 287, 454 п.3 Gorlitz (Upper Lusatia) 144 Gotz, Pietro (d. 1638), Imperial colonel killed by Rupert 318 Goyen,Jan van (1596-1656), artist 381 (Fig-38) Graham,James (1612-50), 5th Earl of Montrose (1626), ist Marquess of Montrose (1644), Scottish royalist army officer 336, 375-80,383 Gramont, Antoine III de (1604-78), Duke of Gramont (1643), Count of Guiche; French military officer and diplomat; marriage (1634) to Richelieu’s niece, FrançoiseMarguerite du Plessis de Chivré (d. 1689); marshal of France (from 1641) 367 Grant,John (c. 1570-1606), conspirator 40 Gravesend (English town in Kent, on the S bank of the Thames, opposite Tilbury) Map i, 17, 59-60, 299, 404 Gray, Andrew (fl. 1574-1629), Catholic Scottish colonel, fighting
for Frederick’s cause in Bohemia (1620-2), and under Mansfeld (1622-7) іи the Dutch Republic 139,150, i6o֊i, 436 Ո.3,440 п.14, 452 n.27 Gray, John (n.d.), Elizabeth’s servant (from 1603), as her cupbearer (1613-C.1628) 117 Green, Mary Anne Everett, see Wood, Mary Anne Everett greenhouse 39 Greenwich (town on the S bank of the Thames, 5 mi. E ofWestminster; location of Queen’s House) Map i, 67, 91, no Gregory XV, see Ludovisi, Alessandro Grey,Thomas (d. 1614), 15th Baron Grey of Hilton (1593) 35 Grimston, see Taylor, John Groenendijck, Johan Rippertsz. (1581-1650), mayor of Leiden (1623-4; 1627,1630, 1634-5, 1639) 188 Groningen (fortified town and capital of the province Groningen) 383, 463 n.43 Groot, Hugo de (1583-1645), Dutch diplomat; envoy for Sweden in France (1634-44) 322 Grotius, see Groot, Hugo de Grunberg (Polish city 107 mi. SE of Berlin) 153 Grymes,John (fl. 1617), servant 118 Guben (near Brandenburg) 153 Guiche, Count of, see Gramont, Antoine III de Gunpowder Plot xxvi, 40-3, 46, 55, 59,74 Gustavus II Adolphus (1594-1632), King of Sweden (1611-32); killed at the Battle of Lützen (Nov. 1632) 49, 235,237,261-7,285,310,316 ՛ Gustavus Adolphus (1632-41), Prince Palatine of the Rhine, son of
INDEX Frederick and Elizabeth 6, 265, 302, 304 (Fig. 32), 332 Gwyn, Eleanor (Nell) (іб5і?-87), actress and royal mistress 411 Haarlem (capital of province of North Holland, 12 mi. W ofAmsterdam) Map 2, 94, 252, 257, 382 Haarlem, Cornelis Cornelisz van (1562-1638), painter, draughtsman, leading Northern Mannerist artist 257, 382 Haarlemmermeer (large lake between Haarlem, Amsterdam and Lisse, some 150 km2 by the 1640s, reclaimed in the 19th Century) 230, 454 Ո.2 Haddington, Earl of, see Hamilton, Thomas Haguenau (French town 60 mi. SW of Heidelberg) 172 Hainhofer, Philipp (1578-1647), German merchant, art collector, banker, diplomat 228 (Fig. 20) Halberstadt (town in the bishopric of Halberstadt, 30 mi. SW of Magdeburg) 181,264 Hales, Alexander von (n.d.), aka Francesco della Rota, Capuchin friar and Bavarian envoy 199,201—2, 450 n.42 Halfweg (town between Haarlem and Amsterdam) 252 Hamburg (Free Imperial City on the River Elbe) 163,239,318,324-5, 327-9, ՅՅ4-5, 356, 364 Hamilton, Dukes of, see Hamilton, James; Hamilton, William Hamilton,Janies (1589-1625), 2nd Marquess of Hamilton (1604-25), 4th Earl of Arran (1609-25), courtier, Lord High commissioner of the Scottish parliament (1621) 70 Hamilton, James (1606-49), 3rd Marquess of Hamilton (1625), 2nd Earl of Cambridge (1625), ist Duke of Hamilton (1643); military commander in Germany (1630-3); privy councillor (from 547 Mar. 1633) xxv, 263-4, 267, 299, 323, Յ36, 370, 424 n.2,473 n. 71 Hamilton,John (1540-1604), 1st Marquess of Hamilton (1599) 20, 26 Hamilton, Marquesses of, see Hamilton, James; Hamilton, John Hamilton,
Mongo (d. before 1633), military officer (from 1606), sergeant-major in Sir David Balfour’s regiment in the States’ army (1629) 248 Hamilton,Thomas (1563-1637), Earl of Melrose (1619-25), ist Earl of Haddington (1625-37); Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland (1583-95), Lord Advocate (1595-1612) 26-7 Hamilton,William (1616-51), Earl of Lanark (1639), Lord Machanshire and Polmoni (1639), 2nd Duke of Hamilton (1649), 3rd Earl of Cambridge (1649) 351 Hammond, John (1551-1617), physician to James and Prince Henry 62 Hampton Court (royal residence and palace in Richmond upon Thames) 37,67,172, 338, 454 n.65 Hanau-Münzenberg, Count of, see Philipp Ludwig II Hanau-Münzenberg, Countess of, see Catharina Belgica of Nassau Hannibal War (named after Sehested, Hannibal) 356 Hanover (city in Germany, 175 mi. W of Berlin) 3, 5 Hanover, Electors of, see Ernst August of Brunswick-Lüneburg; George I Hanover, Electress of, see Sophia Harcourt, Sir Simon (bap. 1601?, d. 1642), army officer 166 Harderet,Jacob (/1.1610-16), Elizabeth’s jeweller 92, 109-10 Harington, Anne, see Keilway, Anne Harington-Burley (estate in Rutland, England, 45 mi. NE of Coventry) 28 Harington, Sir John (1560-1612), writer, inventor of the water closet 42
548 INDEX Harington, Sir John (1539-1613), knt. (1584), ist Baron Harington of Exton (1603); Elizabeth’s guardian (from 1603) and father of Lucy 28,31,36-43,46—8,57, 69,72, 79, 82, 84,97-9, 117,166 Harington, Sir John (1592-1614), son of the above, Prince Henry’s companion, Knight of the Bath (1604), 2nd Baron Harington of Exton (1613) 31, 33 (Fig. з),79 Harington, Lucy (bap. 1581-1627), marriage (1594) to the 3rd Earl of Bedford; in The Hague (JulyAug. 1621) 28, 65, 79, 82, 117-19, 137-8,140, 166-7, 176, 183-4, 186,191,244,273 Harington,Theodasia (d. 1650), marriage (r. 1586) to Lord Dudley 72 Harlay, Christophe de (r. 1570-1615), Comte de Beaumont, French ambassador in England (1602-5) 18,31 Harmer, Dr John (c. 1555-1613), warden of Winchester College 36,419 п.14 Harpertszoon Tromp, Maarten (1598-1653), admiral 352 Harrison,John (fl. 1610-38), author, Elizabeth’s servant in Heidelberg 135 Harrison, Sir Richard (1583-1655), MP 202 Hartlib, Samuel (c. 1600-62), polymath 353 Harwey Elizabeth (n.d.), trader in English wares 391 Hassall,John (bap. 1571, d. 1654), chaplaincy Sacramentsgasthuis (1622), Elizabeth’s chaplain (1623-8), dean of Norwich (1628) 470 ՈՈ.6 7 Hastings, Elizabeth (d. 1621); marriage (1571) to Edward Somerset, later (1589) 4th Earl ofWorcester 27-8 Hatton, Lady, see Cecil, Elizabeth Havana (Spanish port in Caribbean island of Cuba) 233 Hay, Alison (fl. 1598), mistress-nurse at Linlithgow 23 Hay, Lady Eleanor (c. 1552-1627), marriage (1584) to the 7th Lord Livingston, later (1600) ist Earl of Linlithgow; Elizabeth’s preceptor 22-5,43,415 n.5,416 n.30, 417
n.44 Hay, Elizabeth (fl. 1598), keeper of coffers at Linlithgow 23 Hay, Lucy, see Percy, Lucy Hay, Francis (1564-1631), 9th Earl of Erroll (1585), Lord High Constable of Scotland (1585-1631) 22 Hay, George (d. 1650), 3rd Earl of Kinnoull (1644), Scottish peer and military officer 377, 379 Hay, Sir James (1580-1636),Viscount Doncaster (1618), ist Earl of Carlisle (1622), groom of the stole (1631), Elizabeth nicknames him ‘ugly Camel’s face’; Stuart ambassador extraordinary to the Emperor and German states (Apr. 1619-Jan. 1620), to France (July 1621-Feb. 1622; Mar.-July 1622; Feb.-May 1623; Feb. 1624-June 1625; Jan. 1628-Jan. 1629) 42,127-30, 256, 261, 290 Hazard,Thomas (fl. 1610-45), Elizabeth’s virginal tuner (1608-13) 67 Hearts, Queen of, see also Elizabeth Stuart 2, 12-14, 128, 142, 183, 233, 35θ,356,374,4θ8-9,4ΐι Heck, Gilles van der (fl. 1643-83), Elizabeth’s servant 394 Heffen (near Breda) 226 Heidelberg (capital Lower Palatinate) xxv, Map 2, Map 3, Map 4, 14, 57-8, 71, 82, 85, 91—120, 122,124-30,135,167, 171, 173, 175, 178, 181,188,190, 202, 231, 233, 280, 283, 285, 294-5, 300,320,355-6,380,382,386, 390, 392-3, 402, 410, 470 ՈՈ.5 7,474 n.7 Heilbronn (German city 36 mi. SW of Heidelberg) 106, 127 Heilbronn League 285
INDEX Hein, Pieter Pieterszoon (1577-1629), Dutch admiral 252—3, 260 Heinrich Matthias (1567-1640), Count Thurn, one of the instigators of the defenestration of Prague (1618); Palatine ambassador to Constantinople (1622-3); commander ofVenetian land forces (Jan. 1625-Apr. 1627) 65, 123-4, 146, 148, 216, 223, 237-8, 245, 247-9 Helen ofTroy; character in Greek mythology 2, see also Elizabeth Stuart Hellevoetsluis (seaport and fortified town, 30 mi. S ofThe Hague) 252, 371 Helmans, House (ambassadorial residence in The Hague) 161,440 n.4 Henri II (1519-59), King of France (1547-59) 42Ճ n.48 Henri IV (1553-1610), King of Navarre (1572-1610) and France (1589-1610) 49, 54-6 Henrietta Maria (1609-69), daughter of Henri IV of France and Marie de’ Medici; marriage (1625) to Charles I; Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-49) xxv, 9, 222, 225, 234, 240, 245, 251, 254-5, 260-1, 263, 287, 329-30, 333-4, 336-8, 341-8, 351-2, 357-9, 371, 376, 396, 398, 441 n.23,454 n.65,473 n.4 Henrietta Maria (1626-51), Princess Palatine of the Rhine, daughter of Frederick and Elizabeth; marriage (1651) to Sigismund Rákóczi 240,244,303,365,385 Henrietta Stuart (1644-70), marriage (1661) to Philip, Duke of Orléans 402 Henriette, see Henrietta Maria (1626-51) Henriette of Lorraine (1605-60), Princess of Phalsbourg 324 Henry VII (1457-1509), King of England (1485-1509) 19,408 Henry VIII (1491-1547), King of England (1509-47) 19,31 549 Henry Frederick (1594-1612), Prince of Wales (1610), Elizabeth’s brother: birth of 19; baptism of 19; raised by the Mars 21—2, 24-7; illness of 6, 18,62—3,244; death
of 8-9, 18-19, 63-5,67, 69-71,77, 79-80, 87-8, 103, 120, 401; arrival in England 29—30; marriage proposals 31,48-52,55—6,59, 75-6; relationship with Elizabeth 6, 31, 34, 37,45-9, 60, 63,78-9, 86, no, 189; and the hunt 33,79; patronage of 39; and the Gunpowder Plot 42; his reception of Frederick 62—3 ; and masques 77-9; as Protestant martyr 87; mock sea battle for the Palatine wedding 76; memory of 92, 102, 135, 201, 281, 408-9 Henry Stuart (1640-60), Prince, Duke of Gloucester (1640), fourth, but third surviving son of Charles I 379, 398,401-2, 408 Hepburn, Marion (fl. 1598), rocker at Linlithgow 23 Herbert, Edward (i582?-i648), ist Baron Herbert, of Castle Island (1624), of Cherbury (1629); diplomat and philosopher; Stuart ambassador to France (Feb. 1619-Sept. 1621 June 1622-July 1624) 153 Herbert, Sir Gerard (d. 1622), captain in States’ army, killed during the siege of Heidelberg 470 n. 5 Herbert, Lady, see Russell, Anne Herbert,William (1580-1630), 3rd Earl of Pembroke (1601); Lord Chamberlain (1615-25), courtier and patron of the arts 186 Hereford,Viscount, see Devereux, Robert Herford (German town 55 mi. SW of Hanover) 327 Heriot, George (1563-1624), goldsmith 259 Herring, Francis (d. 1628), physician and author 55 ‘s-Hertogenbosch (southern town in the United Provinces, close to the Spanish Netherlands) Map 2, Map 4, 255—6, 258
550 INDEX Hesse, Prince of, see Otto Hesse-Kassel, Landgraves of, see Moritz; Wilhelm V; Wilhelm VI Hesse-Kassel, Landgravines of, see Amalie Elisabeth; Juliane Hessian army 294-5, 310, 316, 386 Heusden (municipality in the S Netherlands) 230 Higgs, Griffin (1589-1659), chaplain to Elizabeth (1627-38); dean of Lichfield (1638-C.1643); chaplain in ordinary to Charles (from 1638) 281, 321, 361, 461 n.4, 470 п.7 Hillyard, Edward (fl. 1613-37), tailor 85 Hoby, Lady, see Tracy, Mary Höchst (now part of Frankfurt-amMain), battle of (1622) Map 4, І73֊4,2б5 Hogenberg,Abraham (fl. 1590-1656), engraver and publisher 83 (Fig. 10) Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim, Count of, see Georg Friedrich Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Princess of, see Maria Elisabeth II Holderness, Earl of, see Rupert Holland (province) xxv, 10, 50, 131,156, 172, 176,180,182, 185-6, 204, 229, 232, 236, 253, 258, 293, 341-3, 34б֊7, 352, 354, 359, 364, 367-70, 384, 387, 39O-i,4O3֊4 Holland, Earl of, see Rich, Henry Holyroodhouse (palace in Edinburgh) 24 Holzapfel-Schaumber, Count of, see Eppelmann, Peter Home, George (1566-1611), ist Earl of Dunbar (1606), Lord Treasurer (1601-3) 24 Home of North Berwick, Alexander (fl. 1570-97), Provost of Edinburgh (1593-7) 20 Honselaarsdijk (palace in Honselersdijk) 211-12, 257, 276, 332 Honthorst, Gerard van (1590-1656), Dutch painter 6, 9—li, 187, 251, 254, 257, 274-6, 283, 302, ՅԱ, ՅՅ6, 382, 384, 391, and see List of Figures xv-xviii Honywood, Sir Robert (1601-86), Elizabeth’s cupbearer (1627), Elizabeth’s steward (up to c. 1652); in the service of the States (1629-52) 176,283,321
Hoofman, E. Benedictus (d. after 1661), Elizabeth s keeper of the silver 441 п.21 Hooft, Arnout Hellemans (1629-80), son of the writer 382 Hooft, PC. (1581-1647), writer, father of the above 382 Hoogers, Hendrik (1747-1814), Dutch engraver 255 (Fig. 23) Hopkins, Sampson (fl. 1605), merchant 41 Hopton, Ralph (1596-1652), ist Baron Hopton (1643) 151,238,353, 438 n.57 horses 9, 29, 33 (Fig. 3), 40-1, 46-7, 65, 75, 93, 98, 101,122, 137, 238, 316, 362-3,425 п.31,447 n.63 Hortus Palatínus (Heidelberg gardens) 100 (Fig. 12), no—11 Hotham, Sir John (1589-1645), governor of Hull (1642) 344 Howard, Baron, see Howard, Charles Howard, Charles (1536-1624) 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham (1573), ist Earl of Nottingham (1597), Lord Admiral of England (1585-1619), commander of the Prince Royal which escorts Elizabeth and Frederick to Flushing and Middelburg (1613) 28,92, 94 Howard, Elizabeth (d. 1658), marriage (1605) to Sir William Knollys (1544-1632), later (1616) Viscount Wallingford and (1626) ist Earl of Banbury 191-2 Howard, Frances (d. 1628), daughter of the ist Earl of Nottingham; first marriage to Henry Fitzgerald (1562-97), 12th Earl of Kildare, second marriage (1601) to Baron Cobham; Elizabeth’s governess (1603) 27-9,34-7 Howard, Henry (1540-1614), ist Earl of Northampton (1604) 49
INDEX Howard,Theophilus (1584-1640), Baron de Walden, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (1626) 49 Howard,Thomas (1585-1646), Lord Maltravers (up to 1604), 2nd Earl of Arundel and Surrey (1604), Earl of Norfolk (1644); lord marshal (1621-46); Charles I’s ambassador extraordinary to the Low Countries (Dec. 1632-Feb. 1633), to the Emperor (Jan. 1636-Dec. 1636; stopped in The Hague on his way to, and on his return); retreat into exile (1642) in the wedding procession 82; escorts Elizabeth to Heidelberg 97, 112, 300; and the 1632/3 embassy 278, 280, 300; and Nethersole’s interrogation 290-1; and the 1636 embassy 300-3, 306-10, 313, 324, 327; and Madagascar 311—12, 312 (Fig. 34) Howe, Emanuel Scrope (c. 1663-1709), Lieutenant General, husband of Ruperta 411 Howe, Ruperta, see Ruperta Hudson, Jeffrey (1619-е. 1682), Henrietta Maria’s court dwarf 342 Hughes, Margaret (d. 1719), aka Peg, actress and royal mistress 410-11 Hugon, Piero fl. 1600-25), first page of the bedchamber, servant to Anna of Denmark 85,403 Huguenots 55, 175, 240, 248-9, 354 Hull (port city in Yorkshire on the Humber River, 63 mi. E of Leeds) 344 Hullein (Moravian Lordship) 141 Hulsbos, Mathias (d. 1629), physician ix, 69, 392, 424 n.92 Hulst (town in the south of the Province of Zeeland close to the border of the Spanish Netherlands) Map 4, 366 Hungary 150, 170, 240 Hungary, Kings of, see Bethlen Gabor; Ferdinand III ofAustria; Ferdinand IV ofAustria 551 Hungary, Queen consort of, see Maria Anna of Spain Hunsdon, Baron, see Carey, John hunting 30-1, 33 (Fig. 3), 40, 65,74-6,79, 91, 94-5,101,106,113,116,155, 231, 237,
240,264,276, 355, 377, 381, 402,406,418 n.65,430 ռ.53, 485 n. 65, see also Diana (goddess) Huntly Countess of, see Stuart, Henrietta Husbands Bosworth (village in Leicestershire, England, 24 mi. E of Coventry) 28 Huygens, Sir Constantijn (1596-1687), Lord of Zuilichem; knt. October 1622; poet, composer, secretary to the Prince of Orange (1625-47) 100, 195-6, 201, 218, 221, 368, 387, 389, 395-6, 406, 463 n.33,482 ՈՈ.17 19 Hyde, Anne (1637-71), marriage (1660) to James, Duke ofYork and Albany 387, 401 Hyde, Edward (1609-74), is։ Earl of Clarendon (1661) 353,376 Innhausen und Knyphausen, Anna zu, see Schade, Anna von Innhausen und Knyphausen, Dodo zu (1583-1636), Danish service (up to 1629), Swedish service (1630), as major general (1632), as field marshal and commander of Swedish forces in Lower Saxony (1633-4), French service commander (1634-5), killed at the Battle of Hasselhiinne (11 Jan. 1636) 316-17 Inojosa, Marquis of, see Mendoza, Juan de invisible ink її, 380, see also Ireton, Henry (1611-51), Parliamentarian general, Oliver Cromwell’s son-in-law 402 Irish rebellion 336-7, 348, 413 n.8 Isabella Clara Eugenia ofAustria (1566-1633), daughter of Philip II of Spain; marriage (1599) to cousin Archduke Albert; co-sovereign with husband of the
552 INDEX Isabella Clara Eugenia ofAustria (1566-1633). (cont.) Southern Netherlands (1599-1621); after husbands death Governor-General of the Southern Netherlands (1621-33) 51, 171-2. 174, 176, 179-80, 192, 210, 213-14,266 Istanbul, see Constantinople Italy xxiv, 6, 52, 124, 240, 266, 325, 328 Jack, Elizabeth’s monkey 8, 119, 141,179 Jacobson, Philip (n.d.), merchant and art broker 131 James VI I (1566-1625), King James VI of Scotland (1567-1625), King James I of England and Ireland (1603-25) menagerie of 9, 51; childhood of 21, 37; his wedding 73, 182, 416 n.9; and the English succession 17-20, 25, 34-6,49,91; and Elizabeth’s birth and baptism 19—22; and Henry 21—2,24—7, 30, 46,62, 64-5,67, 69, 77, 118; and Elizabeth’s guardians 22—4,27-8, 35-6, 47-8, 84; his wife’s Bedchamber 27; character of 29, 418 n.65, 440 n.9, appearance of 43; gives diamond to Elizabeth 12,193 (Fig· 15); and the Main and Bye Plot 34—7; and the Gunpowder Plot 42-3, 46, 59-60, 74; and his children’s education 47—8; and his children’s funerals 64; plays cards with Elizabeth 66; gives Elizabeth her late brother’s horse 65, n8;and the Palatine wedding 17, 55-7, 59-62, 70, 73-7. 79, 83 (Fig. 10), 82-5, 91-3, 112,425 Ո.22, 426 Ո.51; further foreign policy: and Bavaria 77, 142, 199; and Denmark 172; and the Dutch 54-6, 118,204, 208; and France xxiii-xxiv, 31, 49, 55-6; and the Habsburgs 50; and Savoy 50-1; and Spain 52, 56, 59-60, 77, 82-3, 143, 146, 171-2, 199, 201, 203-4, 213,233, and Frankenthal 99, 171,179-80, 266, 272, and the Spanish Match 180, 182-6, 192-3, 198,205-7, 209, 344-5, and Mansfeld’s
expedition 200, 204—5, 209—10, 213—15, 228; and the Protestant Union 54—6, 105-6, 125, 142-3, and the Jülich-Berg and Cleves crises 77, 102, 105-6; Elizabeth as his heir 88, 95-6, 103, 114, 183-6, 206; Elizabeth’s Heidelberg years: his daughters precedence 96—7, 113-17; Elizabeth’s household 98-9, 104-6, 109, 112—14; his grandchildren 102—3, I06, 119-20, 190-1, 202, 211-13,215, 223,430 n.65; Frederick’s melancholia no; informs Elizabeth of her mother’s death 124; Doncaster’s embassy 127-9; Elizabeth’s year in Prague and Frederick’s acceptance of the Crown 131—2, 135; sends military support 139-40, 146, 170; accused of lack of support 129,143,145; Elizabeth’s rights of worship 137; Elizabeth’s flight and exile 143, 148, 151, 160-1, 167, 191; truce EdwardVilliers 153, 168—9; Chichester’s armistice 173, 178; Elizabeth feels abandoned by 168,177-8,209,211,223,298, 308, 380; and slander 197; and Buckingham 236, 345; supports Elizabeth’s financially 391, 402, parliaments: and the Addled Parliament 103; and the 1621 parliament 160; and the 1624 parliament 201-2; demise health of 126-7, 2!9; death of i, 120, 208, 219-20, 223, 225, 228,453 n.55; memory of 296, 323 James II VII (1633-1701), son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria; Elizabeth’s godson; Duke ofYork (1644-85); Duke ofAlbany (1660-85); King of
INDEX England, Scotland and Ireland (1685-88, deposed in Glorious Revolution) 371, 376, 386-8, 398, 401,408,486 n.3 Jaucourt, Zacharie de (1584-1629), Sieur d’AussonVillarnoul, Fredericks servant (from 1599), drowned trying to save Palatine prince Frederick Henry 112,217,253 Jermyn, Henry (1605-84), ist Earl of St Albans (1660); Henrietta Maria’s vice-chamberlain (1628) and master of the horse (1639); exile in France (1641-3) 347, 357, 37$ Jermyn, Michael (n.d.), Elizabeth’s chaplain (1620-6) 470 n.7 Jersey (largest of the channel islands, situated off the coast of France, 44 mi. N of St Malo) 40, 378 Jesuits 12, 60, 140, 202, 343 jewellery 32, 43-4, 57, 62, 66, 83-5, 109, 193, 212, 248, 250, 251 (Fig. 22), 259-60, 392, 421 п.16, 460 n.80; anchor jewel 344, 345 (Fig. 36), 34ó;Three Brethren 239, 344, 358, see also rings, pearls, diamonds Joachim Ernst (1583-1625), Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1603) 142,170-1 Joachimi, Sir Albert (1561-1654), Dutch resident ambassador in London (1625-50) 201,208,290 Jocquet, D. (/?. 1613), author 425 n.39 Johann II (1584-1635), Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Veldenz (1604), Fredericks guardian (1610-12), marriage (1612) to Frederick’s sister Luise Juliana; governs the Lower Palatinate (Oct. 1619-20), driven into exile (1621) 55, 96-7, 104, 106, in Johann Albrecht I (1563-1623), Count of Solms-Braunfels; Frederick s counsellor; father ofAmalia, later (1625) Princess of Orange 123—4, 218,220,453 n.36 Johann Casimir (1543-92),son of Friedrich III, Elector Palatine; 553 Count Palatine of Lautern (1576-92) 12 Johann Friedrich (1582-1628), 7th
Duke ofWürttemberg (1608) iii, 114, 138,188 Johann Kasimir (1588-1622), Count of Löwenstein-Scharffeneck; died at the battle of Höchst, two months after marriage to Elizabeth’s ladyin-waiting Dudley 174 Johann Schweikhard von Kronberg (1553-1626), Elector of Mainz (1606-24); pensioner of France (from 1590) and from Spain (1611) 129 Johann Wilhelm (1562-1609), Duke of Jülich-Berg-Cleves (1592-1609) 54 John George I (1585-1656), Elector of Saxony (1611-56) 125-6,129, 133, 139, 142, ИЗ, 179, 264, 298, 302, 373,434 n.i6 John Sigismund of Hohenzollern (1572-1619), regent in Prussia (1594-1608); Elector of Brandenburg (1608-19) 54, 105-6 Johnson, Sampson fl. 163OS-4OS), succeeds Higgs as Elizabeth’s chaplain (1638-44) 321-2, 353, 361, 371-2,470 n.7 Johnston, Arthur (1579-1641), Scottish physician and poet 441 n.15 Jones, Inigo (1573-1652), architect and theatre designer 77, 80 (Fig. 8), 83, 85, 112,423 n.79 Jonson, Ben (1572-1637), playwright 8, 78, 195; The Alchemist 8,461 n. 103; Love Freed from Ignorance and Folly 79, 112; Masque of Augurs 195; Masque of Queens 78; Oberon the Fairy Prince 79; Volpone 8; Workes 8, 409 Joseph (biblical figure) 382 Juliane (1587-1643), daughter ofJanVII of Nassau-Siegen (1561-1623), sister of Anna Johanna; marriage (1603) to Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in, 140-1
554 INDEX Jülich (town бо km E of Maastricht) Map 2, 54, 106-7, 171 Jülich-Berg-Cleves crises 54-5, 77, 102, 105-7, 358 Jülich-Berg-Cleves, Duke of, see Johann Wilhelm Justinus of Nassau (1559-1631), governor of Breda 215, 452 n.25 Kager, Johann Matthias (15Ó6-1634), German historical painter 228 (Fig· 20) Kaiserlautern (city in southwest Germany, 50 mi.W of Heidelberg) 463 n.44 Karl IX (1550-1611), King of Sweden (1604-11) 49 Karl Ludwig (1659-96), son of Charles Louis and Marie Luise of Degenfeld 399 Karlsruhe (city in southwest Germany, 34 mi. S of Heidelberg) 3, 410 Karrebrouck,Janneken van (fl. 1620S-40S), midwife to Elisabette Charlotte and Amalia 155 Keilway,Anne (c.1554-1620), marriage (c.1571) to John Harington 28-9, 36-8,41,43, 82,97,117-19,126,167 Keith, Sir Andrew (fl. 1613), Elizabeth’s master of the horse in Heidelberg 98 Keith, George (1553-1623), 5th Earl Marischal (1581) 20 Kellie, Thomas (fl. 1627-8), gentleman of the Bedchamber to Charles I; private soldier in Nithsdale s regiment (1627-8) 247 Kensington, Baron, see Rich, Henry Kent (county in SE England) 92 Kerr,William (1605-75), 3rd Earl of Lothian (1631) 256 Ketteler, Sybille von (1564-1646), first marriage (n.d.) to Lutter Quadt von Wickrath [Wickraedt] (d.1599), second marriage (between 1601 and 1620) to Volrad von Plessen 143,188, 190 Kew (Richmond) Map 1, 5,46, 57—8, 60, 65,67, I4L356 Keyne, Francis fl. 1615), Elizabeth’s servant 113 Keyser, Hendrick de (1565-1621), Dutch sculptor, architect 222 Kildare, Lady, see Howard, Frances Killigrew, Lady, see Woodhouse, Mary Killigrew,Thomas (1612-83),
playwright 389,482 η.16 Killultagh,Viscount, see Conway, Edward Kinderen, Abraham der (1587-1635), jeweller 425 п.19 King, Dorothy (c. 1618-64), first marriage to Arthur Moore (d. 1635), second marriage (1645) to Durie, Irish writer on education 353,361 King, James (1589-1652), Lord Eythin and Kerrey in Scotland (1642), Baron Sandshult in Sweden (1645); in Swedish army (1609), as captain (1622), major (1624), lieutenant-colonel (1626), general-major and colonel (1632) 317-18 King,John (1559-1621),bishop of London (1611-21) 125 Kinnoull, Earl of, see Hay, George Kinsale (town on the River Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) 235, 378,388 Kintyre, Duke of, see Robert Stuart Kloosterkerk (Church in The Hague) 196 (Fig. 17), 253-4 Kneuterdijk (location of the exiled court in The Hague) 160-2,165, 188,393 Knöffel, Andreas (d. 1658), Royal Physician to the Polish king 356 Knollys, Lady, see Howard, Elizabeth Kolb, John Casimir (1617-49), Count of Wartenberg; agent of Frederick’s brother Ludwig Philipp; Palatine agent extraordinary to the Stuart court (Mar.-June 1633), to the States General (July 1633) and Germany (July 1633-Jan. 1634); colonel in Palatine army 101,285 Kolb, Konrad fl. 1624), Palatine servant 189
INDEX Kollmann, Colonel (n.d.), in Transylvanian military service 162 Kostrzyn, see Küstrin Kremsier (Moravian Lordship) 141 Krosno Odrzańskie, see Crossen Kustasen, Hans (n.d.), Baron of Żubrzy and Lip, in Palatine service 174 Küstrin (a town in Brandenburg) Map 3, 152-6, 188 La Boderie, Antoine Lefevre de (1555-1615), French ambassador to the Stuart court (1606-10) 47 ladies-in-waiting 19-20,27, 39-40,74,78, 80-3, 98,109,118,141,143, 155, і9і,2і7֊і9,38з,393,453 ռ.36 Ladrón Vélez de Guevera y Tassis, Inigo (1566-1644), 7th Count of Oftate andVilla Mediana 307 Lafuente, Fray Diego (n.d.), alias Padre Maestro; Gondomar’s confessor; Spanish agent to the Stuart court (Apr. 1623-June 1624) 208, 450 n.42 Lake, Sir Thomas (bap. 1561, d. 1630), Secretary of State (1616-19) 71 Lambe,John (r. 1545-1628), astrologer, quack physician 249 Lambert, John (d. 1626), soldier, assassin 243 Lambeth Palace (London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury, situated by the Thames river, half a mile from Westminster Abbey) 74,329 Lanark, Earl of, see Hamilton, William Lando, Girolamo (1590-1656),Venetian ambassador in London (1619-22) 159-60 Lane, Jane (c. 1626-89), marriage (1662) to Sir Clement Fisher 390, 401, 482 п.19 Langdale, Marmaduke (1598-1661), ist Baron Langdale of Holme-onSpalding-Moor (1658) 335 Langhorne, Letitia, see Perrot, Letitia La Tour ď Auvergne, Henri de (1555-1623),Viscount ofTurenne 555 (1557); Duke of Bouillon and Prince of Sedan through his first marriage (1591) to Charlotte de la Marek (1574-94); marshal of France (1592); Palatine ambassador extraordinary to the
Stuart court (May-June 1612) 49, 55,96, 130 La Tremolile, Charlotte de (1599-1664), daughter of Charlotte Brabantina (who was a sister of Louise Juliana) marriage (1626) to James Stanley, Lord Strange, later 7th Earl of Derby 220 La Tremolile, Henri Charles de (1620-72), Prince ofTalmont, Prince ofTarente, Count of Laval 357 Laud, William (1573-1645); bishop of St David’s (consecrated Nov. 1621, translated to Bath Wells Sept. 1626); bishop of London (chosen June 1627, installed July 1628; 1628-33); archbishop °f Canterbury (1633-45); chancellor of Oxford University (1629-41); commissioner for the treasury (Mar. 1635-Mar. 1636); member committee of trade and foreign affairs (from Mar. 1635) and calendars xxv; bishop of London 287; and collection Palatinate 287, 296; Elizabeth starts a correspondence with 295-6; and Dinley 293, 297; Roe as mediator between, and Elizabeth 295—6; favoured Windebank over Roe 296; his attempts to control non conformist practices 297, 299, 314, 319-21, 323, 371; and Elizabeth’s chaplains 321-2, 470 n.7; accused of being a ‘Papist’ 320; ratification of Peace of Prague 298-9; and Arundel’s Viennese negotiations 307-8; on committee foreign affairs 298—9; on Treasury Board 298, 310; chancellor of
55б INDEX Laud, William (1573-1645). (cont.) Oxford University 300; and Charles Louis’s wish for an army 299-300, 308, 310; and Charles Louis’s takeover of Hessian army 310; and Rupert 312; and the First Bishops’War 322—3; Lambeth Palace attacked 329; trial 330, 361; imprisonment 334; execution 361 Laval, Count of, see La Trémoille, Henri Charles de Leeuwarden Map 2,143—4, 152 Le Géraux, Lord of, see L’Espinay, Jacques Legrain, Frederick (n.d.), historian 409 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von (1646-1716), German polymath 10 Leicester (city in the English midlands, 100 mi. NW of London) Map 1,28 Leicester, Countess of, see Percy, Dorothy Leicester, Earls of, see Dudley, Robert; Sidney, Robert Leicester House (London residence of the Earl of Leicester in Westminster, later known as Essex House) 405—6 Leiden (university town 10 mi. N ofThe Hague, Holland) vii-ix, Map 2, 6, 10, 94, 188-9, I9i 209, 236, 252, 283,303,332, 355, 363,382, 447 п.57 Leigh,William (1550-1639), English clergyman and royal tutor 86 Leith (port area in north Edinburgh, Scotland) 436 n.3 Lemgo, see Vlotho Lennox, Duchess ot, see Villiers, Mary Lennox, Duke of, see Stuart, Ľudoviek Lennox, Earl of, see Stuart, Matthew LeopoldV (1586-1632), younger brother of Ferdinand II; bishop of Passau (1605-26) and Strasbourg (1607-26); Archduke of Further Austria (from 1619) 54, 105, 170 Leopold Wilhelm (1614-62), brother of Ferdinand III; commander-in- chief oflmperial army (1639-42); captain-general of Southern Netherlands (1647-56) 483 n.48 Leslie, Alexander (1580-1661), ist Earl of Leven (1641); Scot in Swedish
service (1606-38), as general major (1631), as field-marshal/ general-commander of Knyphausen’s army (Feb. 1636) 317, 336, 346, 474 n-20 Leslie, Walter (1606-67), Count Leslie in the nobility of the Holy Roman empire (1634); Scot in Danish military service as officer (1628-31), in Imperial service as field marshal (1631-67), involved in murder ofWallenstein (1634) 307 L’Espinay,Jacques (d. 1646) 362-5, 383 Letter of Majesty 123, 133, 139 Leven, Earl of, see Leslie, Alexander libraries 38,48,175, 286, 409 Liddal, Lady, see Woodward, Bridget Liddal, Sir Thomas (n.d.), husband of the above 219 Ligne, Karel van (1550-1616), 2nd Prince ofArenberg (1568-1616), Duke of Aarschot (1612-16), Prince of Chimay (1612-16) 35 Lindsay, Sir David of the Mount, secundus (d. 1620), Lyon Herald (1591-1620) 21 Lindsey, Earl of, see Bertie, Robert Linlithgow, Countess of, see Hay, Lady Eleanor Linlithgow, Earl of, see Livingston, Alexander Linlithgow Castle (Castle in West Lothian, Scotland, residence of Scottish monarchs though little used after 1603; rebuilt in 1618, occupied by the Earl of Linlithgow in 1648, but already falling into disrepair) Map 1, 23-5,416 ՈՈ.28 30 Lionello, Giovanni Battista (1588-1622), Venetian diplomatic agent in London 116 lions 9, 81, 161, 302
INDEX Liselotte, see Elisabeth-Charlotte Lisle,Viscount, see Sidney, Robert Livingston, Alexander (b. after 1553, d. 1621), 7th Lord Livingston (1592), i st Earl of Linlithgow (1600) 22-6, 36 Livingston, Lady Eleanor, see Hay, Lady Eleanor Livingston, James (d. 1674), knt. (by 1628), Lord Livingston of Almond (1633), ist Earl of Callender (1641); served in the Scottish regiment of the States’ army as lieutenant (from 1618), lieutenant-colonel (from 1629), and colonel (1633) 247 Livingston, Margaret (d. c. 1610); first marriage (1581) to Sir Lewis Bellenden of Auchnole and Broughton; second marriage (1596) to the 2nd Earl of Orkney 19 Lixheim (Palatine Lordship bordering on Lorraine) 240—1 264 Lloyd, David (1635-92), biographer 438 n.57 Lobkowicz, Princess of, see Pernstein, Polyxena of Lomas, Sophia Crawford (c. 1848-1929), historian, Wood’s niece 5 London (capital and seat of government of England) 17,25-7,29,31,35,42, 46, 51, 58-60,63, 65,73,78, 86,92, 98, 102, 116,166,180,186, 199, 204,208,247,272,281,283,287, 292-3,298, 307, 309, 316, 329, 330, 333, 342, 346, 349-50, 353, 361, 370, 372, 379, 384,402,404-5,410 Longueval, Charles Bonaventure de (1571-1621), Count of Bucquoy; military service in Army of Flanders (from 1596), as general of artillery (1602), as Imperial commander (1618); died at the Action of Neuhausel against Bethlen Gabor 139,149,151,170 Longueville, Duchess of, see Mary of Guise Lorne, Lord, see Campbell, Archibald 557 Lorraine (French duchy on the borders of Belgium and Germany) 266, 325 Lorraine, Duchess of, see Gusanee, Beatrix de Lorraine, Duke of,
see Charles IV Los Balbases, Marquis of, see Spinola, Ambrosio Lothian, Earl of, see Kerr, William Louis (1623-4), Prince Palatine of the Rhine, son of Frederick and Elizabeth 6, 189, 212—13, 221, 253-4,451 п.5 Louis XIII (1601-43), eldest child of Henri IV of France and Marie de’ Medici; King of France and Navarre (1610-43) 3і, 56, 59, 175-6, 204,214, 232, 240, 295, 309, 325, 327 Louis of Nassau-Beverweerd (1602-65), illegitimate son of Maurice of Nassau and Margaretha van Mechelen 219 Louise Henriette of Nassau (1627-67), Princess of Orange, daughter of Frederick Henry and Amalia; marriage (1646) to the Elector of Brandenburg 357—8, 376 Louise Hollandine (1622-1709), Princess Palatine of the Rhine, daughter of Frederick and Elizabeth; pupil of Honthorst; abbess of Maubisson (1664-1709) 10, її (Fig- 1), i72֊3, 188-9, ЗОЗ, 304 (Fig. 32), 357-8, 363, 365-6, 376, 381 (Fig. 38), 393-7, 409, 482 п.19, 484 n.54 Louise Juliana of Orange-Nassau (1576-1644), marriage (1593) to Friedrich IV (d.1610), Dowager Electress Palatine, mother of Frederick and thereby mother-in-law of Elizabeth 95—7,101,106—7, 112, 172, 188,283, 325, 355, 358 Löwenstein-Scharffeneck, Count of, see Johann Kasimir Löwenstein-Scharffeneck, Countess of, see Dudley, Elizabeth
558 INDEX Lownes, Matthew (d. 1625), bookseller 67 Luban (town in Poland, 100 mi. NE of Prague) 144 Lubeck (Hanseatic city, on the Trave River 10 mi. from the Baltic Sea, 35 mi. NE of Hamburg), peace of 259, 262 Ludovisi, Alessandro (1554-1623), Pope Gregory XV (Feb. 1621-July 1623) 175 Ludwig von Seitz (1643-60), illegitimate son of Charles Louis and Marie Luise of Degenfeld 399 Ludwig Philipp (1602-55), Frederick’s brother, Count Palatine of Simmern (1610), Administrator of the Palatinate during Charles Louis’s minority (1633-42) 285, 287, 393,463 n.44 Lusatia 122, 142, 264 Lutheranism Map 4, 22, 52—4,122, 126, 133, 136-7, 139, 262, 299, 476 ռ.62 Lutter-am-Barenberge (town in Lower Saxony) Map 4, 246-7, 259 Lutterworth (market town in Leicestershire, England, 16 mi. E of Coventry) Map 1,28 Maassluis (town in the Netherlands on the Nieuwe River, 13 mi. S of The Hague) 59 Maastricht (Limburg) Map 2, 315, 389 McDowall, Bessie (fl. 1598), wetnurse at Linlithgow 23 Machiavelli, Niccolò di Bernardo dei (1469-1527), diplomat, philosopher, politician, writer 365 Mackay, Donald (1591-1649), ist Lord Reay (1628); army officer in the Danish-Norwegian and Swedish service 226, 227 Madagascar (island on the SE coast of Africa) 311, 312 (Fig. 34), 313, 468 n.72 Madrid (capital of Spain); peace of 102, 153, 182, 184, 202, 206-7, 263, 344, 383,461 п.103 Magdalena of Bavaria (1587-1628); marriage (1613) to Neuburg 105 Magdeburg (Saxony-Anhalt) 156, 264 Main Plot 35 Main, River (primary tributary of the Rhine, flows through Bavaria and Hesse) Map 3, Map 4, 173 Mainz (bishopric and fortified
Catholic town on the Rhine River directly N of the Lower Palatinate) Map 3, Map 4, 271 Mainz, Elector of, see Johann Schweikhard von Kronberg Maltravers, Lord, see Howard, Thomas Makin, Bathsua, see Reginald, Bathsua Man, Isle of (Island in the Irish Sea, NW of Liverpool) 40 Machanshire and Polmoni, Lord, see Hamilton, William Mannheim (fort and town in Lower Palatinate 10 mi. NW of Heidelberg) Map 4, 171,173, 177,470 n.5 Mansell, Sir Robert (1573-1656), treasurer of the Navy (1604-18) 85 Mansfeld, Count of, see Ernest Manuel I (1568-1638), Prince of Portugal 92,428 n.7 Mar, Countesses of, see Murray, Annabell; Stewart, Marie Mar, Earls of, see Erskine, John Marbery, Samuel (fl. 1617), servant 118 Margaret ofAustria (1584-1611), marriage (1599) to Philip III 51 Margaret Stuart (1598-1600), Elizabeth’s sister 23,64 Margate (seaside town in East Kent) Map i, Map 2, 91-2 Marguerite of Lorraine (1615-72), sister of Charles IV, secret marriage (1632) to Gaston, Duke of Orléans 324 Maria (1594-1656), daughter of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy 50-1,56,61,63 Maria Anna ofAustria (1610-65), Imperial princess ofAustria, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand II; marriage (1635) to Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria 302 Maria Anna of Spain (1606-46), Infanta of Spain, youngest daughter of
INDEX King Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria; younger sister ofAnna, Queen consort of France and Navarre; older sister of Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand; seen as marriage candidate for Elizabeth’s brother Charles (early 1620s); marriage (1631) to King of Hungary, later (1637) Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III 59, 76, 140, 160,180, 182-4, 187, 198, 204, 206-7, 288, 344-5 Maria Elisabeth II (1613-71), daughter of Count Hendrik van den Bergh and heiress of the Marquis of Bergen-op-Zoom, Margaretha van Witthem (d.1627); resided at Elizabeth’s court after mother’s death (1627-30); marriage (1630) to Eitel Friedrich II, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen 394-6 Marie de’ Medici (1573-1642), marriage (1600) to King Henri IV of France; Queen consort of France and Navarre (1600-10); Regent (1610-17); exile in Blois, Brussels (1631),The Hague (1638), Stuart court; Queen-mother, mother of Henrietta Maria 9, 55-6, 355 Marie Luise of Degenfeld (1634-77), marriage (Jan. 1658) to Elizabeth’s son Charles Louis 394, 399 Marischal, Earl, see Keith, George Market Harborough (market town in Leicestershire, 30 mi. E of Coventry) 28 Marston,John (1575-1634), playwright; Tite Dutch Courtesan (c. 1604) 85 Marston Moor (a moor to the west of York, England), battle of 9, 360, 477 п.20 Marten, Sir Henry (c. 1561-1641), civil lawyer and judge; King James’s envoy to the Palatinate (1613); knt. (1617) 97 Mary I (1516-58), aka Mary Tudor or ‘Bloody Mary’, Queen of England (1553-8), marriage (1554) to Phihp II of Spain; Queen consort of Spain (1556-8) 18, 73, 198 559 Mary of Guise (1515-60), first
marriage (1534) to Louis II, Duke of Longueville, second marriage (1538) to James V, King of Scotland; regent of Scotland (1554-60), mother of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots 426 n.48 Mary Stuart (1542-87), Queen of Scots (1542-67); first marriage (1558) to Francis II of France (d. 1560); second marriage (1565) to Lord Darnley (murdered 1567); third marriage (1567) to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell (d. 1578), mother of James VI 17—18,20-1,23,69, 426 n.48, 431 n.i Mary Stuart (1605-7), Elizabeth’s sister 42, 64 Mary Stuart (1631-60), eldest daughter of Charles I and Henrietta Maria; marriage (1641) to William II, later Prince of Orange and Spain 341; rumour Charles Louis intended to marry her 331; her marriage to William II xxv, 331, 333, ՅՅ6, 34L 357; but is only allowed to come over to The Hague at the age of twelve 337, 341; travels to The Hague 338, 344; and mother-in-law, Amalia 353—4, 357, 383; and the Stuart cause, sides with Elizabeth 353-4, 371-2, 377, 383, 386-7, 389,400-1, 481 n.50; as regent of William III 155, 383, 386, 389, Plate O.; travels between courts xxv, 388-9; returns to England 400-1,405; sickness, death, and funeral of 401—2, 408 Mary Tudor, see Mary I masques 77-9, 80 (Fig. 8), 83-5, 104, no-12, 114, 117, 164, 182, 195-7, 201,221,343,371,387-9,425 n.39, 448 ՈՈ.77 79 80, see also Campion, Thomas; Daniel, Samuel; Jonson, Ben; Weckherlin, Georg Rudolf
5Ó0 INDEX Massey, Edward (1604x9-1674), parliamentarian and royalist army officer 370 Matthias (1557-1619), King ofBohemia (1611-19), Holy Roman Emperor (1612-19) 77,105, 121,123-5 Maubuisson (small town in France, 35 mi. NW of Bordeaux) 396 Maurice (1621-52), Prince Palatine of the Rhine, son of Frederick and Elizabeth Elizabeth pregnant with 7, 145; birth of 154-5, ī88; in the care of Frederick’s family 156, 188-9; brought to Leiden, the Prinsenhof 332; loss of his father 273; the siege of Breda 305 (Fig. 32), 315; on royalist side in Civil Wars 349, 351-3, 362; sets sail 378, 387-8; as marriage candidate for Marguerite de Rohan 354; offer ofVenetian military service 364; death of 388 Maurice of Nassau (1567-1625), Prince of Orange (1618), Stadholder of Holland and Zeeland (1585), Utrecht and Overijssel (1590), Gelderland (1591), Groningen and Drente (1620) as Elizabeth’s suitor 49—50; as Frederick’s uncle 55-6,95,130-1; inheritance of 252; and his half-brother Frederick Henry 58, 103,217—19; his sister Emilia 94, 428 n. 7; Elizabeth’s 1613 progress 92-4; Order of the Garter 56, 94; support of acceptance of the Bohemian crown 132, 161; as leader of the Dutch army 50, 55-6, 132, 160, 168-70, 175, 197, 204; and the Battle ofWhite Mountain 151-2; siege of Breda 209, 212; offers the couple political refuge 156, 164, hosts Elizabeth Frederick 185, 188, 194, 196, 201; as a 2nd father to Elizabeth 220-1; death of 209,212-13, 219-21,222 (Fig. 18), 237 Maurice, Theobald (d.1654); tutor to Frederick’s sisters (1602-9); secretary to Friedrich IV Louise Juliana (1609-12); secretary
to Frederick (1612-32), secretary to Elizabeth (1632-54) 240, 282-3, 289-90,297 Maximilian I (1573-1651), Duke of Bavaria (1597), Elector (25 Feb. 1623) Donauwörthaffair 53; as leader of the Catholic League 53—4, 77,142; Jülich-Berg and Cleves crisis 105; his candidacy for the Imperial Crown 126; military preparations leading up to White Mountain 139-40, 142, 147,149; protects Conway and Weston 150-1; takes Frederick Elizabeth’s possessions 162, 165, 175; Mansfeld 171, and military action in the Palatinate 171, 175, 223; alliance with France 295, 325, 327, 374; familial relations 13, 53-4, 105, 130, 147, 199, 3θ2; Palatine-Bavarian match 199, 201—2; Electoral dignity transferred to 175, 179, 185, 295, 298, 301-2, 306, 313, 373, 385, 398; occupies part of the Palatinate 232, 295, 302, 306, 308, 324—5, 373; alternative Electoral title 325, 373; and Rupert’s incarceration 337 Maxwell, James (b. 1581?, d. in or after 1635), scholar and theological controversialist 65, 197 Maxwell, Robert (1586-1646), ist Earl of Nithsdale (1620) 248 Mayerne, Louise de (b. 1591), sister of Sir Theodore; Elizabeth’s lady of the bedchamber (r. 1613-20); marriage (1620) tojaucourt 112, 117,217,253 Mayerne, SirTheodore de (1573-1655), royal physician 62-3, 112, 244, 336,355,407 Mazarin, Jules (1602-61), Chief Minister to the King of France (1642-61) 398
INDEX Mead,Joseph (1586-1639), Hebraist and biblical scholar 176, 244 Meautysjane (1580/81-1659), first marriage (1609) to Sir William Cornwallis (d. 1611), second marriage (1614) to Nathaniel Bacon (1585-1627), knight of the Bath (1626) 167, 273 Meautys, Sir Thomas (c. 1590-1649), government official 273 Mechelen, Margaretha van (1581-1662), mistress of Maurice 219 Mecklenburg, Duke of, see Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Medemblik (town in the Netherlands, 34 mi. N ofAmsterdam) 252 medicine, medical treatments 18, 27, 62—3, 69,176,213,244, 355-6, 391-2, 457 n.6, see also bloodletting Medusa (mythical figure) 302-3, 305 (Fig- За) melancholia 31, 132—3, 141, 16$, 233, 244, 355 Melander, see Eppelmann, Peter Meling (Moravian Lordship) 141 Melrose, Earl of, see Hamilton,Thomas menageries 9, 51, 57, 65-6, 118, 166, 382, see also dogs, monkeys, parakeets, parrots Mendoza, Juan de (d. 1628), Marquis of Inojosa (1612), Marquis of San Germano; governor of the duchy of Milan (1612—i6);Viceroy of Navarre (1620-3); Spanish extraordinary ambassador to the Stuart court (June 1623 - June 1624) 204-5, 208 Mentz, see Mainz Meppen (town on the confluence of the Ems River and Hase River in the Bishopric of Münster, 15 mi. E of the border to the Province of Groningen in the United Provinces) 316-17 mercenaries 14, 124, 127, 173-4, 176, 181, 199-200, 213, 215—16, 245 Merchant Adventurers’Company 156, 163, 319, 380 Merck, Jacob Fransz van der (1610-64), artist 381 (Fig. 38) 561 Merian, Maria Sibylla (1647-1717), German-born naturalist and illustrator 39 Mesmes, Claude de (1595-1650),
Count d’Avaux; French ambassador extraordinary at the conference in Hamburg (1637-42) 324-5,328 Metz (city in north west France, 112 mi. W of Reims) 463 n.44 Mexico, Gulf of 233 Meyer, Dirk (n.d.), publisher 303 Mézières, Lord of, see L’Espinay, Jacques Middelburg (Zeeland) Map 2, 93—4, 214 Middlesex, Earl of, see Cranfield, Lionel Middleton,Thomas (1580-1627), playwright; A Game of Chess (1624) 243 Miereveldt, Michiel Janszoon van (1567—1641), Dutch portrait painter 187,207,250,254,259, 382, see also List of Figures xv-xviii Miereveldt, Pieter van (1596-1623), Dutch portrait painter, son of the above 250 Mikulov, see Nikolsburg Miles, Dr (n.d.), Elizabeths chaplain (1632) 470 п.7 miniature portraits 51, 57, 66, 81, 168, 172, 174, 230, 251, 253, 266, 274, 421 п.16, Plate F. miscarriages 19,26-7, 29-30,255,261, 263 Mogul India 141, 356 Moldau, River (river that runs through Prague before joining the Elbe) 136 Molin, Nicolò (1562-1608),Venetian ambassador to England (1603-6) 31 monkeys 6-9, 57, 66 (Fig. 6), 118-19, I4L 179, 257 (Fig. 24), 399, 423 п.81, see also Jack Montgomery, Alexander (1588-1661), 6th Earl ofEglinton (1613-61) 279 Montgomery, Countess of, see Clifford, Anne Montrose, Earl of, see Graham, James Montrose, Marquess of, see Graham, James
562 INDEX Monzón (town in Aragon, Spain, 125 mi. NW ofBarcelona) 240 Moore, Dorothy, see King, Dorothy Moravia (area to the east of Prague that was joined with Bohemia) 122, 154, 240 Moray, Earl of, see Stuart, James Mordaunt, Lady, see Carey, Elizabeth Mordaunt,Viscountess, see Carey, Elizabeth Morgan, Sir Charles (1575-1643),Welsh army officer, served primarily in the English regiment of the States’Army (1600-43), governor of Bergen-op-Zoom (1637) 230, 247, 249 Morgan, Harry fl. 1605), conspirator 40-1 Moritz (1572-1632), Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (1592); forced to abdicate (1627) 106 Morley, George (i598?-i684), Elizabeth’s chaplain (1Ó53-6), bishop of Winchester 361, 390,470 п.7 Morosini, Francesco (n.d.),Venetian ambassador in Spain 102 Morosini, Marc’Antonio (1591-1630), Venetian ambassador in The Hague (1623-4), later in England 192, 201-4, 235 Morosini, Michiel (n.d.),Venetian ambassador to the Congress at Lübeck (1652) 418 п.21 Mortaigne,Johan Bertram de (d. 1639), steward of the States General 159 Morton, Lady, see Apsley, Elizabeth Morton, Sir Albertus (1584-1625), knt. (Sept. 1617); Elizabeth’s secretary of internal affairs (1616-19), of foreign affairs (1620-23), Secretary of State (1625); accompanies Buckingham to France (May-June 1625); ambassador extraordinary to the Low countries (July-Aug. 1625) 119, 176, 283 Morton, Earl of, see Douglas, James mottoes 38, no, 115, 162,169, 178, 181, 228 (Fig. 20), 432 n.33 mourning attire 2, 64—5,70—1, 81, 125, 230, 251 (Fig. 22), 259, 260 (Fig. 25), 275 (Fig. 27), 281-2, 302, 381 (Fig. 38), 386-7, 393, 402,410 Mühlhausen
(city in central Germany on the River Unstrut) 139 Munck, Levinus (d. 1623), secretary to Salisbury 51,97 Munich (city in Bavaria and residence of the Duke of Bavaria) 3, 54, 162, 202 Münster (bishopric that borders on three of the United Provinces: Groningen, Overijssel, and Gelderland) 317, 356,367, 375 Murray,Annabell (1536-1603), marriage (1557) to John Erskine, Lord Erskine, later (1565) ist Earl of Mar 21, 25-6 Murray,John (d. 1642), ist Earl of Atholl 66 Murray,William (1600-51), ist Earl of Dysart (1643); Charles I’s envoy to Holland (June-July 1641) 347 music 38, 60, 67, 68 (Fig. 7), 83, no, 117, 176,389, 424 n.86, 431 n.ii Myle, Adrian van der (1603-64), son of Cornelis 454 n.63 Myle, Agatha van der (1655-1712), daughter of Adrian 454 n.63 Myle, Cornelis van der (1579-1642), Dutch politician 161, 221-2 Myle, Mrs van der, see Oldenbarnevelt, Maria Johanna Petronella; Wassenaer, Petronella van Mijtens,Jan (c. 1614-70), painter 194 (Fig. 16) Nani, Giovanni Battista (1616-78), Venetian ambassador to France (1643-68), librarian, archivist 359-60 Naseby (warship) 400 Naseby (village in Northamptonshire, England, 26 mi. E of Coventry), battle of 362
INDEX Nassau-Dietz, Countess of, see Sophia Hedwig of BrunswickWolfenbüttel Nassau-Dietz, Counts of, see Ernst Casimir;Willem Frederik Naunton, Sir Robert (1563-1635), knt. Sept. 1614; Secretary of State (Jan. 1618-Jan. 1623) 140, 145, 154 Neckar River (river that flows through Germany and joins the Rhine North of Mannheim) 100 Neptune 302-3, 305 (Fig. 32) Nethersole, Lady, see Goodere, Lucy Nethersole, Sir Francis (bap. 1587, d. 1659; knt. Sept. 1619); Doncaster’s secretary (1619);Elizabeths secretary of foreign affairs (from Sept. i6i9);James’s agent to the Princes of the Protestant Union (from Sept. 1619); in England (Apr.-July 1621; Oct. 1622) MP for Corfe Castle, Dorset (1624; 1625; 1628) committed to the Tower (Jan.-Apr. 1634), dismissed from Elizabeth’s service (1634) writing of xxiii; makes inventory of Elizabeth’s archive 3 ; part of Doncaster’s embassy 127; dual appointment as Elizabeth’s secretary and Stuart agent to the Princes of the Protestant Union 143, 168; tries to remove Elizabeth from Prague 145-6; and the flight from Prague 150, 152, 154, 156, 161; friendship with the Carletons 163, 165, 173; secret journey with Frederick to the Palatinate 172, 182; and the Spanish Match 184, 192, 205-7; as Elizabeth’s secretary of foreign affairs 180,208,220,236,272, 283—4; wears hair lock as devotee to Elizabeth 194; as Goodere’s son-in-law 204; as Elizabeth’s guarantor 258; and portrait of Lady Killigrew 283; and the collection for the Palatinate 285, 287-8, 294-5; Charles I’s attempts SÓS to seize papers of 285-6, 288—92; house arrest and trial of 288—9; committed to
The Tower 289-90; Roe’s letters confiscated with Nethersole’s 291-2; dismissal of 293,297 Neuburg (German principality 16 mi. NE of Frankfurt) 106,306 Neuburg, Duchess of, see Magdalena of Bavaria Neuburg, Duke of, see Wolfgang Wilhelm Neuhaus, see Friedrichsbühl Neumark (German principality in Saxony) 129 New College (University of Oxford) 99 Newark (market town in Nottinghamshire, England, 60 mi. NE of Coventry) 362 Newburn (village on the River Tyne, 5 mi. W of Newcastle) 329 Newcastle (city in NE England on the River Tyne) Map 1,329 Newmarket (town in W Suffolk, 12 mi. E of Cambridge) 9, 338, 348 Newton, Sir Adam (d. 1630), ist baronet (1620), Scottish tutor (from 1599) and secretary (from 1610) to Elizabeth s brother Henry; receiver-general in Prince Charles’s household (Nov. 1612) 47 Niccols, Richard (1584-1616), playwright 8 Nicholas, Sir Edward (1593-1669), politician, Secretary of State (Nov. 1641-6; 1660-2) 3, 245, 354, 376, 397 Nicolls, Ralph (n.d.), secretary to Dorcester (1616-32), secretary to Charles Louis (from 1637) 286 Nicolson, George (fl. 1577-1612), English diplomat in Scotland 416 n.25, 417 ՈՈ.35 38 42 Nieupoort,Willem (1607-78), secretary to Joachimi (1630-5), ambassador to the Commonwealth 290, 393
504 INDEX Nikolsburg (Moravia, presently Mikulov, Czech republic); Peace of (22 Jan. 1622, renewed 8 May 1624) 141 Nithsdale, Earl of, see Maxwell, Robert Nodes, John (fl. 1613), gunner 74—5 Nonsuch Palace (palace in Surrey, 10 mi. SW of London) 65 Noordeinde (The Hague) 194, 320, 342 Noot, Gerrit (n.d.), surgeon 176 Norbrook (Warwickshire) 40 Normandy (coastal region of northern France) 362 Northampton, Earl of, see Howard, Henry Northumberland, Earls of, see Percy, Algernon; Percy, Henry Norway 73,182,236-7,249,356, 375,416 n.9 Norwich, Earl of, see Goring, George Notre Dame (cathedral on Isle de la Cité in central Paris) 222 Nottingham (city in the midlands of England) 348 Nottingham, Earl of, see Howard, Charles Nymburk (city in Bohemia, 30 mi. NE of Prague) Map 3, 150 Nijmegen (town on the Waal River in the Province of Gelderland, bordering on the duchy of Cleves) Map 2, 94 Nys, Daniel (1572-1647), merchant 165 Oakham (county town in Rutland, in the east midlands of England, 25 mi. E of Leicester) 38 Oatlands (palace, near Weybridge in Surrey, England) 31,34,37,46 Odiova (d. 1629), Frederick’s servant 253 Oehm,Johann Bernhard von (d.1656); Director of the Bernardines (from July 1639) 327 Ogle, Catherine (c. 1568-1629), marriage (1592) to Sir Charles Cavendish (1553-1617) 66 Oldenbarnevelt, Johan van (1547-1619), Advocate of Holland (1586-1618) 103,161,222 Oldenbarnevelt, Maria Johanna Petronella van (c. 1580-1657), marriage (1603) to Van der Myle 161,221-2 Oliver, Isaac (1565-1617), painter of miniatures 66 Oñate andVilla Mediana, Count of, see Ladrón Vélez de Guevera
y Tassis, Inigo Oppenheim (town in the Lower Palatinate on the Rhine River) 142, 264 Orange, Princes of, see Frederick Henry of Nassau; Maurice of Nassau; William of Nassau Orange, Princesses of, see Albertine Agnes of Nassau; Amalia; Louise Henriette of Nassau; Mary Stuart Orkney (archipelago off the NE coast of Scotland) 19,377,379 Orkney, Countess of, see Livingston, Margaret Orkney, Earl of, see Stewart, Patrick Orkney, Master of, see Stewart, John Orléans, Duchesses of, see ElisabethCharlotte; Henrietta Stuart Orléans, Duke of, see Gaston Orlers,J. J. (n.d.), historian 447 n.50 Ormond, Marquess of, see Butler, James Orney, Patrick (fl. 1642), Irish conspirator 343 Osnabrück (city in northwest Germany, 78 mi. W of Hanover) 317, 356 Ostend (port, city and municipality in West Flanders) Map 1, Map 2, 92 Otto (1594-1617), Prince of Hesse 50 Oude Mannenhuis (Amsterdam) 252 Overbury, Sir Thomas (1581-1613), poet and essayist 47, 420 n.62, 429 n.24 Overijssel (Dutch province) 50 Oxenstierna, Axel (1583-1654), Swedish chancellor (1612-54), Director of Heilbronn League (1633-6), governs Swedish Germany (1632-6); chancellor of Uppsala University (1645-54) 214, 285, 309-10, 328, 349
INDEX Oxenstierna, Johan Axelsson (1611-57), son of Chancellor Axel; visitor to the Stuart court (Feb.-Mar.1633); Swedish ambassador to the Low Countries (Feb-Mar. 1634) and the Stuart court (Mar.-May 1634) 294 Oxford (university town in Oxfordshire, housed the court of Charles I in 1642 during the Civil War) Map i, 3, 86,99, 190, 225, 300, 351,353062 Oxford, Countess of, see Cecil, Lady Diana Oxford, Earl of, see Vere, Henry de Paderborn (bishopric in North RhineWestphalia) 178 Padre Maestro, see Lafuente, Fray Diego Paisley, Mistress of, see Boyd, Marion Palatine, Electors, see Charles Louis; Frederick V; Friedrich III; Friedrich IV Palatine, Electress, see Elizabeth Stuart; Louise Juliana of Orange-Nassau Palatine of the Rhine, Princes, see Charles Louis; Edward; Frederick Henry; Gustavus Adolphus; Louis; Maurice; Philip; Rupert Palatine of the Rhine, Princesses, see Gonzaga, Anna; Charlotte; Elisabeth; Henrietta Maria; Louise Hollandine; Sophia Palatine-Simmern, Count of, see Ludwig Philipp Palazzo Renense (Elizabeth’s palace in Rhenen) xxv, Map 2, Map 4, 255 (Fig. 23), 256, 257 (Fig. 24), 282, 299, 321, 381-2, 393, 395, 410, 458 n.35,463 n.35,486 n.5 Pallandt, Floris II van (1577-1639), 2nd Count of Culemborch (1598) 200,208 Paludanus, Bernardus (1550-1633), Academic, noted for his cabinet of curiosities 229, 230 Pamplin, John (fl. 1617), servant 118 parakeets 57, 66 (Fig. 6) 5б5 Paris (capital of France) xxv, 78, 153, 166, 329, 359-60, 388 parrots 9, 57, 65, 66 (Fig. 6), 257 (Fig. 24), 423 Ո.81 Parry, Sir Thomas (1541-1616), English ambassador to France (1602-6) 417
n.56,418 n.62 Passe, Crispijn de, theYounger (1594/5-1670), Dutch engraver 309 (Fig. 33) Pastoir, Anna Maria Modesta (1580c. 1642), marriage (1599) to Ludwig Camerarius 143 pawnbrokers 344, 403, 460 n.77 Peacham, Henry, theYounger (b. 1578, d. in or after 1644), author 102 Peake, Robert, the Elder (c. 1551-1619), painter 31,32 (Fig. 2), 33 (Fig. 3), 43,44 (Fig- 4), 45,109 pearls 30, 39,43, 73, 81-2, 84,94, 108,155, 302,345 (Fig. 36), 409, 411, 467 n.43 Peg, see Hughes, Margaret Pellnitz, Gerardt Bernard von (d. 1676), ritmeester (1646-69), Master of the Horse to the Brandenburger court (1660s) 478 п.31 Pembroke, Countess of, see Clifford, Anne Pembroke, Earls of, see Herbert, Philip; Herbert, William Penshurst (stately home in Sevenoaks, Kent, England, seat of the Sydney family) 42 Pepys, Samuel (1633-1703), administrator of the navy, diarist 405-6 Percy, Algernon (1602-68), 10th Earl of Northumberland (1632); Lord High Admiral (1638-42); brother of Dorothy, Henry, and Lucy 406 Percy, Dorothy (1598-1677), marriage (1615) to Robert Sidney, later (1626) 2nd Earl of Leicester; sister of Lucy 42 Percy, Henry (1594-1632), aka ‘The Wizard Earl’, 9th Earl of Northumberland (1585) 30, 42
5б6 INDEX Percy, Lucy (1599-1660); marriage (1617) to James Hay, afterwards Earl of Carlisle (1622); sister of Dorothy 42,207, 450 n.39 Percy,Thomas (1560-1605), conspirator 42 perfume 389,482 η. 17 Pernstein, Polyxena of (1566-1642), styled Princess of the House of Lobkowicz; first marriage (1587) to William of Rosenberg (d. 1592), second marriage (1603) to Imperial High Chancellor Popel of Lobkowicz 123 Perrot, Letitia (Letice) (1560-1620); first marriage (n.d.) to Walter Vaughan, second marriage (n.d.) to John Langhorne, third marriage (1605) to Baron Chichester 66 Pesaro, Zuane (n.d.),Venetian ambassador in London (1624-6) 225,235-6 Peterborough Cathedral (Cambridgeshire) 17 Peters, Aeltje (fl. 1650s), widow of Elizabeth’s butcher 393 Peters, Hugh (1598-1660), regicide 398 petticoats 29, 64, 219 Phalsbourg, Princess of, see Henriette of Lorraine Philip (n.d.), Count ofWinnenberg, Burgrave of Alzey, Palatine deputy 118 Philip (1627-50), Prince Palatine of the Rhine, son of Frederick and Elizabeth 248, 303, 304 (Fig. 32), 362-5, 383 Philip III (1578-1621), King of Spain and Portugal (1598-1621) 51-2, 56, 59-60, 77, 139, 160, 395,422 n.39 Philip IV (1605-65), Prince of Asturias (1605-21), Prince of Portugal (1605-21), King of Spain (1621-65) and Portugal (1621-40) 56, 171,193,206, 210, 238, 261-3, 331, 368, 384 Philiphaugh (village in Scotland, 40 mi. S of Edinburgh) 375 Philipp Ludwig II (1576-1612), Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (1580; personal rule 1608), father of Amalie Elisabeth, the later (1627) Landgravine of Hesse; Palatine ambassador extraordinary to the Stuart court
(May-June 1612) 58 Philippsburg (fortified town on the Rhine in the Bishopric ofTrier, 15 mi. SW of Heidelberg) 289 Philips, Katherine (1632-64), poet 384 phoenix imagery 87,135, 350,427 n.81 Pibrac, Seigneur de, see Du Faur, Guy Picart, Esther (n.d.), marriage (1606) to De Caus 112 Piedmont, Princes of, see Filippo Emmanuel;Vittoreo Amedeo Pilkington, Mr (n.d.) 28 Pilsen (town in Bohemia, 50 mi. SW of Prague) 124,150,170 Pindar, Sir Paul (1565-1650), merchant, diplomat 317 plague 31, 34, 209, 211-14, 222, 225,299, 316, 332, 393, 454 n.65, 463 n.44 plays 7-8,62-3, 65-6, 72, 85, in, 243, 300, 354, 371-2, 389, 395, 405, 409, 411,423 n.79,461 п.103 Plessen, Sybille von, see Ketteler, Sybille von Plessen,Volrad von (1560-1632), German Palatine councillor (1592-1631); Palatine extraordinary ambassador to the Stuart court (May-June 1612; Mar.-May 1619); preceptor of Frederick and Elizabeth’s children in Leiden (1624-32) 99, 125,14З, 188-90 Plessis, Armand Jean du (1585-1642); Duke of Richelieu (1631); bishop of Luçon (1607); French secretary of state (1616-7); Cardinal (1622); chief minister of France (1624-42) 214, 240, 260, 266, 295, 298-9, 327, 329-30 plots xxvi, 9, 35-7, 41-3,46, 55, 59-60, 73, 167, 206,291, 333, 343, 372, 414 n.27,474 п.7 Plymouth (port in SW England) 234-5
INDEX Plzn, see Pilsen Poelenburch, Cornelis van (1595-1667), Dutch painter 250—1 poetry 44-5, 65, 74-6, 84, 86-7, in, 116, 190, 212, 253, 283, 441 п.15,463 n.40, 468 n.72 poison 67, 69, 77, 221, 225, 271, 358, 392, 429 n.24 Poland, King of, see Wladislaw IV Poland, Queen consorts of, see Cecylia Renate ofAustria; Elizabeth ofAustria Polesworth (village in Warwickshire, England, 22 mi. W of Leicester) 290 Pomerania (coastal province of the Baltic Sea on the German/Polish border) 358 Popel of Lobkowicz, Zdenek Vojtěch (1568-1628), Imperial High Chancellor 123 Porter, Endymion (1587-1649), courtier 311 Portland, Earl of, see Weston, Richard Portugal xxiv, 331, 378 Portugal, Princes of, see Balthasar Charles; Manuel I; Philip IV Portugal, Princess of, see Emilia of Nassau Portsmouth (port in S England) Map i, 249 Posthius, Erasmus (1582-1618), physician 118—19 Pourbus, Frans, the Younger (1569-1622), painter 172 Powiek Bridge (Worcestershire, England, 3 mi. SW ofWorcester) 349 Prague (capital of Bohemia) xxv, Map 3, Map 4, 7, 14, 52,100, 120, 121-158,162-3, 165,174, 181-2, 188, 200, 220, 223, 231, 238, 256, 298, 353, 372,429 n.39; peace of 298, 301-2 precedence issues 29, 56, 61, 82,96-7, 104, 106, 108, 114-17, 127—8, 134, 167, 201,231-2, 277, 331,333, 355,400-1 pregnancies 7, 14, 19, 24, 96, 101,116, 119, 120-1, 129, 131, 145, 151—5, 186, 567 188, 240-1, 244, 248, 254, 302,395-6 Presbyterianism 322, 370, 375—7, 379, 480 п.17 Pressburg (Hungarian city, now Bratislava) xxiv, 151 peace of 245 Preston (city in northwestern England, 30 mi. N of Liverpool) 370 Prinsenhof
(children’s court on the Rapenburg, Leiden) 6, 10, 188, 189 (Fig. 14), 190, 332, 349,446 ռ.47,447 п.57 progresses Map 2, Map 3, 19, 28, 46, 91-5, 113,144, 164, 188, 229-30, 232, 246, 256,446 п.47 Protestants, Protestantism xxiv, xxv, Map 4,9, 22, 24, 38,45, 50, 52-6, 72֊5, 77, 86-8, 93-5, 103, 105-6, 122-3,125-6, 129-36, 139, 142-З, 147, 149, 164, 168, 170-1,175-6, 223, 235, 240, 243, 246, 262, 266, 284-5, 295, 301-2, 310, 314, 324-7, 335,347, 350,353,358,374, 466 п.16, 476 n.62 Protestant Union 53-6, 76-7, 88, 93-4, 103, 105-6, 123, 125-6, 128-30, 132, 134, 142-3, 170-1 Puerto Rico (Caribbean island east of Haiti) 388 Puntales, Fort (fortification in Cadiz, Spain) 235,238 Purbeck, Lady, see Coke, Frances pyktouths, see toothpicks Pym,John (1584-1643), English politician 333, 337-8, 348 Quadt, Sybille, see Ketteler, Sybille von Radclyffe, Robert (1573-1629), 5th Earl of Sussex (1593-1629) 19 Rakonic (town in Bohemia, 30 mi. W of Prague) 145, 147 Rakovica (village in Croatia, 75 mi. S of Zagreb) 245 Rakovník, see Rakonic Raleigh, Sir Walter {c. 1552-1618), adventurer and author 35, 37, 409
568 INDEX Rammekens (fortress 4 mi. SE of Middelburg on the Westerscheldt and theWelzinge Channel that gives access to the port of Middelburg) 214 Rampton, Mary (fl. 1617), servant 118 Ramsay, David (d. c. 1653), Scottish royal horologist to James and Charles 166, 476 n.62 Raphael (1483-1520), Italian painter and architect 382 Ratisbon (Bavaria) 175, 180, 349, 356, 467 n-54.474 п.7 Ravile, Monsieur (n.d.), lieutenantgovernor of Luxembourg; envoy of the Infanta Isabella 174-5 Raymond, Duke of Lyons (lost play) 85 Reay, Lord, see Mackay, Donald Regensburg, see Ratisbon Reginald, Bathsua (c. 1600-c. 1675), marriage (1622) to Richard Makin 48, 420 n.64 Rethel (town in Ardennes, northern France, 20 mi. NE of Reims) 383 Rhé, Isle of (island off La Rochelle on the W coast of France) 248 Rhenen (Utrecht, site of Frederick and Elizabeth’s hunting lodge) xxv, Map 2, Map 4, 94, 255-6, 282, 299, 356, 377, 381-2, see also Palazzo Renense Rich, Sir Charles (d. 1627), lieutenant colonel in the States’ army under Essex; colonel Isle of Rhé expedition 452 n.27 Rich, Henry (1590-1649), ist Baron Kensington (1623), ist Earl of Holland (Sept. 1624); Charles I’s ambassador extraordinary to France (Jan. 1624-mid-June 1625-Dec. 1625-Apr. 1626), to the Low countries (Sept. 1625-Dec. 1625) 235-6, 239-40, 290, 466 п.15 Rich, Isabella (1595-1632), marriage (1618) to Sir John Smythe (1599-164°) 191 Rich, Lady, see Devereux, Penelope Rich, Robert (1587-1658), 2nd Earl of Warwick (1619) 186 Richelieu, Cardinal-Duke of, see Plessis, Armand Jean du Richmond, Duchess of, see Villiers, Mary Richmond, Duke
of, see Stuart, Ľudoviek Richmond, Earl of, see Stuart, Ľudoviek Riesenberg, Baron von, see Svihovský, Ferdinand Karl rings 18, 38, 60, 109, 168, 250, 392, 403, 409-10, 443 n.56, 487 n.7 Ripon (city in Yorkshire, England, 28 mi. N of Leeds) 330 Riva, Giovanni Baptista (d. 1650), translator 383 Rivet, André (1572-1651), French Huguenot theologian 322 Robert Stuart (Jan.-May 1602), Duke of Kintyre, Elizabeth’s brother 24—5, 64 Rochelle, La (city in SW France and a seaport on the Bay of Biscay) 249 Rochester (city in Kent, SE England, situated on the River Medway) Map 1, 91 Rochester,Viscount, see Carr, Robert Roe, Lady, see Cave, Eleanor Roe, Sir Thomas (1581-1644), Stuart special ambassador to Mughal India (Jan. 1615-Sept. 1619), resident ambassador to Turkey (Sept. 1621-Jan. 1629); Charles I’s ambassador extraordinary to Poland (Apr. 1629-JuIy 1630), to the peace negotiations in Hamburg (Apr. 1638-June 1640); privy councillor (Aug. 1640) special ambassador to the Imperial Diet in Ratisbon (Mar. 1641-Sept. 1642; including visit to Elizabeth’s court mid-May 1641); succeeds Sir Francis Crane as chancellor of the Order of the Garter (1636-44); MP for Oxford University in the Long Parliament (1640-4) calendar xxv; gives Elizabeth pets 8, 9,65, 141 ; sends Elizabeth musk melon seeds 65; escorts Elizabeth to Heidelberg 97; forges a connection with Elizabeth 141,
INDEX 283-4; his embassy to Mogul India 141; and prose romances 141 ; and Sir Horace Vere s military campaign 142; his embassy to Constantinople 65, 168, 212; and Chichester’s treaty 168-9, 178; passed over for promotion 168, 292, 296, 324; and Frankenthal 179-81; as Carletons correspondent 192; and the 1624 parliament 201, 209; and Frederick Henry of Nassau’s marriage 218,220-1; Elizabeth expresses grief to 212, 220, 253,271, 281; and Bethlen Gabor 243-6, 358; and Christian IV 245, 328; Elizabeth sends portrait to 250; composes verses on the death of Palatine prince Frederick Henry 253; peace of Madrid 262; and Charles Louis’s education 280; fear of being tainted by Nethersole’s fall from favour 288, 291—2; encourages Elizabeth to begin a correspondence with Laud 295-9, 310; watches over Charles Louis and Rupert at the Stuart court 299, 311-12; and Arundel’s embassy 301—2, 306, 308, 374; as ambassador extraordinary to Sweden and Poland 314; and the siege of Bois-le-Duc 256; and Charles Louis’s Palatine army 316, and conjunction with LieutenantGeneral King s 317; at Hamburg conference 318, 324—5, 328-9; and treaty at Brussels 324-6, 328; and Charles Louis’s arrest by the French 327-8; and the Short Parliament 328; and the Long Parliament 330; marriage Mary Stuart and William II 331—3; and Imperial Diet 336-7, 349; and Bishops’Wars 328, 330; and civil war 341, 347-52; Rupert’s liberty 337-8; health of 350, 355—6; and Rohan 354; Elizabeth’s health 354-5; death 5б9 of 356; and the Electoral dignity 373; unification of Churches 476 n.62 Rogier de La Marbillière, Louise
(Г.1619-С.1711), mistress to Gaston, mistress to L’Espinay 362-3 Rohan, Benjamin de (1583-1642), Lord of Soubise; brother of Duke of Rohan; Huguenot military leader (1621-8), in exile in London (1628-42) 354 Rohan, Duchess of, see Rohan, Marguerite de Rohan, Duke of, see Rohan, Henri II de Rohan, Henri II de (1579-1638), ist Duke of Rohan 354 Rohan, Marguerite de (1617-84), Duchess of Rohan, Duchess of Frontenay 354 Rome (capital of Italy) 312, 320 Roosendaal (city in the Southern Netherlands) 216 Rosaeus, Henricus (d. 1637), minister 196—7 Rosen, Rheinhold von (1600-67), Director of the Bernardines (1639) 327 Rosny, Marquis de, see Béthune, Maximilien de Rotterdam (city and port in Holland situated on the Rhine-MeuseScheldt delta) Map 2, Map 3, 94, 156,159,358 Roupovec z Roupova Václav, Vilém (d. 1641), Bohemian rebel, High chamberlain in Moravia; in exile in The Hague and in Palatine service as Frederick’s chancellor (1621), exile in Berlin (6 years), in Saxon army (1631-2), father of Jane Rupa 123-4 Royston (town in Hertfordshire, England, 14 mi. SW of Cambridge) 67, 70 Rubens, Sir Peter Paul (1577-1640),painter and diplomat; Infanta Isabella’s agent (mid 1620s), in Madrid (1628-9), in London (1629-30); knt. by Philip IV in 1624, by Charles I in 1629 131,257, 382
570 INDEX rubies 32 (Fig. 2), 38, 108-9, 248, 346,431 n.I Rudolfil of Austria (1552-1612), Holy Roman Emperor (1576-1612) 54,139 Rudyerd, Sir Benjamin (1572-1658), politician and poet 335 Ruffia, Claudio di (n.d.), Count of Cartignano (1609) 51 Rumpf, Christian (1582-1645), court physician in The Hague 272,355 Rupa,Jane (/Li62os֊4os; d. after 1660), part of Elizabeths Bohemian entourage in exile (1621-9); in Roe’s household (1629-35); lady-inwaiting to Elizabeth (1635-C.1639); marriage (c.1641) to Sir George Sayer; Elizabeth nicknames her ‘Queen Mab’ 414 n.32 Rupa,Vilém, see Roupovec z Roupova Václav,Vilém Rupert (1619-82), Prince Palatine of the Rhine, Earl ofHolderness (1644), Duke of Cumberland (1644), son of Frederick and Elizabeth archive of 3; biography of 6-7,9; Elizabeth pregnant with 120; birth of 122,137,155; baptism of 137-8; as godson to Bethlen Gabor 181;in Prague as an infant 7,145, 149; in exile in The Hague 188, 305 (Fig. 32); education of 188-90; loss of his father 273; at the Stuart court 299-300, 313, 374; as marriage candidate for Marguerite de Rohan 354; and religion 312, 338, 360, 396; and Madagascar 311-13; sea admiral 378, 387-8; the siege ofBreda 315 (Fig. 35); and the Battle ofVlotho 318; captured 318, 327, 360, 467 n.54; Roe negotiates liberty of 337; return to The Hague 337—8; return to the Stuart court 338; accompanies Q. Henrietta Maria to The Hague 338, 341; Ulster Rebellion 346—7; on royalist side in Civil Wars 349—53,360-2, 376-8; his dog Boye 9, 360; offer ofVenetian military employment 364; as Elizabeth’s favourite son 403—4,407, 409; as
Elizabeth’s chief mourner 408; and Elizabeth’s inheritance 409-11, 486 n.5 Ruperta (b. 1673), daughter of Rupert and Margaret Hughes; marriage (1695) to Howe 411 Rusdorf, Johann Joachim von (1589-1640), Palatine extraordinary agent to Christian IV (Oct. 1633-Jan. 1634); Charles Louis’s councillor at the Stuart court (Nov.-Dec. 1635); Palatine representative to the Emperor, accompanies Arundel (Jan.-Dec. 1636) at Stuart court (Jan.-July 1637); Palatine representative in Hamburg (1638-40) 204,208, 236,306-7,467 n.52 Russell, Anne (d. 1639), marriage (1600) to Worcester’s son, Henry Somerset, Lord Herbert, the later (1628) 5th Earl of Worcester 27-8 Russell, Edward (1527-1627), 3rd Earl of Bedford (1585) 28 Russell, Lucy, see Harington, Lucy Ruthven, Sir John (/1.1627-38); Scot in Danish (1627-9) and Swedish military service (1629-38), as lieutenant-colonel under Alexander Leslie (1630), as colonel (1631), and as major general (1638) 317 Rijn, Rembrandt van (1606-69), painter 275, 462 η. 16 Rijswijk (town/municipality in the Netherlands, adjacent to The Hague) 231,258 Sackville, Edward (1590-1652), 4th Earl of Dorset (1624) 65, 142 Sackville, Richard (1589-1624), Lord Buckhurst (1608-9), 3rd Earl of Dorset (1609) 79
INDEX Sacramentsgasthuis (The Hague) 320, 469 n.3 St Albans, Earl of, see Jermyn, Henry St Albans, Viscount of, see Bacon, Francis Saint George (and the dragon) 74-5, 92,162 Saint Germain (chateau and town of St-Germain-en-Lye, 12 mi. W of Paris) 377 St James’s Palace (royal residence just N of St James’s Park in Pall Mali, London) 64, 204, 371 St John, Oliver (1598-1673), parliament’s extraordinary ambassador in The Hague (1651) 383-4, 386 St Leger,William (1586-1642), soldier 453 n.55 Saint-Martin (citadel on Isle of Rhé) 248 St Michael 31 St Ravy, Sir William (n.d.), diplomat 354 StVitus (Cathedral in Prague, seat of the Archbishop of Prague) 136, 138 Salisbury, Earl of, see Cecil, Robert Salvius, Johan Adler (1590-1652); Swedish ambassador at Hamburg (1638-40), postmaster 325, 328 Salzburg (city in Austria, 85 mi. SW of Munich) 128 Sampson, Agnes (d. 1591), Scottish healer, purported witch 19 San Germano, Marquis of, see Mendoza, Juan de Sanderson, Peter (fl. 1598), tailor to Anna of Denmark, tailor at Linlithgow 23 Sandilands, James (d. 1638); master of Elizabeth’s household (1613-7), in States’ service (1617-38) as sergeant-major (from 1627), lieutenant-colonel (from May 1631), and colonel (from Mar. 1635) of a Scottish regiment; wounded at the siege of Breda (1637); imprisoned (c. June 1638); presumably killed at Vlotho 98, 102, 104 Sandshult, Baron, see King, James Sarmiento de Acuña, Don Diego (1567-1626), ist Count of 571 Gondomar (1617), Spanish ambassador to the Stuart court (1613-18; 1619- officially Apr. 1624, but residing in Spain from July 1622 onwards for
the Spanish Match) 183 Sas van Gent (town in the Netherlands 30 mi.W of Antwerp) 366 Savile, Elizabeth (n.d.), daughter of Henry Savile, step-father ofAnne Gerard, Lady Carleton, marriage (1613) to Sir John Sedley, 2nd Baronet 166 Savoy, Dukes of, see Charles Emmanuel I; Vittoreo Amedeo Saxe-Weimar, Duke of, see Bernard Saxony, Electors of, see Christian II; John George I Sayer, Lady, see Rupa, Jane Scaglia, Alessandro Cesare (1592-1641), abbot of Santa Maria di Staffarda (1603), San Pietro de Muleggio (1613), and San Giusto di Susa (1616); Savoy’s ordinary ambassador in Paris (1624-32); self-imposed exile in Brussels and Madrid, working informally for Spanish regimes (1632-41) 283 Scaramelli, Giovanni Carlo (1550-1608), Venetian envoy in London (1603) 26 Schade, Anna von (1584-1644), marriage (c. 1613) to Dodo zu Innhausen und Knyphausen 316-17 Schaep, Gerard Pieterszoon (1599-1655), Dutch extraordinary ambassador in England (1651-2) 384 Schagen, Albert van (ft. 1629) 253 Schloer, Christian (fl. 163OS-5OS), Frederick s gentleman of the bedchamber 391 Schmelzing, Nicolaas (1561-1629), Austrian nobleman, military commander 196-7, 250,448 n.79, 458 n.44 Schomberg, Duke of, see Schomberg, Frederick Herman
572 INDEX Schomberg, Frederick Herman (1615-90), Duke of Schomberg (c. 1668), only son of Frederick’s master of the household Hans Meinhard Schomberg and Elizabeth’s lady-in-waiting Anne Sutton 113 Schomberg, Hans Meinhard (1582-1616), marshal of the Palatinate; Palatine ambassador to The Hague (Apr. 1612; Feb.1614), to Brussels (Mar. 1612), to the Stuart court (Aug. 1612; Dec.1613-Feb.1614) 96-9, 101-2, 104-7, no-12, 114-15, 127, 169,217 Schöner, Martin (d. 1611), physician to James and Anna 26 Schoutens, Henrick fl. 1620s), concierge 189 Schurman, Anna Maria van (1607-78), Dutch humanist, theologian, writer 120 Schwalbach (Bad Schwalbach, spa town 58 mi. from Heidelberg) 116, 118 Schwarzenberg, Count of, see Adam Schwetzingen (town in Germany, 58 mi. S of Frankfurt) 101 Scillies (archipelago 28 mi. SW of Cornwall peninsular) 378 Scotland, Kings of, see Francis II; James VI Scotland, regents of, see Douglas, Janies; Erskine, John; Mary of Guise; Stuart, James; Stuart, Matthew Scots, Queen of, see Mary Stuart Scott,Thomas (c. 1580-1626), preacher, writer 243 Scrimgeour, Christiane fl. 1598), rocker at Linlithgow 23 Scrope, Baroness Scrope of Bolton, see Carey, Philadelphia Scultetus, Abraham (1566-1625), Palatine service (from 1595); escorted Frederick to the Stuart court (1612/3); Frederick’s Calvinist chaplain and court preacher (from 1615); professor in theology (old testament) in Heidelberg (1618); accompanied Frederick’s court to Bohemia (1619-21); brief return to Heidelberg (1622); minister in Emden (1622-5) 99, 136-7 Sedan (Bouillon’s court; town in the Principality
of Sedan near the border of the Spanish Netherlands and France) Map 4, 96,174-6, 383,464 n.44 Sedan, Prince of, see La Tour ď Auvergne, Henri de Sedley, Lady, see Savile, Elizabeth Segeberg (Holstein town 30 mi. N of Hamburg) 155, 163 sermons 41, 62, 86,99, 128, 295-6, 320-1, 371, 388 Servi, Constantino de’ (1554-1622), Italian painter, architect 426 п.51 Servien, Abel (1593-1659), French diplomat 368-9 Seton, Alexander (1555-1622), Lord Fyvie (1598), ist Earl of Dunfermline (1605), Lord President of the Court of Session (1593-1604), Lord Chancellor of Scotland (1604-22) 23 Seton, George (1584-1650), 3rd Earl of Winton (1606) 279 Seton, Sir John fl. 1619), soldier 140, 146, 160,440 п.14 Shakespeare,William (bap. 1564-d. 1616), playwright and poet 8, 212; 1 Henry IV 8; Henry V 8, 142; Julius Caesar 8; Merry Wives of Windsor 8; Much Ado about Nothing 8; Othello 8,411,487 n.io; Rape oflLucrece 212; Twelfth Night 484 n.55; TheTempest 8; Venus and Adonis 212; Tite Winter’s Tale 8 Shelton, Audrey, aka Etheldreda (1568-1624), marriage (before 1600) to Sir Thomas Walsingham; Lady of the Bedchamber to Elizabeth I; Mistress of the Robes to Anna of Denmark (1603-19) 27-8,417 n.57 Sherburne, Edward (1578-1641), government official and secretary
INDEX of the East India Company 432 n.28 Shetland Islands (archipelago north of the Orkney isles of Scotland) 40 Shrewsbury, Earl of, see Talbot, Gilbert Sidney, Lady Dorothy, see Percy, Dorothy Sidney, Robert (1563-1626),Viscount Lisle (1605), ist Earl of Leicester (1618) 97, 142 Sidney, Robert (1597-1677), 2nd Earl of Leicester (1626), Charles Is ambassador extraordinary to Denmark (Apr.-Dec. 1632), to France (Feb. 1636-Sept. 1641); Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (Oct. 1641) 42 Sigismund Rákóczi (d.1651), brother of the Prince ofTransylvania, George Rákóczi 385 Silesia (Bohemian Crown lands, now mostly Poland) 122, 124, 150-1, 154, 162 Simpson,Thomas (1582-e. 1628), English composer 117 Sittingbourne (city in Kent, 45 mi. SE of London) Map 1,91 Skipwith, Sir William (1564-1610) 28 Slavata, Baroness of, see Brederode, Amalia Margaretha van Slavata of Chlum and Koschemberg, Albert Henry (d. 1660), Baron of Slavata, sergeant-major in the States cavalry (1641), colonel (1646), commander of Geertruidenberg (1651-60) 387 Slavata of Chlum,Vilem (1572-1652), Bohemian nobleman, representative of Ferdinand II 123 Smith, Mary fl. 1612), royal laundress to Elizabeth at Kew 57-8 Smythe, Lady, see Rich, Isabella Solms-Braunfels, Count of, see Johann Albrecht I Solms-Braunfels, Countess of, see Agnes of Sayn-Wittgenstein Somerset, Earl of, see Carr, Robert Somerset, Elizabeth, see Hastings, Elizabeth 573 Sommelsdijck, Lord of, see Aerssen, François van Sophia (1630-1714), Princess Palatine of the Rhine, daughter of Frederick and Elizabeth, in Leiden (until 1641), moves to The Hague (1641),
and Heidelberg (1650), marriage (1658) to Ernst August, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Elector of Hanover (1692); her eldest son Georg Ludwig, Elizabeth’s grandchild, becomes George I, King of Great Britain and Ireland (1714) 3, 8-II, 190, 263, 305 (Fig. 32), 332, 365,376,380,399,403, 409—11, 413 Ո.2 Sophia Hedwig of BrunswickWolfenbüttel (1592-1642), Elizabeth’s cousin; marriage (1607) to Ernst Casimir, Count of Nassau-Dietz 94, 152,217 Sophia Stuart (22-23 June 1606), Elizabeths sister 64 Sophie Frederica of Mecklenburg (1557-1631); mother ofAnna of Denmark and Christian IV; maternal grandmother of Elizabeth 163, 259 Soranzo, Giovanili (1600-55),Venetian ambassador in the Netherlands (1627-9) 247, 249,261 Soubise, Lord of, see Rohan, Benjamin de Southampton (port in S England), treaty of 234 Southampton, Countess of, see Vernon, Elizabeth Southampton, Earls of, see Wriothesley, Henry ; Wriothesley, Thomas Spa (town in Flanders, 80 mi. SW of Brussels) Map 4, 95, 191, 336, 447 n.63 Spain, Kings of, see Charles V; Philip III; Philip IV Spain, Queen consorts of, see Elisabeth of France; Margaret of Austria; Mary I Spanheim senior, Friedrich (1600-49), Calvinist theology professor 355
574 INDEX Spence,John (fl. 1612),Elizabeths tailor 64 Spenser, Edmund (1553-99), English poet; The Faerie Queene 74—5, 87 Speyer (fortified town on the Rhine River in the bishopric of Speyer, 13 mi. SW of Heidelberg) 52 Spiering, François (с. 15761-1630?), tapestry maker 94 spies i, 35, 175, 274,280, 347, 353, 383, 398,474 п.22, 478 п.50, 481 п.50, 485 п.22 Spifame, Samuel (d. 1632), Seigneur de Buisseaux, French ambassador to London 73, 81, 83, 425 п.21 Spinola, Ambrosio (1569-1630); Marquis of Los Balbases; commander of the Army of Flanders and principal minister of the archdukes (1605-28); to Spain (1628-9); to War of Mantua (1630) 139,142-3, 145, I7L HS, 177, 209, 225—6, 414 n.27 Stade (town on the Schwinge River, 5 mi. W of the Elbe River, and 14 mi. S of Glückstadt) 161 Stadtlohn Map 4,199 Stafford, Lady, see Woodhouse, Mary Stamp,William (n.d.), Elizabeth’s chaplain (c. 1650-3) 470 n.7 Staps, Annetgen (fl. 1620s), maid servant 189 Staps, Maria (fl. 1620s), maid servant 189 Stewart, Francis (1589-1635), courtier and naval officer 455 n. 15 Stewart, John (d. 1645), Master of Orkney, Earl of Carrick (1628) 26 Stewart, Marie (d. 1644), marriage (1592) to the 2nd Earl of Mar 26, 30 Stewart, Patrick (c. 1566-1615), 2nd Earl of Orkney (1593-1614), executed (1615) О Stirling Castle 19, 21-2, 25-7 Stolzenau (Westphalia) 156 Strafford, Earl of, see Wentworth, Thomas Stralsund (city on the Baltic coast of Germany) 262 Strange, Lady, see La Tremolile, Charlotte de Streiff von Lauenstein, Johan (n.d.) captain in the States’ army in the regiment of Ernst Casimir, Count of Nassau-
Dietz (1610), later (1625) in Danish military service 175 Strickland,Walter (1598-1671), resident ambassador for Parliament in the Low Countries (1642-50) 352, 370, 383-4, 386 Stuart, Lady Arbella (1575-1615), great-great-granddaughter of King Henry VII of England, marriage (1610, in secret) to William Seymour (1588-1660), Lord Beauchamp, later (1660) 2nd Duke of Somerset 35-6,66 (Fig. 6), 73,402, 423 п.81 Stuart, Henrietta (1573-1642), daughter of the ist Duke of Lennox; favourite ofAnna ofDenmark; marriage (1588) to George Gordon, 6th Earl and later (1599) ist Marquess of Huntly 20,27 Stuart, Henry (1545-67), Lord Darnley (title of heir apparent to the Earldom of Lennox), Duke of Albany (1565-7), King consort of Scotland (1565-7) 21 Stuart,James (c. 1530-70), ist Earl of Moray (1562-70), regent of Scotland (1567-70) 21 Stuart, Ľudoviek (1574-1624), Scottish nobleman; 2nd Duke of Lennox (1583) in the peerage of Scotland, and Earl (1613) and Duke (1623) of Richmond in the peerage of England; Stuart ambassador to France (c. June-Sept. 1613); lord high steward of the royal household (from Nov. 1616-23); King James’s aulnager in Ireland (írom 1618); lord lieutenant of the county of Kent (from Nov. 1620-24); joint commissioner for the great seal (May-July 1621) 20, 27, 60, 83 (Fig. 10), 91, 95, 97, 430 n.65
INDEX Stuart, Matthew (1516-71), 4th Earl of Lennox (1526-71), paternal grandfather ofJames VI; regent of Scotland (1570-1) 21 Stuteville, Sir Martin (1569-1631), correspondent ofjoseph Mead 445 п.105 Stuttgart (fortified town in and seat of government of the duchy of Württemberg) 114—16 Suffolk, Earl of, see Howard,Theophilus Sully, Duke of, see Béthune, Maximilien de Suriano, Christoforo (c.i58o-d. after 1657), Venetian resident agent and secretary in the Netherlands (1616-23; Sept. 1626 - Jan. 1627); secretary to Venetian ambassadors extraordinary Correr and Contarini to the Stuart court (June-July 1626, audience in The Hague in June) ix, 156, 159, 161, 163, 168-70, 172, 177, 180-2, 192,197 Susa (northern Italy), treaty of (14 Apr. 1629) 260 Sussex, Earl of, see Radclyffe, Robert Sutton, Anne (d.1615), daughter of Edward Sutton, Lord Dudley; lady-inwaiting to Elizabeth (1607-15); marriage (1615) to Hans Meinhard, Count of Schomberg 72,105-6, in-14,117,217 Sutton, Edward (1567-1643), 5th Lord Dudley, nobleman 72, 106, 112 Švihovský, Ferdinand Karl (1600-22), Baron von Riesenberg, Bohemian noble 217 The Swan (theatre in Southwark, London) 85 Sweden, Kings of, see Gustavus II Adolphus; Karl IX Sweden, Queen of, see Christina Swinnerton, Lady, see Buckhold, Thomasine Swinton, Sir John (fl. 1618-30), officer in Brunswick’s army (1618-23), in the Anglo-Dutch brigade 575 (1625-7), in the Danish army under Morgan (1627-8) 247 Sylvester,Joshuah (1563-1618),poet 65, in Talbot, Alatheia (d. 1654), marriage (1606) to Arundel 97, 125, 192, 312 (Fig. 34), 395,483 n.48 Talbot, Gilbert
(1552-1616), 7th Earl of Shrewsbury (1590) 28 Talkinant, Gédéon (1619-82), Sieur des Réaux (1650), writer 363 Talmont, Prince of, see La Tremolile, Henri Charles de Tangermünde (town on the Elbe River, 60 mi. W of Berlin) 156 tapestries 72-3, 77, 94-5, 153, 155, 163, 166, 168, 360, 382,404, 409, 411, 425 п.18, 485 n.26 Tarente, Prince of, see La Tremolile, Henri Charles de Taylor,Anthony (fl. 1642),Jesuit priest 343 Taylor,John (1597-1655); Charles Is agent to Vienna (Aug. 1635Jan.1639); committed to the Tower (Sept. 1639) 300-1, 326, 471 п.31 tennis 62, 175, 337, 399 Terheijden (village and site of a Spanish army base on the Mark River, 4 mi. N of Breda) 225—6 Tetius, Hieronymus (n.d.), writer 409, 486 n.4 Thames, River 31, 46, 60, 74-5, 79, 85 theatre companies 8, 65, 78, 350, 371, 423 n.79 Theobalds (stately royal home of the Stuarts, just outside Cheshunt in Hertfordshire) 204, 219 Thou,Jacques-Auguste de (d.1677), French ambassador in The Hague (1657-62) 399 Thouars, Duchess of, see Charlotte Brabantina Throckmorton, Anne (1540, d. after 1605), marriage (1566) to Sir William Catesby (1547-98) 40 Thurn, Count, see Heinrich Matthias
57б INDEX Thurn, Frantisek Bernard von (1592-1628), only son of Count Thurn, died in Swedish service 150 Thurzo, Imre (1598-1621), CountThurzó (1616), Hungarian aristocrat, Gabor’s ambassador 137-8 Tichborne, Sir Benjamin (c. 1542-1629), ist Baronet (1621), Sheriff of Hampshire (1579-80, 1602-3), Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to James 36 Tilbury (port in the Thames estuary, S England) 72, 135 Tilly, Count of, see ť Serclaes, Jean Titian (c. 1488/90-1576), Italian painter 382 Tobias (biblical figure) 382 toothpicks 38 Torre, Count de la, see Thurn Torstenson, Lennart (1603-51), Swedish Field Marshal 356 TorstensonWar 356 Tour, Count of, see Thurn Tower, the (prison) 37, 42, 60, 73, 290, 326, 334,429 n.24 Tower Hill (part of east London, site of the Tower of London) 361 Tracy, Mary (1581-1671), first marriage (1600) to William Hoby (d. 1602?); second marriage (1607) to Sir Horace Vere 320 Transylvania, Princes of, see Bethlen Gabor; George Rákóczi Transylvania, Princess of, see Catharina of Brandenburg Třeboň, see Wittingau Tredway, Lady, see Gerard, Anne Trier (town on the River Mosel, which bordered on the Spanish Netherlands; seat of government of the Elector ofTrier) 53 Tromp, see Harpertszoon Tromp Trumbull,William (d. 1635), secretary to Ambassador Thomas Edmondes in Brussels (1604-9); King James’s agent and later resident ambassador in Brussels (Aug. 1609-N0V. 1625; brief return to England from mid-Sept.-mid Dec. 1615 Jan-July 1618), during residency special mission to Protestant Union (Apr. 1621-summer 1621) 51,95, 153, 162,179, 290 ť Serclaes,Jean (1559-1632),
Count of Tilly (1622), field marshal in Imperial service (1605), appointed by Maximilian I as leader of Catholic League army (1610), defeated Frederick’s forces at the Battle ofWhite Mountain (1620), besieged Heidelberg (1622) 147, 171-З, 177, 215,264,470 n-5 Tubbe, Jean (d. 1625), captain in the States’ army 226 Tucker, Walter (fl. 1612), musician 67 Turenne, Viscount of, see La Tour d’ Auvergne, Henri de Turin (capital of the duchy of Savoy in the northern part of present-day Italy) 51 Turner, Samuel (d. c. 1647), physician 486 n.27 Turnhout (municipality in Flanders, 26 mi. east ofAntwerp) 368 Tuscany 49 Twisse,William (1577/8-1646), Elizabeth s chaplain in Heidelberg (1613) 99,470 n.7 Tyan,Jaspar (fl. 1618), merchant 12 Tyburn (site of public executions in London, close to modern-day Marble Arch) 402 Tyrrell, Frances (n.d.), Elizabeth’s maid of honour (c. 1604- Jan. 1615) 108-9 Udenheim, see Philippsburg Ulm (Imperial City on the Donau River, 85 mi. NE of Munich), treaty of 142, 170,437 п.16 Ulster (Ireland); rebellion (1641) 346, 474 п.20 Urban VIII, see Barberini, Maffeo Urie, Honore ď (1568-1625), writer 254 Ursula (1594-1657), daughter of Frederick’s counsellor the Count of Solms-Braunfels; presumably
INDEX lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth (1613-19); marriage (1620) to Baron Christoph von Dohna 140-1, 155 Usedom (German island on the Baltic coast, 52 mi. SE of Stralsund) 261-2 Utrecht (United Provinces) xxv, Map 2, 50, 94, 159, 162, 200, 243, 251, 256, 381 Vallaresso, Alvise (1588-1650),Venetian ambassador in London (1622-24) 176, 183-5, 202 Valtellina (alpine valley 77 mi. SE of Milan) 240 Vane, Sir Henry (1589-1655), the Elder, Stuart ambassador extraordinary to the Low Countries (Mar.-May 1629, visit to Rhenen in Apr. 1629; Sept. 1629 - Apr. 1630; July-Dec 1630), comptroller of the royal household (from 1629); Charles I’s ambassador extraordinary at the Swedish headquarters in Germany (May 1631-N0V. 1632); treasurer of the royal household (from 1639); Secretary of State (Feb. 1640-Dec. 1641) 225,254,258-9,261,263, 265,285,299,313,336 Vaughan, Frances (d. 1647), marriage (before 1594) to Thomas Burgh, 3rd Baron Burgh (o 1558-97) ИЗ Vaughan, Letitia, see Perrot, Letitia Vaughan, Robert (c. 1600-63), printmaker 224 (Fig. 19) Vaux, Lord of, see L’Espinay, Jacques Vecellio, Tiziano, see Titian Veere (principality and city on the island ofWalcheren, Zeeland; primary port for Scotland) Map 2, 94 Velde, Esaias van de (1587-1630), Dutch landscape painter 257 (Fig- 24) Venice (Italian city) 9, 52, 100, 114, 127, 165, 184, 203 Venlo (Upper Gelderland) 367 577 Venne, Adriaen van de (c. 1587/9-1662), painter 196 (Fig. 17), 221, 222 (Fig. 18), 230, 231 (Fig. 21) Venner,Thomas (d. 1661), last leader of the Fifth Monarchy Men 402 Vere, Baron, see Vere, Sir Horace Vere, Henry de
(1593-1625), 18th Earl of Oxford (1604); kinsman of Sir Horace Vere 142, 168, 208, 226 Vere, Sir Horace (1565-1635), Baron Vere ofTilbury (1625); colonel of the 2nd English regiment in the States’army (1599-1633); governor ofBrill (1609-16); commander of the English volunteer force in the Palatinate (1620s) 142,160, 171,173, 226, 23Յ, 320,437 n-U, 440 n.14, 470 n.5 Vere, Lady, see Tracy, Mary Verneyjohn (n.d.), correspondent 449 n.85 Vernon, Elizabeth (1572-1655), marriage (1598) to the 3rd Earl of Southampton 404 Verstraelen,Jan Hendrikz. fl. 1620), Dutch engraver 19Ó (Fig. 17) Verreycken, Louis (d. 1629) Captain of Curassiers in Army of Flanders 258 Veurne (city 13 mi. NE of Dunkirk) 367 Vianen (municipality and city in the province of Utrecht, situated on the River Lek) Map 2, 197, 200, 256 Vienna (city on the Donau River in Lower Austria; Imperial seat of government) Map 3, Map 4, 54, 121,124, 154, 169, 202, 238, 245, 299-300, 302, 309, 313, 336-7, 360,467 n.54,473 п.71 Villiers, Sir Edward (c. 1585-1626), half-brother of Buckingham; administrator and government official; King James’s special ambassador to Frederick (Jan-Apr. 1621; Sept.-Oct. 1621) 153-4, 168-9
578 INDEX Villiers, George (1592-1628), Earl (1617), Marquess (1618) and ist Duke of Buckingham (1623); lord admiral (from Jan. 1619); Charles I’s ambassador extraordinary to France (May-June 1625), to the Low countries (Sept. 1625 ֊ Dec. 1625) his mistress Lady Carlisle 42; his half-brother Edward 153, 169; Palatine-Villiers match 206—7, 236, Elizabeth keeps in contact with his daughter Mary 379; asked to support Fredericks acceptance of the Crown 131-2; asked to move James to assist defence of the Lower Palatinate 142; and the Spanish Match 182-4, 201, 2θ5-7, Յ44; war with Spain 203, 233; written to, because favourite 211—12, 220, 223, 404; Mansfelds expedition 225,228,232; tense relationship with Elizabeth 225, 246-7; as Lord Admiral 232-5, 241 ; health of 233; impeachment of 241; and Cadiz 233—4, 238, 241, 252; as ambassador extraordinary in The Hague, and The Hague Alliance 234-9; his jewels pawned in Holland 239-40, 344, 345 (Fig. 36); and SaintMartin 248, the Isle of Rhe expedition 248, and the Franco-Stuart war 249; murder of 249-52 Villiers, Mary (1622-85), daughter of the ist Duke of Buckingham; marriage (1637) to James Stuart, 4th Duke of Lennox and ist Duke of Richmond (1641) 206-7,236,379 Vinne,Vincent Laurensz van der (1628-1702) 382 virginals 67, 68 (Fig. 7) Virgin Islands (archipelago 63 mi. E of Puerto Rico) 388 Virgin Queen, see Elizabeth I Virginia (colony in North America, chartered by Queen Elizabeth to Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584) 72 Vittoreo Amedeo (1587-1637), Prince of Piedmont (1605-30), Duke of Savoy (1630-7) 50, 124 Vlissingen, see Flushing Vlotho
(town on the Weser River 9 mi. SW of Minden); battle of (Nov. 1638) Map 4, 318-19 Vltava, River, see Moldau Voorhout, Lange the (lane in The Hague) 161,441 ՈՈ.21 23, 479 п.61 Vroom, Hendrick Cornelisz (ճ.1562-1640), painter 257 Wake, Sir Isaac (1580-1632), secretary to Carleton in Venice (1609-12), at the Stuart court (Nov. 1612-M.ar. 1613), Stuart agent to Savoy (Dec. 1614- Nov. 1624, during which he also visited the Palatinate, from c. Apr.-May 1619), dual ambassador to Venice (Nov. 1624—Mar. 1631, during which he stayed at Turin, from June 1625-late 1626), and Savoy (Oct. 1628-Mar. 1631), ambassador in France (Mar. 1631-June 1632) 71,98 Walcheren (island in Zeeland, 46 mi. NW of Antwerp) 216 Walden, Baron de, see Howard, Theophilus Wales Map 1, 353 Wales, Prince of (title of heir apparent to the English crown), see Charles II; Edward VI; Henry Frederick Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von (1583-1634), Duke and Prince of Friedland (1625), Duke of Mecklenburg (1628), commander of Imperial army (1625-30; 1632-4); assassinated (1634) 237, 240, 262 Waller, Sir William (bap. 1598?, d. 1668), parliamentarian army officer 353
INDEX Wallingford, Lady, see Howard, Elizabeth Walsingham, Lady, see Shelton, Audrey Ward, Nathaniel (1578-1652), writer 479 ռ.56 Wartenberg, Count of, see Kolb, John Casimir Warwick Castle (castle in Warwickshire, England) 40 Warwick, Earl of, see Rich, Robert Wassenaer, Petronella van (1615-1702), marriage (1646) to Adrian van der Myle 453 ո.63 Weckherlin, Georg Rudolf (1584-1653), Palatine servant (before 1624); Charles’s Latin secretary (1624-42) and German interpreter (1632-42); Masque of Truth 77,195, 463 n.43 Wentworth,Thomas (1593-1641), ist Earl of Strafford (1640), Lord Deputy of Ireland (1632-40), Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1640) 311, 328,330, 333-4,3бі Wesel (town on the Rhine River 14 mi. SE of Cleves), treaty of 56 Weser, River (river that runs north from just above Kassel to the North Sea at Bremershaven, passing among others Minden and Bremen) Map 3, Map 4, 317-18 West Indies (islands in the Caribbean which were being colonized from the 17th c.) 238, 311, 388 Westminster (site of the English houses of parliament) 197, 204 Westminster Abbey (church in Westminster, London, site of coronations and traditional resting place ofEnglish monarchs) 17-18, 70, 80,125,408-9 Weston, Richard (bap.1577, d.1635), ist Baron Weston ofNayland (1628); ist Earl of Portland (1633); ambassador extraordinary to Germany with Sir Edward Conway (June 1620-Mar. 1621), visit to Brussels (July 1620), Cologne (July-12 Aug. 1620), 579 Dresden (13 Aug.-із Oct. 1620), Prague and back to Dresden (14 Oct. - 17 Nov. 1620), Hamburg (18. Nov. 1620 - 8 Feb. 1621),The Hague and Antwerp (Feb.
1621); ist lord of the admiralty (1628-35); Chancellor of the Exchequer (1621-8); Lord Treasurer (1628-35) 142,148-51, 156, 298 Westphalia (region of northwestern Germany) 156, 238, 318, peace of (1648) 11,369,373,375,382, 390-1, 393 Wharton, Lady, see Carey, Philadelphia Whitehall Map I, 57-8, 60, 66-7, 70, 74, 80, 82, 84, 91, 278, 300, 329, 333, 372, 405, 423 n.79, 444 n.ioi, 450 n.39, see also Banqueting House Wiesloch (town in Germany, 8 mi. S of Heidelberg) 172, 174 wigs 34,39,43 WilhelmV (1602-37), Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (1627), allied with Sweden (from 1631), shift to French allegiance (1634); driven into exile (1635) xxv, 13,294-5, 299,3io-n,3i5,394 Wilhelm VI (1629-63), son of the above, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (1637) xxv, 13, 399 Wilhelm Otto of Nassau-Siegen (1607-41), Director of the Bernardines (1639) 327 Willaerts, Adam (1577-1664), painter 92, 93 (Fig- и), 257 Willem of Nassau-LaLecq (1601-27), illegitimate son of Maurice of Nassau and Margaretha van Mechelen 219 Willem Frederik (1613-64), Count of Nassau-Dietz (1640), Prince of Nassau-Dietz (1654); Stadholder of Friesland (1640-64) and Groningen (1650-64) 365, 369, З71-2, 377, 383 Willemstad (town in the Dutch province of North Brabant) Map 2, 94
58ο INDEX William I (1533-84), aka William the Silent, Prince of Orange; Stadholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht (1559-67), and Friesland (1580-84) 95, 213,452 n.25 William II, see William of Nassau William of Nassau (1626-50), aka William II, Prince of Orange (1647), Stadholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Overijssel, Gelderland, Groningen, Drenthe, and Westerwolde (1647-50) potential marriage to Elizabeth’s niece and namesake 330—1; his marriage to Mary Stuart xxv, 331,333,336-7, 357, 371; and journey to the Stuart court 333; and his return to Holland, without his bride 337, receives his bride 341; and clash with Charles Louis 33г, 333; as Elizabeth’s godson 330, 369; as the Prince of Orange’s son and heir 358, 363, 368, 383; and the Stuart cause, sides with Elizabeth 369—72, 376-9, 479 п.61; relations with his mother,Amalia 368-9,377,379; death of 383 William the Silent, see William I Williams, Sir Abraham (Д1620Ѕ-40Ѕ), Sir Ralph Winwood’s secretary; agent and paymaster Frederick Elizabeth in London (1617-41), succeeds Sir Francis Windebank as senior signet clerk (15 June 1632-45) 204, 281, 287, 361, 384 Willoughby, Baron, see Bertie, Robert Wimbledon,Viscount, see Cecil, Edward Wimpfen (German spa town in Baden-Württemberg, N of Heilbronn, on the River Neckar) Map 4, 173 Win, Sir Thomas (d. 1625), military service in the States’ army 226 Windebank, Sir Francis (1582-1646), chief Secretary of State (1632-40); commissioner for the treasury (Mar. 1635-Маг.ібзб) 288-90, 296,326,334,342,347 Windsor (town and medieval castle in the town ofWindsor, 20 mi. W of London) Map i,
3, 29-31,91 wine 144,159,235,258,364,391-2 Wing, John (n.d.), chaplaincy Sacramentsgasthuis (1627-9) 470 n.6 Winnenberg, Count of, see Philip Winton, Earl of, see Seton, George Winwood, Sir Ralph (1562/3-1617), King James’s agent to France (May 1600-Feb. 1603), agent to the Low Countries (Apr. 1603-June 1607), resident ambassador in The Hague (June 1609-Sept. 1613), during his residency in the Low Countries special missions to the duchies Jülich and Cleves (June-Nov. 1610), to the Protestant princes at Wesel (Mar.-May 1612); Secretary of State (Mar. 1614Oct. 1617) 97,106-10 witchcraft 19, 24, 78 Wither, George (1588-1667), writer 87 Witt,Johan de (1625-72), Grand Pensionary of Holland (1653-72) 387 Wittingau (town in S Bohemia) 122 Wladislaw IV (1595-1648), King of Poland (1632-48) 313-14, 395 Wolfenbüttel (city in Brunswick) Map 3, 144, 151-2,154-6, 243 Wolfenbüttel, Prince of, see Friedrich Ulrich Wolfgang Wilhelm (1578-1633), Duke of Neuburg (1614), Lutheran convert to Roman Catholicism (1613), won the Succession War (1609-14) of the Duchies of Jülich and Cleves 54, 105, 306, 358,421 n.25 Wood, Mary Anne Everett (1818-95), historian, marriage (1846) to artist George Pycock Green (1811-93) 4-5, 414Ո.16 Woodford,John (n.d.) 448 n.69 Woodhouse, Mary (d.1656), musician; first marriage (1604) to Sir Robert Killigrew (1580-1633), second marriage (after 1633) to
INDEX Sir Thomas Stafford (c. 1574-1655) 283,389 Woodward, Bridget (fl. 1617-25), sister of Margaret; Elizabeth s servant (from atleast 1613);marriage (1625) to Sir Thomas Liddal 117,219 Woodward, Margaret (fl. 1617-25), sister of Bridget; Elizabeth’s servant (from at least 1613) 117, 219 Worcester (city in the west midlands of England, 26 mi. SW of Birmingham) 349, battle of 387, 390 Worcester, Countesses of, see Hastings, Elizabeth; Russell, Anne Worksop (town in midlands of England, 28 mi. N of Nottingham) Map i, 28 Worms (town in the Lower Palatinate on the River Rhine) Map 3, 99 worms (invertebrates) 39, 392 Wortley, Sir Francis (1591-1652), ist Baronet (1611), poet and politician 350 Wotton, Sir Henry (1568-1639); poet and diplomat; King James s ambassador extraordinary to Savoy (Dec. 1611-Aug. 1612); resident ambassador to Venice (Dec. 1603-Mar. ión; Oct. 1615-Aug. i6i9;June 1620-1623); ambassador extraordinary to the Low Countries (June 1614-Sept. 1615)30 Frederick (June-July 1619), to Emperor and Frederick (June 1620-Mar. 1621) 51, 92, 96, 107, 114-16, 127, 173, 190, 283,447 n.58,463 п.40 Wurttemberg, Duchess of, see Barbara Sophia of Brandenburg Württemberg, Duke of, see Johann Friedrich Württemberg-Neuenstadt, Duke of, see Friedrich Wriothesley, Elizabeth, see Vernon, Elizabeth Wriothesley, Henry (1573-1624), 3rd Earl of Southampton f 58i (1581) 142, 168, 201, 208, 212-13, 404, 486 n.27 Wriothesley, James (1605-24), Lord Wriothesley, eldest son of the 3rd Earl of Southampton 212-13 Wriothesley,Thomas (1608-67), 4th Earl of Southampton (1624) 404, 485 n.26 writing
materials 34, 37, 67, 337 Wroclaw, see Breslau IJ (large body of water N of Amsterdam, connecting with the Zuiderzee. Now largely reclaimed, its remains connect the IJmeer and Markemeer with the north sea through Amsterdam) 252, 271 York (fortified town in North Yorkshire, England) Map 1,28,108 York, Duchess of, see Hyde, Anne York, Duke of, see Charles I; James II VII Zaltbommel (municipality and city in the province of Gelderland, between ‘s-Hertogenbosch and Utrecht) Map 2, 94 Zawadsky,John (d. 1645),Polish ambassador extraordinary to the Stuart court (July 1633-June 1636)30 Paris (July і6з6-Осі.і6з6) 314 Zeeland (the most southwestern of the United Provinces) xxv, 50, 161,215-16 Zevenbergen (city in the Netherlands, 30 mi. N ofAntwerp, 10 mi. NW of Breda) 368 Zielona Góra, see Grunberg Zorzi, Zorzi (n.d.),Venetian diplomat 243 Żubrzy, Baron of, see Kustasen, Hans Zuilichem, Lord of, see Huygens, Constantijn Zúñiga, Pedro de (1560-1631), Spanish ambassador extraordinary to the Stuart court 59—60 Zweibrücken-Veldenz, Count Palatine of, see Johann II Bayerische Staatsbibliothek ( München |
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Contents xiii List of Plates List of Figures Abbreviations XV xix xxiii xxvii Editorial Conventions Maps Introduction I PART ONE 1596-1612 I. A Monument to Succession 2. ‘The Kinge and His Cubbs’ in Peril 3. Matches Made in Court, not in Heaven 4. The Marriage ofThames and Rhine 17 34 49 70 PART TWO 1613—1620 5. Heidelberg: The Eye of the Storm 91 6. In the Service of the Electress 108 7. Queen of Bohemia I2I 8. Troubles in Prague Escalate 139 PART THREE 1621-1632 9. A Republican Queen 10. Military Manoeuvres 159 178 її. Inseverable Ties with Austria and Spain 199 12. ‘I can send you nothing but deaths’ 2II 13. An ‘Evil State’ 14· Losing Champions 243
ХІІ CONTENTS PART FOUR 1632-1642 15. A Widow’s Weeds 271 16. Unlikely Bedfellows 294 17. The Archbishop Strikes Back 319 PART FIVE 1642-1662 18. Obeisance to His Majesty, and Love to the Parliament’ 341 19. Undesirable Matches, Unfortunate Endings 357 20. Peace, at a Price 373 21. Dwindling Influence 386 22. Restoration 400 Epilogue 409 Notes Bibliography Index 413 489 515 S'
Elizabeth Stuart is one of the most misrepresented — and underestimated—figures ol the seventeenth century. Labelled a spendthrift more interested in the theatre and her pet monkeys than in polities or her children, and long pitied as ' The Winter Queen', the direct ancestor of Elizabeth 11 lias been widely misunderstood. Nadine Akkerman s biographe rec eais an altogether ditterent woman, painting a vivid picture of a queen torged. in the w hite heat ot Luropean coni liet. Llizabcth Stuart, daughter ot James VI and 1. was married to Frederick V, Fleetor Palatine, in 1613. The couple were crowned King and Queen ot Bohemia in 161У, only to be deposed in 1620 and exiled to the Dutch Republie. Flizabeth then found herself at the epicentre ot'the Thirty Years War and the Civil Wars, political and militare struggles that defined sew enteentlweenturi Furope. Follow ing her husband's death in 1632, Flizabeth fostered a cult of widowhood, dressing berseli and her apartments in black, and conducted a long and tierce political campaign to regain her children s birthright—bv toree, it possible—wielding her pen with the same deft precision with which she liad once speared boars írom horseback. Through deep immersion in the archives and masteliui detective work, .Akkerman overturns the received view ot Flizabeth Stuart, showing her to be a patron of the arts and a cannv stat es worn an with a sharp w it and a long memory. On returning to Fnghmd in 1661, Flizabeth. Stuart found a country whose people still considered her their 'Queen of Hearts'. Akkerman’s biography reveals the impact
that Elizabeth Stuart had on both Furope and the British Isles, demonstrating shat she wans more than lust the grandmo!her ot George I.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 5ІЗ Woodward, Jennifer, The Theatre of Death: The Ritual Management of Royal Funerals in Renaissance England, 1570-1625 (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1997). Worthington, David, Scots in Habsburg Service, 1618—1648 (Leiden: Brill, 2003). Yates, Frances A., The Rosicrucian Enlightenment (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972). Young,John R.,‘The Scottish Parliament and European Diplomacy i64i-i647:The Palatine,The Dutch Republic and Sweden’,in Steve Murdoch (ed.), Scotland and the Thirty Years’War, 1618-1648 (Leiden: Brill, 2001), 77—106. Zaller,Robert,‘“Interest ofState”:James I and the Palatinate’, Albion, 6 (1974), 144—75. Ziegler, Georgianna, ‘Devising a Queen: Elizabeth Stuart’s Representation in the Emblematic Tradition’, Emblematica, 14 (2005), 155-79. Ziegler, Georgianna, ‘A Second Phoenix: The Rebirth of Elizabeth in Elizabeth Stuart’, in Elizabeth Hageman and Katherine Conway (eds), Resurrecting Elizabeth I in Seventeenth-Century England (Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2007), in-31. Zimmermann, Reinhard, Hortus Palatínus: Die Entwürfe zum Heidelberger Schlossgarten von Salomon de Caus 1620 (Worms:Werner, 1986). Zinsser, Judith P., ‘Feminist Biography: A Contradiction in Terms?’, Eighteenth Century, 50/1 (2009), 43—50. Zijlmans, Jori,‘Life at The Hague Court’, in Marika Keblusek and Jori Zijlmans (eds), Princely Display :The Court of Frederik Hendrik of Orange and Amalia van Solms in The Hague, trans, of Vorstelijk Vertoon (Zwolle: Waanders, in conjunction with The Hague, Historical Museum, 1997), 30-46.
Index I have indexed under individual family names, rather than under titles:Villiers, George (1592-1628), ist Duke of Buckingham. Women are indexed under their maiden name. For informative purposes, and to avoid confusion of individuals, I have also given birth/ baptism and death dates between brackets. If these dates are unknown, I have given the floruit period were possible. Further, to assist the reader who might not be familiar with a family name, I have cross-referenced extensively: Buckingham, Duke of, see Villiers, George. Cross-referencing is particularly important when it concerns women: all too often they are indexed under one married name only, and thereby disappear from the records if they remarry. In the case of monarchs, stadholders, and all German princes, I have adopted the convention to index under first names: Charles I, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. As for spelling, if a person is well known in Anglophone scholarship, then I have used English spelling (so the Elector of Mainz rather than the Elector of Mentz). Furthermore, if he or she is a relatively obscure figure, then his or her name is not altered: thus the King of Bohemia is Frederick V, but his father is Friedrich IV. Aarschot, Duke of, see Ligne, Karel van Abbot, George (1562-1633), Archbishop of Canterbury (1611-33) 71 Abercorn, Lady, see Boyd, Marion account books 10,12,25,28—30, 34, 37-9, 57,64,67,69,104,111-12,166,222, 240,250,284, 381, 384, 390 Actaeon, mythological figure who, having seen Diana bathing, was turned into a stag and hunted 74-5,425 Ո.31 Adam (1583-1641), Count of
Schwarzenberg (1600); councillor in Julich (1609-10); Brandenburg privy councillor (from 1610); council leader (1620-40) 358 Aerssen, François van (1572-1641), Lord of Sommelsdijck (1605), Dutch extraordinary ambassador to the Stuart court (Nov. 1639-Mar. 1640; Jan.-June 1641) 201,204,208 Africa 388 Agnes of Sayn-Wittgenstein (1569-1617), marriage (1590) to the Count of Solms-Braunfels; mother ofAmalia 220 Alba Iulia (town in Romania, seat of Gabors court) 246 Albany, Duke of, see James II VII Albert (1559-1621), Archduke ofAustria (1619-20); Cardinal (1577); ist Viceroy of Portugal for Philip II (1583-93); principal advisor to Philip II (1593-6); governed Netherlands for Philip II (1596-8); sovereign ruler, with Isabella, of the Habsburg Netherlands (1598-1621) 35, 51, 105, 127, 142, 171,425 п.22 Albertine Agnes of Nassau (1634-96), Princess of Orange, daughter of Frederick Henry and Amalia; marriage (1652) to Willem Frederik; regent of Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe (1664-79) 37L376 album amicorum 38, 115,164,228
SIÓ INDEX Alexander the Great (356 все - 323 все), aka Alexander III of Macedon 76 Algiers (capital of Algeria, a mediterranean port on the North coast ofAfrica) 388 Alnwick Castle (seat of the Duke of Northumberland, 30 mi. S of Berwick-upon-Tweed) 3, 410 Althorp (estate in Northamptonshire, 75 mi. NW of London. Owned by the Spencers since 1508) 28 Alting, Hendrik (1583-1644), German divine 189 Alzey (Lower Palatinate) 142 Amalia (1602-75), daughter of Frederick’s counsellor the Count of Solms-Braunfels; lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth (1613-24); marriage (1625) to Frederick Henry of Nassau, Prince of Orange as Elizabeths lady-in-waiting 123, 217, 221,229, 332,366,453 n.36; marriage to Frederick Henry 217-21,229-30,343; precedence issues 231,343; cultural rivalry with Elizabeth 257-8,275-7 (Fig. 29), 279 (Fig· 31), 354, 387,463 n.35; match-maker for her children, dynastic struggles with Elizabeth 330-З, 357-8, 371, 376; Elizabeth as godmother of her son William 330; tension between her and Elizabeth 245-6; amicable relations with Elizabeth 246, 395; and the Stuart cause 366,369—70, 376—7,379—80; relations with Elizabeth s niece Mary 353—4, 383; welcomes L’Espinay’s murder 365; as regent and widow 367-9, 383, 387; and the Peace ofWestphalia 368-9; debs to Honthorst 384; and Secretary Huygens 368,387,396, 478 n.50 Amalie Elisabeth (1602-51), daughter of the Count of HanauMünzenberg; marriage (1619) to Wilhelm V later (1627) Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel; after husband’s death regent of Hesse-Kassel (1637-50) 13, 315, 386-7, 394 Amberg (capital of the Upper Palatinate) 113,122, 134
Ames, William (1576-1633), theologian and university teacher, chaplaincy Sacramentsgasthuis (1Ó11-19) 470 n.6 Amsterdam (large trading city and port in Holland, 35 mi. N ofThe Hague) Map 2, Map 4, 94, 163-5, 180, 200, 209,230,239, 252, 321, 344, 367-8 Anhalt-Bernburg, Princes of, see Christian I; Christian II Anjou, Duke of, see Gaston Anna of Denmark (1574-1619); daughter of Frederick II of Denmark and Sophie Frederica of Mecklenburg; marriage (1589) to King James; Queen consort of Scotland (1589-1619), of England, and Ireland (1603-19); mother of Henry, Elizabeth, and the future Charles I her wedding 73, 182; children of 6, 42; and Henry 21-2, 24-7, 30, 63—4; and Elizabeth’s guardians 19-24, 28, зб;јоигпеу to Scotland 98; relationship with Elizabeth Stuart 43-5, 65, 91—3, 99, 108, 118-20, 124-7, 21З, 217, 244, 259-60,294, 392, 403; and Catholicism 23-4, 43, 51; miscarriages of 19, 26—7, 29—30, 64; marriage proposals for her daughter 31,49, 51—2, 60—1; and Spain 51-2, 60-1, 66,172; and the Palatine wedding 61, 66, 71-2, 82-5, 91; and masques and engineers 78-9, no—12 Anna of Spain (1601-66), daughter of King Philip III of Spain and Margaret ofAustria; marriage (1615) to Louis XIII of France; Queen consort of France and Navarre (1615-43); after husbands death regent for son Louis XIV of France (1642-51); excluded from government (1661) 56, 59, 396
INDEX Anstruther, Sir Robert (bap. 1578d.1645?), dual Stuart ambassador ordinary to Denmark-Norway (1606-35; 1644) and Danish ambassador to the Stuart crown simultaneously; Stuart ambassador extraordinary to the Low Countries (summer 1624; Dec. 1632), Saxony (1624), Sweden (1626), the Ratisbon Vienna convention (Aug.-Nov. 1630; June 1631), the Emperor atVienna (1632), the Heilbronn convention (Dec. 1632-July 1633), and to the German princes (up to Apr. 1635) 163,237, 278, 324,476 n.62 Antelmi .Valerio (n.d.),Venetian secretary in Florence 186, 446 n.42 Antony, Lewes (fl. 1642), Italian conspirator 343 Antwerp (large town on the Scheldt River in the Spanish Netherlands) Map 2, 152, 366—7, 394-5,478 n.44 Apollo, Elizabeths dog 8 Apsley, Elizabeth (d.1626), daughter of Sir Edward Apsley and Elizabeth Elmes; lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth (1613-24); engagement (1624) and marriage (1625) to Elizabeths secretary Morton 113-14, 118-19 Apsley,James (n.d.), colonel, possibly the brother of Sir Allen 383 Arenberg, Prince of, see Ligne, Karel van Argyll, Countess of, see Douglas, Agnes Argyll, Earl of, see Campbell, Archibald Argyll, Marquess of, see Campbell, Archibald armadas 72 armadillo 9, 414 n.36 Arnhem (United Provinces; quarter of Gelderland; also called the Veluwe) Map 2, Map 3,94, 156, 317,39s Arran, Earl of, see Hamilton, James Arthur (1486-1502), Prince ofWales 73 Ascham, Anthony (d. 1650), academic, tutor to James, Duke of York, and Henry, Duke of Gloucester SI? (1646); representative for the Commonwealth in Spain (1650) 383 Ashdown House (country house now in Oxfordshire,
built by Lord Craven) 406, 487 п.14 Arundel and Surrey, Countess of, see Talbot, Alatheiaa Arundel and Surrey, Earl of, see Howard, Thomas Ashburnham, Sir John (1603-71), knt. (Sept. 1625); key position in Elizabeth’s household (from c. 1617); master of Elizabeths household (c. 1626-8) 117,219 Ashby St Ledgers (village in West Northamptonshire, whose manor house was owned by the Catesby family) 40 assassinations, assassination attempts 21, 34-7,40-3,46, 55-6,60,67,69, 249,365 Aston,Walter (1584-1639), ist Lord Aston of Forfar (1627), Stuart ambassador to the Spanish court 153 Astraea, literary character in Honoré D’Urfé’s ĽAstrée (pastoral novel published between 1607-27) 254 Asturias, Princes of, see Balthasar Charles; Philip IV Atholl, Earl of, see Murray, John Atlas (figure from Greek mythology) 56 Aubrey, John (1626-97), author best known for Brief Lives (1690) 363 Auchmowtie, Elizabeth (fl. 1598), wetnurse at Linlithgow 23 Augsburg (city in Bavaria, 40 mi. NW of Munich), Peace of 52—3,262 Ausson, Sieur ď, see Jaucourt, Zacharie de Austria, Archduchess of, see Isabella Clara Eugenia Austria, Archdukes of, see Albert; Charles V; Ferdinand II; LeopoldV Avaux, Count ď, see Mesmes, Claude de Avon, River (river that flows from Northamptonshire to the Severn and thence into the Bristol Channel) 40
5і8 INDEX Babler, Elizabeth s dog 250-1 Bacon, Francis (1561-1626), philosopher and politician,Viscount St Albans (1621) 84-5, 238, 425 n.31 Bacon, Lady, see Meautys, Jane Baden-Durlach, Margrave of, see Georg Friedrich Baldwin,William (1563-1632), English Jesuit priest 59-60 ballets, see masques Balmford, Samuel (d. 1657), Church of England clergyman, chaplaincy Sacramentsgasthuis (1630-50) 320-1, 470 n.6 Balthasar Charles (1629-46), Prince of Asturias (1629-46), Prince of Portugal (1629-40) 331 Baltic 262 Baltimore, Baron, see Calvert, Sir George Banbury, Countess of, see Howard, Elizabeth Bandon, River (river in County Cork, in the south of Ireland) 378 Banér,Johan (1596-1641), in Swedish service (1615), as colonel (1622), as commandant of Riga (1625-6), as councillor of State and general of infantry (1630), as fieldmarshal (1634), as governor general of Pomerania (1638) 309-ю banqueting halls 112, 276, see also Banqueting House Banqueting House (Whitehall) 71, 372 banquets 19, 36, 93-4, 104, 194, 306, 401 (Fig. 40) baptisms 19-21,103, 114, 135, 138, 172 Barbara Sophia of Brandenburg (1584-1636), marriage (1609) to the Duke ofWürttemberg, regent ofWürttemberg (1631-3) 114 Barberini, Maffeo (1568-1644), Pope Urban VIII (1623-44) 395,4°9 Barker, Rafael (/L1638), surgeon 355 Bary, Pyramus de (fl. 1632-8), Palatine servant 284,463 n.43 Bassen, Bartholomeus van (1590-1652), Dutch painter and architect 256-7 Bath (Spa town in Somerset, England, 97 mi. W of London) 37 Baudringien, David (c. 1581-1650), painter 207 Bavaria, Duchesses of, see Elizabeth of Lorraine; Maria Anna of
Austria Bavaria, Dukes of, see Maximilian I; Wilhelm V Bavaria, Electors of, see Ferdinand Maria; Maximilian I Bayning,Viscountess, see Glemham, Anne Beau-Chesne,Jean de (d. 1620), French writing master 38,67 Beaumont, Comte de, see Harlay, Christophe de Beaumont, Francis (1584/5-1616), playwright 8; The Coxcomb 62; Cupid’s Revenge 72; Philaster 66; The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn 85, 112 Beck, David (fl. 1624-8), Dutch schoolmaster and diary writer 194 Bedford, Countess of, see Harington, Lucy Bedford, Earl of, see Russell, Edward beer 159,216,249,252,281,318,391 Beer, Antoni Alberts de (fl. 1633), caretaker of Rhenen 282 Beeston, Lady, see Cave, Eleanor Bellenden, Lady, see Livingston, Margaret Bellheim (municipality in the Lower Palatinate, 28 mi. SW of Heidelberg) 101 Benock, Mr (fl. 1605), horse trainer at Warwick Castle 40 Bensheim (border town 22 mi. N of Heidelberg) 127 Berbisdorf (Berbiscorff), Ehrenfried (Ehrenfriet; Lhonffridt) von (d. 1629), Gabor’s envoy to the States General (Jan. 1623), member of Fredericks council of war 253,459 ո.53 Bergen-op-Zoom (coastal town on the border of the Spanish Netherlands) viii, Map 2, Map 4, 175-7,212,233-394-6 Bergen-op-Zoom, Marquise of, see Maria Elisabeth II
INDEX Bergh, Catharina van den (1578-1640), marriage (1601) to Floris II van Pallandt, Count of Culemborch 200 Bergh, Count Hendrik van den (1573-1638), brother of the above; first marriage (1612) to Margaretha van Wittem van Beersei (d. 1627); commander ofArmy of Flanders in Germany (1624-8) and Netherlands (1629); second marriage unknown; third marriage (1629) to Hieronyma Katharina of Spauer-Flavon; governor of Opper-Gelder (1618-32); leader of revolt against Spanish rule in Netherlands (1632); official transfer to Dutch States’ army (from 1633) 208-9,227,395 Bergues (town in what is now France, 6 mi. S of Dunkirk) 367 Berkshire (county in south east England, location ofWindsor Castle) 202 Berlin (capital of Brandenburg) Map 3, Map 4, 144, 152,155-6, 188-9, 358,365 Bernard (1604-39), Duke of Saxe-Weimar, German prince and general in service of Protestant armies in Germany (1621-3; 1625-7), States’ army (1623-5; 1627-30), Swedish (1630-5) and French service (from 1635) 310,327 Bernardines (army of the above) 327—9 Bertie, Robert (1582-1641), Baron Willoughby (1601), rst Earl of Lindsey (1626), naval officer, later royalist army commander 208, 249 Berwick-upon-Tweed (northernmost town in England) Map 1, 27-8, 323 Bethlen Gabor (1580-1629), Prince of Transylvania (1613); at war with Habsburg (1619-21; 1623-4; 1626); assumes title of King of Hungary (Aug. 1620 — Jan. 1622) 126, 137-8, 150-1,181, 237, 240, 358, 385 SIÇ Bethlen, Miklós (fl. 1630s), Hungarian statesman 86 Béthune, Maximilien de (1560-1641), Marquis de Rosny, ist Duke of Sully (1606-41), informal chief minister
to the French monarch (1589-1610) 29—30 Bettis,William (fl. 1613), gunner 74-5 bezoar stones 271, 355—6 bibles 37,67, 190 Bielefeld (NE of North-Rhine Westphalia) 144,156 Bill,John (a 1578-1630), printer and bookseller 67 billiards 66, 232,257 bills 64, 85,164, 242, 259, 352, 361 Biondi, Giovanni Francesco (1572-1644), historian and romance writer, in London advocating Stuart-Savoyard marriages (1609-12) 72 Bishops’Wars 317, 322—3, 328-30, 344 Blake, Robert (1598-1657), naval commander 378 Bloemaert, Abraham (1566-1651), painter 251 bloodletting 63, 244, 355,401 ‘Bloody Mary’, see Mary I Blount, Penelope, see Devereux, Penelope Boag, Marion (fl. 1598), laundress at Linlithgow 23 Bohemia, Kings of, see Ferdinand II of Austria; Ferdinand III of Austria; Ferdinand IV ofAustria; Frederick V; Matthias Bohemia, Queen (consorts) of, see Eleonore of Mantua; Elizabeth Stuart Bois-le-Duc, see ‘s-Hertogenbosch Boleyn, Anne (c. 1501-36), marriage (1533) to Henry VIII ofEngland; Queen consort ofEngland (153З-6) 19-20 Borlase, Sir John (1576-1648), army officer 247 Boržita of Martinice, Jaroslav (1582-1649), Bohemian nobleman, representative of Ferdinand II 123
520 INDEX Boswell, Sir William (d.1650), knt. 25 July 1633; secretary to Herbert, and Carlisle in France (1624); succeeds Carleton as ambassador in The Hague (1633-50); brief return to Stuart court (Mar.с. June 1634; May ió3ó;July 1639-July 1640); postmaster to Elizabeth (from 1633) 271-3, 277, 280, 285, 320-1, 323, 332, 380 Bouillon, Duke of, see La Tour d’ Auvergne, Henri de Bouffy, Charles de (n.d.), owner of album amicorum 38 Bourchier, Baron, see Devereux, Robert Bowes, Robert (1535?-97), English ambassador to Scotland (1577-83) 19-22 Boyd, Marion (d. after 1642), Mistress of Paisley, marriage (1592) to James Hamilton, later (1603) Baron Abercorn and (1606) ist Earl of Abercorn 26 Boye (d. 1644), Rupert’s white hunting poodle (actually a girle) 9, 360 Brabant 215, 256 Bradshaw,John (1602-59),judge, President of the High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I (1649); President of the Council of State (1649-51) 402 Brandenburg (German duchy and town 45 mi. SW of Berlin) 153, 264, 365, see also Berlin; Kiistrin; Crossen Brandenburg-Ansbach, Margrave of, see Joachim Ernst Brandenburg, Electors of, see Frederick William; George William; John Sigismund of Hohenzollern Brandenburg, Electresses of, see Elisabette Charlotte; Louise Henriette of Nassau Bratislava, see Pressburg Brechtel, Hans Coenraad (1609-75), goldsmith, painter 332 Breda (southern town in United Provinces, near the Spanish Netherlands); siege of (27 Aug. 1624 - 2 June 1625) Map 2, Map 4, 176, 185-6, 209, 212-13, 215-16, 225-6, 228, 230,233, 237, 260, 315, 349, 377= 379, 388 Brederode, Amalia Margaretha
van (1625-63), daughter ofjohan Wolfert; first marriage (1645) to Albert Henry, Baron of Slavata (d. 1660) 387 Brederode, Johan Wolfert van (1599-1655); father of the above; colonel in States’ army, as lieutenant-general (1626), as general (1630), as field-marshal (1642); governor of ’s-Hertogenbosch (1630-55) Dutch ambassador extraordinary to the Stuart court (Jan.-June 1641) 200,363 Breisach (fortified town in Alsace on the Rhine, io mi. SE of Colmar) Map 4, 327,471 n.38 Breitenfeld (village in Germany, now part of Leipzig) 262,264 Brent, Nathaniel (c. 1573-1652), Warden of Merton College, Oxford 433 n.55 Brereton, Sir William (1604-61), ist Baronet, parliamentarian army officer, travel writer 281,320, 447 nn.56-7 Brescia (city in Lombardy, northern Italy, 56 mi. E of Milan) 247 Breslau (Silesia) Map 3, Map 4,151—4 Bridlington (port, 28 mi. N of Hull) 9 Bristol (English port set on the mouth of the Avon River, 115 mi. W of London) 362 Bristol, Earls of, see Digby, George; Digby, John Bromley, Sir George (1753-1808), editor 4,410,4140.16 Brooke, Henry (1564-1619), nth Baron Cobham, Elizabeth’s preceptor (June-Oct. 1603), conspirator 35-7, 42 Broughton, Lady Elizabeth fl. 1632), maiden name unknown, wife of Sir Edward 280
INDEX Brown, John fl. 1642),Jesuit priest 343 Browne. Sir Richard (1605-83), secretary to Wake in Venice and Paris (1631-3), secretary to Scudamore in Paris ( 1636-40); clerk-in-ordinary of the ¡privy council (Jan. 1641; June 1660-4); Charles’s ambassador to Elizabeth (Mar. 1641) 333 Bruce, Henry fl. 1601-26), captain in the Scots-Dutch Brigade (1601); in imperial service (c. 1604-20); attempted to rejoin the ScotsDutch Brigade (Jan. 1620) 140 Bruges (city 55 mi.W ofAntwerp) 367 Brunswick, see Christian of Brunswick Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duchess of, see Elisabeth of Denmark; Sophia Brunswick-Luneburg, Dukes of, see Ernst August of Brunswick-Lüneburg; Friedrich Ulrich; Georg Brussels (capital of Southern Netherlands) XXV, Map 2,41, 51,95, 153-4, 169, 171, 179-80,266, 324-6, 328, 364, 380, 388, 395, 398 Bruyns, Margaretha Catharina (1595-1624), mistress of Frederick Henry 218 Bucephalus,Alexander the Greats horse 76, 425 п.31 Buckhold,Thomasine (d. 1650), marriage (1586) to Sir John Swinnerton, Lord Mayor of London (1611-12) 63 Buckhurst, Lord, see Sackville, Richard Buckingham, Duke of, see Villiers, George Buckingham, Earl of, see Villiers, George Buckingham, Marquess of, see Villiers, George Buckinghamshire (county in England, NW of London) 99 Bucquoy, Count of, see Longueval, Charles Bonaventure de Budweis (capital of south Bohemia, now České Budějovice, 90 mi. S of Prague) 122,129 Buisseaux, Seigneur de, see Spifame, Samuel Bull,John (1559x63-1628), composer 38, 67, 68 (Fig. 7) 521 Bulwick (Northamptonshire) 292 Buren (fortified city in the Dutch Province of Gelderland)
257 Burgess, John (1563-1635), Church of England clergyman and religious controversialist, chaplaincy Sacramentsgasthuis (1604-10) 470 n.6 Burgh, Lady, see Vaughan, Frances Burghley, Baron, see Cecil,William Burlamachi, Philip (d. 1644); chief royal creditor of Italian origin; merchant in London 456 n.53, 460 n.74 Burley-on-the-Hill, see Harington-Burley Burlington Bay (bay in the parish of East Riding in Yorkshire between Hornsea and Flamborough Head; its main port being Bridlington), see Bridlington Burnett,Thomas fl. 1598), provider of sugar candies at Linlithgow 23 Burntisland (town in Fife, Scotland, directly N of Edinburgh (across the Firth of Forth)) 23 Burroughs, Sir John (d.1627), military officer, governor of Frankenthal (1623), in English company at the siege of Breda (1625), Buckingham’s second-incommand (1627) 180,470 n.5 Bushell, Mr (n.d.), Palatine servant 211-12,441 n.i Butler, James (1610-88), 12th Earl (1634), ist Marquess (1642), and ist Duke (1661) of Ormond 376 Butler,Thomas fl. 1613), gunner 74-5 Butler,William (1535-1617), physician 63, 244, 457 n.6 Bye Plot 35 Byrd,William (1539x43-1623), composer 67, 68 (Fig. 7) Cadiz (port in SW Spain, subject of disastrous expedition led by Buckingham and Essex) 234, 238, 24i,247,252,3H,455 Ո.15 Caesar, Julius (100 вс-44 все), Roman general and statesman xxiv
522 INDEX Caesar [formerly Aldelmare], Sir Julius (bap. 1558, d. 1636), politician and judge, Chancellor of the Exchequer (1606-14); privy councillor (from 1607); master of the rolls (1614-36); commissioner for the treasury (1619-20) 92,109 Calais (French coastal town and port on the North Sea, 26 mi. from Dover in England) 216, 334 Calandrini, Philip (1587-1649), Charles’s financial intermediary, Burlamachi’s brother-in-law 239-40 Calderwood, David (1575-1650), historian 26 Calenberg, Prince of, see Ernst August of Brunswick-Lüneburg Callender, Earl of, see Livingston, James Calvert, Sir George (1579/80-1632), knt. (1617), ist Baron Baltimore in Ireland (1624); English politician and coloniser; King James’s envoy to the Palatinate (Mar.-July 1615); Secretary of State (1619-25) 109, 164, 177,180 Calvin,Jean (1509-64), theologian 50, 52, 191 Calvinism xxv, Map 4, 54, 76-7, 86, 105, 125, 133,136-7,148, 169, 191,202, 262, 283, 322, 421 n.25 Cambridge (university town in the east of England, 55 mi. N of London) 63, 81, 86, 127, 427 n.74 Cambridge, Earls of, see Hamilton, James; Hamilton, William Camerarius,Joachim (1602-87), son of Ludwig; law student in Leiden (1623); page and secretary to Gustavus Adolphus, to Oxenstierna (after 1623); member secret council Sweden (1637) and Palatinate (1645) 391 Camerarius, Ludwig (1573-1651), member of Palatine council (from 1598), minister of Palatine foreign policy (1603-26), in Swedish diplomatic service (1626-41), Swedish ambassador in The Hague (1629-41) 121,137, 143,214,391,463 n.37 Camerarius, Mrs, see Pastoir, Anna Maria Modesta
Campbell, Archibald (1605-61), Lord Lorne (until 1638), 8th Earl of Argyll (1638), Marquess ofArgyll (1641), nobleman and politician 377-8 Campion,Thomas (1567-1620), poet and musician; The Lords’ Masque 83-4 Canterbury (cathedral city in Kent, SE England) Map 1,91-2 Canterbury, Archbishop of, see Laud, William Caracciolo,Tommaso (1572-1631), general of Italian origin, leader of Spanish forces 173 Carbisdale (area in Scotland north of Inverness) 379 Cardell, Francis (d.1606), son ofThomas, dancing master to Elizabeth (1604-6) 38 Cardell,Thomas (d.1621), lutenist and dancing master to Queen Elizabeth I and King James (1575-1621) 38 Carey, Elizabeth (1633-78), marriage (1657) to John Mordaunt, the later (1659) istViscount Mordaunt ofAvalon 398 Carey,John (d. 1617), 3rd Baron Hunsdon (1603-17), nobleman, chamberlain of Berwick (from 1585) 416 п.21 Carey, Philadelphia (c. 1552-1627), marriage (1584) to Sir Thomas Scrope, later (1592) Baron Scrope 27-8 Carey, Philadelphia (c. 1594-1655), marriage (1611) to Sir Thomas Wharton (r. 1588-1622) 191 Caribbean 311, 313 Carisbrooke Castle (castle on the Isle of Wight, S of Portsmouth, England) 182, 372 Carleton, Lady Anne, see Gerard, Anne Carleton, Sir Dudley (1573-1632), Baron Carleton of Imbercourt (May
INDEX 1626),Viscount Dorchester (July 1628); secretary to agent Winwood (1600-3), and țo Ambassador Parry (1602-6) in France; dual Stuart ambassador in Venice (Apr. 1610-N0V. 1615) and Savoy (Oct.1614-5); Stuart ambassador in The Hague (1616-26; brief return to London in July 1618 and June 1625; return to England with Buckingham in 1626; June 1627 (though appointed as early as Nov. 1626)- June 1628), ambassador extraordinary to France (Dec. 1625-Apr. 1626; July-Oct. 1626); vice-chamberlain (1625-8); chief secretary of state (1628-32) gives pets to Elizabeth 9, 118—19, 166, 179; as controller of Northumberland’s household 30; as ambassador to Venice 9, 52, 70, and his secretary Wake 71; return from Venice to England via Heidelberg 119; appointed as ambassador to The Hague 131; as art broker 131, 165-6, 207,251; and the Bohemian Crown 131, 134, 137-8, 146; and military might for the Palatine cause 140, 146, 173, 200, 205,214-16, 227, 240; Elizabeth’s flight after White Mountain 152—3, 156; welcomes and watches over Frederick and Elizabeth in exile 156,159-61, 165, 200, 211-13,221, 258; feasts in The Hague 156, 194-7; trip to Amsterdam 163-5; and Lady Bedford 167,183-4,191; as intermediary with Elizabeth 179, 184, 186,191,225, 227, 236, 454 n.3; and the provostship of Eton 185—6; ladies-in-waiting arriving in The Hague 191-2, 217, 219; end of the Spanish Match 192, 203, 205; close relationship with Elizabeth 211, 244, 246, 286; and Frederick 52Յ Henry of Nassau’s marriage 218-19; recommends Huygens for the position of secretary 221; King James’s death and Charles s succession
225; and Buckingham 225, 233, 236, 246; his newly married niece is widowed 226; as Dudley Carleton’s uncle 244, 246; appointed as vice chamberlain 246; death of his first wife 261; his second wife 261; death of 286 Carleton, Sir Dudley (d. 1654), nephew of Dorchester; secretary to Dorchester (after c.1622); chargé d’affaires in The Hague (Dec. 1625-Feb. 1628), agent, then resident ambassador in The Hague (Feb. 1628-N0V. 1632) and Lady Bedford 184; and the Palatine-Bavarian Match 201; reports Mansfelds arrival at the Stuart court 204; and Elizabeth’s health 244; as diplomat in The Hague 246; attempts to seize his uncle’s library and papers 286 Carlisle, Countess of, see Percy, Lucy Carlisle, Earl of, see Hay, Sir James Carr, Robert (c. 1587-1645),Viscount Rochester (1611), ist Earl of Somerset (1613); Secretary of State (1612-14); Lord Chamberlain (1614-15); Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (1614-15); Lord Privy Seal (1614-16) 96, 429 n.24, 430 n.53 Carré, Monsieur fl. 1655), French preacher in The Hague 388 Carrick, Earl of, see Stewart, John Cartignano, Count of, see Ruffia, Claudio di Casale, Hyacinth (Giacinto) of, Father (1575-1627), Capuchin; nuncio extraordinary in Germany (1621-4) 202 Castle,John (n.d.), newswriter 329 Castruccio (1281-1328), duke of Lucca 356
524 INDEX Catalonia (province in south east of Spain, capital Barcelona) 331 Catesby, Anne, see Throckmorton, Anne Catesby, Robert (1572-1605), conspirator 40—1 Catharina of Brandenburg (1602-44), sister of George William, Elector of Brandenburg; first marriage (1626) to Bethlen Gabor, Prince ofTransylvania; succeeded her husband as ruler ofTransylvania (1629), abdicated (1630); second marriage (1639) to Franz Karl, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 481 n.64 Catharina Belgica of Nassau (1578-1648), marriage (1596) to the Count of Hanau-Münzenberg; mother of Amalie Elisabeth, Landgravine of Hesse 13 Catherine ofAragon (1485-1536), first marriage (1501) to Arthur, Prince ofWales, second marriage (1509) to Henry ѴШ; Queen of England as HenryVIIIs first wife (1509-ЗЗ) 73 Catherine Sofie (1595-1626), sister of Frederick 188 Catholic League 13, 53, 77,142,147, 172, 264 Catholicism, and fear of 22-6,29, 35, 40, 43 45, 50-2, 55, 60, 74-7, 86, 136, 184,259, зи, 318,338,359-60, 395, 396,417 n.44,421 n.25, 484 n.54 Caus, Esther de, see Picart, Esther Caus, Salomon de ķ. 1176-1626), architect and engineer 100, no-12, 166, 431 n.ii Cave, Eleanor (d. 1675), first marriage (1610) to Sir George Beeston (1573-1611); second marriage (1614) to Sir Thomas Roe 9, 179,355 Cave, Sir Richard (d. 1645), military service in the States’ army as captain (before 1636), Palatine agent at the Stuart court (Oct. i635֊c.June 1638; Sept. 1638-Feb. 1639; Aug. 1640), at the French court (May-July 1640); member of the Long Parliament (Aug. 1641-Aug. 1642) 283, 326, 328, 330 Cavendish, Lady, see Ogle, Catherine Cecil,
Baron, see Cecil, Robert Cecil, Lady Diana (1596-1654), daughter ofThomas Cecil, 2nd Earl of Exeter; marriage (1624) to Henry de Vere, Earl of Oxford 208, 226 Cecil, Edward (1572-1638), istViscount Wimbledon (1625); colonel in States’ army of the first English regiment (1605-31) 142,191, 233-5,252,258,455 Ո.15 Cecil, Elizabeth (1578-1646), first marriage (early 1590s) to Sir William Hatton (d. 1597); second marriage (1598) to Sir Edward Coke 191 Cecil, Robert (1563-1612), Baron Cecil (1603),Viscount Cranborne (1604), ist Earl of Salisbury (1605); statesman, spymaster, Secretary of State (1590-1612); Lord Privy Seal (1598-1608); Lord High Treasurer (1608-12) 17-18,20-1,35-6,40-1, 51,71,280 Cecil,William (1520-98), ist Baron Burghley (1571); Secretary of State (1550-53; 1558-72); Lord Privy Seal (1571-2; 1590-98); Lord High Treasurer (1572-98) 20,22, 28 Cecylia Renate of Austria (1611-44), daughter of Emperor Ferdinand II and Maria Anna of Bavaria; marriage (1637) to Wladislaw IV, King of Poland 314 Celadon, literary character in Honoré D’Urfé’s ĽAstrée (pastoral novel published between 1607-27) 254 Cervantes, Miguel de (1547-1616), Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright 174; Don Quixote 174,182, 311, 396 České Budějovice, see Budweis Chaillot (area of Paris, France) 396 Chamberlain John (1553-1628), letter writer 62,70-2,82,91,118,457 n.6
INDEX Chapman,Alexander (d. 1629),Elizabeths chaplain in Heidelberg (1613-20) 99,429 п.39,470 n.7 Chapman, George (c. 1599-1634), author; The First Part of the Knaves 85; The Memorable Masque of the Middle Temple and Lincoln’s Inn 8s; The Widow’s Tears 85 Charles I (1600-49), brother of Elizabeth; King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-49) birth of 23; his journey from Scotland to England as a child 27,42; and the Gunpowder Plot 42; and the Spanish Match 76, 83; as Elizabeth’s brother 1-2, 6, 13, 27, 120; and theatre 8, 72, 85, 182; health of 27-8, 63, 67, 76, 126; Gunpowder Plot 42; as Henry’s chief mourner 64; Palatine wedding 83 (Fig. 10), 88; his farewell to Frederick and Elizabeth 91; Carleton as his vice-chamberlain 246; Chocqueux as his royal surgeon 407; and the Bohemian crown 131-2, 143, 223; and his nephew Charles Louis as godfather to її8; cancels contribution for Palatinate 285, 287, 294; Charles Louis’s investiture 299; Charles Louis’s visits to England 299, 310—11, 333,348,441 n.23;andthe Hessian army 310; offers Charles Louis a fleet 311, 313; supports Charles Louis’s Palatine army financially 317; and the Danes and The Hague Alliance 237, 241; support for Christian IV 237—9, 241, 246—8,260, 328; pawning of jewels 239,241, 244, 345—6; inheritance Danish grandmother 294,465 n.3; Christian IV acts as mediator in Ratisbon 334; and the Dutch his daughter’s marriage to William II 331-2, 341; and Electoral meetings, conventions, and Imperial Diet Taylor’s embassy to Vienna 299, 525 326; Arundel’s embassy to Vienna 300-3, 306-9, 309 (Fig. ՅՅ), 316, 324; Peace
of Prague 302; Roe ends his ambassadorial mission 349; Imperial Diet at Ratisbon and Vienna 336; and relations with Elizabeth receives a watch from Elizabeth 166; sends Elizabeth a lock of his hair 193 (Fig. 15), 230, Elizabeth rumoured to wear his hair in a ring 410; could never compete with Henry 201; Mansfeld’s expedition 204—5, 225—6, 232; Elizabeth’s belief in a warlike 201,220,223,261,380; and the Palatine-Villiers match 236; Elizabeth writes about Brunswick to 243; exchange of portraits 250—1, 254, 459 n.58; reaction to Frederick’s death 271, 273; invites Elizabeth to return to England 272—4, 277-80, 284, 288; Nethersole’s case 285,287-8,290-4,297; attempts to seize Elizabeth’s papers 286; Elizabeth’s pensions 264, 318—19, 321, 342, 352, 384,402; Rupert returns to the Stuart court 338; matches for Elizabeth’s children 354, 358; and the French his marriage 222, 234, 329, 345, childless 254, and the birth of his son Charles 261, 263; and the French protection 295; the Franco-Stuart war, end of 260, 264; Franco-Stuart treaty (never ratified) 309 (Fig. 33), 314, 324; and Charles Louis’s arrest 327 and the Spanish Spanish Match 83,103,140,160, 182-7,192-3,198,201,204, 206-7, 222, 344—5, 448 n.75; war with Spain 202-4, 223, 295-6; naval attacks 232֊3;Treaty of Southampton 234; truce with Spain 261-4,266,284,351,355; and treaty at Brussels xxv, 266, 301, 306-7, 324-7; attempts to negotiate a Spanish match for
52Ó INDEX Charles I (1600-49). (cont.) daughter Mary 331,341 Stuart kingdoms as heir 19, 63, 67, 76, 88, 91-2,126,183,185-6, 198, 202, 206, 220; religion 88, 184,299, 322-3, 329-30, 359; coronation of 222-3, 224 (Fig. 19); relationship with his favourite Buckingham 236,246, 249,260, 345, 404; ‘Personal Rule’ 13,263; relations with Laud 295—6, 298-9, 310, 321, 329-30; and the First Bishops’War 317—18,322—3, 326, 328, 344; Scottish coronation 322; and the Second Bishops’ War 323, 326, 328-9, 344; Short Parliament 328; Strafford’s trial and execution 330, 334;John Pym 333, ՅՅ8; his manifesto advocating the Palatine cause ՅՅ4—5, 337, Յ49; Scottish parliament 335-6; Irish rebellion 336; imprisonment of 182, 372; and Civil Wars viii, 338, 341, 344, 346—53, 360-2, 370; execution of 120, 372-3, 375, 380, 384, 386, 398,400,408,410; and the Swedes the Hamilton levy 263; Stuart-Vasa alliance 265, 309, 328; recapture of the Palatinate 264, 267, 289,294-5; Heilbronn League 285; recommends nephew Maurice for position in Swedish army 349 Charles II (1630-85), Prince ofWales; King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1660-85) birth of 261,263; Amalia rejects, for her daughter Louise Henrietta 357; in The Hague 371-2,375-6, 401 (Fig. 40); and the Covenanters 375-8; and Montrose 376—9; at Breda 376-7, 379; moves to Saint Germain 377; and parliament 383; and the Battle ofWorcester 387, 390; restoration 399-400; uneasy relationship with Elizabeth 380,402,404—5; Elizabeth’s debts 410; Elizabeth intends to marry her daughter Sophia to 380; and theatrical entertainments 372, 387, 389; and First
Anglo-Dutch War 388; in Brussels 388, 398; Elizabeth dines with 400,401 (Fig. 40) Charles II of Lorraine (1596-1657), 2nd Duke of Elbeuf (1605); French nobleman 359 Charles IV (1604-75), Duke of Lorraine (1624); driven into exile (1633); Habsburgs service (1633-54) 24°, 324, 383, 396 Charles V (1500-58), Lord of the Netherlands (1506-55), King of Spain (1516-56), Holy Roman Emperor (1519-56), Archduke of Austria (1519-21) 51 Charles Emmanuel I (1562-1630), Duke of Savoy (1580-1630) 49-51,63, 124, 126,170, 240 Charles Louis (1618-80), Prince Palatine of the Rhine, son of Frederick and Elizabeth; Elector Palatine of the Rhine (1632) personal, familial matters birth of 118,127, 374; in the care of Frederick’s family 132,188; brought to Leiden, the Prinsenhof 189-90; and Elizabeth’s chaplain Johnson 322; matchmaking for his siblings 354, 358; his brother Edward’s conversion 359—60; his brother Philip’s murderous act 364—5; his sister Louise Hollandine 381 (Fig. 38); and marriage Mary Stuart and William II 330-1,333; his own marriage 386, 394—5, 399; fatherhood 7, 399; military matters military training of 190, 280, 315; as dedicatee of Monro’s military account 227; and the Hessian army 310-11, 315 (Fig. 35), 316; Meppen 316-17; conjunction with LieutenantGeneral King 317-18,469 n.94; Osnabrück 317; Alexander Leslie 317; Battle ofVlotho
INDEX 318—19; France the French protection 289; Franco-Stuart treaty 309, 326—7; Bernardines po, 327—8; arrest of, by France 326—8; and his restricted liberty 329; and his full liberty, buying watches before returning home 166, 329; in England and Scotland at the Stuart court 299—301, 310—и, 313; plea to place him at the head of an army 289, 300, 308-10, 349; Charles promises him a fleet to attack Spanish colonies 311, 313; return to the Republic, at the siege ofBreda 315; and his uncle Charles I 273, return to the Stuart court once released by the French 333; on the advent of the Civil Wars 334-5, 338, 346-8, pawns his diamond garter 348, and his return to The Hague in 16142 348-51,475 n.33; his return to England in 1644 356; diplomacy Hamburg conference 324; Gerbier’s parallel negotiations 324, 328; and Charles’s manifesto 335, 349, 472 n.67; Imperial Diet in Ratisbon andVienna 336, 349; and Electoral title signature of xxiv; archive of 3 ; as eldest surviving son, heir to 253,298; Elizabeth as regent of, during his minority 272-3,276, 298, and during his imprisonment by the French 348; Elizabeth as political advisor of, during his majority 8, 349, 388,392; Palatine administrator during his minority 287; his investiture 299, 303, 305 (Fig. 32), 441 n.23; Imperial ban 301; partial restitution 301, 373—5, 385; Electoral dignity 301, 306, 318, 325, 385, 398; vicarie 313; Peace of Prague 302; Peace ofWestphalia 356, 373-5, 384; return to Heidelberg 380, 390, 392; relationship with Elizabeth 527 post-Westphalia 8, 382, 385, 398, 400, 402—7; attempts to claim inheritance, his
mother s possessions 382,393,402,404-5, 481 n.42, see also 3 ; Elizabeth’s jointure 11,384,390—1; Elizabeth’s debts 390—3, 403; and inheritance 409 Charles Stuart, see Charles II Charlotte (1628-31), Princess Palatine of the Rhine, daughter of Frederick and Elizabeth 6,251,263 Charlotte Brabantina (1580-1631), daughter ofWilliam I of Nassau and Charlotte de Bourbon; marriage (1598) to Claude de La Tremolile (d.1604), Duke of Thouars; mother of Charlotte de La Trémo ille, Lady Strange ιοί, 220, 250, 439 п.61 Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel (1627-86), daughter of the Landgrave and Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel, Wilhelm V and Amalie Elisabeth; marriage (Feb. 1650) to Elizabeth’s son Charles Louis 386, 394 Cheapside (street in the City of London, near to St. Paul’s Cathedral) 63, 197 Chichester, Baron Arthur (1563-1625); lord deputy of Ireland (1605-16); Stuart ambassador extraordinary to Heidelberg (Feb.-Nov. 1622), via The Hague (May 1622) 154, 173-5, 178 Chichester, Lady, see Perrot, Letitia Chimay, Prince of, see Ligne, Karel van Choqueux, Antoine (n.d.), surgeon-inordinaire to Charles I (1645) and Rupert (1667), secretary to Rupert 407-8 Christian I (1568-1630), Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg (1603); Frederick’s Calvinist advisor, under Imperial ban (1621), in exile in Sweden and Denmark (1621-3), return to his German principality (1624) 103, 105, in, 147-9, 170, 430 n.65
528 INDEX Christian II (1599-1656), Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg (1630), son of the above 148, 438 n.44 Christian II (1583-1611), Elector of Saxony (1591-1611) 54 Christian IV (1577-1648), King of Denmark-Norway (1588, personal rule from 1596); Elizabeth’s maternal uncle: his visit to the Stuart court 13, 61, 126,150, 155,172, 235, 237-9,241, 244-9,259,262,294, 32Ó, 328, 334,346,434 п.16,456 n.52, 471 n.30 Christian of Brunswick (1599-1626), administrator of the Catholic bishopric of Halberstadt (1616); brother of Sophia Hedwig; in Dutch (1620, 1622), Palatine (1621-2,1623-5) and Danish (1625-6) military service as Elizabeth’s first cousin 13, 168, 216, 243; as Elizabeth’s devotee 169, 177-8,194 (Fig. 16), 238; godfather to Louise Hollandine 173; infatuation with Amalia 217-18; desirous to raise a cavalry army for Frederick 168-70; the 1621/2 campaign to the Palatinate 172-4; his relations with Mansfeld 172—5, 205, and the Battle of Höchst 173-4; siege of Bergen-op-Zoom 175; Battle of Fleurus 176; amputation of his arm 176—8, 445 n.i; and the Emperor s pardon 181-2; Battle of Stadtlohn, and the 1623 campaign 199-200; wish to serve Elizabeth’s father 200,205; and advance on Breda, leads French cavalry 216, 237 joins Christian IV 237; death of 243-4 Christina (1626-89), daughter of Gustavus Adolphus and Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg; Queen of Sweden (1632, personal rule from 1644), abdicated (1654, in favour of cousin Charles Gustav) 349, 395 Chropin (Moravia) 141 cipher code xxiii, 4, 36, 51, 59,115, 143, 181,184, 203, 209, 229, 232, 249, 261, 266, 325, 328, 336, 338, 346,
373,380,475 n.25,480 n.35 cipher jewels 259—60, 460 n.77 Cirencester (town in Gloucestershire, England, 80 miles west of London) 353 Claeszoon, Cornelis (/?. 1629), Dutch skipper 253 Clarendon, Earl of, see Hyde, Edward Cleopatra (69 BCE-30 все), last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom ofEgypt 382 Cietcher,Thomas (1598-1668), jeweller 259, 344-5, 358, 391 Cleves (Rhineland city and duchy bordering on the Dutch province of Gelderland) Map 2, 54-5, 77, 102,105-6, 156,209, 238, 358,364 Clifford, Anne (1590-1676), first marriage (1609) to Richard Sackville, Lord Buckhurst, shortly thereafter (1609) 3rd Earl of Dorset; second marriage (1630) to Philip Herbert, ist Earl of Montgomery and 4th Earl of Pembroke 30, 36,73 Clouet, François (c 1520-72), painter 426 n.48 Cobham, Lord, see Brooke, Henry Cobham Hall (Manor house in Kent, 6 mi. SW of Chatham) 37 cockfighting 66,423 n.79 Cockpit-at-Court 66, 423 n.79 Cockpit Theatre (London) 423 n.79 Coignet de la Thuillerie, Baron Gaspard (d.1653), French ambassador in The Hague (1640-8) 363 Coke, Sir Edward (1552-1634), legal writer, lawyer, and politician; chiefjustice of the common pleas (1606-16); lord chiefjustice (1613-16) 61
INDEX Coke, Frances (1602-45), daughter of Sir Edward Coke and Lady Hatton, marriage (1617) to, separated from (1621) Sir John Villiers, ist Viscount Purbeck 191 Coke, Lady, see Cecil, Edward Coke, Sir John (1563-1644; knt. 1624), English lord privy seal (1625-8); Secretary of State (1625-40) 271-2, 279, 285, 287-90, 292,299 Coke, Roger (c. 1628-1703), grandson of Sir Edward Coke; writer 61 Collet, John (n.d.), seventeenth-century diarist 48,420 n.65 Cologne (Imperial Free City, part of the archbishopric of Cologne on the Rhine River, 15 mi. NW of Bonn) Map 2, 53, 58, 95, 250 Compiegne (town in France 50 mi. SE of Paris), treaty of 452 n.31 Condulmier, Domenico (n.d.), secretary to Contarmi 481 n.53 Constantinople (capital of Ottoman Empire) 9, 65,141,168, 178, 212,250 constitution, Imperial 53,125—6, 129,133, 139, 199, Зої, ЗИ Contarini, Alvise (1597-1651),Venetian ambassador to the Dutch Republic (1624-6), England (1626-9), France (Aug. 1629-32) 162, 223, 225, 232, 375, 377, 384 Contarini, Piero (n.d.),Venetian ambassador extraordinary in London (1617-18) 118 convents 188, 396 conversion, religious 23, 51-3, 77, 105, 184, 312, ՅԱ. ՅՅ8, 359-60, 362, 364, 394-6, 417 n.44,421 п.25, 484 n.54 Conway, Edward (c.1564-1631), ist Viscount Conway (1627), ist Viscount Killultagh (1627); MP for Penryn in the English parliament (1610-11); Stuart ambassador extraordinary to Germany with Sir Richard Weston (June 1620-Mar. 1621), 529 visit to Brussels (July 1620), Cologne (July- 12 Aug. 1620), Dresden (13 Aug.- 13 Oct. 1620), Prague and back to Dresden (14 Oct. — 17 Nov. 1620), Hamburg
(18. Nov. 1620 - 8 Feb. 1621), The Hague and Antwerp (Feb. 1621); Secretary of State (1623-8); MP for Evesham in the English parliament (1624); lord president of the council (1628-31) 142, 148-51,156, 195, 200-1, 203, 211—13, 215-16, 219-20, 225, 235, 249 Conway,Thomas (d. 1625), brother of Edward Conway, the Elder 213 Conway,Viscount, see Conway, Edward Coombe Abbey (in Warwickshire; the Haringtons’ estate since 1581; in the Craven family from 1622 to 1923) Map 1,28, 37, 39-40, 46 Cooper, Alexander (1609-60), miniature painter 444 n.93, see also Plate F. Cooper, Thomas (fl. 1626), author and vicar 41 Cooper,William (fl. 1640-81), clergyman, succeeds Johnson as Elizabeth’s chaplain (1644-8) 361, 470 n.7 Cordoba, Don Gonzalo Fernandez de (1585-1635), Spanish commander in Palatinate (іб2і֊з),іп Netherlands (1623-6), in war of Mantua (1626-30), in Palatinate (1632); governor of the duchy of Milan (1625-9) 171, 17З, 176 Cornwall, Duke of, see Edward VI Cornwallis, Lady, see Meautys, Jane Cornwallis, Sir William (c. 1576-1614), writer in coronations 18, 25, 55, 122, 132,134,136, 138, 172,222, 322, 402 Correr, Marc’Antonio (1570-1638), Venetian ambassador to the Stuart court (i6o8-n;July-Aug. 1626) 51 Coryate,Thomas (c. 1577-1617), English traveller and writer 86
530 INDEX Coster, Samuel (1579-1665), Dutch playwright 164 costume 77, 79-80, 85, 112, 302, 332, 387, 389, 426 п.43 Cottington, Sir Francis (1578-1652), ist Baron Cottington (1623); Stuart diplomat to Spain, as agent (Oct. 1609-Aug. i6n;Dec. 1615-Oct. 1622), as ambassador extraordinary (July 1629-Mar. 1631); secretary to Elizabeth’s brother Charles (1622); Chancellor of the Exchequer (1629-42); commissioner for the treasury (Mar. 1635-Mar. 1636); master of the court of wards (1635-41) 376,466 η. 15 Cottrell, Sir Charles (1615-1701), Elizabeths steward (1652) 11, 384,441 n.23,481 n.55 Covenant, Covenanters 317, 323, 328-30, 335-6, 362, 370, 375-7, 379, 474 п.20 Coventry (cathedral city in Warwickshire, England, 95 mi. NW of London) Map I, 37, 41, 46 Cracht, Pieter de (fl. 1648-62), tapestry maker 382 Cranborne,Viscount, see Cecil, Robert Cranfield,John (n.d.), slanderer of Elizabeth 197 Cranfield, Lionel (1575-1645), ist Earl of Middlesex (1622); Lord Treasurer (Sept. 1621-Apr. 1624) 205 Craven,William (1606-97), Baron Craven (1627),Viscount Craven of Uffington (1Ճ65), Earl of Craven (1665); imprisoned as colonel of Charles Louis’s Palatine army (Oct. 1638-r.July 1639) 3,287, 316, 318, 376, 391, 405-6, 409,411 Crichton, Helen (fl. 1598), possibly Lady Dunteren, mistress-nurse at Linlithgow 23 Crofts, Margaret (fl. 1623-37), sister of William, protégée of Lucy Percy Hay, Countess of Carlisle (before 1623), maid of honour to Elizabeth (1624-37), in England after dismissal from Elizabeth’s service (1637-?) 40, 219, 453 n.52,454-5 п.3,464 n.58 Crofts,William (d. 1677), Baron
Crofts of Saxham (1658) 192-3,219 Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658), Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (Dec.1653-Sept.1658) 361,370, 375-6, 378-9, 383, 386, 388, 392-3, 397-8,402,413 n.8 Cromwell, Richard (1626-1712), Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (Sept.ió58-May 1659) 398 Cromwell,Thomas (1588-1635), one of Mansfelds officers (1624-5) 216, 227, 229 Crossen (city on the W bank of the Oder) Map 3,153,264, 365 Crowe, Sackville (1595-1671), ist Baronet (1627),Treasurer of the Navy (1627-30) 239-40 Culemborch (municipality and city in the central Netherlands, entirely enclosed by walls and canals; its castle stood outside the city) Map 2,200,208 Culemborch, Count of, see Pallandt, Floris II van Culemborch, Countess of, see Bergh, Catharina van den Culpeper, Nicholas (1616-54), botanist, herbalist, physician, astrologer 69, 392,417 n.54 Cumberland, Duke of, see Rupert Cunningham, James (1552-1630), 7th Earl of Glencairn (1580) 26 Cunningham,Thomas (n.d.), diplomat 352 Cupid 302, 332 Cure, Cornelius (d. 1607), English-born sculptor of Dutch parentage 17 Cure, William (d. 1632), son of the above 17 curiosities (cabinet of) 39, 69, 165-6, 168, 229 Curtius, Sir William (fl. 163OS-7OS), secretary to Vane (May 1631-Nov. 1632), Charles Is agent to
INDEX Sweden (Oct. 1632-Dec. 1633), to German princes (Oct. 1632-Dec. 1633; Sept. 1639-40), in Palatine service (c. 1634-38/9), Charles Louis’s secretary (ճ.1635-7); Charles Louis’s envoy to the Landgravine of Hesse (Jan. 1639); Charles Is agent to the Imperial Diet (1640-1) 3, 86,407,409,485 n.26 Gusanee, Beatrix de (1614-63), marriage (1637) to Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine, who was already married (since 1621) to Nicole of Lorraine 395-6 Dalkeith (town in Scotland, 7 mi. S of Edinburgh) 23 Dallison, Sir Robert (c. 1562-1620), Lieutenant of His Majesty’s Ordnance 85 Daniel, Samuel (1562/3-1619), poet and historian; Tethys’ Festival 79, 195 Darcie, Abraham (fl. 1625), author 224 (Fig. 19) Darnley, Lord, see Stuart, Henry Dathenus, Peter (bap.1566, d. 1642?), Palatine secretary 282—3, 297 Dathenus, Petrus (1532-88), father of the above 283 Dauphin, the (heir apparent to the throne of France) 31,59 Davenant, Sir William (1608-68), English poet, playwright, theatre manager; The Witts 405; The Siege of Rhodes 405, 468 n.72 debts 85,92, 103-4, 109, 117, 179, շ4շ, 258-9, 263, 294, 384, 390-3,400, 402-3,410-11,441 n.23, 454 n.64, 460 n.74, 471 n.24, 474 n.7, 483 n.36 dedications 38, 41, 55, 67, 78, 86, in, 166, 212,227, 243, 355, 364, 395, 420 n.64,4շ5 n.31 deer 30-1,33 (Fig. 3), 40, 51,65,74, 76, loi, 151, 381, see also hunting defenestrations 122—5 Delff, Willem Jacobszoon (1580-1638), Dutch print artist, painter 193 (Fig- И) SSI Delft (city in the province of South Holland) Map 2, 94, 213, 253,403 Della Rota, Francesco, see Hales, Alexander von Denbigh, Earl of, see Feilding,
William Den Bosch, see ’s-Hertogenbosch Denmark-Norway, King of, see Christian IV Derby, Countess of, see La Tremolile, Charlotte de Descartes, René (1596-1650), philosopher 10,120, 189, 364-5 Desdemona, character in Shakespeare’s play Othello 411,487 η.10 Dessau (city in Germany, 78 mi. SW of Berlin) Map 4, 240 Deuxponts, see Zweibrücken Devereux, Penelope (1563-1607), sister of the 2nd Earl of Essex, first marriage (since 1581) to Robert Rich, later ist Earl ofWarwick, divorced 1605; second (secret) marriage (1605) to Charles Blount (1563-1606), ist Earl of Devonshire 27-8, 417 η.57 Devereux, Robert (1565-1601), 2nd Earl of Essex (1576) 18 Devereux, Robert (1591-1646), Baron Bourchier (1603),Viscount Hereford (1603), 3rd Earl of Essex (1603) 142,208,233,245, շ53,348 Devonshire, Countess of, see Devereux, Penelope D’Ewes, Sir Simonds (1602-50), Baron d’Ewes (1641), antiquary 335 diamonds 12, 43, 60, 82, 84, 94, 125, 162, 167-8, 193,207, 230,259, 345, 348, 391-2,403,409,414 n.36 Diana (goddess) 74—6, 94, 101,276, 399, 425 n.31,458-9 n.44 Diets, Imperial 53, 334՜7, 349 Dieussart, François (c. 1600-61),Walloon sculptor 336 Digby, Baron, see Digby, John Digby, George (1612-77), 2nd Earl of Bristol (1653/4), son °F John 341-2,347
532 INDEX Digby,John (1580-1653), knt. (1607); Baron Digby (Nov. 1618), ist Earl of Bristol (1622); Stuart ambassador to Spain (Oct. 1610-July 1616; May 1617- May 1618; Feb. 1622-Apr. 1624), ambassador extraordinary to the Emperor (May-Nov. 1621), visit to Heidelberg (Oct. 1621) 59, 102, 154, 165, 171 Digby, Sir Kenelm (1603-65), natural philosopher and courtier 8, 330, 409, 466 п.15 Digby, Simon (fl. 1620-40S), King James’s resident ambassador in Vienna (May 1621-Dec. 1622) 154 Dingley,Thomas (/1.1643), letter writer 352 Dinley, Sir John (/Ï.1620S-60S), knt. (after Aug. 1637);Wotton’s assistant secretary (1621-3); servant to Elizabeth (1624); tutor to Rupert at Leiden (from c. Mar. 1625); secretary of internal affairs to Elizabeth (c. Nov. 1632-51) 190-1, 283-4, 292-3, 297, 321-2, 447 n.5 8,465 n.79 Diodati,Theodore (1573-1651), physician, language teacher 67 disguises 63, 172, 182—3, 343, 37і, 461 п.103 Dohna, Baron Achatius von (1581-1647); in Frederick’s council (1606-10), diplomat, Frederick’s envoy to the Stuart court (i6i9֊Feb.i62i) and Denmark (1623) 124, 233 Dohna, Baron Christoph von (1583-1637), brother of Achatius and Diederik; grand tour through Italy (1600-Aug. 1601) and France (1604-6) with Achatius; in uncle Fabian’s diplomatic corps to Ratisbon Prussia (1603); in Anhalt’s diplomatic corps to France (June 1606 —Oct. 1607); sent by Anhalt as agent of the Protestant Union to Venice (July-Aug. 1608) and with Achatius to Paris, The Hague, and the Stuart court (1609) and again alone to Paris (July-Dec. 1609; Feb. 1610; June 1610; Jan.-Mar. 1612; Mar.-May
1615),The Hague (May 1610; June 1615), Bohemia (r. mid 1612), and Prussia (mid. 1612; Feb. 1Ó13); escorts Anhalt’s son to Italy (1613-mid. 1614); in Frederick’s council (Mar. 1615-24); Frederick’s envoy to the Stuart court (Jan.-Feb. 1619; Sept.-Oct. 1619); marriage (Mar. 1620) to Ursula Solms-Braunfels, a sister ofAmalia; evacuates Elizabeth to Kiistrin and Spandau, near Berlin (1621); governor of principality of Orange (1629-37) 131-2,137, UO Dohna, Baron Dietrich von (1580-1620), brother of Achatius and Christoph; military service as lieutenant in the States’ army (1597-1609), in service of Brandenburg (1610-5); followed Wittgenstein to France to assist the Prince of Condé (1615); in Frederick’s service (c. 1616-20) 144 Dohna, Baroness von, see Ursula Dohna, Burgrave Friedrich von (1621-88), first son of Christoph and Ursula von Dohna 155 dogs 6-9, 33 (Fig. 3), 57,65-6,74-5,118, 166,216,276, 381,423 п.81, 474 п.15; see also Apollo; Babler; Boye; Johnson, Sampson; St John, Oliver; Strickland, Walter Dolbier,Johan (d. 1648), German merchant and financer of Frederick; in Mansfelds service (until 1626); in Buckingham’s service as muster agent in the Low Countries (from May 1627); in Swedish service (c. 1630-2) 229 Domenico à Jesu Maria (і559-!бзо), Spanish monk 148 Donauwörth (Imperial Free City) 52-З, 55 Doncaster, Viscount, see Hay, Sir James
INDEX Donne, John (1572-1632), English poet, ordained (1615) 84, 87, in, 127-8, 407 Dorchester,Viscount, see Carleton, Sir Dudley Dorchester,Viscountess, see Glemham, Anne Dordrecht (city and municipality in the province of South Holland, bordered by various rivers) Map 2, 94, 377 Dordt, see Dordrecht Dorislaus, Isaac (1595-1649), diplomat 383 Dorp. Dorothea van (1592?-1657?), lover of Constantijn Huygens 218 Dorset, Countess of, see Clifford, Anne Dorset, Earls of, see Sackville, Edward; Sackville, Richard Dortmund (Imperial Free City, 30 mi. S of Minister), treaty of 54 Douglas, Agnes (1574-1607), marriage (1592) 7th Earl of Argyll 19 Douglas,James (c. 1516-81), 4th Earl of Morton (1553-81), regent of Scotland (1572-78) 21 Douglas,Thomas (n.d.), minister 417 n.39 D’Ouvily, Baron, see Gerbier, Sir Balthazar Dover (coastal town and port in Kent, SE England) Map I, 60, 182, 214,338 dowry 21, 79—80, 85, 134, 180, 184, 234, 357, 358 Drake, Sir Francis (c. 1540-96), English sea captain 72 Drebbel, Cornelis (1572-1633), inventor 39,47 dress 2, 12, 31-2, 34, 39,43—4, 47, 61, 73, 81-3, 104, 109, 140, 190, 230, 282, 302, ՅԱ, ՅՅ2, 365, 372, 387, 393,395 Drury Lane (street in London near Covent Garden, home to many theatres) Map 1,405,423 n.79 Dudley, Anne, see Sutton, Anne Dudley, Elizabeth (1599-1.1662), daughter of one Hans Dudley; Scottish lady-in-waiting to Ehzabeth (1613-after 1646); marriage 533 (Apr. 1622) to the Count of Löwenstein-Scharffeneck (d.June 1622); promoted to first lady-inwaiting (1625) after marriage Amalia to Prince of Orange; Elizabeth calls her ‘my wise /
reverent widow’; at the Stuart court (June 1638-May 1639) 174, 229, 371,389, 392, Յ96,444 n-95 Dudley, Lady, see Harington, Theodasia Dudley, Lord, see Sutton, Edward Dudley, Robert (1532-88), ist Earl of Leicester (1564), favourite of Elizabeth I 40, 203, 392, 469 п.3 Du Faur, Guy (1529-84), Seigneur de Pibrac; French jurist and poet 190 Dunbar, Earl of, see Home, George Dunfermline, Earl of, see Seton, Alexander Dunfermline Palace, Scottish Royal Palace, given to Queen Anna in 1589 Map i, 19-20, 23-4 Dunkirk (port in Spanish Netherlands) 367, 369 Duns Law (ancient hill fort in the Scottish borders, 115 mi. W of Berwick-upon-Tweed) 323 Dunteren, Lady, see Chrichton, Helen Du Plessis, Armand Jean, see Plessis, Armand Jean du Durie, Dorothy, see King, Dorothy Durie,John (1596-1680), Scottish preacher and ecumenist 353, 361, 398, 476 n.62 Dyck, Sir Anthony van (1599-1641), Flemish artist, leading court painter 312 (Fig. 34), 315 (Fig- 35), 382 Dysart, Earl of, see Murray,William Earney, Thomas fi. 1642), Italian conspirator 343 East, Edward (1602-96), royal watchmaker and clockmaker 166
534 INDEX Edgehill (village between Radway and Kineton in Warwickshire, io mi. E of Stratford-upon-Avon); battle of (Oct. 1642) 349, 360 Edinburgh (capital of Scotland) Map 1, 21,26-7,85,91,98,323,379 Edmondes, Clement (c. 1568-1622), English government official 108 Edmondes, Sir Thomas (c. 1563-1639); Stuart diplomat to France, as secretary to Ambassadors Stafford and Unton (Sept. 1583-Apr. 1589; July 1591-June 1592; Nov. 1595-Mar. 1596), as chargé d’affaires (June 1592-Apr. 1596; Sept. 1597-June 1599), as special ambassador (Mar.-July 1597; June-Sept. 1601; June-Aug. 1602), as ambassador (Apr. lóio-Nov. 1617), and ambassador extraordinary (May 1629-Mar. 1630); knt. (1603) 41,79 education 10, 23, 25, 36, 38-9,45,48, 67, 86,190,202,353,359 Edward (1625-63), Prince Palatine of the Rhine, son of Frederick and Elizabeth xxiv, 211-13, 273, 303, 354, 359-60, 362, 364, 384, 394, 409 EdwardVI (1537-53), son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour; Prince of Wales (1537-47); Duke of Cornwall (1537-47); King of England and Ireland (1547-53) 29 Eglinton, Earl of, see Montgomery, Alexander Eisenmenger, Johann Christoph (1592-1663), physician 433 n.44 Elbe, River (river running from Bohemia, through the German states and into the North Sea) Map 3, Map 4, 150-1, 156, 247 Elbeuf, Duke of, see Charles II of Lorraine El Dorado (mythical city of gold then thought to be in Guyana) 37 Eleonore of Mantua (1598-1655), marriage (1622) to Ferdinand II 303 Elincx, Eva (c 1535-90), mistress of William the Silent 452 n.25 Eliot, Sir John (1592-1632),Vice-Admiral ofDevon 235 Elisabeth (1618-80), Princess
Palatine of the Rhine, daughter of Frederick and Elizabeth; abbess of Herford (1667-80) ίο-п, 119, 127,132, 155, 188-90, 303, 313-14, 327, ՅՅ2, 356, 364-5, 395,409, 433 n.47, 447 n.57, 470 n.16 Elisabeth of Denmark (1573-1626), sister of Elizabeths mother Anna of Denmark and mother of Sophia Hedwig and Christian of Brunswick; marriage (1590) to Duke Heinrich Julius of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1564-1613); regent of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1616-22) 151,154,181-2 Elisabeth of France (1602-44), marriage (1615) to the Prince ofAsturias, the future Philip IV; Queen consort of Spain (1621-44), and Portugal (1621-40) 56 Elisabeth-Charlotte (1652-1722), aka Liselotte, Princess Palatine of the Rhine, daughter of Charles Louis and Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel; marriage (1671) to Philippe I (1640-1701), Duke of Orléans 7-8 Elisabeth Friso (1620-8), daughter of the Count and Countess of NassauDietz 152 Elisabette Charlotte (1597-1660), sister of Frederick; marriage (1616) to George William, later (1619) Elector of Brandenburg 153, 155-6,188, 381 (Fig. 38) Elizabeth I (1533-1603), Queen of England, and Ireland (1558-1603), godmother of Elizabeth reinterment of 17—19; as the ‘Virgin Queen’ 18,22, 75; as Goddess Diana 75 ; as Elizabeth Stuart’s godmother 17, 19—22, 28, 32, 38, 43, 87-8, 145, 181, 187, 217, 228, 243, 302; and the English
INDEX succession 35; Elizabeth Stuart copies signature 38,217,228,396; Elizabeth Stuart imitates 40, 43—4, 283, 406; diamond chain of 43,193, 392; at Tilbury 72, 135; Elizabeth Stuart compared to 73-7, 86-8,135, 145, 186-7, 204, 243, 350,427 n.77; and the Spanish 93 ; and chequers ring of 443 n.56 Elizabeth ofAustria (1526-45), daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I, marriage (1543) to Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 51 Elizabeth ofHungary (1207-31), venerated Catholic saint 136 Elizabeth ofLorraine (1574-1635), marriage (1595) to cousin Maximilian I, later (1597) Duke of Bavaria 147 Elizabeth Stuart (1596-1662), marriage (1613) to Frederick, Elector Palatine, and sometime King of Bohemia PRINCESS Scotland Map 1; birth of 19-21; baptism of 19-21, 135; as ‘first daughter of Scotland’ 21; her ‘first breeding’ with the Livingstons, and Catholicism 22-5, 36, 51; the journey to London 27—9, 91, and her governess Lady Kildare 27-9, 34-7; Scottish servants 98-9, England: writing practice xxiv-xxv, 14, 34, 37-8, 67 (for the development of her hand, see also Plates B., E., G., H., I., K., and L.); language skills xxiii, xxiv, 45—8, 67,447 n.55; her relationship with Henry 27, 30-1,34,37,45-52,55-6,60, during his illness 63—4; and mourning for Henry 64-5, 67, 79-81, 120, 201; the Main and Bye plots 35—7; the Gunpowder Plot 40-3,46,55,59-60; Haringtons 29,31,36—43,47—8, 535 and death of Lord Harington 99; marriage proposals 25, 31, 48—53, 55—6, 59, 63, 70, 124; courtship, and Frederick’s reception in England 56-63; and the Palatine wedding 17—18,
37, 65; farewell gifts to courtiers at the Stuart court 66—7; vows de presenti 70—2; public solemnization and festivities 73, 76-86, 92, 112; as James’s heir 14, 19, 28, 42, 67, 69-70, 87-8, 103, 126-7, 184-7, 192 ELECTRESS Heidelberg Map 2, Map 3; progress to 57, 91—2,94—5, 97, Map 4;Jiilich-Berg and Cleves crises 102, 105—6; precedence issues 59—60, 96-9, 101,107—8, 114-15, 117,127-8, 134,231; relationship with mother-in-law Louise Juliana 96-7, 106-7; relationship with her husband’s master of the household, Schomberg 96—7, 104-7, ио, ИД 115-16; her husband’s melancholia 106—7, no; ladies in-waiting 98—9, 113-14, 117-18, 123, 126; chaplains 99; Hortus Palatínus 99—100, по-n; homesick in 117-20, 126; loss of 178, and the Bibliotheca Palatina 175; and the Palatinate in its entirety: Doncaster’s embassy 127—8; fight for, Sir Horace Vere’s campaign 141—2; Brunswick 169—70, 173—4, 176—8, 181,200, 205, 216, 218, 237, 243-4; Mansfeld 14, 170—6, 181,200, 204-5, 214, 230, 232, 237, 245; Protestant Union 170; loss of Mannheim 177; Electoral dignity 223-5, 385; collection for, in England 285, 287, 294; Peace of Prague 298, 301-2; Peace ofWestphalia 373,382 QUEEN Prague Map 4; defenestration 125; Bohemian rebellion and
53б INDEX Elizabeth Stuart (1596-1662). (cont.) election 124, 129-35; coronation 121-2, 134, 136; alone in 122; her rights of worship 136-7; female servants in 137, 140-1, 143, 372; refusal to leave the capital 144—7, 256; intends to inspect army 148, Battle of White Mountain 148-9; flight and exile Map 3, 149-56, 162; in exile and the Dutch: Map 2; Map 4; familial relations 13; the 1613 progress 92—5 ; arrival in exile 156,159; setting up of court in The Hague 159-66, 168, 196 (Fig. 17), 221-2; ladies-in waiting 166-7, 174, 191-2, 216-17, 219, 221, 246, 369, 371, 395—6; precedence issues 167; the Prinsenhof in Leiden 6, 10-11, 188-9 (Fig- 14), 190-1, 332, Plate J.; Stuart-Orange alliance 201,208; secretariat (and attack on) 3, 282-93,շ97; private chaplains 320—2, 361; Palazzo Renense 255-7, 381-2, 393-4; Breda 209, 212,215-16, 225—6, 228—30, 315; marriage of Frederick Henry and Amalia von Solms 217-21; Maurice of Nassau as suitor 49; Maurice as a ‘second father’ 209,220—1; Maurices death and funeral 212, 220—1, 237; rivalry with court of Frederick Henry and Amalia von Solms 230-1 (Fig. 21), 232, 257-8,275-7, 333, 354, 357-8, 366, 383, 387; siege of Bois-leDuc 255,258; marriage William II and Mary Stuart 330-2, 337-8; Mary Stuart’s court in The Hague 353-4, 383, 387; Henrietta Maria in The Hague 342—3, 347-8, and assassination attempt on Elizabeth 342-3; Peace ofWestphalia; Charles II in The Hague 388; cultural rivalry with Charles II s exiled court 387-9; First Anglo-Dutch War 2, 387-8 MOTHER children, see also Fig. 32: Frederick Henry, pregnancy 94-5, 101-2, birth of
102-3,118, childhood of 113-14, 116, 119, 135-6; progress of 143-4; Elizabeth receives touching letter of 152; Palatine-Imperial match 184-5, 199; PalatineBavarian match 199-202; Villiers-Palatine match 206—8, 236; places bed next to her when under the weather 252; drowns 252—3, 263; burial of 254; included in Honthorst painting Celadon andAstraea in the Garden of Love 254; Charles Louis birth of 118; with German relatives 132,188; reaches majority in England 299; detained at the Stuart court 299—300,310-11,313; wants him to gain military experience or even head an army 310, 315; his position as ImperialVicar 313, 392; crushed at Battle oŕVlotho/Lemgo; French capture 327, 348, and release 329; marriage William II and Mary Stuart 331; arguments over inheritance 393—4,404—5; match with Christina of Sweden 395, Elisabeth pregnancy 119; birth 119-20; with German relatives 132, 188; Elizabeth wishes to buy pearls for 155; Polish match 313—14; match with Bernard of SaxeWeimar 327; Descartes 10, 365, and arguments regarding Philip 365; travels to the Spanish Netherlands with her to see Christina of Sweden 395; Rupert pregnancy 120-1, 129; birth of 120, 122, 137, 155; baptism of 137-8; flight from Prague 145; detained at the Stuart court 299-300,311-13; fears conversion of 312, 318, 338, 360; wants him to gain military
INDEX experience 315; Battle of Vlotho/Lemgo, captured by Imperial forces 318; released 337—8; active military service for the Royalists 349—51, 353, 360, 377-8; match with Marguerite of Rohan 354; Maurice pregnancy 145, 151-4; birth of 154-5; with German relatives 156; active military service for the Royalists 349, 351-2; drowns 388; Louise Hollandine birth of 172—3; baptism of 172-3; the States of Holland and Brunswick as godfathers to 173; and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg 357—8; as an artist 10, 366 (Fig. 37), 397 (Fig. 39); alleged amorous relation with Count L’Espinay 363; Montrose hopes to win hand of 376; conversion of 394-6, 397 (Fig. 39); Louis pregnancy 186,188; birth of 189; colonel of the French guards 212; death of 6,212—13; burial of 213; included in Honthorst painting Celadon and Astraea in the Garden of Love 254; Edward birth of 211-12; baptism of 213; marriage Anne de Gonzaga 359; conversion of 359-60,362; Henriette pregnancy 240—1, 244; birth 240; baptism of 244—5; marriage to Transylvania 385; death of 385; Philip pregnancy 248; birth 248; murdering of her court favourite, Count L’Espinay 363—5; Charlotte birth of 251, 253, 263; death of 6, 263; Sophia birth of 263; match with Charles II 380; Hanoverian succession 1, 263; Gustavus Adolphus birth of 265; death of 332; grandchildren 1,7-8,386,399 WIDOW Frederick death of 271—3, 281, his memory 364; cult of 537 widowhood 281—2,284,315—16, 319; commissions posthumous portrait of her husband 274 (Fig. 26), and of herself as a widow 275 (Fig. 27); as regent 273, 276; declines invitations to return
to England, opts for voluntary exile 277-80, 288, 374; alleged amorous relation with Count L’Espinay 363 DIPLOMAT and Bethlen Gabor 137-8, 181, 240, 245-6, 358; and Brandenburg familial relations 155; finds refuge at, during flight 153-5; and Denmark familial relations 13, 151,154,181—2 (see also, Anna of Denmark), 237, 259֊6o;The Hague Alliance 235-7, 241, 244; recruits officers for Danish service 247—9; bond from her maternal grandmother 163, that grandmother’s inheritance 294; and France Franco-Stuart alliance 9, 244, 246; FrancoStuart war 248-9; French protection 295; Franco-Stuart treaty (never ratified) 310—11; Bernardines 327; Elizabeth berates the French as "Monsieurs’ 327, 329, 337; and Hesse familial relations with 13, 386-7; attempts to claim regiments of 294—5; Wilhelm V willing to fight for Charles Louis; and Charles Louis as leader of the Hessian army 316; and Poland 2,313-14, 395; and Saxony Elizabeth s distrust of 264, 373; Peace of Prague 298; and Spain familial relations 51; and the Armada 72—3, 135; threat of war in 1614 105—6; Spinola overruns Lower Palatinate 142-3, '46; and Frankenthal and Isabella Clara Eugenia 171—2,179—80, 192, 265—7; informs on Córdoba 176-7; Spanish Match 140, 160, 184-7, 192-5,
538 INDEX Elizabeth Stuart (1596-1662). (cont.) 198, 206-7, 209, 219, 222; Anglo-Spanish war 200—4, 232-3, 238, 260; truce with Spain 260—3; Cadiz 233—4, 238-9, 311; treaty at Brussels and Gerbier 325—6; Elizabeth calls the Spanish ‘the scurvie Dons’ 264; and the Stuart kingdoms her mother’s death 124-7, 4°3; and court favourite Buckingham 132, 225, 228, 232, 236, 241, 246—50; requests her father for military support in the Bohemian conflict 140; resents father because of lack of action 53,143, 146, 168, 178-9, 209, 211,223; Villiers’s armistice 168-70; her father’s death 219-21, 223, 224 (Fig. 19), 225; wedding Charles I and Henrietta Maria 222; Church of England and Laud 295-9, 319-22, 329, 334, 361; Bishops’Wars 318,328,330; Civil Wars (Wars of the Three Kingdoms) 2, 341-2, 346-52, 370-1, 374; Charles I’s execution 372-3, 380, 398,400; the Covenanters, Presbyterianism 375—89; Cromwell 397-8, 402; restoration of Charles II i, 399-400; return to 3,120,403—5; loses godson the Duke of Gloucester and niece Mary Stuart 401—2; and parliaments: the Addled Parliament 103; the 3rd English parliament of her father 160; the 4th English parliament of her father 201; her brothers parliament 335; Scottish parliament 335-6; and Sweden hopes Gustavus Adolphus enters war 237; enters war 261-6; Hamilton 264; and Frankenthal 272,285,294-5; compensation for war expenses 28, 294; hopes of a Stuart-Vasa alliance 309-10; and Venice 48; Electoral meetings, conventions, and Imperial Diet Taylors embassy 326;Arundel’s embassy 300-1, 306-9, 324; Hamburg 324, 334; Imperial Diet at Ratisbon 334,
336, and Vienna 337 THE ARTS portraits Peake 31,43-5; around the time of her wedding 81-2; and the Tudor Crown 187; Van Poelenburch 250, Honthorst 251, 254—5, 274, 302-3; Miereveldt 250; Bloemaert 250-1; display of jewellery 12, 84, 259—60; see also List of Figures xv-xviii; as literary patron 65, 67, 86, 111-12; and masques 77-80,104, in-12, Ī17,195-7, 388-9; plays 8, 62, 65-6, 72, 85, 371-2, 387, 389, 395, 399, 405, and other theatrical entertainments 113,164, 194, 387; collector cabinet of curiosities 69, 165-6, and menagerie 8-9,39,57,65,118, 166, 179, 382; library of 8, 175, 409; reader of Shakespeare 8; Jonson 8; and Bacon 238; love of prose romances 141,254 FINANCES accounting 25, 28-30, 34, 37-8, 64-7; receives pension for life after delivery of a male heir 103; Stuart Crown falls behind with payments of 241-2, 244,258-9, 284; allowances for the household, as set out in her marriage contract 104-5, io8;jewellery as financial resource 108-10, 138, 156, 162, 211,240, 345-6, 391—2, 403; Bohemian jointure gift 141; dowry 79-80,85,134; bond from her maternal grandmother 163; dower 300, Frankenthal 99, 177, 368, 384, 390-1 (see also Spain); Germersheim 101,173; buys an army 316-19, 324; parliament stops pension 352, 360 and reassesses 361 and stops 384;
INDEX Peace ofWestphalia n, 384, 391-3; and the States General 384, 390; debts to Honthorst 384; and the States of Holland 384, 390-1,403; parliament promises to pay debts at her nephew’s restoration 400,402-3 ; but debts remain 410; no inheritance from her mother 403 HEALTH protection against poison 69; melancholia around Bohemian election 132-3; sympathetic suffering 177, 271-2; melancholic after Brunswick’s death 244, 355; pleurisy 355—6; and exercise 355, (and the hunt 30, 65, 75-6, 95, 101,106, 113, 151, 240, 264, 402); shingles and stomach ailments 392; unable to stand for long periods at a time 399; frailty of 406; death of 406-7; autopsy of 407-8; funeral of 408; will of 409; papers and goods of 410-11 REPUTATION in historiography 130, see also Introduction i-14; Green’s biography of 4—6; Elizabeth I’s legacy 19, 75, 86-8,135-6,145, 180—i, 204,217,243, 406; as Diana, goddess of the hunt 74-6,94—5, 101,144, 276, 399,425 п.31, 458 n.44; soldiers devoted to their ‘Queen of Hearts’ 13-14,142, 160-1,169,176-8,182, 193-4, 226—7, 233, 238, 353; as the ‘Jewel of Europe’ 227,247,441 n.i5;as Queen Esther 275-6; character of 301,308,318,335,365,374-5 Elizabeth Stuart (1635-50), Princess, daughter of Charles I and Henrietta Maria 330-1, 379-80 Elphinstone, Alexander (1552-1638), Master Elphinstone (until 1602), 4th Lord Elphinstone (1603) 26 Elphinstone, Sir William (d. after 1641), secretary to Elizabeth (c. 1613-14) 114,283 539 Elsevier, Abraham (1592-1652), Dutch publisher 303, 467 n.44 embroidery 12-13,47,73, 81-2, 85, 230, 282,416 п.17 Emilia of Nassau (1569-1629), sister
of Maurice; marriage (1597) to Manuel I, Prince of Portugal Plate D., 94, 428 п.7 Emmerich (Cleves), Dutch occupation (1614-72) 167-9 Emperors, Holy Roman, see Charles V; Ferdinand II of Austria; Ferdinand III of Austria; Matthias; Rudolf II ofAustria Empress consorts, see Eleonore of Mantua; Maria Anna of Spain England, Kings of, see Charles I; Charles II; EdwardVI; George I; Henry VII; Henry VIII; James VI I;James II VII England, Queen (consorts) of, see Anna of Denmark; Boleyn, Anne; Catherine ofAragon; Elizabeth I; Henrietta Maria; Mary I Enkhuizen (Holland; West Friesland) 247 Eppelmann, Peter (1585-1648), Count of Holzapfel-Schaumber, the Greek form of which, Melander, he used as a name; general in the Hessian service (1633-40); commander in the Imperial army (1642-8) 294, 316 Erckenbrecht, Dieterich (d. 1642), secretary to FrederickV 463 n.37 Erlach, Hans Ludwig von (1595-1650), in Palatine military service (1618-23), io Swedish military service (1623-7), military director ofBerne (1627-37);joins Bernard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1637); Director of Bernardines (1639-50) 327 Ernest (1580-1626), Count ofMansfeld; military service in armies of Habsburgs (1594-1610), Protestant Union (tóro-17), Savoy (1617-18), FrederickV (1618-22); further Protestant armies (1622-6)
540 INDEX Ernest (1580-1626). (cont.) and the Bohemian conflict 124, 129, 140, 150, 170; and the Palatine cause 1621/2 160, 171-4,181, 212, 214; possible defection of 147, 170-1, 174-5; and the FrenchWars ofReligion 175; relations with Brunswick 173-4, 205; and the Battle of Höchst 173-4; siege of Bergen-opZoom 175; Battle of Fleurus 176,233; wishes to serve Elizabeth’s father 199-200; raises military support in France 204—5, 214, and at the Stuart court 204-5, 209—10, 214; and advance on Breda 14, 213, 215-16, 225-30, 232—3; and the aftermath of the failed expedition 226-7, 229-30, 232—4,joins Christian IV 237-9; intends to join up with Bethlen Gabor 245; death of 245 Ernst August of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1629-98), Duke of BrunswickLüneburg and Prince of Calenberg (1679), Elector of Hanover (1692) 403 Ernst Casimir (1573-1632), Count of Nassau-Dietz (1606), Stadholder of Friesland (1620-32), of Groningen (1625-32) 94,143,176 Erroll, Earl of, see Hay, Francis Erskine, Alexander (d. 1640), nobleman, son of the 18th or 2nd Earl of Mar, and his second wife Lady Mary Stuart 40 Erskine, Frances (1715-76), daughter of the 11 th Earl of Mar 40, 47 Erskine, John (d. 1572), ist Earl of Mar (1565), regent of Scotland (1571-2) 21 Erskine,John (1558-1634), 2nd Earl of Mar (1572) 20-1, 23-5, 27, 40 Erskine, John (1585-1654), son of the 2nd Earl of Mar and Anne Drummond; Lord Erskine (until 1634), 3rd Earl of Mar (1634) 26 Erskine, Lady, see Murray, Annabell Espesses, Lord of, see Faye, Charles Essex, Earls of, see Devereux, Robert Essex House, see Leicester House Essex Rebellion 18,28
Esther, Queen; biblical figure 275—6, 278-9 (Figs 30 31) Etheldreda, see Shelton, Audrey Eton (charity school in Berkshire, England, founded in 1440 by Henry VI, 20 mi. W of London) 186 Evans, Dorethie (n.d.), printer 67,68 (Fig- 7) Evelyn, John (1620-1706), diarist, writer 281-2 executions 21, 35, 37,43, 165, 334, 372-3, 375,380,400,410,478 Ո.31 Exeter House (Wimbledon), see Leicester House expeditions 14, 37, 203, 226, 232-4, 238, 240-1, 249, 311, 379, 455 п.15 Exton Hall (Rutland) Map 1, 37 Eythin and Kerrey, Lord, see King, James Fabricius of Rosenfeld, Philip (d. after 1618), Bohemian Catholic officer 123 fabrics 31, 34, 39, 61, 64, 7г, 81, 112, 138, 163, 219, 281-2, 290, 302, 314, 39L4O8 Fairfax,Thomas (1612-71), 3rd Lord Fairfax (1648) 361-2 Fairnie,John (ft. 1598),bodyguard at Linlithgow 23 Falkirk (town in Scotland, 26 mi. W of Edinburgh) 19 fashion 9, 31, 34, 39, 46, 71, 81,119, 125, 140—i, 164, 314, 395, see also costume; dress; fabrics Fawkes, Guy (1570-1606), conspirator 42 Faye, Charles (d. 1636), Lord of Espesses, French ambassador in The Hague (1624-8) 246 Feilding,William (1587-1645),Viscount Feilding (1620), ist Earl of Denbigh (1622) 249 Felton, John (c. 1595-1628), assassin 249 fencing 190, 363,447 n.56 Ferdinand of Austria (1609-41), archbishop ofToledo (1619-40),
INDEX Cardinal-Infante of Spain (1619-41); Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands (1633-41) 324 Ferdinand II of Austria (1578-1637); Archduke ofAustria (1590-37); King of Hungary (1618-25); King of Bohemia (1617-9; 1620-37); Holy Roman Emperor (1619-37) and the rebel States 125, 130; elected as king 123, 125-7; replaced by Frederick as King of Bohemia 121, 130-4, 137, 139, 142; Imperial election 125—7, 129, 131; Doncaster’s embassy 128—9;as Bavaria’s brother-in-law 130; military officers of 140, 170, 264; and the Protestant Union 143; embassy ofJohn and Simon Digby 154, 165, 171; revenge of 165; and the Mühlhausen conference 139; places Frederick under the Imperial ban 139,154, 163, 179, 301; grants Bavaria Frederick’s Electorship 175, 179; and Baden-Durlach 173; offers Brunswick a pardon 181—2, and Anhalt’s son 438 n.44; and Bethlen Gabor 137,150, 237, 240, 245, 358, 481 n.64; PalatineImperial match 184-5, 199; and Charlesi 223; intercepts Elizabeth’s correspondence 238; and John Taylor’s embassy 300-1; and Arundel’s embassy 300-1, 303, 306-9; Peace of Lubeck 259, 262; Edict of Restitution 262; Peace of Prague 298—9, 302; death of 313 Ferdinand III of Austria (1608-57), son of Ferdinand II and Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574-1616); King of Hungary (1625); King of the Romans (1636-7); King of Bohemia (1637-57); Holy Roman Emperor (1637-57) and Arundel’s embassy 303; elected King of the Romans 313; 541 crowned King of Hungary 313; brother to Cecylia Renate 314; and the Swedes 317; and Gerbier’s negotiations 324—5; and John Taylor’s embassy 326, imprisons Rupert 327, 337—8,
360, releases Rupert 337; and the Imperial Diet in Ratisbon and Vienna 336; Peace of Westphalia 11, 373, 385, 391, 393; and the Imperial ban 385 Ferdinand IV ofAustria (1633-54), son of Ferdinand III and Maria Anna of Spain; King of Bohemia with his father (1646-54); King of Hungary with his father (1647-54); King of the Romans (1653-4) 392 Ferdinand Maria (1636-79), succeeds father Maximilian I as Elector of Bavaria (1651) 308 Ferencz, Sir Thomas (fl. 1632-42); German colonel of infantry in States’ army (1626-37); in Charles Louis’s train at the Stuart court (Oct. 1635-Dec. 1636; Feb. 1637c.June 1637); imprisoned by Imperial forces as colonel of Charles Louis’s Palatine army (Oct. 1638-Oct. 1639) 318 Filippo Emmanuel (1586-1605), Prince of Piedmont (1586), heir apparent to the Duchy of Savoy 25, 49-50 Finch, John (1584-1660), Baron Finch of Fordwich (1640), speaker of the House of Commons (1628-9); ChiefJustice of the Common Pleas (1634-40), Lord Keeper (1640-1) 334,342,347 Finet, Sir John (1571-1641), assistant of the master of ceremonies Sir Lewis Lewknor; Charles I’s master of ceremonies after Lewknor’s death (1627-41) 117, 285, 425 п.22 Firebrace, Sir Henry (1619/20-91) 446 п.22 fireworks 73-7, 85, 87, 201 Fisher, Lady, see Lane, Jane
542 INDEX Fletcher,John (1579-1625), playwright 8; The Coxcomb 62; Cupiđ’s Revenge 72; Philaster 66 Fleurus (W of Namur), battle of (1622) Map 4, 176, 233 Floyd, Edward (fl. 1588-1621), lawyer 197 Flushing (Vlissingen) (port in Zeeland on the island ofWalcheren) Map 2, 91,93, 214, 231 Fontainebleau (French royal palace, 35 mi. SE of Paris), treaty of 295 food 19, 36, 39, 85,93-4, 97, 104, 216, 230,259, 363, 384, 391,401, 416 n.28,427 п.61 Fort Mardyck (fort outside Dunkirk) 367 Foscarini, Antonio ( 1570-1622),Venetian ambassador to the Stuart court (July 1611-Dec. 1615) 61, 64, 67, 72,78,83-4,172 Fouquières,Jacques (c. 1590/1-1655), Flemish landscape painter 100 (Fig- 12) Foxe,John (1517-87), English historian and martyrologist; Actes and Monuments (Foxe’s Book of Martyrs) 67 Foxwell, Henry (n.d.), slanderer of Elizabeth 197 Fraiser, Alexander (i6io?-8i), physician to Charles II 407 France, Kings of, see Francis II; Henri II; Henri IV; Louis XIII France, Queen (consorts) of, see Anna of Spain; Marie de’ Medici; Mary Stuart Franche-Comté (Free county of Burgundy, since 1678 eastern France) 204 Francis II (1544-60), King consort of Scotland (1558-60), King of France (1559-60) 426 n.48 Frankenthal (town in Lower Palatinate west of the Rhine River, seventeen miles northwest of Heidelberg) Map 3, 99, 171-2, 177, 179-80, 192, 265-7, 272, 283, 285, 287, 294-5, 301, 368, 382, 384, 390-1,429 n.42, 463 п.44,470 п.5 Frankfurt[-am-Main] (fair; Imperial city which remained neutral during the Thirty Years War; 50 mi. N of Heidelberg, Swedish headquarters) in Frankfurt an der Oder (town
in Brandenburg, on the border with Poland) 144, 161 FrederickV (1596-1632), Elector Palatine (1610-32), King ofBohemia (1619-20) England: marriage proposal 49,55; courtship, and Frederick’s reception in England xxiii-xxiv, 56-63,428 n. 14; Henry’s illness 62—3, and death 64-5,70; as Henry’s spiritual heir 8,103, 135; and the Palatine wedding 17-18; vows de presenti 8,70—2; public solemnization and festivities 73, 82-3, 85-8; Order of the Garter 56,94,162, 230; the 1613 progress, and prepares to receive Elizabeth in Heidelberg 91-5,428 n.io, 446 n.47; Jiilich-Berg and Cleves crises 105—6; precedence issues 59—60, 96-9,101,107-8, no, 112-17, 127—8, 134,167,231; Protestant Union 76, 88, 93,106, 125-6, 128-9,132, 134, 142. ΐ7θ; care of Elizabeth while pregnant 119, 153-5; Imperial election 125—6, 129, 133; Doncaster’s embassy 127-8; Prague: Bohemian rebellion and election as King of Bohemia 7,100, 121-4,127, 129-35, 139,225, 350; James does not support rebellion and election 128, 130, 132, 134-5, 153; gathers oaths of allegiance 122, 141; military support of the Dutch 134,150, 156, 161,235; coronation of 136; rights of royal worship in Prague 136-7; Mühlhausen assembly 139; Imperial ban 139,225,301,385; military assistance from the Stuart kingdoms 139-40,150; and
INDEX Elizabeth’s refusal to leave Prague 144-7; Battle ofWhite Mountain 147—9; flight 149-50, 152-6, 159,162; vain hopes of gaining support of Silesian and Moravian princes 151,154; Villiers’s armistice 153—4, 168—70; arrival in exile 156; set up of court in The Hague, as base to organise military campaign 159-65,167, 221, 441 п.21, 481 n.55; entertainment in the Republic 194, 197,200,240,252, 381; painters 250-1, 254; marriage Frederick Henry and Amalia 217, 219; and Palazzo Renense 255—7, 264, 381; rivalry with court of Frederick Henry and Amalia von Solms 230-1 (Fig. 21), 257-8; the Palatine cause: Chichester’s armistice 173, 178; and volunteers from the Stuart kingdoms 168; others fight under mercenary banners 170-5, 181, 327; Frankenthal 172, 180, 192; in the field in 1622 172-5, 182; loss of Heidelberg 175,178; Electorship transferred to Bavaria 13, 175, 179—81, 223; return to The Hague 177-8; loss of Mannheim 177; and the Spanish Match 179-80,184-5,206-7; Anglo-Spanish war 201, 203, 208, 232—3; Mansfelds expedition for the Palatinate 204—5, routed to Breda 208-9,215,225-6,230,237, and remnants of, go into Danish service 237-8, 241; Cadiz 233—4; and Gabor 240; and Christian IV 241 ; as dedicatee of Scott s pamphlet 243; siege of Bois-leDuc 256, 258; as godfather to his wife’s nephew, Charles Stuart 261; and the Swedes 261, 265-6, 271, 280,285; and Saxony 264, finances: according to the marriage contract 104,109; steel production 133; Bohemian lands 141; pawns gold plate while 543 on the run 156; acts as pawn broker for the Stuart Crown 240-1, 345; reliance on
Elizabeth’s pension from the Stuart Crown 241—2, 258—9, 264; sale or Lixheim 241,264; investments of 284, reputation: 1-2, 86-7; his children 102-3, 136-7, 144, 155, 177, 254, and the PalatineImperial match 184, 199, and the Prinsenhof 10, 188—90, 332, and Palatine-Bavarian match 199-202; death of Louis 212—13; death of his first-born Frederick Henry 252—4,271; appearance of 96,102; character of 116, 133; health of 106-7, n°; death of 271-3,277,280-6,346, 356, 408,441 n.23, 463 n.44; memory of 2, 276,281-3, ՅՅ6, 364; posthumous portraits of 274-5 (Fig. 26), 302-4 (Fig. 32) Frederick Henry (1614-29), Prince Palatine of the Rhine, son of Frederick and Elizabeth Elizabeth pregnant with 94—5, 101-2; birth of 102-3, 105,118; baptism of 103—4; Elizabeth commissions portrait of in, 127; childhood of 113-14,116, 119, 135-6, 474 n.7; elected as successor to the Crown of Bohemia 137; progress of 143-4; Elizabeth receives touching letter of 152; Palatine-Imperial match 184-5, 199; moved to the Prinsenhof 188-90,236; PalatineBavarian match 199-202; Villiers-Palatine match 206-8, 236; places bed next to his mother when under the weather 252; drowns 7,252-3, 263,271; burial of 254; posthumously included in Honthorst paintings Celadon andAstraea in the Garden of Love 254; and The Triumph 303, 304 (Fig. 32)
544 INDEX Frederick Henry of Nassau (1584-1647), Prince of Orange, Stadholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Overijssel, and Gelderland (1625-47) and Groningen and Drenthe (1640-7); husband to Elizabeth’s former lady-inwaiting, Amalia accompanies Frederick to the Stuart court 58, 62, 65,91,428 n. 14; Elizabeth’s 1613 progress 91-2; as Frederick’s cousin 95, 130; attends baptism of namesake in Heidelberg 103-4; furnishes exile court in The Hague 162—3; entertainment in The Hague 194-6; Palatine children stay in residence of 211 ; marriage to Elizabeth’s lady-in-waiting, Amalia 217-20, 230, 332, 368; andVan der Myle’s banishment 221; Huygens as secretary of 221, 396; precedence issues, rivalry 230,231 (Fig. 21), 246, 257-8, 343, 354; as leader of the Dutch Army 300.315,317,356,363; sieges of Breda 212,225,230, 315; and the West India Company 252; siege of ‘s-Hertogenbosch 256; final military campaign, and Hulst 366, Venlo 367, plans to besiege Antwerp 366—7; Peace ofWestphalia 367-8; and the Stuart cause 341—3, 346—7, 352, 357, 359, 369, 474 n.13; and Arundel 279, 300; his son William 330-1, 343, 358, 363, 368; his daughter Louise Henriette 358; and L’Espinay’s murder 365; illnesses of 356,367; death of 369 Frederick William (1620-88), succeeds father George William as Elector of Brandenburg (1640) 155, 303, 357, 358, 381 (Fig. 38) Frederik of Nassau-Zuylenstein (1624-72), illegitimate son of of Frederick Henry of Nassau and Margaretha Catharina Bruyns 218 Friedelsheim (Castle near Bad Durkheim) Map 4, 265 Friedland, Duke and Prince of, see. Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel
Eusebius von Friedrich (1615-82), Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt; 3rd son of the 7th Duke of Württemberg 114 Friedrich III (1515-76), Count Palatine of Simmern (1557-76), Elector Palatine (1559-76) 12, 52 Friedrich IV (1574-1610), Elector Palatine (1583, personal rule 1592-1610), Director Protestant Union (1608-10), Fredericks father 12, 53-5, 59, 96, 170, 283 Friedrich Ulrich (1591-1Ճ34), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1613, in Grubenhagen until 1617), Prince ofWolfenbüttel (1613), Elizabeth’s cousin 49, 168 Friedrichsbühl (Neuhaus) 101,116 Friesland (Dutch province) 9, 143, 383 Frontenay, Duchess of, see Rohan, Marguerite de funerals 28, 64,125, 127, 152, 216,408, 434 n.io furniture 94, 104, 147, 159, 162, 163, 382, 411, see also cabinet of curiosities Fyvie, Lord, see Seton, Alexander Gabriel Bethlen, see Bethlen Gabor gambling 10, 65-6, 112,129 Gammer Gurton’s Needle (Elizabethan play) 442 n.47 gardens 26, 39,100 (Fig. 12), no, 189, 254, 257, 281, 381, see also Hortus Palatínus Garnet, Henry (1555-1606), English Jesuit priest 59 Garret, Ferdinando (b. before 1590), clockmaker/watchmaker 166 Garter, Order of 30, 33 (Fig. 3), 56,92,94, 162,230,274, 303, 315, 348,455 n.8 Gascoigne, Sir Bernard (1614-87), Genoese ambassador extraordinary (c. 1660) 405 Gaston (1608-60), son of King Henri IV of France and Marie de’ Medici;
INDEX Duke ofAnjou (from birth), Duke of Orléans (1626), heir presumptive to the French throne (until 1638) 362 Geertruidenberg (fortified town strategically located on the Maas River, 10 mi. N of Breda) 216 Gelderland (province of the Netherlands encompassing Arnhem and Nijmegen) 50, 245 Geneva (city in Switzerland) 50 Gennep (town 15 mi. S of Nijmegen on the Maas River) 209 Georg (1582-1641), Duke of BrunswickLüneburg (1636 in Calenberg); in Danish (1614-26), in Imperial (1626-30), and in Swedish military service (1630-5; 1639-41) 318 George I (1660-1727), Elector of Hanover (1698-1727); King of Great Britain and Ireland (1714-27) 1,410-11 Georg Friedrich (1569-1645), Count of Hohenlohe-NeuensteinWeikersheim, one of Frederick’s generals 146 Georg Friedrich (1573-1638), Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1604, abdication 1622 in favour of his son); general of the Protestant Union (until 1621); in Danish military service as lieutenant-general (summer 1627-Oct. 1627) 173-4 George Rákóczi (1593-1648), Hungarian nobleman; succeeds Bethlen Gabor as Prince ofTransylvania (1630) 385, 481 n.64 George William (1595-1640), succeeds father John Sigismund as Elector of Brandenburg (1619-40) 133, 153-6, 179, 188, 358, 381 (Fig. 38) Gerard, Anne (1585/6-1627), Lady Tredway; second marriage (1607) to Carleton; in England (Oct. 1620; May-Sept. 1623); Lord Carleton ’s first wife 9, 12, 156, 163, 166-7, 185-6, 191,202, 219, 261,415 n.44, 454 п.3 545 Gerbier, Sir Balthazar (1591-1667), styled by himself Baron D’Ouvily; Middleburg born artist and diplomat; came to England (1616) and entered
Buckingham’s household; Charles I’s agent in Brussels (1631-41); master of ceremonies (Apr.-July 1641) xxv, i, 4, 214, 266, 283, 301, 324-7, 380,406 Germersheim (Lower Palatinate, situated on the Rhine, close to the 1622 Battle ofWeisloch) 101,173 Gheeraerts, Marcus, the Younger (1561-1636), artist 66 (Fig. 6) Giavarina, Francesco (d. 1668),Venetian ambassador in London 404 Gibbons, Orlando (bap. 1583, d. 1625), composer and keyboard player 67, 68 (Fig. 7) Gifford, Captain (n.d.), English sailor and adventurer 232-3 gift-giving 8, li, 21,30,46-7, 51, 57, 59-60, Ğ3,65-7,72, 85,91,94-5,119,127, 131,138,166,169,172,179,201, 212,218,250,259,283,336, 368, 377,410 Giles, Edward (n.d.), captain 245 Giustinian, Zorzi aka Georgio (1572-1629), Venetian ambassador in England (1606-8), in France (1612) 422 ՈՈ.32 39 Glasgow (city in W Scotland) 24 Glemham,Anne (1595-1639); first marriage (before 1613) to Paul Bayning, later (1628), ist Viscount Bayning of Sudbury; second (1630) marriage to Dorchester; Dorchester’s 2nd wife 261, 286 Glencairn, Earl of, see Cunningham, James Gloucester, Duke of, see Henry Stuart Gloucestershire (county in SW England) 353 gloves 12, 29, 39, 169, 415 n.46, 443 ռ.64 Godolphin, Sir William (d. c. 1613), secretary to Elizabeth 114, 283 Goeree (former island in the SW part of Holland, just N of Zeeland) Map 2, 237-8
54-6 INDEX Goffe, Stephen (1605-81); ordained by Laud; chaplain to Horace de Vere’s regiment; studied at Leiden University (1633); chaplain to Charles; created Doctor of Divinity (1636) 357—8 gold 12, 39, 61-2, 69, 71, 73, 82-3, 94, 103, 134, 155-6, 163,219, 399,416 ՈՈ.9 17, Piatej. Golden Bull, see constitution, Imperial Goltzius, Hendrick (1588-1617), German-born printmaker, leading engraver 382 Gondomar, Count of, see Sarmiento de Acuña, Don Diego Gonzaga,Anne de (1616-84), marriage (1645) to Elizabeth’s son Edward 359,384 Goodere, Sir Henry (bap. 1571, d. 1627), father of Lucy; landowner and courtier in, 204 Goodere, Lucy (1593/4-1652), marriage (c. 1624) to Nethersole 167, 290 Goring, George (1583-1663), Baron Goring (1628), ist Earl of Norwich (1644), Charles Is ambassador extraordinary to the Low Countries (Dec. 1632-Feb. 1633) 97-8, 192, 278-9, 287, 454 п.3 Gorlitz (Upper Lusatia) 144 Gotz, Pietro (d. 1638), Imperial colonel killed by Rupert 318 Goyen,Jan van (1596-1656), artist 381 (Fig-38) Graham,James (1612-50), 5th Earl of Montrose (1626), ist Marquess of Montrose (1644), Scottish royalist army officer 336, 375-80,383 Gramont, Antoine III de (1604-78), Duke of Gramont (1643), Count of Guiche; French military officer and diplomat; marriage (1634) to Richelieu’s niece, FrançoiseMarguerite du Plessis de Chivré (d. 1689); marshal of France (from 1641) 367 Grant,John (c. 1570-1606), conspirator 40 Gravesend (English town in Kent, on the S bank of the Thames, opposite Tilbury) Map i, 17, 59-60, 299, 404 Gray, Andrew (fl. 1574-1629), Catholic Scottish colonel, fighting
for Frederick’s cause in Bohemia (1620-2), and under Mansfeld (1622-7) іи the Dutch Republic 139,150, i6o֊i, 436 Ո.3,440 п.14, 452 n.27 Gray, John (n.d.), Elizabeth’s servant (from 1603), as her cupbearer (1613-C.1628) 117 Green, Mary Anne Everett, see Wood, Mary Anne Everett greenhouse 39 Greenwich (town on the S bank of the Thames, 5 mi. E ofWestminster; location of Queen’s House) Map i, 67, 91, no Gregory XV, see Ludovisi, Alessandro Grey,Thomas (d. 1614), 15th Baron Grey of Hilton (1593) 35 Grimston, see Taylor, John Groenendijck, Johan Rippertsz. (1581-1650), mayor of Leiden (1623-4; 1627,1630, 1634-5, 1639) 188 Groningen (fortified town and capital of the province Groningen) 383, 463 n.43 Groot, Hugo de (1583-1645), Dutch diplomat; envoy for Sweden in France (1634-44) 322 Grotius, see Groot, Hugo de Grunberg (Polish city 107 mi. SE of Berlin) 153 Grymes,John (fl. 1617), servant 118 Guben (near Brandenburg) 153 Guiche, Count of, see Gramont, Antoine III de Gunpowder Plot xxvi, 40-3, 46, 55, 59,74 Gustavus II Adolphus (1594-1632), King of Sweden (1611-32); killed at the Battle of Lützen (Nov. 1632) 49, 235,237,261-7,285,310,316 ՛ Gustavus Adolphus (1632-41), Prince Palatine of the Rhine, son of
INDEX Frederick and Elizabeth 6, 265, 302, 304 (Fig. 32), 332 Gwyn, Eleanor (Nell) (іб5і?-87), actress and royal mistress 411 Haarlem (capital of province of North Holland, 12 mi. W ofAmsterdam) Map 2, 94, 252, 257, 382 Haarlem, Cornelis Cornelisz van (1562-1638), painter, draughtsman, leading Northern Mannerist artist 257, 382 Haarlemmermeer (large lake between Haarlem, Amsterdam and Lisse, some 150 km2 by the 1640s, reclaimed in the 19th Century) 230, 454 Ո.2 Haddington, Earl of, see Hamilton, Thomas Haguenau (French town 60 mi. SW of Heidelberg) 172 Hainhofer, Philipp (1578-1647), German merchant, art collector, banker, diplomat 228 (Fig. 20) Halberstadt (town in the bishopric of Halberstadt, 30 mi. SW of Magdeburg) 181,264 Hales, Alexander von (n.d.), aka Francesco della Rota, Capuchin friar and Bavarian envoy 199,201—2, 450 n.42 Halfweg (town between Haarlem and Amsterdam) 252 Hamburg (Free Imperial City on the River Elbe) 163,239,318,324-5, 327-9, ՅՅ4-5, 356, 364 Hamilton, Dukes of, see Hamilton, James; Hamilton, William Hamilton,Janies (1589-1625), 2nd Marquess of Hamilton (1604-25), 4th Earl of Arran (1609-25), courtier, Lord High commissioner of the Scottish parliament (1621) 70 Hamilton, James (1606-49), 3rd Marquess of Hamilton (1625), 2nd Earl of Cambridge (1625), ist Duke of Hamilton (1643); military commander in Germany (1630-3); privy councillor (from 547 Mar. 1633) xxv, 263-4, 267, 299, 323, Յ36, 370, 424 n.2,473 n. 71 Hamilton,John (1540-1604), 1st Marquess of Hamilton (1599) 20, 26 Hamilton, Marquesses of, see Hamilton, James; Hamilton, John Hamilton,
Mongo (d. before 1633), military officer (from 1606), sergeant-major in Sir David Balfour’s regiment in the States’ army (1629) 248 Hamilton,Thomas (1563-1637), Earl of Melrose (1619-25), ist Earl of Haddington (1625-37); Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland (1583-95), Lord Advocate (1595-1612) 26-7 Hamilton,William (1616-51), Earl of Lanark (1639), Lord Machanshire and Polmoni (1639), 2nd Duke of Hamilton (1649), 3rd Earl of Cambridge (1649) 351 Hammond, John (1551-1617), physician to James and Prince Henry 62 Hampton Court (royal residence and palace in Richmond upon Thames) 37,67,172, 338, 454 n.65 Hanau-Münzenberg, Count of, see Philipp Ludwig II Hanau-Münzenberg, Countess of, see Catharina Belgica of Nassau Hannibal War (named after Sehested, Hannibal) 356 Hanover (city in Germany, 175 mi. W of Berlin) 3, 5 Hanover, Electors of, see Ernst August of Brunswick-Lüneburg; George I Hanover, Electress of, see Sophia Harcourt, Sir Simon (bap. 1601?, d. 1642), army officer 166 Harderet,Jacob (/1.1610-16), Elizabeth’s jeweller 92, 109-10 Harington, Anne, see Keilway, Anne Harington-Burley (estate in Rutland, England, 45 mi. NE of Coventry) 28 Harington, Sir John (1560-1612), writer, inventor of the water closet 42
548 INDEX Harington, Sir John (1539-1613), knt. (1584), ist Baron Harington of Exton (1603); Elizabeth’s guardian (from 1603) and father of Lucy 28,31,36-43,46—8,57, 69,72, 79, 82, 84,97-9, 117,166 Harington, Sir John (1592-1614), son of the above, Prince Henry’s companion, Knight of the Bath (1604), 2nd Baron Harington of Exton (1613) 31, 33 (Fig. з),79 Harington, Lucy (bap. 1581-1627), marriage (1594) to the 3rd Earl of Bedford; in The Hague (JulyAug. 1621) 28, 65, 79, 82, 117-19, 137-8,140, 166-7, 176, 183-4, 186,191,244,273 Harington,Theodasia (d. 1650), marriage (r. 1586) to Lord Dudley 72 Harlay, Christophe de (r. 1570-1615), Comte de Beaumont, French ambassador in England (1602-5) 18,31 Harmer, Dr John (c. 1555-1613), warden of Winchester College 36,419 п.14 Harpertszoon Tromp, Maarten (1598-1653), admiral 352 Harrison,John (fl. 1610-38), author, Elizabeth’s servant in Heidelberg 135 Harrison, Sir Richard (1583-1655), MP 202 Hartlib, Samuel (c. 1600-62), polymath 353 Harwey Elizabeth (n.d.), trader in English wares 391 Hassall,John (bap. 1571, d. 1654), chaplaincy Sacramentsgasthuis (1622), Elizabeth’s chaplain (1623-8), dean of Norwich (1628) 470 ՈՈ.6 7 Hastings, Elizabeth (d. 1621); marriage (1571) to Edward Somerset, later (1589) 4th Earl ofWorcester 27-8 Hatton, Lady, see Cecil, Elizabeth Havana (Spanish port in Caribbean island of Cuba) 233 Hay, Alison (fl. 1598), mistress-nurse at Linlithgow 23 Hay, Lady Eleanor (c. 1552-1627), marriage (1584) to the 7th Lord Livingston, later (1600) ist Earl of Linlithgow; Elizabeth’s preceptor 22-5,43,415 n.5,416 n.30, 417
n.44 Hay, Elizabeth (fl. 1598), keeper of coffers at Linlithgow 23 Hay, Lucy, see Percy, Lucy Hay, Francis (1564-1631), 9th Earl of Erroll (1585), Lord High Constable of Scotland (1585-1631) 22 Hay, George (d. 1650), 3rd Earl of Kinnoull (1644), Scottish peer and military officer 377, 379 Hay, Sir James (1580-1636),Viscount Doncaster (1618), ist Earl of Carlisle (1622), groom of the stole (1631), Elizabeth nicknames him ‘ugly Camel’s face’; Stuart ambassador extraordinary to the Emperor and German states (Apr. 1619-Jan. 1620), to France (July 1621-Feb. 1622; Mar.-July 1622; Feb.-May 1623; Feb. 1624-June 1625; Jan. 1628-Jan. 1629) 42,127-30, 256, 261, 290 Hazard,Thomas (fl. 1610-45), Elizabeth’s virginal tuner (1608-13) 67 Hearts, Queen of, see also Elizabeth Stuart 2, 12-14, 128, 142, 183, 233, 35θ,356,374,4θ8-9,4ΐι Heck, Gilles van der (fl. 1643-83), Elizabeth’s servant 394 Heffen (near Breda) 226 Heidelberg (capital Lower Palatinate) xxv, Map 2, Map 3, Map 4, 14, 57-8, 71, 82, 85, 91—120, 122,124-30,135,167, 171, 173, 175, 178, 181,188,190, 202, 231, 233, 280, 283, 285, 294-5, 300,320,355-6,380,382,386, 390, 392-3, 402, 410, 470 ՈՈ.5 7,474 n.7 Heilbronn (German city 36 mi. SW of Heidelberg) 106, 127 Heilbronn League 285
INDEX Hein, Pieter Pieterszoon (1577-1629), Dutch admiral 252—3, 260 Heinrich Matthias (1567-1640), Count Thurn, one of the instigators of the defenestration of Prague (1618); Palatine ambassador to Constantinople (1622-3); commander ofVenetian land forces (Jan. 1625-Apr. 1627) 65, 123-4, 146, 148, 216, 223, 237-8, 245, 247-9 Helen ofTroy; character in Greek mythology 2, see also Elizabeth Stuart Hellevoetsluis (seaport and fortified town, 30 mi. S ofThe Hague) 252, 371 Helmans, House (ambassadorial residence in The Hague) 161,440 n.4 Henri II (1519-59), King of France (1547-59) 42Ճ n.48 Henri IV (1553-1610), King of Navarre (1572-1610) and France (1589-1610) 49, 54-6 Henrietta Maria (1609-69), daughter of Henri IV of France and Marie de’ Medici; marriage (1625) to Charles I; Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-49) xxv, 9, 222, 225, 234, 240, 245, 251, 254-5, 260-1, 263, 287, 329-30, 333-4, 336-8, 341-8, 351-2, 357-9, 371, 376, 396, 398, 441 n.23,454 n.65,473 n.4 Henrietta Maria (1626-51), Princess Palatine of the Rhine, daughter of Frederick and Elizabeth; marriage (1651) to Sigismund Rákóczi 240,244,303,365,385 Henrietta Stuart (1644-70), marriage (1661) to Philip, Duke of Orléans 402 Henriette, see Henrietta Maria (1626-51) Henriette of Lorraine (1605-60), Princess of Phalsbourg 324 Henry VII (1457-1509), King of England (1485-1509) 19,408 Henry VIII (1491-1547), King of England (1509-47) 19,31 549 Henry Frederick (1594-1612), Prince of Wales (1610), Elizabeth’s brother: birth of 19; baptism of 19; raised by the Mars 21—2, 24-7; illness of 6, 18,62—3,244; death
of 8-9, 18-19, 63-5,67, 69-71,77, 79-80, 87-8, 103, 120, 401; arrival in England 29—30; marriage proposals 31,48-52,55—6,59, 75-6; relationship with Elizabeth 6, 31, 34, 37,45-9, 60, 63,78-9, 86, no, 189; and the hunt 33,79; patronage of 39; and the Gunpowder Plot 42; his reception of Frederick 62—3 ; and masques 77-9; as Protestant martyr 87; mock sea battle for the Palatine wedding 76; memory of 92, 102, 135, 201, 281, 408-9 Henry Stuart (1640-60), Prince, Duke of Gloucester (1640), fourth, but third surviving son of Charles I 379, 398,401-2, 408 Hepburn, Marion (fl. 1598), rocker at Linlithgow 23 Herbert, Edward (i582?-i648), ist Baron Herbert, of Castle Island (1624), of Cherbury (1629); diplomat and philosopher; Stuart ambassador to France (Feb. 1619-Sept. 1621 June 1622-July 1624) 153 Herbert, Sir Gerard (d. 1622), captain in States’ army, killed during the siege of Heidelberg 470 n. 5 Herbert, Lady, see Russell, Anne Herbert,William (1580-1630), 3rd Earl of Pembroke (1601); Lord Chamberlain (1615-25), courtier and patron of the arts 186 Hereford,Viscount, see Devereux, Robert Herford (German town 55 mi. SW of Hanover) 327 Heriot, George (1563-1624), goldsmith 259 Herring, Francis (d. 1628), physician and author 55 ‘s-Hertogenbosch (southern town in the United Provinces, close to the Spanish Netherlands) Map 2, Map 4, 255—6, 258
550 INDEX Hesse, Prince of, see Otto Hesse-Kassel, Landgraves of, see Moritz; Wilhelm V; Wilhelm VI Hesse-Kassel, Landgravines of, see Amalie Elisabeth; Juliane Hessian army 294-5, 310, 316, 386 Heusden (municipality in the S Netherlands) 230 Higgs, Griffin (1589-1659), chaplain to Elizabeth (1627-38); dean of Lichfield (1638-C.1643); chaplain in ordinary to Charles (from 1638) 281, 321, 361, 461 n.4, 470 п.7 Hillyard, Edward (fl. 1613-37), tailor 85 Hoby, Lady, see Tracy, Mary Höchst (now part of Frankfurt-amMain), battle of (1622) Map 4, І73֊4,2б5 Hogenberg,Abraham (fl. 1590-1656), engraver and publisher 83 (Fig. 10) Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim, Count of, see Georg Friedrich Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Princess of, see Maria Elisabeth II Holderness, Earl of, see Rupert Holland (province) xxv, 10, 50, 131,156, 172, 176,180,182, 185-6, 204, 229, 232, 236, 253, 258, 293, 341-3, 34б֊7, 352, 354, 359, 364, 367-70, 384, 387, 39O-i,4O3֊4 Holland, Earl of, see Rich, Henry Holyroodhouse (palace in Edinburgh) 24 Holzapfel-Schaumber, Count of, see Eppelmann, Peter Home, George (1566-1611), ist Earl of Dunbar (1606), Lord Treasurer (1601-3) 24 Home of North Berwick, Alexander (fl. 1570-97), Provost of Edinburgh (1593-7) 20 Honselaarsdijk (palace in Honselersdijk) 211-12, 257, 276, 332 Honthorst, Gerard van (1590-1656), Dutch painter 6, 9—li, 187, 251, 254, 257, 274-6, 283, 302, ՅԱ, ՅՅ6, 382, 384, 391, and see List of Figures xv-xviii Honywood, Sir Robert (1601-86), Elizabeth’s cupbearer (1627), Elizabeth’s steward (up to c. 1652); in the service of the States (1629-52) 176,283,321
Hoofman, E. Benedictus (d. after 1661), Elizabeth s keeper of the silver 441 п.21 Hooft, Arnout Hellemans (1629-80), son of the writer 382 Hooft, PC. (1581-1647), writer, father of the above 382 Hoogers, Hendrik (1747-1814), Dutch engraver 255 (Fig. 23) Hopkins, Sampson (fl. 1605), merchant 41 Hopton, Ralph (1596-1652), ist Baron Hopton (1643) 151,238,353, 438 n.57 horses 9, 29, 33 (Fig. 3), 40-1, 46-7, 65, 75, 93, 98, 101,122, 137, 238, 316, 362-3,425 п.31,447 n.63 Hortus Palatínus (Heidelberg gardens) 100 (Fig. 12), no—11 Hotham, Sir John (1589-1645), governor of Hull (1642) 344 Howard, Baron, see Howard, Charles Howard, Charles (1536-1624) 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham (1573), ist Earl of Nottingham (1597), Lord Admiral of England (1585-1619), commander of the Prince Royal which escorts Elizabeth and Frederick to Flushing and Middelburg (1613) 28,92, 94 Howard, Elizabeth (d. 1658), marriage (1605) to Sir William Knollys (1544-1632), later (1616) Viscount Wallingford and (1626) ist Earl of Banbury 191-2 Howard, Frances (d. 1628), daughter of the ist Earl of Nottingham; first marriage to Henry Fitzgerald (1562-97), 12th Earl of Kildare, second marriage (1601) to Baron Cobham; Elizabeth’s governess (1603) 27-9,34-7 Howard, Henry (1540-1614), ist Earl of Northampton (1604) 49
INDEX Howard,Theophilus (1584-1640), Baron de Walden, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (1626) 49 Howard,Thomas (1585-1646), Lord Maltravers (up to 1604), 2nd Earl of Arundel and Surrey (1604), Earl of Norfolk (1644); lord marshal (1621-46); Charles I’s ambassador extraordinary to the Low Countries (Dec. 1632-Feb. 1633), to the Emperor (Jan. 1636-Dec. 1636; stopped in The Hague on his way to, and on his return); retreat into exile (1642) in the wedding procession 82; escorts Elizabeth to Heidelberg 97, 112, 300; and the 1632/3 embassy 278, 280, 300; and Nethersole’s interrogation 290-1; and the 1636 embassy 300-3, 306-10, 313, 324, 327; and Madagascar 311—12, 312 (Fig. 34) Howe, Emanuel Scrope (c. 1663-1709), Lieutenant General, husband of Ruperta 411 Howe, Ruperta, see Ruperta Hudson, Jeffrey (1619-е. 1682), Henrietta Maria’s court dwarf 342 Hughes, Margaret (d. 1719), aka Peg, actress and royal mistress 410-11 Hugon, Piero fl. 1600-25), first page of the bedchamber, servant to Anna of Denmark 85,403 Huguenots 55, 175, 240, 248-9, 354 Hull (port city in Yorkshire on the Humber River, 63 mi. E of Leeds) 344 Hullein (Moravian Lordship) 141 Hulsbos, Mathias (d. 1629), physician ix, 69, 392, 424 n.92 Hulst (town in the south of the Province of Zeeland close to the border of the Spanish Netherlands) Map 4, 366 Hungary 150, 170, 240 Hungary, Kings of, see Bethlen Gabor; Ferdinand III ofAustria; Ferdinand IV ofAustria 551 Hungary, Queen consort of, see Maria Anna of Spain Hunsdon, Baron, see Carey, John hunting 30-1, 33 (Fig. 3), 40, 65,74-6,79, 91, 94-5,101,106,113,116,155, 231, 237,
240,264,276, 355, 377, 381, 402,406,418 n.65,430 ռ.53, 485 n. 65, see also Diana (goddess) Huntly Countess of, see Stuart, Henrietta Husbands Bosworth (village in Leicestershire, England, 24 mi. E of Coventry) 28 Huygens, Sir Constantijn (1596-1687), Lord of Zuilichem; knt. October 1622; poet, composer, secretary to the Prince of Orange (1625-47) 100, 195-6, 201, 218, 221, 368, 387, 389, 395-6, 406, 463 n.33,482 ՈՈ.17 19 Hyde, Anne (1637-71), marriage (1660) to James, Duke ofYork and Albany 387, 401 Hyde, Edward (1609-74), is։ Earl of Clarendon (1661) 353,376 Innhausen und Knyphausen, Anna zu, see Schade, Anna von Innhausen und Knyphausen, Dodo zu (1583-1636), Danish service (up to 1629), Swedish service (1630), as major general (1632), as field marshal and commander of Swedish forces in Lower Saxony (1633-4), French service commander (1634-5), killed at the Battle of Hasselhiinne (11 Jan. 1636) 316-17 Inojosa, Marquis of, see Mendoza, Juan de invisible ink її, 380, see also Ireton, Henry (1611-51), Parliamentarian general, Oliver Cromwell’s son-in-law 402 Irish rebellion 336-7, 348, 413 n.8 Isabella Clara Eugenia ofAustria (1566-1633), daughter of Philip II of Spain; marriage (1599) to cousin Archduke Albert; co-sovereign with husband of the
552 INDEX Isabella Clara Eugenia ofAustria (1566-1633). (cont.) Southern Netherlands (1599-1621); after husbands death Governor-General of the Southern Netherlands (1621-33) 51, 171-2. 174, 176, 179-80, 192, 210, 213-14,266 Istanbul, see Constantinople Italy xxiv, 6, 52, 124, 240, 266, 325, 328 Jack, Elizabeth’s monkey 8, 119, 141,179 Jacobson, Philip (n.d.), merchant and art broker 131 James VI I (1566-1625), King James VI of Scotland (1567-1625), King James I of England and Ireland (1603-25) menagerie of 9, 51; childhood of 21, 37; his wedding 73, 182, 416 n.9; and the English succession 17-20, 25, 34-6,49,91; and Elizabeth’s birth and baptism 19—22; and Henry 21—2,24—7, 30, 46,62, 64-5,67, 69, 77, 118; and Elizabeth’s guardians 22—4,27-8, 35-6, 47-8, 84; his wife’s Bedchamber 27; character of 29, 418 n.65, 440 n.9, appearance of 43; gives diamond to Elizabeth 12,193 (Fig· 15); and the Main and Bye Plot 34—7; and the Gunpowder Plot 42-3, 46, 59-60, 74; and his children’s education 47—8; and his children’s funerals 64; plays cards with Elizabeth 66; gives Elizabeth her late brother’s horse 65, n8;and the Palatine wedding 17, 55-7, 59-62, 70, 73-7. 79, 83 (Fig. 10), 82-5, 91-3, 112,425 Ո.22, 426 Ո.51; further foreign policy: and Bavaria 77, 142, 199; and Denmark 172; and the Dutch 54-6, 118,204, 208; and France xxiii-xxiv, 31, 49, 55-6; and the Habsburgs 50; and Savoy 50-1; and Spain 52, 56, 59-60, 77, 82-3, 143, 146, 171-2, 199, 201, 203-4, 213,233, and Frankenthal 99, 171,179-80, 266, 272, and the Spanish Match 180, 182-6, 192-3, 198,205-7, 209, 344-5, and Mansfeld’s
expedition 200, 204—5, 209—10, 213—15, 228; and the Protestant Union 54—6, 105-6, 125, 142-3, and the Jülich-Berg and Cleves crises 77, 102, 105-6; Elizabeth as his heir 88, 95-6, 103, 114, 183-6, 206; Elizabeth’s Heidelberg years: his daughters precedence 96—7, 113-17; Elizabeth’s household 98-9, 104-6, 109, 112—14; his grandchildren 102—3, I06, 119-20, 190-1, 202, 211-13,215, 223,430 n.65; Frederick’s melancholia no; informs Elizabeth of her mother’s death 124; Doncaster’s embassy 127-9; Elizabeth’s year in Prague and Frederick’s acceptance of the Crown 131—2, 135; sends military support 139-40, 146, 170; accused of lack of support 129,143,145; Elizabeth’s rights of worship 137; Elizabeth’s flight and exile 143, 148, 151, 160-1, 167, 191; truce EdwardVilliers 153, 168—9; Chichester’s armistice 173, 178; Elizabeth feels abandoned by 168,177-8,209,211,223,298, 308, 380; and slander 197; and Buckingham 236, 345; supports Elizabeth’s financially 391, 402, parliaments: and the Addled Parliament 103; and the 1621 parliament 160; and the 1624 parliament 201-2; demise health of 126-7, 2!9; death of i, 120, 208, 219-20, 223, 225, 228,453 n.55; memory of 296, 323 James II VII (1633-1701), son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria; Elizabeth’s godson; Duke ofYork (1644-85); Duke ofAlbany (1660-85); King of
INDEX England, Scotland and Ireland (1685-88, deposed in Glorious Revolution) 371, 376, 386-8, 398, 401,408,486 n.3 Jaucourt, Zacharie de (1584-1629), Sieur d’AussonVillarnoul, Fredericks servant (from 1599), drowned trying to save Palatine prince Frederick Henry 112,217,253 Jermyn, Henry (1605-84), ist Earl of St Albans (1660); Henrietta Maria’s vice-chamberlain (1628) and master of the horse (1639); exile in France (1641-3) 347, 357, 37$ Jermyn, Michael (n.d.), Elizabeth’s chaplain (1620-6) 470 n.7 Jersey (largest of the channel islands, situated off the coast of France, 44 mi. N of St Malo) 40, 378 Jesuits 12, 60, 140, 202, 343 jewellery 32, 43-4, 57, 62, 66, 83-5, 109, 193, 212, 248, 250, 251 (Fig. 22), 259-60, 392, 421 п.16, 460 n.80; anchor jewel 344, 345 (Fig. 36), 34ó;Three Brethren 239, 344, 358, see also rings, pearls, diamonds Joachim Ernst (1583-1625), Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1603) 142,170-1 Joachimi, Sir Albert (1561-1654), Dutch resident ambassador in London (1625-50) 201,208,290 Jocquet, D. (/?. 1613), author 425 n.39 Johann II (1584-1635), Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Veldenz (1604), Fredericks guardian (1610-12), marriage (1612) to Frederick’s sister Luise Juliana; governs the Lower Palatinate (Oct. 1619-20), driven into exile (1621) 55, 96-7, 104, 106, in Johann Albrecht I (1563-1623), Count of Solms-Braunfels; Frederick s counsellor; father ofAmalia, later (1625) Princess of Orange 123—4, 218,220,453 n.36 Johann Casimir (1543-92),son of Friedrich III, Elector Palatine; 553 Count Palatine of Lautern (1576-92) 12 Johann Friedrich (1582-1628), 7th
Duke ofWürttemberg (1608) iii, 114, 138,188 Johann Kasimir (1588-1622), Count of Löwenstein-Scharffeneck; died at the battle of Höchst, two months after marriage to Elizabeth’s ladyin-waiting Dudley 174 Johann Schweikhard von Kronberg (1553-1626), Elector of Mainz (1606-24); pensioner of France (from 1590) and from Spain (1611) 129 Johann Wilhelm (1562-1609), Duke of Jülich-Berg-Cleves (1592-1609) 54 John George I (1585-1656), Elector of Saxony (1611-56) 125-6,129, 133, 139, 142, ИЗ, 179, 264, 298, 302, 373,434 n.i6 John Sigismund of Hohenzollern (1572-1619), regent in Prussia (1594-1608); Elector of Brandenburg (1608-19) 54, 105-6 Johnson, Sampson fl. 163OS-4OS), succeeds Higgs as Elizabeth’s chaplain (1638-44) 321-2, 353, 361, 371-2,470 n.7 Johnston, Arthur (1579-1641), Scottish physician and poet 441 n.15 Jones, Inigo (1573-1652), architect and theatre designer 77, 80 (Fig. 8), 83, 85, 112,423 n.79 Jonson, Ben (1572-1637), playwright 8, 78, 195; The Alchemist 8,461 n. 103; Love Freed from Ignorance and Folly 79, 112; Masque of Augurs 195; Masque of Queens 78; Oberon the Fairy Prince 79; Volpone 8; Workes 8, 409 Joseph (biblical figure) 382 Juliane (1587-1643), daughter ofJanVII of Nassau-Siegen (1561-1623), sister of Anna Johanna; marriage (1603) to Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in, 140-1
554 INDEX Jülich (town бо km E of Maastricht) Map 2, 54, 106-7, 171 Jülich-Berg-Cleves crises 54-5, 77, 102, 105-7, 358 Jülich-Berg-Cleves, Duke of, see Johann Wilhelm Justinus of Nassau (1559-1631), governor of Breda 215, 452 n.25 Kager, Johann Matthias (15Ó6-1634), German historical painter 228 (Fig· 20) Kaiserlautern (city in southwest Germany, 50 mi.W of Heidelberg) 463 n.44 Karl IX (1550-1611), King of Sweden (1604-11) 49 Karl Ludwig (1659-96), son of Charles Louis and Marie Luise of Degenfeld 399 Karlsruhe (city in southwest Germany, 34 mi. S of Heidelberg) 3, 410 Karrebrouck,Janneken van (fl. 1620S-40S), midwife to Elisabette Charlotte and Amalia 155 Keilway,Anne (c.1554-1620), marriage (c.1571) to John Harington 28-9, 36-8,41,43, 82,97,117-19,126,167 Keith, Sir Andrew (fl. 1613), Elizabeth’s master of the horse in Heidelberg 98 Keith, George (1553-1623), 5th Earl Marischal (1581) 20 Kellie, Thomas (fl. 1627-8), gentleman of the Bedchamber to Charles I; private soldier in Nithsdale s regiment (1627-8) 247 Kensington, Baron, see Rich, Henry Kent (county in SE England) 92 Kerr,William (1605-75), 3rd Earl of Lothian (1631) 256 Ketteler, Sybille von (1564-1646), first marriage (n.d.) to Lutter Quadt von Wickrath [Wickraedt] (d.1599), second marriage (between 1601 and 1620) to Volrad von Plessen 143,188, 190 Kew (Richmond) Map 1, 5,46, 57—8, 60, 65,67, I4L356 Keyne, Francis fl. 1615), Elizabeth’s servant 113 Keyser, Hendrick de (1565-1621), Dutch sculptor, architect 222 Kildare, Lady, see Howard, Frances Killigrew, Lady, see Woodhouse, Mary Killigrew,Thomas (1612-83),
playwright 389,482 η.16 Killultagh,Viscount, see Conway, Edward Kinderen, Abraham der (1587-1635), jeweller 425 п.19 King, Dorothy (c. 1618-64), first marriage to Arthur Moore (d. 1635), second marriage (1645) to Durie, Irish writer on education 353,361 King, James (1589-1652), Lord Eythin and Kerrey in Scotland (1642), Baron Sandshult in Sweden (1645); in Swedish army (1609), as captain (1622), major (1624), lieutenant-colonel (1626), general-major and colonel (1632) 317-18 King,John (1559-1621),bishop of London (1611-21) 125 Kinnoull, Earl of, see Hay, George Kinsale (town on the River Bandon, County Cork, Ireland) 235, 378,388 Kintyre, Duke of, see Robert Stuart Kloosterkerk (Church in The Hague) 196 (Fig. 17), 253-4 Kneuterdijk (location of the exiled court in The Hague) 160-2,165, 188,393 Knöffel, Andreas (d. 1658), Royal Physician to the Polish king 356 Knollys, Lady, see Howard, Elizabeth Kolb, John Casimir (1617-49), Count of Wartenberg; agent of Frederick’s brother Ludwig Philipp; Palatine agent extraordinary to the Stuart court (Mar.-June 1633), to the States General (July 1633) and Germany (July 1633-Jan. 1634); colonel in Palatine army 101,285 Kolb, Konrad fl. 1624), Palatine servant 189
INDEX Kollmann, Colonel (n.d.), in Transylvanian military service 162 Kostrzyn, see Küstrin Kremsier (Moravian Lordship) 141 Krosno Odrzańskie, see Crossen Kustasen, Hans (n.d.), Baron of Żubrzy and Lip, in Palatine service 174 Küstrin (a town in Brandenburg) Map 3, 152-6, 188 La Boderie, Antoine Lefevre de (1555-1615), French ambassador to the Stuart court (1606-10) 47 ladies-in-waiting 19-20,27, 39-40,74,78, 80-3, 98,109,118,141,143, 155, і9і,2і7֊і9,38з,393,453 ռ.36 Ladrón Vélez de Guevera y Tassis, Inigo (1566-1644), 7th Count of Oftate andVilla Mediana 307 Lafuente, Fray Diego (n.d.), alias Padre Maestro; Gondomar’s confessor; Spanish agent to the Stuart court (Apr. 1623-June 1624) 208, 450 n.42 Lake, Sir Thomas (bap. 1561, d. 1630), Secretary of State (1616-19) 71 Lambe,John (r. 1545-1628), astrologer, quack physician 249 Lambert, John (d. 1626), soldier, assassin 243 Lambeth Palace (London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury, situated by the Thames river, half a mile from Westminster Abbey) 74,329 Lanark, Earl of, see Hamilton, William Lando, Girolamo (1590-1656),Venetian ambassador in London (1619-22) 159-60 Lane, Jane (c. 1626-89), marriage (1662) to Sir Clement Fisher 390, 401, 482 п.19 Langdale, Marmaduke (1598-1661), ist Baron Langdale of Holme-onSpalding-Moor (1658) 335 Langhorne, Letitia, see Perrot, Letitia La Tour ď Auvergne, Henri de (1555-1623),Viscount ofTurenne 555 (1557); Duke of Bouillon and Prince of Sedan through his first marriage (1591) to Charlotte de la Marek (1574-94); marshal of France (1592); Palatine ambassador extraordinary to the
Stuart court (May-June 1612) 49, 55,96, 130 La Tremolile, Charlotte de (1599-1664), daughter of Charlotte Brabantina (who was a sister of Louise Juliana) marriage (1626) to James Stanley, Lord Strange, later 7th Earl of Derby 220 La Tremolile, Henri Charles de (1620-72), Prince ofTalmont, Prince ofTarente, Count of Laval 357 Laud, William (1573-1645); bishop of St David’s (consecrated Nov. 1621, translated to Bath Wells Sept. 1626); bishop of London (chosen June 1627, installed July 1628; 1628-33); archbishop °f Canterbury (1633-45); chancellor of Oxford University (1629-41); commissioner for the treasury (Mar. 1635-Mar. 1636); member committee of trade and foreign affairs (from Mar. 1635) and calendars xxv; bishop of London 287; and collection Palatinate 287, 296; Elizabeth starts a correspondence with 295-6; and Dinley 293, 297; Roe as mediator between, and Elizabeth 295—6; favoured Windebank over Roe 296; his attempts to control non conformist practices 297, 299, 314, 319-21, 323, 371; and Elizabeth’s chaplains 321-2, 470 n.7; accused of being a ‘Papist’ 320; ratification of Peace of Prague 298-9; and Arundel’s Viennese negotiations 307-8; on committee foreign affairs 298—9; on Treasury Board 298, 310; chancellor of
55б INDEX Laud, William (1573-1645). (cont.) Oxford University 300; and Charles Louis’s wish for an army 299-300, 308, 310; and Charles Louis’s takeover of Hessian army 310; and Rupert 312; and the First Bishops’War 322—3; Lambeth Palace attacked 329; trial 330, 361; imprisonment 334; execution 361 Laval, Count of, see La Trémoille, Henri Charles de Leeuwarden Map 2,143—4, 152 Le Géraux, Lord of, see L’Espinay, Jacques Legrain, Frederick (n.d.), historian 409 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von (1646-1716), German polymath 10 Leicester (city in the English midlands, 100 mi. NW of London) Map 1,28 Leicester, Countess of, see Percy, Dorothy Leicester, Earls of, see Dudley, Robert; Sidney, Robert Leicester House (London residence of the Earl of Leicester in Westminster, later known as Essex House) 405—6 Leiden (university town 10 mi. N ofThe Hague, Holland) vii-ix, Map 2, 6, 10, 94, 188-9, I9i 209, 236, 252, 283,303,332, 355, 363,382, 447 п.57 Leigh,William (1550-1639), English clergyman and royal tutor 86 Leith (port area in north Edinburgh, Scotland) 436 n.3 Lemgo, see Vlotho Lennox, Duchess ot, see Villiers, Mary Lennox, Duke of, see Stuart, Ľudoviek Lennox, Earl of, see Stuart, Matthew LeopoldV (1586-1632), younger brother of Ferdinand II; bishop of Passau (1605-26) and Strasbourg (1607-26); Archduke of Further Austria (from 1619) 54, 105, 170 Leopold Wilhelm (1614-62), brother of Ferdinand III; commander-in- chief oflmperial army (1639-42); captain-general of Southern Netherlands (1647-56) 483 n.48 Leslie, Alexander (1580-1661), ist Earl of Leven (1641); Scot in Swedish
service (1606-38), as general major (1631), as field-marshal/ general-commander of Knyphausen’s army (Feb. 1636) 317, 336, 346, 474 n-20 Leslie, Walter (1606-67), Count Leslie in the nobility of the Holy Roman empire (1634); Scot in Danish military service as officer (1628-31), in Imperial service as field marshal (1631-67), involved in murder ofWallenstein (1634) 307 L’Espinay,Jacques (d. 1646) 362-5, 383 Letter of Majesty 123, 133, 139 Leven, Earl of, see Leslie, Alexander libraries 38,48,175, 286, 409 Liddal, Lady, see Woodward, Bridget Liddal, Sir Thomas (n.d.), husband of the above 219 Ligne, Karel van (1550-1616), 2nd Prince ofArenberg (1568-1616), Duke of Aarschot (1612-16), Prince of Chimay (1612-16) 35 Lindsay, Sir David of the Mount, secundus (d. 1620), Lyon Herald (1591-1620) 21 Lindsey, Earl of, see Bertie, Robert Linlithgow, Countess of, see Hay, Lady Eleanor Linlithgow, Earl of, see Livingston, Alexander Linlithgow Castle (Castle in West Lothian, Scotland, residence of Scottish monarchs though little used after 1603; rebuilt in 1618, occupied by the Earl of Linlithgow in 1648, but already falling into disrepair) Map 1, 23-5,416 ՈՈ.28 30 Lionello, Giovanni Battista (1588-1622), Venetian diplomatic agent in London 116 lions 9, 81, 161, 302
INDEX Liselotte, see Elisabeth-Charlotte Lisle,Viscount, see Sidney, Robert Livingston, Alexander (b. after 1553, d. 1621), 7th Lord Livingston (1592), i st Earl of Linlithgow (1600) 22-6, 36 Livingston, Lady Eleanor, see Hay, Lady Eleanor Livingston, James (d. 1674), knt. (by 1628), Lord Livingston of Almond (1633), ist Earl of Callender (1641); served in the Scottish regiment of the States’ army as lieutenant (from 1618), lieutenant-colonel (from 1629), and colonel (1633) 247 Livingston, Margaret (d. c. 1610); first marriage (1581) to Sir Lewis Bellenden of Auchnole and Broughton; second marriage (1596) to the 2nd Earl of Orkney 19 Lixheim (Palatine Lordship bordering on Lorraine) 240—1 264 Lloyd, David (1635-92), biographer 438 n.57 Lobkowicz, Princess of, see Pernstein, Polyxena of Lomas, Sophia Crawford (c. 1848-1929), historian, Wood’s niece 5 London (capital and seat of government of England) 17,25-7,29,31,35,42, 46, 51, 58-60,63, 65,73,78, 86,92, 98, 102, 116,166,180,186, 199, 204,208,247,272,281,283,287, 292-3,298, 307, 309, 316, 329, 330, 333, 342, 346, 349-50, 353, 361, 370, 372, 379, 384,402,404-5,410 Longueval, Charles Bonaventure de (1571-1621), Count of Bucquoy; military service in Army of Flanders (from 1596), as general of artillery (1602), as Imperial commander (1618); died at the Action of Neuhausel against Bethlen Gabor 139,149,151,170 Longueville, Duchess of, see Mary of Guise Lorne, Lord, see Campbell, Archibald 557 Lorraine (French duchy on the borders of Belgium and Germany) 266, 325 Lorraine, Duchess of, see Gusanee, Beatrix de Lorraine, Duke of,
see Charles IV Los Balbases, Marquis of, see Spinola, Ambrosio Lothian, Earl of, see Kerr, William Louis (1623-4), Prince Palatine of the Rhine, son of Frederick and Elizabeth 6, 189, 212—13, 221, 253-4,451 п.5 Louis XIII (1601-43), eldest child of Henri IV of France and Marie de’ Medici; King of France and Navarre (1610-43) 3і, 56, 59, 175-6, 204,214, 232, 240, 295, 309, 325, 327 Louis of Nassau-Beverweerd (1602-65), illegitimate son of Maurice of Nassau and Margaretha van Mechelen 219 Louise Henriette of Nassau (1627-67), Princess of Orange, daughter of Frederick Henry and Amalia; marriage (1646) to the Elector of Brandenburg 357—8, 376 Louise Hollandine (1622-1709), Princess Palatine of the Rhine, daughter of Frederick and Elizabeth; pupil of Honthorst; abbess of Maubisson (1664-1709) 10, її (Fig- 1), i72֊3, 188-9, ЗОЗ, 304 (Fig. 32), 357-8, 363, 365-6, 376, 381 (Fig. 38), 393-7, 409, 482 п.19, 484 n.54 Louise Juliana of Orange-Nassau (1576-1644), marriage (1593) to Friedrich IV (d.1610), Dowager Electress Palatine, mother of Frederick and thereby mother-in-law of Elizabeth 95—7,101,106—7, 112, 172, 188,283, 325, 355, 358 Löwenstein-Scharffeneck, Count of, see Johann Kasimir Löwenstein-Scharffeneck, Countess of, see Dudley, Elizabeth
558 INDEX Lownes, Matthew (d. 1625), bookseller 67 Luban (town in Poland, 100 mi. NE of Prague) 144 Lubeck (Hanseatic city, on the Trave River 10 mi. from the Baltic Sea, 35 mi. NE of Hamburg), peace of 259, 262 Ludovisi, Alessandro (1554-1623), Pope Gregory XV (Feb. 1621-July 1623) 175 Ludwig von Seitz (1643-60), illegitimate son of Charles Louis and Marie Luise of Degenfeld 399 Ludwig Philipp (1602-55), Frederick’s brother, Count Palatine of Simmern (1610), Administrator of the Palatinate during Charles Louis’s minority (1633-42) 285, 287, 393,463 n.44 Lusatia 122, 142, 264 Lutheranism Map 4, 22, 52—4,122, 126, 133, 136-7, 139, 262, 299, 476 ռ.62 Lutter-am-Barenberge (town in Lower Saxony) Map 4, 246-7, 259 Lutterworth (market town in Leicestershire, England, 16 mi. E of Coventry) Map 1,28 Maassluis (town in the Netherlands on the Nieuwe River, 13 mi. S of The Hague) 59 Maastricht (Limburg) Map 2, 315, 389 McDowall, Bessie (fl. 1598), wetnurse at Linlithgow 23 Machiavelli, Niccolò di Bernardo dei (1469-1527), diplomat, philosopher, politician, writer 365 Mackay, Donald (1591-1649), ist Lord Reay (1628); army officer in the Danish-Norwegian and Swedish service 226, 227 Madagascar (island on the SE coast of Africa) 311, 312 (Fig. 34), 313, 468 n.72 Madrid (capital of Spain); peace of 102, 153, 182, 184, 202, 206-7, 263, 344, 383,461 п.103 Magdalena of Bavaria (1587-1628); marriage (1613) to Neuburg 105 Magdeburg (Saxony-Anhalt) 156, 264 Main Plot 35 Main, River (primary tributary of the Rhine, flows through Bavaria and Hesse) Map 3, Map 4, 173 Mainz (bishopric and fortified
Catholic town on the Rhine River directly N of the Lower Palatinate) Map 3, Map 4, 271 Mainz, Elector of, see Johann Schweikhard von Kronberg Maltravers, Lord, see Howard, Thomas Makin, Bathsua, see Reginald, Bathsua Man, Isle of (Island in the Irish Sea, NW of Liverpool) 40 Machanshire and Polmoni, Lord, see Hamilton, William Mannheim (fort and town in Lower Palatinate 10 mi. NW of Heidelberg) Map 4, 171,173, 177,470 n.5 Mansell, Sir Robert (1573-1656), treasurer of the Navy (1604-18) 85 Mansfeld, Count of, see Ernest Manuel I (1568-1638), Prince of Portugal 92,428 n.7 Mar, Countesses of, see Murray, Annabell; Stewart, Marie Mar, Earls of, see Erskine, John Marbery, Samuel (fl. 1617), servant 118 Margaret ofAustria (1584-1611), marriage (1599) to Philip III 51 Margaret Stuart (1598-1600), Elizabeth’s sister 23,64 Margate (seaside town in East Kent) Map i, Map 2, 91-2 Marguerite of Lorraine (1615-72), sister of Charles IV, secret marriage (1632) to Gaston, Duke of Orléans 324 Maria (1594-1656), daughter of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy 50-1,56,61,63 Maria Anna ofAustria (1610-65), Imperial princess ofAustria, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand II; marriage (1635) to Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria 302 Maria Anna of Spain (1606-46), Infanta of Spain, youngest daughter of
INDEX King Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria; younger sister ofAnna, Queen consort of France and Navarre; older sister of Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand; seen as marriage candidate for Elizabeth’s brother Charles (early 1620s); marriage (1631) to King of Hungary, later (1637) Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III 59, 76, 140, 160,180, 182-4, 187, 198, 204, 206-7, 288, 344-5 Maria Elisabeth II (1613-71), daughter of Count Hendrik van den Bergh and heiress of the Marquis of Bergen-op-Zoom, Margaretha van Witthem (d.1627); resided at Elizabeth’s court after mother’s death (1627-30); marriage (1630) to Eitel Friedrich II, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen 394-6 Marie de’ Medici (1573-1642), marriage (1600) to King Henri IV of France; Queen consort of France and Navarre (1600-10); Regent (1610-17); exile in Blois, Brussels (1631),The Hague (1638), Stuart court; Queen-mother, mother of Henrietta Maria 9, 55-6, 355 Marie Luise of Degenfeld (1634-77), marriage (Jan. 1658) to Elizabeth’s son Charles Louis 394, 399 Marischal, Earl, see Keith, George Market Harborough (market town in Leicestershire, 30 mi. E of Coventry) 28 Marston,John (1575-1634), playwright; Tite Dutch Courtesan (c. 1604) 85 Marston Moor (a moor to the west of York, England), battle of 9, 360, 477 п.20 Marten, Sir Henry (c. 1561-1641), civil lawyer and judge; King James’s envoy to the Palatinate (1613); knt. (1617) 97 Mary I (1516-58), aka Mary Tudor or ‘Bloody Mary’, Queen of England (1553-8), marriage (1554) to Phihp II of Spain; Queen consort of Spain (1556-8) 18, 73, 198 559 Mary of Guise (1515-60), first
marriage (1534) to Louis II, Duke of Longueville, second marriage (1538) to James V, King of Scotland; regent of Scotland (1554-60), mother of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots 426 n.48 Mary Stuart (1542-87), Queen of Scots (1542-67); first marriage (1558) to Francis II of France (d. 1560); second marriage (1565) to Lord Darnley (murdered 1567); third marriage (1567) to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell (d. 1578), mother of James VI 17—18,20-1,23,69, 426 n.48, 431 n.i Mary Stuart (1605-7), Elizabeth’s sister 42, 64 Mary Stuart (1631-60), eldest daughter of Charles I and Henrietta Maria; marriage (1641) to William II, later Prince of Orange and Spain 341; rumour Charles Louis intended to marry her 331; her marriage to William II xxv, 331, 333, ՅՅ6, 34L 357; but is only allowed to come over to The Hague at the age of twelve 337, 341; travels to The Hague 338, 344; and mother-in-law, Amalia 353—4, 357, 383; and the Stuart cause, sides with Elizabeth 353-4, 371-2, 377, 383, 386-7, 389,400-1, 481 n.50; as regent of William III 155, 383, 386, 389, Plate O.; travels between courts xxv, 388-9; returns to England 400-1,405; sickness, death, and funeral of 401—2, 408 Mary Tudor, see Mary I masques 77-9, 80 (Fig. 8), 83-5, 104, no-12, 114, 117, 164, 182, 195-7, 201,221,343,371,387-9,425 n.39, 448 ՈՈ.77 79 80, see also Campion, Thomas; Daniel, Samuel; Jonson, Ben; Weckherlin, Georg Rudolf
5Ó0 INDEX Massey, Edward (1604x9-1674), parliamentarian and royalist army officer 370 Matthias (1557-1619), King ofBohemia (1611-19), Holy Roman Emperor (1612-19) 77,105, 121,123-5 Maubuisson (small town in France, 35 mi. NW of Bordeaux) 396 Maurice (1621-52), Prince Palatine of the Rhine, son of Frederick and Elizabeth Elizabeth pregnant with 7, 145; birth of 154-5, ī88; in the care of Frederick’s family 156, 188-9; brought to Leiden, the Prinsenhof 332; loss of his father 273; the siege of Breda 305 (Fig. 32), 315; on royalist side in Civil Wars 349, 351-3, 362; sets sail 378, 387-8; as marriage candidate for Marguerite de Rohan 354; offer ofVenetian military service 364; death of 388 Maurice of Nassau (1567-1625), Prince of Orange (1618), Stadholder of Holland and Zeeland (1585), Utrecht and Overijssel (1590), Gelderland (1591), Groningen and Drente (1620) as Elizabeth’s suitor 49—50; as Frederick’s uncle 55-6,95,130-1; inheritance of 252; and his half-brother Frederick Henry 58, 103,217—19; his sister Emilia 94, 428 n. 7; Elizabeth’s 1613 progress 92-4; Order of the Garter 56, 94; support of acceptance of the Bohemian crown 132, 161; as leader of the Dutch army 50, 55-6, 132, 160, 168-70, 175, 197, 204; and the Battle ofWhite Mountain 151-2; siege of Breda 209, 212; offers the couple political refuge 156, 164, hosts Elizabeth Frederick 185, 188, 194, 196, 201; as a 2nd father to Elizabeth 220-1; death of 209,212-13, 219-21,222 (Fig. 18), 237 Maurice, Theobald (d.1654); tutor to Frederick’s sisters (1602-9); secretary to Friedrich IV Louise Juliana (1609-12); secretary
to Frederick (1612-32), secretary to Elizabeth (1632-54) 240, 282-3, 289-90,297 Maximilian I (1573-1651), Duke of Bavaria (1597), Elector (25 Feb. 1623) Donauwörthaffair 53; as leader of the Catholic League 53—4, 77,142; Jülich-Berg and Cleves crisis 105; his candidacy for the Imperial Crown 126; military preparations leading up to White Mountain 139-40, 142, 147,149; protects Conway and Weston 150-1; takes Frederick Elizabeth’s possessions 162, 165, 175; Mansfeld 171, and military action in the Palatinate 171, 175, 223; alliance with France 295, 325, 327, 374; familial relations 13, 53-4, 105, 130, 147, 199, 3θ2; Palatine-Bavarian match 199, 201—2; Electoral dignity transferred to 175, 179, 185, 295, 298, 301-2, 306, 313, 373, 385, 398; occupies part of the Palatinate 232, 295, 302, 306, 308, 324—5, 373; alternative Electoral title 325, 373; and Rupert’s incarceration 337 Maxwell, James (b. 1581?, d. in or after 1635), scholar and theological controversialist 65, 197 Maxwell, Robert (1586-1646), ist Earl of Nithsdale (1620) 248 Mayerne, Louise de (b. 1591), sister of Sir Theodore; Elizabeth’s lady of the bedchamber (r. 1613-20); marriage (1620) tojaucourt 112, 117,217,253 Mayerne, SirTheodore de (1573-1655), royal physician 62-3, 112, 244, 336,355,407 Mazarin, Jules (1602-61), Chief Minister to the King of France (1642-61) 398
INDEX Mead,Joseph (1586-1639), Hebraist and biblical scholar 176, 244 Meautysjane (1580/81-1659), first marriage (1609) to Sir William Cornwallis (d. 1611), second marriage (1614) to Nathaniel Bacon (1585-1627), knight of the Bath (1626) 167, 273 Meautys, Sir Thomas (c. 1590-1649), government official 273 Mechelen, Margaretha van (1581-1662), mistress of Maurice 219 Mecklenburg, Duke of, see Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Medemblik (town in the Netherlands, 34 mi. N ofAmsterdam) 252 medicine, medical treatments 18, 27, 62—3, 69,176,213,244, 355-6, 391-2, 457 n.6, see also bloodletting Medusa (mythical figure) 302-3, 305 (Fig- За) melancholia 31, 132—3, 141, 16$, 233, 244, 355 Melander, see Eppelmann, Peter Meling (Moravian Lordship) 141 Melrose, Earl of, see Hamilton,Thomas menageries 9, 51, 57, 65-6, 118, 166, 382, see also dogs, monkeys, parakeets, parrots Mendoza, Juan de (d. 1628), Marquis of Inojosa (1612), Marquis of San Germano; governor of the duchy of Milan (1612—i6);Viceroy of Navarre (1620-3); Spanish extraordinary ambassador to the Stuart court (June 1623 - June 1624) 204-5, 208 Mentz, see Mainz Meppen (town on the confluence of the Ems River and Hase River in the Bishopric of Münster, 15 mi. E of the border to the Province of Groningen in the United Provinces) 316-17 mercenaries 14, 124, 127, 173-4, 176, 181, 199-200, 213, 215—16, 245 Merchant Adventurers’Company 156, 163, 319, 380 Merck, Jacob Fransz van der (1610-64), artist 381 (Fig. 38) 561 Merian, Maria Sibylla (1647-1717), German-born naturalist and illustrator 39 Mesmes, Claude de (1595-1650),
Count d’Avaux; French ambassador extraordinary at the conference in Hamburg (1637-42) 324-5,328 Metz (city in north west France, 112 mi. W of Reims) 463 n.44 Mexico, Gulf of 233 Meyer, Dirk (n.d.), publisher 303 Mézières, Lord of, see L’Espinay, Jacques Middelburg (Zeeland) Map 2, 93—4, 214 Middlesex, Earl of, see Cranfield, Lionel Middleton,Thomas (1580-1627), playwright; A Game of Chess (1624) 243 Miereveldt, Michiel Janszoon van (1567—1641), Dutch portrait painter 187,207,250,254,259, 382, see also List of Figures xv-xviii Miereveldt, Pieter van (1596-1623), Dutch portrait painter, son of the above 250 Mikulov, see Nikolsburg Miles, Dr (n.d.), Elizabeths chaplain (1632) 470 п.7 miniature portraits 51, 57, 66, 81, 168, 172, 174, 230, 251, 253, 266, 274, 421 п.16, Plate F. miscarriages 19,26-7, 29-30,255,261, 263 Mogul India 141, 356 Moldau, River (river that runs through Prague before joining the Elbe) 136 Molin, Nicolò (1562-1608),Venetian ambassador to England (1603-6) 31 monkeys 6-9, 57, 66 (Fig. 6), 118-19, I4L 179, 257 (Fig. 24), 399, 423 п.81, see also Jack Montgomery, Alexander (1588-1661), 6th Earl ofEglinton (1613-61) 279 Montgomery, Countess of, see Clifford, Anne Montrose, Earl of, see Graham, James Montrose, Marquess of, see Graham, James
562 INDEX Monzón (town in Aragon, Spain, 125 mi. NW ofBarcelona) 240 Moore, Dorothy, see King, Dorothy Moravia (area to the east of Prague that was joined with Bohemia) 122, 154, 240 Moray, Earl of, see Stuart, James Mordaunt, Lady, see Carey, Elizabeth Mordaunt,Viscountess, see Carey, Elizabeth Morgan, Sir Charles (1575-1643),Welsh army officer, served primarily in the English regiment of the States’Army (1600-43), governor of Bergen-op-Zoom (1637) 230, 247, 249 Morgan, Harry fl. 1605), conspirator 40-1 Moritz (1572-1632), Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (1592); forced to abdicate (1627) 106 Morley, George (i598?-i684), Elizabeth’s chaplain (1Ó53-6), bishop of Winchester 361, 390,470 п.7 Morosini, Francesco (n.d.),Venetian ambassador in Spain 102 Morosini, Marc’Antonio (1591-1630), Venetian ambassador in The Hague (1623-4), later in England 192, 201-4, 235 Morosini, Michiel (n.d.),Venetian ambassador to the Congress at Lübeck (1652) 418 п.21 Mortaigne,Johan Bertram de (d. 1639), steward of the States General 159 Morton, Lady, see Apsley, Elizabeth Morton, Sir Albertus (1584-1625), knt. (Sept. 1617); Elizabeth’s secretary of internal affairs (1616-19), of foreign affairs (1620-23), Secretary of State (1625); accompanies Buckingham to France (May-June 1625); ambassador extraordinary to the Low countries (July-Aug. 1625) 119, 176, 283 Morton, Earl of, see Douglas, James mottoes 38, no, 115, 162,169, 178, 181, 228 (Fig. 20), 432 n.33 mourning attire 2, 64—5,70—1, 81, 125, 230, 251 (Fig. 22), 259, 260 (Fig. 25), 275 (Fig. 27), 281-2, 302, 381 (Fig. 38), 386-7, 393, 402,410 Mühlhausen
(city in central Germany on the River Unstrut) 139 Munck, Levinus (d. 1623), secretary to Salisbury 51,97 Munich (city in Bavaria and residence of the Duke of Bavaria) 3, 54, 162, 202 Münster (bishopric that borders on three of the United Provinces: Groningen, Overijssel, and Gelderland) 317, 356,367, 375 Murray,Annabell (1536-1603), marriage (1557) to John Erskine, Lord Erskine, later (1565) ist Earl of Mar 21, 25-6 Murray,John (d. 1642), ist Earl of Atholl 66 Murray,William (1600-51), ist Earl of Dysart (1643); Charles I’s envoy to Holland (June-July 1641) 347 music 38, 60, 67, 68 (Fig. 7), 83, no, 117, 176,389, 424 n.86, 431 n.ii Myle, Adrian van der (1603-64), son of Cornelis 454 n.63 Myle, Agatha van der (1655-1712), daughter of Adrian 454 n.63 Myle, Cornelis van der (1579-1642), Dutch politician 161, 221-2 Myle, Mrs van der, see Oldenbarnevelt, Maria Johanna Petronella; Wassenaer, Petronella van Mijtens,Jan (c. 1614-70), painter 194 (Fig. 16) Nani, Giovanni Battista (1616-78), Venetian ambassador to France (1643-68), librarian, archivist 359-60 Naseby (warship) 400 Naseby (village in Northamptonshire, England, 26 mi. E of Coventry), battle of 362
INDEX Nassau-Dietz, Countess of, see Sophia Hedwig of BrunswickWolfenbüttel Nassau-Dietz, Counts of, see Ernst Casimir;Willem Frederik Naunton, Sir Robert (1563-1635), knt. Sept. 1614; Secretary of State (Jan. 1618-Jan. 1623) 140, 145, 154 Neckar River (river that flows through Germany and joins the Rhine North of Mannheim) 100 Neptune 302-3, 305 (Fig. 32) Nethersole, Lady, see Goodere, Lucy Nethersole, Sir Francis (bap. 1587, d. 1659; knt. Sept. 1619); Doncaster’s secretary (1619);Elizabeths secretary of foreign affairs (from Sept. i6i9);James’s agent to the Princes of the Protestant Union (from Sept. 1619); in England (Apr.-July 1621; Oct. 1622) MP for Corfe Castle, Dorset (1624; 1625; 1628) committed to the Tower (Jan.-Apr. 1634), dismissed from Elizabeth’s service (1634) writing of xxiii; makes inventory of Elizabeth’s archive 3 ; part of Doncaster’s embassy 127; dual appointment as Elizabeth’s secretary and Stuart agent to the Princes of the Protestant Union 143, 168; tries to remove Elizabeth from Prague 145-6; and the flight from Prague 150, 152, 154, 156, 161; friendship with the Carletons 163, 165, 173; secret journey with Frederick to the Palatinate 172, 182; and the Spanish Match 184, 192, 205-7; as Elizabeth’s secretary of foreign affairs 180,208,220,236,272, 283—4; wears hair lock as devotee to Elizabeth 194; as Goodere’s son-in-law 204; as Elizabeth’s guarantor 258; and portrait of Lady Killigrew 283; and the collection for the Palatinate 285, 287-8, 294-5; Charles I’s attempts SÓS to seize papers of 285-6, 288—92; house arrest and trial of 288—9; committed to
The Tower 289-90; Roe’s letters confiscated with Nethersole’s 291-2; dismissal of 293,297 Neuburg (German principality 16 mi. NE of Frankfurt) 106,306 Neuburg, Duchess of, see Magdalena of Bavaria Neuburg, Duke of, see Wolfgang Wilhelm Neuhaus, see Friedrichsbühl Neumark (German principality in Saxony) 129 New College (University of Oxford) 99 Newark (market town in Nottinghamshire, England, 60 mi. NE of Coventry) 362 Newburn (village on the River Tyne, 5 mi. W of Newcastle) 329 Newcastle (city in NE England on the River Tyne) Map 1,329 Newmarket (town in W Suffolk, 12 mi. E of Cambridge) 9, 338, 348 Newton, Sir Adam (d. 1630), ist baronet (1620), Scottish tutor (from 1599) and secretary (from 1610) to Elizabeth s brother Henry; receiver-general in Prince Charles’s household (Nov. 1612) 47 Niccols, Richard (1584-1616), playwright 8 Nicholas, Sir Edward (1593-1669), politician, Secretary of State (Nov. 1641-6; 1660-2) 3, 245, 354, 376, 397 Nicolls, Ralph (n.d.), secretary to Dorcester (1616-32), secretary to Charles Louis (from 1637) 286 Nicolson, George (fl. 1577-1612), English diplomat in Scotland 416 n.25, 417 ՈՈ.35 38 42 Nieupoort,Willem (1607-78), secretary to Joachimi (1630-5), ambassador to the Commonwealth 290, 393
504 INDEX Nikolsburg (Moravia, presently Mikulov, Czech republic); Peace of (22 Jan. 1622, renewed 8 May 1624) 141 Nithsdale, Earl of, see Maxwell, Robert Nodes, John (fl. 1613), gunner 74—5 Nonsuch Palace (palace in Surrey, 10 mi. SW of London) 65 Noordeinde (The Hague) 194, 320, 342 Noot, Gerrit (n.d.), surgeon 176 Norbrook (Warwickshire) 40 Normandy (coastal region of northern France) 362 Northampton, Earl of, see Howard, Henry Northumberland, Earls of, see Percy, Algernon; Percy, Henry Norway 73,182,236-7,249,356, 375,416 n.9 Norwich, Earl of, see Goring, George Notre Dame (cathedral on Isle de la Cité in central Paris) 222 Nottingham (city in the midlands of England) 348 Nottingham, Earl of, see Howard, Charles Nymburk (city in Bohemia, 30 mi. NE of Prague) Map 3, 150 Nijmegen (town on the Waal River in the Province of Gelderland, bordering on the duchy of Cleves) Map 2, 94 Nys, Daniel (1572-1647), merchant 165 Oakham (county town in Rutland, in the east midlands of England, 25 mi. E of Leicester) 38 Oatlands (palace, near Weybridge in Surrey, England) 31,34,37,46 Odiova (d. 1629), Frederick’s servant 253 Oehm,Johann Bernhard von (d.1656); Director of the Bernardines (from July 1639) 327 Ogle, Catherine (c. 1568-1629), marriage (1592) to Sir Charles Cavendish (1553-1617) 66 Oldenbarnevelt, Johan van (1547-1619), Advocate of Holland (1586-1618) 103,161,222 Oldenbarnevelt, Maria Johanna Petronella van (c. 1580-1657), marriage (1603) to Van der Myle 161,221-2 Oliver, Isaac (1565-1617), painter of miniatures 66 Oñate andVilla Mediana, Count of, see Ladrón Vélez de Guevera
y Tassis, Inigo Oppenheim (town in the Lower Palatinate on the Rhine River) 142, 264 Orange, Princes of, see Frederick Henry of Nassau; Maurice of Nassau; William of Nassau Orange, Princesses of, see Albertine Agnes of Nassau; Amalia; Louise Henriette of Nassau; Mary Stuart Orkney (archipelago off the NE coast of Scotland) 19,377,379 Orkney, Countess of, see Livingston, Margaret Orkney, Earl of, see Stewart, Patrick Orkney, Master of, see Stewart, John Orléans, Duchesses of, see ElisabethCharlotte; Henrietta Stuart Orléans, Duke of, see Gaston Orlers,J. J. (n.d.), historian 447 n.50 Ormond, Marquess of, see Butler, James Orney, Patrick (fl. 1642), Irish conspirator 343 Osnabrück (city in northwest Germany, 78 mi. W of Hanover) 317, 356 Ostend (port, city and municipality in West Flanders) Map 1, Map 2, 92 Otto (1594-1617), Prince of Hesse 50 Oude Mannenhuis (Amsterdam) 252 Overbury, Sir Thomas (1581-1613), poet and essayist 47, 420 n.62, 429 n.24 Overijssel (Dutch province) 50 Oxenstierna, Axel (1583-1654), Swedish chancellor (1612-54), Director of Heilbronn League (1633-6), governs Swedish Germany (1632-6); chancellor of Uppsala University (1645-54) 214, 285, 309-10, 328, 349
INDEX Oxenstierna, Johan Axelsson (1611-57), son of Chancellor Axel; visitor to the Stuart court (Feb.-Mar.1633); Swedish ambassador to the Low Countries (Feb-Mar. 1634) and the Stuart court (Mar.-May 1634) 294 Oxford (university town in Oxfordshire, housed the court of Charles I in 1642 during the Civil War) Map i, 3, 86,99, 190, 225, 300, 351,353062 Oxford, Countess of, see Cecil, Lady Diana Oxford, Earl of, see Vere, Henry de Paderborn (bishopric in North RhineWestphalia) 178 Padre Maestro, see Lafuente, Fray Diego Paisley, Mistress of, see Boyd, Marion Palatine, Electors, see Charles Louis; Frederick V; Friedrich III; Friedrich IV Palatine, Electress, see Elizabeth Stuart; Louise Juliana of Orange-Nassau Palatine of the Rhine, Princes, see Charles Louis; Edward; Frederick Henry; Gustavus Adolphus; Louis; Maurice; Philip; Rupert Palatine of the Rhine, Princesses, see Gonzaga, Anna; Charlotte; Elisabeth; Henrietta Maria; Louise Hollandine; Sophia Palatine-Simmern, Count of, see Ludwig Philipp Palazzo Renense (Elizabeth’s palace in Rhenen) xxv, Map 2, Map 4, 255 (Fig. 23), 256, 257 (Fig. 24), 282, 299, 321, 381-2, 393, 395, 410, 458 n.35,463 n.35,486 n.5 Pallandt, Floris II van (1577-1639), 2nd Count of Culemborch (1598) 200,208 Paludanus, Bernardus (1550-1633), Academic, noted for his cabinet of curiosities 229, 230 Pamplin, John (fl. 1617), servant 118 parakeets 57, 66 (Fig. 6) 5б5 Paris (capital of France) xxv, 78, 153, 166, 329, 359-60, 388 parrots 9, 57, 65, 66 (Fig. 6), 257 (Fig. 24), 423 Ո.81 Parry, Sir Thomas (1541-1616), English ambassador to France (1602-6) 417
n.56,418 n.62 Passe, Crispijn de, theYounger (1594/5-1670), Dutch engraver 309 (Fig. 33) Pastoir, Anna Maria Modesta (1580c. 1642), marriage (1599) to Ludwig Camerarius 143 pawnbrokers 344, 403, 460 n.77 Peacham, Henry, theYounger (b. 1578, d. in or after 1644), author 102 Peake, Robert, the Elder (c. 1551-1619), painter 31,32 (Fig. 2), 33 (Fig. 3), 43,44 (Fig- 4), 45,109 pearls 30, 39,43, 73, 81-2, 84,94, 108,155, 302,345 (Fig. 36), 409, 411, 467 n.43 Peg, see Hughes, Margaret Pellnitz, Gerardt Bernard von (d. 1676), ritmeester (1646-69), Master of the Horse to the Brandenburger court (1660s) 478 п.31 Pembroke, Countess of, see Clifford, Anne Pembroke, Earls of, see Herbert, Philip; Herbert, William Penshurst (stately home in Sevenoaks, Kent, England, seat of the Sydney family) 42 Pepys, Samuel (1633-1703), administrator of the navy, diarist 405-6 Percy, Algernon (1602-68), 10th Earl of Northumberland (1632); Lord High Admiral (1638-42); brother of Dorothy, Henry, and Lucy 406 Percy, Dorothy (1598-1677), marriage (1615) to Robert Sidney, later (1626) 2nd Earl of Leicester; sister of Lucy 42 Percy, Henry (1594-1632), aka ‘The Wizard Earl’, 9th Earl of Northumberland (1585) 30, 42
5б6 INDEX Percy, Lucy (1599-1660); marriage (1617) to James Hay, afterwards Earl of Carlisle (1622); sister of Dorothy 42,207, 450 n.39 Percy,Thomas (1560-1605), conspirator 42 perfume 389,482 η. 17 Pernstein, Polyxena of (1566-1642), styled Princess of the House of Lobkowicz; first marriage (1587) to William of Rosenberg (d. 1592), second marriage (1603) to Imperial High Chancellor Popel of Lobkowicz 123 Perrot, Letitia (Letice) (1560-1620); first marriage (n.d.) to Walter Vaughan, second marriage (n.d.) to John Langhorne, third marriage (1605) to Baron Chichester 66 Pesaro, Zuane (n.d.),Venetian ambassador in London (1624-6) 225,235-6 Peterborough Cathedral (Cambridgeshire) 17 Peters, Aeltje (fl. 1650s), widow of Elizabeth’s butcher 393 Peters, Hugh (1598-1660), regicide 398 petticoats 29, 64, 219 Phalsbourg, Princess of, see Henriette of Lorraine Philip (n.d.), Count ofWinnenberg, Burgrave of Alzey, Palatine deputy 118 Philip (1627-50), Prince Palatine of the Rhine, son of Frederick and Elizabeth 248, 303, 304 (Fig. 32), 362-5, 383 Philip III (1578-1621), King of Spain and Portugal (1598-1621) 51-2, 56, 59-60, 77, 139, 160, 395,422 n.39 Philip IV (1605-65), Prince of Asturias (1605-21), Prince of Portugal (1605-21), King of Spain (1621-65) and Portugal (1621-40) 56, 171,193,206, 210, 238, 261-3, 331, 368, 384 Philiphaugh (village in Scotland, 40 mi. S of Edinburgh) 375 Philipp Ludwig II (1576-1612), Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (1580; personal rule 1608), father of Amalie Elisabeth, the later (1627) Landgravine of Hesse; Palatine ambassador extraordinary to the Stuart court
(May-June 1612) 58 Philippsburg (fortified town on the Rhine in the Bishopric ofTrier, 15 mi. SW of Heidelberg) 289 Philips, Katherine (1632-64), poet 384 phoenix imagery 87,135, 350,427 n.81 Pibrac, Seigneur de, see Du Faur, Guy Picart, Esther (n.d.), marriage (1606) to De Caus 112 Piedmont, Princes of, see Filippo Emmanuel;Vittoreo Amedeo Pilkington, Mr (n.d.) 28 Pilsen (town in Bohemia, 50 mi. SW of Prague) 124,150,170 Pindar, Sir Paul (1565-1650), merchant, diplomat 317 plague 31, 34, 209, 211-14, 222, 225,299, 316, 332, 393, 454 n.65, 463 n.44 plays 7-8,62-3, 65-6, 72, 85, in, 243, 300, 354, 371-2, 389, 395, 405, 409, 411,423 n.79,461 п.103 Plessen, Sybille von, see Ketteler, Sybille von Plessen,Volrad von (1560-1632), German Palatine councillor (1592-1631); Palatine extraordinary ambassador to the Stuart court (May-June 1612; Mar.-May 1619); preceptor of Frederick and Elizabeth’s children in Leiden (1624-32) 99, 125,14З, 188-90 Plessis, Armand Jean du (1585-1642); Duke of Richelieu (1631); bishop of Luçon (1607); French secretary of state (1616-7); Cardinal (1622); chief minister of France (1624-42) 214, 240, 260, 266, 295, 298-9, 327, 329-30 plots xxvi, 9, 35-7, 41-3,46, 55, 59-60, 73, 167, 206,291, 333, 343, 372, 414 n.27,474 п.7 Plymouth (port in SW England) 234-5
INDEX Plzn, see Pilsen Poelenburch, Cornelis van (1595-1667), Dutch painter 250—1 poetry 44-5, 65, 74-6, 84, 86-7, in, 116, 190, 212, 253, 283, 441 п.15,463 n.40, 468 n.72 poison 67, 69, 77, 221, 225, 271, 358, 392, 429 n.24 Poland, King of, see Wladislaw IV Poland, Queen consorts of, see Cecylia Renate ofAustria; Elizabeth ofAustria Polesworth (village in Warwickshire, England, 22 mi. W of Leicester) 290 Pomerania (coastal province of the Baltic Sea on the German/Polish border) 358 Popel of Lobkowicz, Zdenek Vojtěch (1568-1628), Imperial High Chancellor 123 Porter, Endymion (1587-1649), courtier 311 Portland, Earl of, see Weston, Richard Portugal xxiv, 331, 378 Portugal, Princes of, see Balthasar Charles; Manuel I; Philip IV Portugal, Princess of, see Emilia of Nassau Portsmouth (port in S England) Map i, 249 Posthius, Erasmus (1582-1618), physician 118—19 Pourbus, Frans, the Younger (1569-1622), painter 172 Powiek Bridge (Worcestershire, England, 3 mi. SW ofWorcester) 349 Prague (capital of Bohemia) xxv, Map 3, Map 4, 7, 14, 52,100, 120, 121-158,162-3, 165,174, 181-2, 188, 200, 220, 223, 231, 238, 256, 298, 353, 372,429 n.39; peace of 298, 301-2 precedence issues 29, 56, 61, 82,96-7, 104, 106, 108, 114-17, 127—8, 134, 167, 201,231-2, 277, 331,333, 355,400-1 pregnancies 7, 14, 19, 24, 96, 101,116, 119, 120-1, 129, 131, 145, 151—5, 186, 567 188, 240-1, 244, 248, 254, 302,395-6 Presbyterianism 322, 370, 375—7, 379, 480 п.17 Pressburg (Hungarian city, now Bratislava) xxiv, 151 peace of 245 Preston (city in northwestern England, 30 mi. N of Liverpool) 370 Prinsenhof
(children’s court on the Rapenburg, Leiden) 6, 10, 188, 189 (Fig. 14), 190, 332, 349,446 ռ.47,447 п.57 progresses Map 2, Map 3, 19, 28, 46, 91-5, 113,144, 164, 188, 229-30, 232, 246, 256,446 п.47 Protestants, Protestantism xxiv, xxv, Map 4,9, 22, 24, 38,45, 50, 52-6, 72֊5, 77, 86-8, 93-5, 103, 105-6, 122-3,125-6, 129-36, 139, 142-З, 147, 149, 164, 168, 170-1,175-6, 223, 235, 240, 243, 246, 262, 266, 284-5, 295, 301-2, 310, 314, 324-7, 335,347, 350,353,358,374, 466 п.16, 476 n.62 Protestant Union 53-6, 76-7, 88, 93-4, 103, 105-6, 123, 125-6, 128-30, 132, 134, 142-3, 170-1 Puerto Rico (Caribbean island east of Haiti) 388 Puntales, Fort (fortification in Cadiz, Spain) 235,238 Purbeck, Lady, see Coke, Frances pyktouths, see toothpicks Pym,John (1584-1643), English politician 333, 337-8, 348 Quadt, Sybille, see Ketteler, Sybille von Radclyffe, Robert (1573-1629), 5th Earl of Sussex (1593-1629) 19 Rakonic (town in Bohemia, 30 mi. W of Prague) 145, 147 Rakovica (village in Croatia, 75 mi. S of Zagreb) 245 Rakovník, see Rakonic Raleigh, Sir Walter {c. 1552-1618), adventurer and author 35, 37, 409
568 INDEX Rammekens (fortress 4 mi. SE of Middelburg on the Westerscheldt and theWelzinge Channel that gives access to the port of Middelburg) 214 Rampton, Mary (fl. 1617), servant 118 Ramsay, David (d. c. 1653), Scottish royal horologist to James and Charles 166, 476 n.62 Raphael (1483-1520), Italian painter and architect 382 Ratisbon (Bavaria) 175, 180, 349, 356, 467 n-54.474 п.7 Ravile, Monsieur (n.d.), lieutenantgovernor of Luxembourg; envoy of the Infanta Isabella 174-5 Raymond, Duke of Lyons (lost play) 85 Reay, Lord, see Mackay, Donald Regensburg, see Ratisbon Reginald, Bathsua (c. 1600-c. 1675), marriage (1622) to Richard Makin 48, 420 n.64 Rethel (town in Ardennes, northern France, 20 mi. NE of Reims) 383 Rhé, Isle of (island off La Rochelle on the W coast of France) 248 Rhenen (Utrecht, site of Frederick and Elizabeth’s hunting lodge) xxv, Map 2, Map 4, 94, 255-6, 282, 299, 356, 377, 381-2, see also Palazzo Renense Rich, Sir Charles (d. 1627), lieutenant colonel in the States’ army under Essex; colonel Isle of Rhé expedition 452 n.27 Rich, Henry (1590-1649), ist Baron Kensington (1623), ist Earl of Holland (Sept. 1624); Charles I’s ambassador extraordinary to France (Jan. 1624-mid-June 1625-Dec. 1625-Apr. 1626), to the Low countries (Sept. 1625-Dec. 1625) 235-6, 239-40, 290, 466 п.15 Rich, Isabella (1595-1632), marriage (1618) to Sir John Smythe (1599-164°) 191 Rich, Lady, see Devereux, Penelope Rich, Robert (1587-1658), 2nd Earl of Warwick (1619) 186 Richelieu, Cardinal-Duke of, see Plessis, Armand Jean du Richmond, Duchess of, see Villiers, Mary Richmond, Duke
of, see Stuart, Ľudoviek Richmond, Earl of, see Stuart, Ľudoviek Riesenberg, Baron von, see Svihovský, Ferdinand Karl rings 18, 38, 60, 109, 168, 250, 392, 403, 409-10, 443 n.56, 487 n.7 Ripon (city in Yorkshire, England, 28 mi. N of Leeds) 330 Riva, Giovanni Baptista (d. 1650), translator 383 Rivet, André (1572-1651), French Huguenot theologian 322 Robert Stuart (Jan.-May 1602), Duke of Kintyre, Elizabeth’s brother 24—5, 64 Rochelle, La (city in SW France and a seaport on the Bay of Biscay) 249 Rochester (city in Kent, SE England, situated on the River Medway) Map 1, 91 Rochester,Viscount, see Carr, Robert Roe, Lady, see Cave, Eleanor Roe, Sir Thomas (1581-1644), Stuart special ambassador to Mughal India (Jan. 1615-Sept. 1619), resident ambassador to Turkey (Sept. 1621-Jan. 1629); Charles I’s ambassador extraordinary to Poland (Apr. 1629-JuIy 1630), to the peace negotiations in Hamburg (Apr. 1638-June 1640); privy councillor (Aug. 1640) special ambassador to the Imperial Diet in Ratisbon (Mar. 1641-Sept. 1642; including visit to Elizabeth’s court mid-May 1641); succeeds Sir Francis Crane as chancellor of the Order of the Garter (1636-44); MP for Oxford University in the Long Parliament (1640-4) calendar xxv; gives Elizabeth pets 8, 9,65, 141 ; sends Elizabeth musk melon seeds 65; escorts Elizabeth to Heidelberg 97; forges a connection with Elizabeth 141,
INDEX 283-4; his embassy to Mogul India 141; and prose romances 141 ; and Sir Horace Vere s military campaign 142; his embassy to Constantinople 65, 168, 212; and Chichester’s treaty 168-9, 178; passed over for promotion 168, 292, 296, 324; and Frankenthal 179-81; as Carletons correspondent 192; and the 1624 parliament 201, 209; and Frederick Henry of Nassau’s marriage 218,220-1; Elizabeth expresses grief to 212, 220, 253,271, 281; and Bethlen Gabor 243-6, 358; and Christian IV 245, 328; Elizabeth sends portrait to 250; composes verses on the death of Palatine prince Frederick Henry 253; peace of Madrid 262; and Charles Louis’s education 280; fear of being tainted by Nethersole’s fall from favour 288, 291—2; encourages Elizabeth to begin a correspondence with Laud 295-9, 310; watches over Charles Louis and Rupert at the Stuart court 299, 311-12; and Arundel’s embassy 301—2, 306, 308, 374; as ambassador extraordinary to Sweden and Poland 314; and the siege of Bois-le-Duc 256; and Charles Louis’s Palatine army 316, and conjunction with LieutenantGeneral King s 317; at Hamburg conference 318, 324—5, 328-9; and treaty at Brussels 324-6, 328; and Charles Louis’s arrest by the French 327-8; and the Short Parliament 328; and the Long Parliament 330; marriage Mary Stuart and William II 331—3; and Imperial Diet 336-7, 349; and Bishops’Wars 328, 330; and civil war 341, 347-52; Rupert’s liberty 337-8; health of 350, 355—6; and Rohan 354; Elizabeth’s health 354-5; death 5б9 of 356; and the Electoral dignity 373; unification of Churches 476 n.62 Rogier de La Marbillière, Louise
(Г.1619-С.1711), mistress to Gaston, mistress to L’Espinay 362-3 Rohan, Benjamin de (1583-1642), Lord of Soubise; brother of Duke of Rohan; Huguenot military leader (1621-8), in exile in London (1628-42) 354 Rohan, Duchess of, see Rohan, Marguerite de Rohan, Duke of, see Rohan, Henri II de Rohan, Henri II de (1579-1638), ist Duke of Rohan 354 Rohan, Marguerite de (1617-84), Duchess of Rohan, Duchess of Frontenay 354 Rome (capital of Italy) 312, 320 Roosendaal (city in the Southern Netherlands) 216 Rosaeus, Henricus (d. 1637), minister 196—7 Rosen, Rheinhold von (1600-67), Director of the Bernardines (1639) 327 Rosny, Marquis de, see Béthune, Maximilien de Rotterdam (city and port in Holland situated on the Rhine-MeuseScheldt delta) Map 2, Map 3, 94, 156,159,358 Roupovec z Roupova Václav, Vilém (d. 1641), Bohemian rebel, High chamberlain in Moravia; in exile in The Hague and in Palatine service as Frederick’s chancellor (1621), exile in Berlin (6 years), in Saxon army (1631-2), father of Jane Rupa 123-4 Royston (town in Hertfordshire, England, 14 mi. SW of Cambridge) 67, 70 Rubens, Sir Peter Paul (1577-1640),painter and diplomat; Infanta Isabella’s agent (mid 1620s), in Madrid (1628-9), in London (1629-30); knt. by Philip IV in 1624, by Charles I in 1629 131,257, 382
570 INDEX rubies 32 (Fig. 2), 38, 108-9, 248, 346,431 n.I Rudolfil of Austria (1552-1612), Holy Roman Emperor (1576-1612) 54,139 Rudyerd, Sir Benjamin (1572-1658), politician and poet 335 Ruffia, Claudio di (n.d.), Count of Cartignano (1609) 51 Rumpf, Christian (1582-1645), court physician in The Hague 272,355 Rupa,Jane (/Li62os֊4os; d. after 1660), part of Elizabeths Bohemian entourage in exile (1621-9); in Roe’s household (1629-35); lady-inwaiting to Elizabeth (1635-C.1639); marriage (c.1641) to Sir George Sayer; Elizabeth nicknames her ‘Queen Mab’ 414 n.32 Rupa,Vilém, see Roupovec z Roupova Václav,Vilém Rupert (1619-82), Prince Palatine of the Rhine, Earl ofHolderness (1644), Duke of Cumberland (1644), son of Frederick and Elizabeth archive of 3; biography of 6-7,9; Elizabeth pregnant with 120; birth of 122,137,155; baptism of 137-8; as godson to Bethlen Gabor 181;in Prague as an infant 7,145, 149; in exile in The Hague 188, 305 (Fig. 32); education of 188-90; loss of his father 273; at the Stuart court 299-300, 313, 374; as marriage candidate for Marguerite de Rohan 354; and religion 312, 338, 360, 396; and Madagascar 311-13; sea admiral 378, 387-8; the siege ofBreda 315 (Fig. 35); and the Battle ofVlotho 318; captured 318, 327, 360, 467 n.54; Roe negotiates liberty of 337; return to The Hague 337—8; return to the Stuart court 338; accompanies Q. Henrietta Maria to The Hague 338, 341; Ulster Rebellion 346—7; on royalist side in Civil Wars 349—53,360-2, 376-8; his dog Boye 9, 360; offer ofVenetian military employment 364; as Elizabeth’s favourite son 403—4,407, 409; as
Elizabeth’s chief mourner 408; and Elizabeth’s inheritance 409-11, 486 n.5 Ruperta (b. 1673), daughter of Rupert and Margaret Hughes; marriage (1695) to Howe 411 Rusdorf, Johann Joachim von (1589-1640), Palatine extraordinary agent to Christian IV (Oct. 1633-Jan. 1634); Charles Louis’s councillor at the Stuart court (Nov.-Dec. 1635); Palatine representative to the Emperor, accompanies Arundel (Jan.-Dec. 1636) at Stuart court (Jan.-July 1637); Palatine representative in Hamburg (1638-40) 204,208, 236,306-7,467 n.52 Russell, Anne (d. 1639), marriage (1600) to Worcester’s son, Henry Somerset, Lord Herbert, the later (1628) 5th Earl of Worcester 27-8 Russell, Edward (1527-1627), 3rd Earl of Bedford (1585) 28 Russell, Lucy, see Harington, Lucy Ruthven, Sir John (/1.1627-38); Scot in Danish (1627-9) and Swedish military service (1629-38), as lieutenant-colonel under Alexander Leslie (1630), as colonel (1631), and as major general (1638) 317 Rijn, Rembrandt van (1606-69), painter 275, 462 η. 16 Rijswijk (town/municipality in the Netherlands, adjacent to The Hague) 231,258 Sackville, Edward (1590-1652), 4th Earl of Dorset (1624) 65, 142 Sackville, Richard (1589-1624), Lord Buckhurst (1608-9), 3rd Earl of Dorset (1609) 79
INDEX Sacramentsgasthuis (The Hague) 320, 469 n.3 St Albans, Earl of, see Jermyn, Henry St Albans, Viscount of, see Bacon, Francis Saint George (and the dragon) 74-5, 92,162 Saint Germain (chateau and town of St-Germain-en-Lye, 12 mi. W of Paris) 377 St James’s Palace (royal residence just N of St James’s Park in Pall Mali, London) 64, 204, 371 St John, Oliver (1598-1673), parliament’s extraordinary ambassador in The Hague (1651) 383-4, 386 St Leger,William (1586-1642), soldier 453 n.55 Saint-Martin (citadel on Isle of Rhé) 248 St Michael 31 St Ravy, Sir William (n.d.), diplomat 354 StVitus (Cathedral in Prague, seat of the Archbishop of Prague) 136, 138 Salisbury, Earl of, see Cecil, Robert Salvius, Johan Adler (1590-1652); Swedish ambassador at Hamburg (1638-40), postmaster 325, 328 Salzburg (city in Austria, 85 mi. SW of Munich) 128 Sampson, Agnes (d. 1591), Scottish healer, purported witch 19 San Germano, Marquis of, see Mendoza, Juan de Sanderson, Peter (fl. 1598), tailor to Anna of Denmark, tailor at Linlithgow 23 Sandilands, James (d. 1638); master of Elizabeth’s household (1613-7), in States’ service (1617-38) as sergeant-major (from 1627), lieutenant-colonel (from May 1631), and colonel (from Mar. 1635) of a Scottish regiment; wounded at the siege of Breda (1637); imprisoned (c. June 1638); presumably killed at Vlotho 98, 102, 104 Sandshult, Baron, see King, James Sarmiento de Acuña, Don Diego (1567-1626), ist Count of 571 Gondomar (1617), Spanish ambassador to the Stuart court (1613-18; 1619- officially Apr. 1624, but residing in Spain from July 1622 onwards for
the Spanish Match) 183 Sas van Gent (town in the Netherlands 30 mi.W of Antwerp) 366 Savile, Elizabeth (n.d.), daughter of Henry Savile, step-father ofAnne Gerard, Lady Carleton, marriage (1613) to Sir John Sedley, 2nd Baronet 166 Savoy, Dukes of, see Charles Emmanuel I; Vittoreo Amedeo Saxe-Weimar, Duke of, see Bernard Saxony, Electors of, see Christian II; John George I Sayer, Lady, see Rupa, Jane Scaglia, Alessandro Cesare (1592-1641), abbot of Santa Maria di Staffarda (1603), San Pietro de Muleggio (1613), and San Giusto di Susa (1616); Savoy’s ordinary ambassador in Paris (1624-32); self-imposed exile in Brussels and Madrid, working informally for Spanish regimes (1632-41) 283 Scaramelli, Giovanni Carlo (1550-1608), Venetian envoy in London (1603) 26 Schade, Anna von (1584-1644), marriage (c. 1613) to Dodo zu Innhausen und Knyphausen 316-17 Schaep, Gerard Pieterszoon (1599-1655), Dutch extraordinary ambassador in England (1651-2) 384 Schagen, Albert van (ft. 1629) 253 Schloer, Christian (fl. 163OS-5OS), Frederick s gentleman of the bedchamber 391 Schmelzing, Nicolaas (1561-1629), Austrian nobleman, military commander 196-7, 250,448 n.79, 458 n.44 Schomberg, Duke of, see Schomberg, Frederick Herman
572 INDEX Schomberg, Frederick Herman (1615-90), Duke of Schomberg (c. 1668), only son of Frederick’s master of the household Hans Meinhard Schomberg and Elizabeth’s lady-in-waiting Anne Sutton 113 Schomberg, Hans Meinhard (1582-1616), marshal of the Palatinate; Palatine ambassador to The Hague (Apr. 1612; Feb.1614), to Brussels (Mar. 1612), to the Stuart court (Aug. 1612; Dec.1613-Feb.1614) 96-9, 101-2, 104-7, no-12, 114-15, 127, 169,217 Schöner, Martin (d. 1611), physician to James and Anna 26 Schoutens, Henrick fl. 1620s), concierge 189 Schurman, Anna Maria van (1607-78), Dutch humanist, theologian, writer 120 Schwalbach (Bad Schwalbach, spa town 58 mi. from Heidelberg) 116, 118 Schwarzenberg, Count of, see Adam Schwetzingen (town in Germany, 58 mi. S of Frankfurt) 101 Scillies (archipelago 28 mi. SW of Cornwall peninsular) 378 Scotland, Kings of, see Francis II; James VI Scotland, regents of, see Douglas, Janies; Erskine, John; Mary of Guise; Stuart, James; Stuart, Matthew Scots, Queen of, see Mary Stuart Scott,Thomas (c. 1580-1626), preacher, writer 243 Scrimgeour, Christiane fl. 1598), rocker at Linlithgow 23 Scrope, Baroness Scrope of Bolton, see Carey, Philadelphia Scultetus, Abraham (1566-1625), Palatine service (from 1595); escorted Frederick to the Stuart court (1612/3); Frederick’s Calvinist chaplain and court preacher (from 1615); professor in theology (old testament) in Heidelberg (1618); accompanied Frederick’s court to Bohemia (1619-21); brief return to Heidelberg (1622); minister in Emden (1622-5) 99, 136-7 Sedan (Bouillon’s court; town in the Principality
of Sedan near the border of the Spanish Netherlands and France) Map 4, 96,174-6, 383,464 n.44 Sedan, Prince of, see La Tour ď Auvergne, Henri de Sedley, Lady, see Savile, Elizabeth Segeberg (Holstein town 30 mi. N of Hamburg) 155, 163 sermons 41, 62, 86,99, 128, 295-6, 320-1, 371, 388 Servi, Constantino de’ (1554-1622), Italian painter, architect 426 п.51 Servien, Abel (1593-1659), French diplomat 368-9 Seton, Alexander (1555-1622), Lord Fyvie (1598), ist Earl of Dunfermline (1605), Lord President of the Court of Session (1593-1604), Lord Chancellor of Scotland (1604-22) 23 Seton, George (1584-1650), 3rd Earl of Winton (1606) 279 Seton, Sir John fl. 1619), soldier 140, 146, 160,440 п.14 Shakespeare,William (bap. 1564-d. 1616), playwright and poet 8, 212; 1 Henry IV 8; Henry V 8, 142; Julius Caesar 8; Merry Wives of Windsor 8; Much Ado about Nothing 8; Othello 8,411,487 n.io; Rape oflLucrece 212; Twelfth Night 484 n.55; TheTempest 8; Venus and Adonis 212; Tite Winter’s Tale 8 Shelton, Audrey, aka Etheldreda (1568-1624), marriage (before 1600) to Sir Thomas Walsingham; Lady of the Bedchamber to Elizabeth I; Mistress of the Robes to Anna of Denmark (1603-19) 27-8,417 n.57 Sherburne, Edward (1578-1641), government official and secretary
INDEX of the East India Company 432 n.28 Shetland Islands (archipelago north of the Orkney isles of Scotland) 40 Shrewsbury, Earl of, see Talbot, Gilbert Sidney, Lady Dorothy, see Percy, Dorothy Sidney, Robert (1563-1626),Viscount Lisle (1605), ist Earl of Leicester (1618) 97, 142 Sidney, Robert (1597-1677), 2nd Earl of Leicester (1626), Charles Is ambassador extraordinary to Denmark (Apr.-Dec. 1632), to France (Feb. 1636-Sept. 1641); Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (Oct. 1641) 42 Sigismund Rákóczi (d.1651), brother of the Prince ofTransylvania, George Rákóczi 385 Silesia (Bohemian Crown lands, now mostly Poland) 122, 124, 150-1, 154, 162 Simpson,Thomas (1582-e. 1628), English composer 117 Sittingbourne (city in Kent, 45 mi. SE of London) Map 1,91 Skipwith, Sir William (1564-1610) 28 Slavata, Baroness of, see Brederode, Amalia Margaretha van Slavata of Chlum and Koschemberg, Albert Henry (d. 1660), Baron of Slavata, sergeant-major in the States cavalry (1641), colonel (1646), commander of Geertruidenberg (1651-60) 387 Slavata of Chlum,Vilem (1572-1652), Bohemian nobleman, representative of Ferdinand II 123 Smith, Mary fl. 1612), royal laundress to Elizabeth at Kew 57-8 Smythe, Lady, see Rich, Isabella Solms-Braunfels, Count of, see Johann Albrecht I Solms-Braunfels, Countess of, see Agnes of Sayn-Wittgenstein Somerset, Earl of, see Carr, Robert Somerset, Elizabeth, see Hastings, Elizabeth 573 Sommelsdijck, Lord of, see Aerssen, François van Sophia (1630-1714), Princess Palatine of the Rhine, daughter of Frederick and Elizabeth, in Leiden (until 1641), moves to The Hague (1641),
and Heidelberg (1650), marriage (1658) to Ernst August, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Elector of Hanover (1692); her eldest son Georg Ludwig, Elizabeth’s grandchild, becomes George I, King of Great Britain and Ireland (1714) 3, 8-II, 190, 263, 305 (Fig. 32), 332, 365,376,380,399,403, 409—11, 413 Ո.2 Sophia Hedwig of BrunswickWolfenbüttel (1592-1642), Elizabeth’s cousin; marriage (1607) to Ernst Casimir, Count of Nassau-Dietz 94, 152,217 Sophia Stuart (22-23 June 1606), Elizabeths sister 64 Sophie Frederica of Mecklenburg (1557-1631); mother ofAnna of Denmark and Christian IV; maternal grandmother of Elizabeth 163, 259 Soranzo, Giovanili (1600-55),Venetian ambassador in the Netherlands (1627-9) 247, 249,261 Soubise, Lord of, see Rohan, Benjamin de Southampton (port in S England), treaty of 234 Southampton, Countess of, see Vernon, Elizabeth Southampton, Earls of, see Wriothesley, Henry ; Wriothesley, Thomas Spa (town in Flanders, 80 mi. SW of Brussels) Map 4, 95, 191, 336, 447 n.63 Spain, Kings of, see Charles V; Philip III; Philip IV Spain, Queen consorts of, see Elisabeth of France; Margaret of Austria; Mary I Spanheim senior, Friedrich (1600-49), Calvinist theology professor 355
574 INDEX Spence,John (fl. 1612),Elizabeths tailor 64 Spenser, Edmund (1553-99), English poet; The Faerie Queene 74—5, 87 Speyer (fortified town on the Rhine River in the bishopric of Speyer, 13 mi. SW of Heidelberg) 52 Spiering, François (с. 15761-1630?), tapestry maker 94 spies i, 35, 175, 274,280, 347, 353, 383, 398,474 п.22, 478 п.50, 481 п.50, 485 п.22 Spifame, Samuel (d. 1632), Seigneur de Buisseaux, French ambassador to London 73, 81, 83, 425 п.21 Spinola, Ambrosio (1569-1630); Marquis of Los Balbases; commander of the Army of Flanders and principal minister of the archdukes (1605-28); to Spain (1628-9); to War of Mantua (1630) 139,142-3, 145, I7L HS, 177, 209, 225—6, 414 n.27 Stade (town on the Schwinge River, 5 mi. W of the Elbe River, and 14 mi. S of Glückstadt) 161 Stadtlohn Map 4,199 Stafford, Lady, see Woodhouse, Mary Stamp,William (n.d.), Elizabeth’s chaplain (c. 1650-3) 470 n.7 Staps, Annetgen (fl. 1620s), maid servant 189 Staps, Maria (fl. 1620s), maid servant 189 Stewart, Francis (1589-1635), courtier and naval officer 455 n. 15 Stewart, John (d. 1645), Master of Orkney, Earl of Carrick (1628) 26 Stewart, Marie (d. 1644), marriage (1592) to the 2nd Earl of Mar 26, 30 Stewart, Patrick (c. 1566-1615), 2nd Earl of Orkney (1593-1614), executed (1615) О Stirling Castle 19, 21-2, 25-7 Stolzenau (Westphalia) 156 Strafford, Earl of, see Wentworth, Thomas Stralsund (city on the Baltic coast of Germany) 262 Strange, Lady, see La Tremolile, Charlotte de Streiff von Lauenstein, Johan (n.d.) captain in the States’ army in the regiment of Ernst Casimir, Count of Nassau-
Dietz (1610), later (1625) in Danish military service 175 Strickland,Walter (1598-1671), resident ambassador for Parliament in the Low Countries (1642-50) 352, 370, 383-4, 386 Stuart, Lady Arbella (1575-1615), great-great-granddaughter of King Henry VII of England, marriage (1610, in secret) to William Seymour (1588-1660), Lord Beauchamp, later (1660) 2nd Duke of Somerset 35-6,66 (Fig. 6), 73,402, 423 п.81 Stuart, Henrietta (1573-1642), daughter of the ist Duke of Lennox; favourite ofAnna ofDenmark; marriage (1588) to George Gordon, 6th Earl and later (1599) ist Marquess of Huntly 20,27 Stuart, Henry (1545-67), Lord Darnley (title of heir apparent to the Earldom of Lennox), Duke of Albany (1565-7), King consort of Scotland (1565-7) 21 Stuart,James (c. 1530-70), ist Earl of Moray (1562-70), regent of Scotland (1567-70) 21 Stuart, Ľudoviek (1574-1624), Scottish nobleman; 2nd Duke of Lennox (1583) in the peerage of Scotland, and Earl (1613) and Duke (1623) of Richmond in the peerage of England; Stuart ambassador to France (c. June-Sept. 1613); lord high steward of the royal household (from Nov. 1616-23); King James’s aulnager in Ireland (írom 1618); lord lieutenant of the county of Kent (from Nov. 1620-24); joint commissioner for the great seal (May-July 1621) 20, 27, 60, 83 (Fig. 10), 91, 95, 97, 430 n.65
INDEX Stuart, Matthew (1516-71), 4th Earl of Lennox (1526-71), paternal grandfather ofJames VI; regent of Scotland (1570-1) 21 Stuteville, Sir Martin (1569-1631), correspondent ofjoseph Mead 445 п.105 Stuttgart (fortified town in and seat of government of the duchy of Württemberg) 114—16 Suffolk, Earl of, see Howard,Theophilus Sully, Duke of, see Béthune, Maximilien de Suriano, Christoforo (c.i58o-d. after 1657), Venetian resident agent and secretary in the Netherlands (1616-23; Sept. 1626 - Jan. 1627); secretary to Venetian ambassadors extraordinary Correr and Contarini to the Stuart court (June-July 1626, audience in The Hague in June) ix, 156, 159, 161, 163, 168-70, 172, 177, 180-2, 192,197 Susa (northern Italy), treaty of (14 Apr. 1629) 260 Sussex, Earl of, see Radclyffe, Robert Sutton, Anne (d.1615), daughter of Edward Sutton, Lord Dudley; lady-inwaiting to Elizabeth (1607-15); marriage (1615) to Hans Meinhard, Count of Schomberg 72,105-6, in-14,117,217 Sutton, Edward (1567-1643), 5th Lord Dudley, nobleman 72, 106, 112 Švihovský, Ferdinand Karl (1600-22), Baron von Riesenberg, Bohemian noble 217 The Swan (theatre in Southwark, London) 85 Sweden, Kings of, see Gustavus II Adolphus; Karl IX Sweden, Queen of, see Christina Swinnerton, Lady, see Buckhold, Thomasine Swinton, Sir John (fl. 1618-30), officer in Brunswick’s army (1618-23), in the Anglo-Dutch brigade 575 (1625-7), in the Danish army under Morgan (1627-8) 247 Sylvester,Joshuah (1563-1618),poet 65, in Talbot, Alatheia (d. 1654), marriage (1606) to Arundel 97, 125, 192, 312 (Fig. 34), 395,483 n.48 Talbot, Gilbert
(1552-1616), 7th Earl of Shrewsbury (1590) 28 Talkinant, Gédéon (1619-82), Sieur des Réaux (1650), writer 363 Talmont, Prince of, see La Tremolile, Henri Charles de Tangermünde (town on the Elbe River, 60 mi. W of Berlin) 156 tapestries 72-3, 77, 94-5, 153, 155, 163, 166, 168, 360, 382,404, 409, 411, 425 п.18, 485 n.26 Tarente, Prince of, see La Tremolile, Henri Charles de Taylor,Anthony (fl. 1642),Jesuit priest 343 Taylor,John (1597-1655); Charles Is agent to Vienna (Aug. 1635Jan.1639); committed to the Tower (Sept. 1639) 300-1, 326, 471 п.31 tennis 62, 175, 337, 399 Terheijden (village and site of a Spanish army base on the Mark River, 4 mi. N of Breda) 225—6 Tetius, Hieronymus (n.d.), writer 409, 486 n.4 Thames, River 31, 46, 60, 74-5, 79, 85 theatre companies 8, 65, 78, 350, 371, 423 n.79 Theobalds (stately royal home of the Stuarts, just outside Cheshunt in Hertfordshire) 204, 219 Thou,Jacques-Auguste de (d.1677), French ambassador in The Hague (1657-62) 399 Thouars, Duchess of, see Charlotte Brabantina Throckmorton, Anne (1540, d. after 1605), marriage (1566) to Sir William Catesby (1547-98) 40 Thurn, Count, see Heinrich Matthias
57б INDEX Thurn, Frantisek Bernard von (1592-1628), only son of Count Thurn, died in Swedish service 150 Thurzo, Imre (1598-1621), CountThurzó (1616), Hungarian aristocrat, Gabor’s ambassador 137-8 Tichborne, Sir Benjamin (c. 1542-1629), ist Baronet (1621), Sheriff of Hampshire (1579-80, 1602-3), Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to James 36 Tilbury (port in the Thames estuary, S England) 72, 135 Tilly, Count of, see ť Serclaes, Jean Titian (c. 1488/90-1576), Italian painter 382 Tobias (biblical figure) 382 toothpicks 38 Torre, Count de la, see Thurn Torstenson, Lennart (1603-51), Swedish Field Marshal 356 TorstensonWar 356 Tour, Count of, see Thurn Tower, the (prison) 37, 42, 60, 73, 290, 326, 334,429 n.24 Tower Hill (part of east London, site of the Tower of London) 361 Tracy, Mary (1581-1671), first marriage (1600) to William Hoby (d. 1602?); second marriage (1607) to Sir Horace Vere 320 Transylvania, Princes of, see Bethlen Gabor; George Rákóczi Transylvania, Princess of, see Catharina of Brandenburg Třeboň, see Wittingau Tredway, Lady, see Gerard, Anne Trier (town on the River Mosel, which bordered on the Spanish Netherlands; seat of government of the Elector ofTrier) 53 Tromp, see Harpertszoon Tromp Trumbull,William (d. 1635), secretary to Ambassador Thomas Edmondes in Brussels (1604-9); King James’s agent and later resident ambassador in Brussels (Aug. 1609-N0V. 1625; brief return to England from mid-Sept.-mid Dec. 1615 Jan-July 1618), during residency special mission to Protestant Union (Apr. 1621-summer 1621) 51,95, 153, 162,179, 290 ť Serclaes,Jean (1559-1632),
Count of Tilly (1622), field marshal in Imperial service (1605), appointed by Maximilian I as leader of Catholic League army (1610), defeated Frederick’s forces at the Battle ofWhite Mountain (1620), besieged Heidelberg (1622) 147, 171-З, 177, 215,264,470 n-5 Tubbe, Jean (d. 1625), captain in the States’ army 226 Tucker, Walter (fl. 1612), musician 67 Turenne, Viscount of, see La Tour d’ Auvergne, Henri de Turin (capital of the duchy of Savoy in the northern part of present-day Italy) 51 Turner, Samuel (d. c. 1647), physician 486 n.27 Turnhout (municipality in Flanders, 26 mi. east ofAntwerp) 368 Tuscany 49 Twisse,William (1577/8-1646), Elizabeth s chaplain in Heidelberg (1613) 99,470 n.7 Tyan,Jaspar (fl. 1618), merchant 12 Tyburn (site of public executions in London, close to modern-day Marble Arch) 402 Tyrrell, Frances (n.d.), Elizabeth’s maid of honour (c. 1604- Jan. 1615) 108-9 Udenheim, see Philippsburg Ulm (Imperial City on the Donau River, 85 mi. NE of Munich), treaty of 142, 170,437 п.16 Ulster (Ireland); rebellion (1641) 346, 474 п.20 Urban VIII, see Barberini, Maffeo Urie, Honore ď (1568-1625), writer 254 Ursula (1594-1657), daughter of Frederick’s counsellor the Count of Solms-Braunfels; presumably
INDEX lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth (1613-19); marriage (1620) to Baron Christoph von Dohna 140-1, 155 Usedom (German island on the Baltic coast, 52 mi. SE of Stralsund) 261-2 Utrecht (United Provinces) xxv, Map 2, 50, 94, 159, 162, 200, 243, 251, 256, 381 Vallaresso, Alvise (1588-1650),Venetian ambassador in London (1622-24) 176, 183-5, 202 Valtellina (alpine valley 77 mi. SE of Milan) 240 Vane, Sir Henry (1589-1655), the Elder, Stuart ambassador extraordinary to the Low Countries (Mar.-May 1629, visit to Rhenen in Apr. 1629; Sept. 1629 - Apr. 1630; July-Dec 1630), comptroller of the royal household (from 1629); Charles I’s ambassador extraordinary at the Swedish headquarters in Germany (May 1631-N0V. 1632); treasurer of the royal household (from 1639); Secretary of State (Feb. 1640-Dec. 1641) 225,254,258-9,261,263, 265,285,299,313,336 Vaughan, Frances (d. 1647), marriage (before 1594) to Thomas Burgh, 3rd Baron Burgh (o 1558-97) ИЗ Vaughan, Letitia, see Perrot, Letitia Vaughan, Robert (c. 1600-63), printmaker 224 (Fig. 19) Vaux, Lord of, see L’Espinay, Jacques Vecellio, Tiziano, see Titian Veere (principality and city on the island ofWalcheren, Zeeland; primary port for Scotland) Map 2, 94 Velde, Esaias van de (1587-1630), Dutch landscape painter 257 (Fig- 24) Venice (Italian city) 9, 52, 100, 114, 127, 165, 184, 203 Venlo (Upper Gelderland) 367 577 Venne, Adriaen van de (c. 1587/9-1662), painter 196 (Fig. 17), 221, 222 (Fig. 18), 230, 231 (Fig. 21) Venner,Thomas (d. 1661), last leader of the Fifth Monarchy Men 402 Vere, Baron, see Vere, Sir Horace Vere, Henry de
(1593-1625), 18th Earl of Oxford (1604); kinsman of Sir Horace Vere 142, 168, 208, 226 Vere, Sir Horace (1565-1635), Baron Vere ofTilbury (1625); colonel of the 2nd English regiment in the States’army (1599-1633); governor ofBrill (1609-16); commander of the English volunteer force in the Palatinate (1620s) 142,160, 171,173, 226, 23Յ, 320,437 n-U, 440 n.14, 470 n.5 Vere, Lady, see Tracy, Mary Verneyjohn (n.d.), correspondent 449 n.85 Vernon, Elizabeth (1572-1655), marriage (1598) to the 3rd Earl of Southampton 404 Verstraelen,Jan Hendrikz. fl. 1620), Dutch engraver 19Ó (Fig. 17) Verreycken, Louis (d. 1629) Captain of Curassiers in Army of Flanders 258 Veurne (city 13 mi. NE of Dunkirk) 367 Vianen (municipality and city in the province of Utrecht, situated on the River Lek) Map 2, 197, 200, 256 Vienna (city on the Donau River in Lower Austria; Imperial seat of government) Map 3, Map 4, 54, 121,124, 154, 169, 202, 238, 245, 299-300, 302, 309, 313, 336-7, 360,467 n.54,473 п.71 Villiers, Sir Edward (c. 1585-1626), half-brother of Buckingham; administrator and government official; King James’s special ambassador to Frederick (Jan-Apr. 1621; Sept.-Oct. 1621) 153-4, 168-9
578 INDEX Villiers, George (1592-1628), Earl (1617), Marquess (1618) and ist Duke of Buckingham (1623); lord admiral (from Jan. 1619); Charles I’s ambassador extraordinary to France (May-June 1625), to the Low countries (Sept. 1625 ֊ Dec. 1625) his mistress Lady Carlisle 42; his half-brother Edward 153, 169; Palatine-Villiers match 206—7, 236, Elizabeth keeps in contact with his daughter Mary 379; asked to support Fredericks acceptance of the Crown 131-2; asked to move James to assist defence of the Lower Palatinate 142; and the Spanish Match 182-4, 201, 2θ5-7, Յ44; war with Spain 203, 233; written to, because favourite 211—12, 220, 223, 404; Mansfelds expedition 225,228,232; tense relationship with Elizabeth 225, 246-7; as Lord Admiral 232-5, 241 ; health of 233; impeachment of 241; and Cadiz 233—4, 238, 241, 252; as ambassador extraordinary in The Hague, and The Hague Alliance 234-9; his jewels pawned in Holland 239-40, 344, 345 (Fig. 36); and SaintMartin 248, the Isle of Rhe expedition 248, and the Franco-Stuart war 249; murder of 249-52 Villiers, Mary (1622-85), daughter of the ist Duke of Buckingham; marriage (1637) to James Stuart, 4th Duke of Lennox and ist Duke of Richmond (1641) 206-7,236,379 Vinne,Vincent Laurensz van der (1628-1702) 382 virginals 67, 68 (Fig. 7) Virgin Islands (archipelago 63 mi. E of Puerto Rico) 388 Virgin Queen, see Elizabeth I Virginia (colony in North America, chartered by Queen Elizabeth to Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584) 72 Vittoreo Amedeo (1587-1637), Prince of Piedmont (1605-30), Duke of Savoy (1630-7) 50, 124 Vlissingen, see Flushing Vlotho
(town on the Weser River 9 mi. SW of Minden); battle of (Nov. 1638) Map 4, 318-19 Vltava, River, see Moldau Voorhout, Lange the (lane in The Hague) 161,441 ՈՈ.21 23, 479 п.61 Vroom, Hendrick Cornelisz (ճ.1562-1640), painter 257 Wake, Sir Isaac (1580-1632), secretary to Carleton in Venice (1609-12), at the Stuart court (Nov. 1612-M.ar. 1613), Stuart agent to Savoy (Dec. 1614- Nov. 1624, during which he also visited the Palatinate, from c. Apr.-May 1619), dual ambassador to Venice (Nov. 1624—Mar. 1631, during which he stayed at Turin, from June 1625-late 1626), and Savoy (Oct. 1628-Mar. 1631), ambassador in France (Mar. 1631-June 1632) 71,98 Walcheren (island in Zeeland, 46 mi. NW of Antwerp) 216 Walden, Baron de, see Howard, Theophilus Wales Map 1, 353 Wales, Prince of (title of heir apparent to the English crown), see Charles II; Edward VI; Henry Frederick Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von (1583-1634), Duke and Prince of Friedland (1625), Duke of Mecklenburg (1628), commander of Imperial army (1625-30; 1632-4); assassinated (1634) 237, 240, 262 Waller, Sir William (bap. 1598?, d. 1668), parliamentarian army officer 353
INDEX Wallingford, Lady, see Howard, Elizabeth Walsingham, Lady, see Shelton, Audrey Ward, Nathaniel (1578-1652), writer 479 ռ.56 Wartenberg, Count of, see Kolb, John Casimir Warwick Castle (castle in Warwickshire, England) 40 Warwick, Earl of, see Rich, Robert Wassenaer, Petronella van (1615-1702), marriage (1646) to Adrian van der Myle 453 ո.63 Weckherlin, Georg Rudolf (1584-1653), Palatine servant (before 1624); Charles’s Latin secretary (1624-42) and German interpreter (1632-42); Masque of Truth 77,195, 463 n.43 Wentworth,Thomas (1593-1641), ist Earl of Strafford (1640), Lord Deputy of Ireland (1632-40), Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1640) 311, 328,330, 333-4,3бі Wesel (town on the Rhine River 14 mi. SE of Cleves), treaty of 56 Weser, River (river that runs north from just above Kassel to the North Sea at Bremershaven, passing among others Minden and Bremen) Map 3, Map 4, 317-18 West Indies (islands in the Caribbean which were being colonized from the 17th c.) 238, 311, 388 Westminster (site of the English houses of parliament) 197, 204 Westminster Abbey (church in Westminster, London, site of coronations and traditional resting place ofEnglish monarchs) 17-18, 70, 80,125,408-9 Weston, Richard (bap.1577, d.1635), ist Baron Weston ofNayland (1628); ist Earl of Portland (1633); ambassador extraordinary to Germany with Sir Edward Conway (June 1620-Mar. 1621), visit to Brussels (July 1620), Cologne (July-12 Aug. 1620), 579 Dresden (13 Aug.-із Oct. 1620), Prague and back to Dresden (14 Oct. - 17 Nov. 1620), Hamburg (18. Nov. 1620 - 8 Feb. 1621),The Hague and Antwerp (Feb.
1621); ist lord of the admiralty (1628-35); Chancellor of the Exchequer (1621-8); Lord Treasurer (1628-35) 142,148-51, 156, 298 Westphalia (region of northwestern Germany) 156, 238, 318, peace of (1648) 11,369,373,375,382, 390-1, 393 Wharton, Lady, see Carey, Philadelphia Whitehall Map I, 57-8, 60, 66-7, 70, 74, 80, 82, 84, 91, 278, 300, 329, 333, 372, 405, 423 n.79, 444 n.ioi, 450 n.39, see also Banqueting House Wiesloch (town in Germany, 8 mi. S of Heidelberg) 172, 174 wigs 34,39,43 WilhelmV (1602-37), Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (1627), allied with Sweden (from 1631), shift to French allegiance (1634); driven into exile (1635) xxv, 13,294-5, 299,3io-n,3i5,394 Wilhelm VI (1629-63), son of the above, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (1637) xxv, 13, 399 Wilhelm Otto of Nassau-Siegen (1607-41), Director of the Bernardines (1639) 327 Willaerts, Adam (1577-1664), painter 92, 93 (Fig- и), 257 Willem of Nassau-LaLecq (1601-27), illegitimate son of Maurice of Nassau and Margaretha van Mechelen 219 Willem Frederik (1613-64), Count of Nassau-Dietz (1640), Prince of Nassau-Dietz (1654); Stadholder of Friesland (1640-64) and Groningen (1650-64) 365, 369, З71-2, 377, 383 Willemstad (town in the Dutch province of North Brabant) Map 2, 94
58ο INDEX William I (1533-84), aka William the Silent, Prince of Orange; Stadholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht (1559-67), and Friesland (1580-84) 95, 213,452 n.25 William II, see William of Nassau William of Nassau (1626-50), aka William II, Prince of Orange (1647), Stadholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Overijssel, Gelderland, Groningen, Drenthe, and Westerwolde (1647-50) potential marriage to Elizabeth’s niece and namesake 330—1; his marriage to Mary Stuart xxv, 331,333,336-7, 357, 371; and journey to the Stuart court 333; and his return to Holland, without his bride 337, receives his bride 341; and clash with Charles Louis 33г, 333; as Elizabeth’s godson 330, 369; as the Prince of Orange’s son and heir 358, 363, 368, 383; and the Stuart cause, sides with Elizabeth 369—72, 376-9, 479 п.61; relations with his mother,Amalia 368-9,377,379; death of 383 William the Silent, see William I Williams, Sir Abraham (Д1620Ѕ-40Ѕ), Sir Ralph Winwood’s secretary; agent and paymaster Frederick Elizabeth in London (1617-41), succeeds Sir Francis Windebank as senior signet clerk (15 June 1632-45) 204, 281, 287, 361, 384 Willoughby, Baron, see Bertie, Robert Wimbledon,Viscount, see Cecil, Edward Wimpfen (German spa town in Baden-Württemberg, N of Heilbronn, on the River Neckar) Map 4, 173 Win, Sir Thomas (d. 1625), military service in the States’ army 226 Windebank, Sir Francis (1582-1646), chief Secretary of State (1632-40); commissioner for the treasury (Mar. 1635-Маг.ібзб) 288-90, 296,326,334,342,347 Windsor (town and medieval castle in the town ofWindsor, 20 mi. W of London) Map i,
3, 29-31,91 wine 144,159,235,258,364,391-2 Wing, John (n.d.), chaplaincy Sacramentsgasthuis (1627-9) 470 n.6 Winnenberg, Count of, see Philip Winton, Earl of, see Seton, George Winwood, Sir Ralph (1562/3-1617), King James’s agent to France (May 1600-Feb. 1603), agent to the Low Countries (Apr. 1603-June 1607), resident ambassador in The Hague (June 1609-Sept. 1613), during his residency in the Low Countries special missions to the duchies Jülich and Cleves (June-Nov. 1610), to the Protestant princes at Wesel (Mar.-May 1612); Secretary of State (Mar. 1614Oct. 1617) 97,106-10 witchcraft 19, 24, 78 Wither, George (1588-1667), writer 87 Witt,Johan de (1625-72), Grand Pensionary of Holland (1653-72) 387 Wittingau (town in S Bohemia) 122 Wladislaw IV (1595-1648), King of Poland (1632-48) 313-14, 395 Wolfenbüttel (city in Brunswick) Map 3, 144, 151-2,154-6, 243 Wolfenbüttel, Prince of, see Friedrich Ulrich Wolfgang Wilhelm (1578-1633), Duke of Neuburg (1614), Lutheran convert to Roman Catholicism (1613), won the Succession War (1609-14) of the Duchies of Jülich and Cleves 54, 105, 306, 358,421 n.25 Wood, Mary Anne Everett (1818-95), historian, marriage (1846) to artist George Pycock Green (1811-93) 4-5, 414Ո.16 Woodford,John (n.d.) 448 n.69 Woodhouse, Mary (d.1656), musician; first marriage (1604) to Sir Robert Killigrew (1580-1633), second marriage (after 1633) to
INDEX Sir Thomas Stafford (c. 1574-1655) 283,389 Woodward, Bridget (fl. 1617-25), sister of Margaret; Elizabeth s servant (from atleast 1613);marriage (1625) to Sir Thomas Liddal 117,219 Woodward, Margaret (fl. 1617-25), sister of Bridget; Elizabeth’s servant (from at least 1613) 117, 219 Worcester (city in the west midlands of England, 26 mi. SW of Birmingham) 349, battle of 387, 390 Worcester, Countesses of, see Hastings, Elizabeth; Russell, Anne Worksop (town in midlands of England, 28 mi. N of Nottingham) Map i, 28 Worms (town in the Lower Palatinate on the River Rhine) Map 3, 99 worms (invertebrates) 39, 392 Wortley, Sir Francis (1591-1652), ist Baronet (1611), poet and politician 350 Wotton, Sir Henry (1568-1639); poet and diplomat; King James s ambassador extraordinary to Savoy (Dec. 1611-Aug. 1612); resident ambassador to Venice (Dec. 1603-Mar. ión; Oct. 1615-Aug. i6i9;June 1620-1623); ambassador extraordinary to the Low Countries (June 1614-Sept. 1615)30 Frederick (June-July 1619), to Emperor and Frederick (June 1620-Mar. 1621) 51, 92, 96, 107, 114-16, 127, 173, 190, 283,447 n.58,463 п.40 Wurttemberg, Duchess of, see Barbara Sophia of Brandenburg Württemberg, Duke of, see Johann Friedrich Württemberg-Neuenstadt, Duke of, see Friedrich Wriothesley, Elizabeth, see Vernon, Elizabeth Wriothesley, Henry (1573-1624), 3rd Earl of Southampton f 58i (1581) 142, 168, 201, 208, 212-13, 404, 486 n.27 Wriothesley, James (1605-24), Lord Wriothesley, eldest son of the 3rd Earl of Southampton 212-13 Wriothesley,Thomas (1608-67), 4th Earl of Southampton (1624) 404, 485 n.26 writing
materials 34, 37, 67, 337 Wroclaw, see Breslau IJ (large body of water N of Amsterdam, connecting with the Zuiderzee. Now largely reclaimed, its remains connect the IJmeer and Markemeer with the north sea through Amsterdam) 252, 271 York (fortified town in North Yorkshire, England) Map 1,28,108 York, Duchess of, see Hyde, Anne York, Duke of, see Charles I; James II VII Zaltbommel (municipality and city in the province of Gelderland, between ‘s-Hertogenbosch and Utrecht) Map 2, 94 Zawadsky,John (d. 1645),Polish ambassador extraordinary to the Stuart court (July 1633-June 1636)30 Paris (July і6з6-Осі.і6з6) 314 Zeeland (the most southwestern of the United Provinces) xxv, 50, 161,215-16 Zevenbergen (city in the Netherlands, 30 mi. N ofAntwerp, 10 mi. NW of Breda) 368 Zielona Góra, see Grunberg Zorzi, Zorzi (n.d.),Venetian diplomat 243 Żubrzy, Baron of, see Kustasen, Hans Zuilichem, Lord of, see Huygens, Constantijn Zúñiga, Pedro de (1560-1631), Spanish ambassador extraordinary to the Stuart court 59—60 Zweibrücken-Veldenz, Count Palatine of, see Johann II Bayerische Staatsbibliothek ( München |
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| author | Akkerman, Nadine 1978- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1048419525 |
| author_facet | Akkerman, Nadine 1978- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Akkerman, Nadine 1978- |
| author_variant | n a na |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047662458 |
| classification_rvk | NN 4040 NN 3780 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1294343193 (DE-599)KXP1752189515 |
| dewey-full | 943.710232092 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 943 - Germany & central Europe |
| dewey-raw | 943.710232092 |
| dewey-search | 943.710232092 |
| dewey-sort | 3943.710232092 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| edition | First edition |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Biografie |
| id | DE-604.BV047662458 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:52:56Z |
| indexdate | 2024-09-16T14:01:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780199668304 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033047245 |
| oclc_num | 1294343193 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-384 DE-12 DE-188 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-384 DE-12 DE-188 DE-11 |
| physical | xxvi, 581 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220620 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Akkerman, Nadine 1978- Verfasser (DE-588)1048419525 aut Elizabeth Stuart, queen of hearts Nadine Akkerman First edition Oxford Oxford University Press 2021 xxvi, 581 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Elisabeth Pfalz, Kurfürstin 1596-1662 (DE-588)119352540 gnd rswk-swf Dreißigjähriger Krieg (DE-588)4012985-8 gnd rswk-swf Elizabeth / Queen, consort of Frederick I, King of Bohemia / 1596-1662 Queens / Czech Republic / Bohemia / Biography (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content Elisabeth Pfalz, Kurfürstin 1596-1662 (DE-588)119352540 p DE-604 Dreißigjähriger Krieg (DE-588)4012985-8 s Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-192558-0 (DE-604)BV047663007 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033047245&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033047245&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033047245&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033047245&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Akkerman, Nadine 1978- Elizabeth Stuart, queen of hearts Elisabeth Pfalz, Kurfürstin 1596-1662 (DE-588)119352540 gnd Dreißigjähriger Krieg (DE-588)4012985-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)119352540 (DE-588)4012985-8 (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | Elizabeth Stuart, queen of hearts |
| title_auth | Elizabeth Stuart, queen of hearts |
| title_exact_search | Elizabeth Stuart, queen of hearts |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Elizabeth Stuart, queen of hearts |
| title_full | Elizabeth Stuart, queen of hearts Nadine Akkerman |
| title_fullStr | Elizabeth Stuart, queen of hearts Nadine Akkerman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Elizabeth Stuart, queen of hearts Nadine Akkerman |
| title_short | Elizabeth Stuart, queen of hearts |
| title_sort | elizabeth stuart queen of hearts |
| topic | Elisabeth Pfalz, Kurfürstin 1596-1662 (DE-588)119352540 gnd Dreißigjähriger Krieg (DE-588)4012985-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Elisabeth Pfalz, Kurfürstin 1596-1662 Dreißigjähriger Krieg Biografie |
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