Romania's holy war: soldiers, motivation, and the Holocaust
"This book explores what motivated the Romanian Army to fight alongside the German Army, and participate in the Holocaust, on the Eastern Front during the Second World War, emphasizing ideology (nationalism, religion, antisemitism, and anti-communism) as the primary factor and propaganda and st...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Ithaca [New York] ; London
Cornell University Press
2021
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| Series: | Battlegrounds: Cornell studies in military history
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Summary: | "This book explores what motivated the Romanian Army to fight alongside the German Army, and participate in the Holocaust, on the Eastern Front during the Second World War, emphasizing ideology (nationalism, religion, antisemitism, and anti-communism) as the primary factor and propaganda and strict discipline as secondary factors"-- |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | xvi, 340 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781501759963 |
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Contents List of Figures, Tables, and Maps Acknowledgments xi List of Abbreviations Note on Terms ix xiv xv Note on Names and Spelling xvi Introduction 1 1. Ideology of Holy War 17 2. Army Culture, Interwar Politics, and Neutrality 36 3. 1940-1941: From Neutral to Axis 64 4. 1941 : Holy War and Holocaust 92 5. 1941-1942: Doubling Down on Holy War 131 6. 1942-1944: Holy War of Defense 169 7. Propaganda and Discipline 206 8. Women and Minorities 229 Epilogue Notes 269 Bibliography Index 254 315 327 vii
Bibliography Archives Arhiva Consiliului Naţional pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securităţii (ACNSAS), Bucharest Arhiva Societăţii Naţionale de Crucea Roşie Română (ASNCRR), Bucharest Arhivele Militare Naţionale Române (AMNR), Piteşti Arhivele Naţionale Istorice Centrale (ANIC), Bucharest Biblioteca Muzeului Militar Naţional (BMMN), Bucharest Serviciul Istoric al Armatei (SIA), Bucharest United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), Washington, DC Oral Interviews Burciu, Dumitru. Interview with the author. Iaşi, 2010 Buzea, Bartu. Interview with the author. Brăila, 2012 Ciornei, V. Aurel. Interview with the author. Iaşi, 2010 Costea, Petre. Interview with the author. Buzău, 2012 Halič, Teodor, and Iuliu Dobrin. Interview with the author. Bucharest, 2009 Ionescu-Quinitus, Mircea. Interview by the author. Ploieşti, 2012 Mancaş, Constantin. Interview with the author. Cluj, 2012 Mătuşa, Vasilache. Interview with the author. Piteşti, 2010 Mihalcea, Constantin. Interview with the author. Brăila, 2012 Mihai, Filip. Interview with the author. Suceava, 2011 Morar, Geratimusz. Interview with the author. Sibiu, 2012 Mortun, Petre. Interview with the author. Târgovişte, 2012 Staicu, Nicolae. Interview with the author. Constanţa, 2012 Ştefanescu, Marin. Interview with the author. Târgu Mureş, 2012 Periodicals Arma Cuvântului: Organ oficial al episcopia militare, 1940-1944, Bucharest Armata: Revista ofiäalä a marelui stat major, 1942-1944, Bucharest Cuvinte către ostaşi, 1940-1944, Bucharest Ecoul Crimea: Ziar săptămânal de informaţii pentru ostaşi, 1942-1944, Simferopol România militară:
Revista generală lunară, 1921-1946, Bucharest Sentinela: Gazeta ostăşească a naţiunii, 1939-1945, Bucharest Soldatul: Foaie de lămuriri şi informaţii pentru ostaşi, 1941-1944, Bucharest 315
316 BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources Achim, Viorel, ed. Documente privind deportarea ţiganilor în Transnùtria. Vok. 1 and 2. Bucharest: Editura Enciclopedică, 2004. ----- . Politica regimului Antonescu faţă de cultele neoprotestante: Documente. Bucharest: Editura Institutului Naţional pentru Studierea Holocaustului din România "Elie Weisel,” 2013. Alexandru, J., L. Benjamin, D. Brumfeld, A. Florea, P. Litma, and S. Standu, eds. Mar tiriul evreilor din România, 1940-1944: Documente şi mărturii. Bucharest: Editura Hasefer, 1991. Ancei, Jean, ed. Documents concerning the Fate of Romanian Jewry during the Holocaust. New York: Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1986. Arad, Yitzhak, Shmuel Krakowski, and Shmuel Spector, eds. The Einsatzgruppen Reports: Selections from the Dùpatches of the Nazi Death Squads’ Campaign against theJews, July 1941-January 1943. New York: Holocaust Library, 1989. Arimia, Vasile, Ion Ardelanu, Ştefan Lache, and Florin Constantiniu, eds. AntonescuHitler: Corespondenţă şi întilniri inedite (1940-1944). Vok. 1 and 2. Bucharest: Cozia, 1991. Athanasescu, Gheorghe. Jurnal, 1926-1940. Bucharest: Editura Vremea, 2018. Bacalbaşa, Anton. Moş teacă—Din viaţa militară. Iaşi: Editura Junimea, 1989. Bălaj, Mihai. Jurnal defront (1942-1943). Baia Mare: Editura Gutinul, 1999. Bărboi, Vasile, Gheroghe Ioniţa, Victor Atanasiu, and Alesandru Duţu, eds. Armata română în vâltoarea războiului. Bucharest: Editura “Vasile Cârlova," 2002. Bărbulescu, Ana, Alexanru Florian, Alexandru Climescu, and Laura Degeratu, eds. Munca obligatorie a evreilor din România: Documente. Bucharest:
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Index 1st Armored Division, 89, 104, 109-10, ИЗ, 118-19, 147, 170-74, 202-3, 256 8th Cavalry Brigade / 8th Cavalry Division, 125, 134, 136, 139, 147, 150, 175 1st Cavalry Division, 147,172, 177 2nd Cavalry Division, 71 3rd Cavalry Division, 71 5th Cavalry Division, 147, 160-62 6th Cavalry Division, 147, 181, 186, 188-89 7th Cavalry Division, 147, 171 9th Cavalry Division, 147, 149, 160, 181, 187-89 1st Fortification Division, 158,246 110th Infantry Brigade, 198 1st Infantry Division, 141-43, 146-47, 150, 153 2nd Infantry Division, 146-47, 150, 261 3rd Infantry Division, 141 4th Infantry Division, 188, 261, 263 5th Infantry Division, 85, 147 6th Infantry Division, 85, 147, 157, 172,198 7th Infantry Division, 147, 157 8th Infantry Division, 91, 147, 150 9th Infantry Division, 147, 256,305n217 10th Infantry Division, 126-29, 143-44, 147, 181, 186, 209,213 11th Infantry Division, 85, 147, 157 13th Infantry Division, 147, 157, 172 14th Infantry Division, 98-99,147, 157, 172, 178, 201 15th Infantry Division, 147, 171-74 18th Infantry Division, 144, 147, 155, 157 19th Infantry Division, 147, 150, 181, 185-89, 195,220 20th Infantry Division, 147, 150, 171, 177-78 24th Infantry Division, 186, 188, 219. See aho 4th / 24th Infantry Division 1st Mixed Mountain Brigade / 1st Mountain Division, 134-36, 142, 144, 147-48, 155, 157, 184, 187, 189, 193, 199 2nd Mixed Mountain Brigade / 2nd Mountain Division, 116, 135, 147, 157, 159-60, 167, 176-77, 181-83, 187, 189-90, 199, 243, 262 4th Mixed Mountain Brigade / 4th Mountain Division, 125, 135, 139, 147, 151, 155, 157, 183, 186-88, 201.
SeeaUo 4th / 24th Infantry Division 101st-104th Mountain Commands, 198 3rd Mountain Division, 147, 157, 162, 181, 184, 186, 189 35th Reserve Infantry Division, 103 3rd Security Division, 239, 251 4th / 24th Infantry Division, 188, 190, 220. See abo 4th Mountain and 24th Infantry Divisions Acmecetca, 138,140,143 Adâncată, 104 air raids, 100,197,199-200, 255; association with Jews of, 74, 96, 198; fostering of panic by, 96-98, 156; weak air defense against, 96. See abo strategic bombing Aksay River, 145, 160, 175 Albiţa, 107 Aldea, Aurel, 258 Alexianu, Gheorghe: deportation of Jews from Odessa by, 138, 140; as governor of Transnistria, 156, 181, 192; trial and execution of, 265-66 Alushta, 134 amalgamation, 124, 155, 169, 194-96, 205, 267; breaking up of Romanian divisions for, 181, 188; with German "corset stays,” 186, 189 Anapa, 145, 161 Angelescu, Paul, 54-55 anti-Bolshevism. See anticommunism 327
328 INDEX anti-Carlism, 53, 57-58, 80 anticommunism: as basis for holy war, 2, 17-18, 35, 56, 266; origins of, 30-31; pervasiveness of, 6, 229; as propaganda theme, 14; reinforcement after invasion of, 13. See aho anti-Bolshevism anti-Gypsy racism, 10, 18, 118, 154, 210, 225, 236, 249-51 anti-Hitlerite war, 3, 257, 265; overemphasis of, 4; unpopularity of, 259, 261, 267 antipartisan warfare, 134-35, 191-93, 197; divide and conquer strategy of, 148; as Jew hunting, 154, 156, 163; mass reprisals as practice of, 3, 8, 128, 165, 190, 192 antisemitism: fanning by press of, 27, 72; intensification by First World War of, 27-28; as linchpin of holy war, 13, 65, 162, 181, 260-61; origins of, 26-27; racial ideas of, 18, 29 anti-Slavism, 2, 18-19 Anton, Mioara, 13 Antonescu, Ion: antisemitism and xenophobia of, 18,44, 54; arrest, trial and execution of, 254, 265-66; belief in final victory of, 83,119; bribing by Hitler of, 117, 140; as chief of staff, 54-55; conflict with Carol II of, 54, 57, 79; conflict with Legionary movement of, 56, 84; conflict with Mihai I of, 257-58; courting of far right of, 57-58, 65, 87; decision to double down on German victory of, 140-41; early career of, 53-54; maneuvers to obtain Transnistria by, 120; with MCG at the front, 90, 105; meetings with Hitler of, 84, 90, 117,176, 194, 203; messianic view of, 83, 87, 98; as minister of defense, 57, 82, 123; as nationalist martyr, 4, 266; opposition to an armistice of, 254, 257; order to "cleanse the terrain" of, 95, 103, 108-10; personality of, 39, 54, 55; reputation for incorruptibility of, 54, 80, 83; role in
Iaşi pogrom of, 99, 102-3; role in Odessa massacre of, 128-29; as scapegoat for the war, 1,3, 111; seizure of power by, 80-82, 86-87 Antonescu, Maria, 54, 230, 232 Antonescu, Mihai: arrest, trial, and execution of, 254, 265-66; propaganda efforts of, 146,207; push for ethnic cleansing by, 94, 104, 246; as vice prime minister, 87, 90, 92, 165, 257 Antonescu regime: continued popular support for, 169-70, 195, 202; decision to "cleanse the terrain” of Jews of, 108-9; decision to delay repatriation of Gypsies by, 253; decision to deport Gypsies of, 154; decision to deport Inochentişti of, 248-49; decision to repatriate Jews of, 190-93; desire for war of, 65, 85; disillusionment about victory of, 165; economic challenges of, 88-90; labor service law of, 230; limited repressive nature of, 223; moves toward a military welfare state of, 158; negotiations to deport Jews to Poland of, 155-56; orders to halt to deportations of, 162, 165; plans for Romanianization of Transnistria of, 120-21,130; plans to dump Jews into Ukraine of, 114, 117, 127, 129, 137-38; plebiscites of, 88,134; preparations for war of, 90, 93-94; relaxation of policies against Jews of, 180-81, 199; remobilization of Romanian society by, 146-47, 192; sowing myth of Romania as reluctant Axis by 257; strategy to fight in Ukraine for northern Transylvania of, 111 Arad, 62, 83, 259 Arbore, loan, 160, 215 Arciz, 69-70, 217 ardeleni, 21-22, 24, 58, 80-81 Army Group Antonescu, 246; attack by, 103-4; bridgehead battles of, 95-97; dissolving of, 115; Einsatzgruppe D assigned to, 109; talk of reestablishing of, 160, 163; von
Schobert actual commander of, 94. See aho Don Staff Army Group Dumitrescu, 194 Army Group No. 1, 59, 76; deployment of, 60, 66; losses during withdrawal, 77; retreat of, 66-68 army intelligence, 84, 89, 98, 120, 125,127, 154, 156, 207, 243, 244 artillery regiments: 3rd Horse, 148; 7th, 163; 8th, 62, 73; 16th, 69; 24th, 98; 53rd, 9 Astrakhan, 163 Atachi, 30 Athanasescu, Gheorghe, 43, 52, 69, 72 atrocities: "hot-blooded” versus "cold blooded," 93; influence of commander's character on, 2, 93; time required to commit, 104, 106, 115; use of alcohol in, 107, 127; waves of, 110. See aho war crimes Aurelian, Petre S., 27 Auschwitz, 17, 243, 265 Austria-Hungary, 9,27, 37
INDEX 329 Averescu, Alexandru, 48, 50, 52, 53 Avramescu, Gheorghe: arrest and mysterious death of, 263; as Fourth Army commander, 202, 204; good relationship with von Manstein of, 149; as Mountain Corps commander, 118, 123, 134, 139, 142, 163; skepticism about francs-tireurs of, 106; as III Corps commander, 187 Axis: competition between Romanian and Hungary in, 140-41, 147, 160, 176, 194; holding together by anticommunism of, 6, 180; importance of Romania to, 176; Romania's joining of, 79-80, 85; weakening of, 169, 178, 185-86, 200 Axworthy, Mark, 4,13 Bucharest, 19, 27, 53, 59, 80, 96, 232; declaring of war celebration in, 92; fighting around, 255-56; pogrom in, 86; victory parade in, 134 bucovineni, 22, 106, 201, 259 Bug River, 116, 119, 129, 140, 182 Buhai, 121 Bukovina, 21, 24, 29, 59, 68, 191-92, 245 Bulgaria, 24, 37, 55, 80, 88; ceding of southern Dobruja to, 12, 81, 266; population exchange in Dobruja with, 82,245-46 Bulgarian Army, 51, 60, 90 Buşteni, 235 Buzău, ПО, 232 Byelorussia, 202-3 Bacalbaşa, Anton, 38, 45,46 Băgulescu, Gheorghe, 86 Bakhchysaray, 136 Balta, 118, 137,143, 181 Bălţi, 68, 71, 107-9, 154, 194, 231 Bârlad, 232 Bartov, Omer, 14 Bârzotescu, Emanoil, 143,146 basarabeni, 22, 58, 70-72, 94, 106, 121, 194, 196, 201,259 Berlin, 34-35, 165 Berşad, 144 Bessarabia, 21, 23,29, 31, 60, 62, 65, 77, 81, 113, 115, 123, 192,207,245,259 Bilyaivka, 120 Birzula, 232 Bistriţa, 79 Black Sea, 68, 95, 161, 190 Blue Line, 183, 185 Bock, Fedor von, 150, 153 Bogdanovca, 138, 140 Bolgrad, 69, 71-72, 73 Bolsheviks, 23, 30-31, 123-24, 131, 183, 211. See aho communists
Bolshoy, 170-72 Botoşani, 95, 239 boyars, 19-20, 34, 45. See also large landowning class Brăila, 203,232,256 Braşov, 9, 50, 80, 187, 232, 235, 241-43, 256 Brătianu, Constantini. C., 162 Brătianu, Gheorghe I., 51, 78, 82, 111 Brătianu, Ion, 26 Brătianu, Ion I. C., 48, 50-51 Brătianu, Vintila I. C., 51 Brno, 264 Cahul, 107 Calafat, 103 Călăraşi, 103, 246 călăraşi regiments: 2nd, 215; 3rd, 70, 96; 11th, 71; 13th, 187-88, 191-93, 220 Cälinescu, Armand, 58, 59 Cantacuzino, Gheorghe, 56 Capital Military Command, 80, 82, 86, 258 capitalism, 30, 32, 200 Captaru, Dumitru, 97-98, 100 Caracal, 103 Carlaonţ, Dimitru, 103, 110 Carlism, 50-52, 57-58, 83 Carol I: criticism of the army's performance by, 42; expansion and "Prussianization'' of military under, 37, 39; recruiting of, 20 Carol II: antisemític laws of, 25-26, 58, 79, 236; courting of minorities by, 58, 243; as crown prince, 50; decisions to cede territory without fighting by, 64, 66, 80; exile of, 80; reputation for corruption of, 52, 83; restoration of, 51-52; royal dictatorship of, 57, 207; rumors on the front about, 176, 202; suppression of the Legionary movement by, 34, 57-58, 59 Carol Line, 60-61 Carpathian Mountains, 17, 196, 254 Case, Holly, 12 Case Blue, 145, 147, 151; changes to plans of, 159; influence on Holocaust of, 156; optimism in, 152, 153, 159; reliance on Axis allies' of, 140 Caspian Sea, 163 Caucasus, 5, 157-63, 167, 169, 176-78, 180-81, 209,218-19 Caucasus Mountains, 145, 162
330 INDEX Cavalry Corps: attack into Bessarabia of, 104,107; in Caucasus, 157,159-62,167; in Crimea, 188, 193; disbanding of, 261; guarding Azov Sea coast by, 137, 139; in Kuban bridgehead, 176,181; retreat from Bessarabia of, 69-71, 76; in Ukraine, 110, 113, 116, 124-25 Cernăuţi, 53, 66, 180, 226, 232, 249; ghetto in, 114, 127, 156; liberation of, 104, 106; occupation of, 68, 194 Cernavodă, 94 Cetatea Albă, 66, 232; liberation of, 104, 114-17; (re-)occupation of, 68, 204 chaplains, 12-13, 24,41, 49,122, 217,247; as missionaries, 121, 154, 163, 185, 200, 249; as propagandists, 83,142,166,182-83, 234; recruiting of, 25, 142, 212, 247-48 Chersonese Peninsula, 157-58, 197 Chilia Nouă, 117 Chirilovici, Constantin, 97-98 Chirnoagă, Platon, 3, 263 Chir River, 172, 174-75, 219 Chişinău, 33, 64, 66, 154, 180, 195-96, 199-201, 216, 232; capture of 104, 110-11, 113, 116-17; ghetto in, 114, 127; occupation of, 69 Cialâk, Gheorghe, 176, 187, 192-93, 263 Ciopron, Partenie, 25, 212, 247 Ciudei, 74, 106 Ciupercă, Nicolae, 66, 69, 71-73, 76, 93, 109, 116-22, 266 civilians: Romanian, willingness to join in mass reprisals of Jews of, 97-102, 106, 110; Soviet, abuse of 104, 115, 120, 126-27, 132, 135, 139, 142, 160, 222; Soviet, disinclination to join in mass reprisals of Jews of 115 Cluj, 80-81,261,265 Codreanu, Corneliu: arrest, trials, and assassination of, 57-58; as "Captain" of Legionary movement, 17, 34, 56; as Iaşi student, 29; reburial of, 84-85 Coman, Simion, 219 Comăneşti, 74, 76 communism, 4,13,32,51, 77,88,115,183,200 communists, 24, 32-33, 71, 84, 90, 93, 106, 109, 128, 157. See
also Bolsheviks Constanţa, 92, 96, 102, 147, 195, 197, 256 Constantinescu-Claps, Constantin, 167, 172, 175-76, 180, 266 Coroamă, Dumitru, 80 courts-martial, 8, 61, 108, 148, 185, 187, 215-17, 222-23, 226, 251 Craiova, 38, 53, 103 Crimean Peninsula: Axis conquest of, 123-25, 132-35, 151-53; Axis evacuation of, 169, 196-97; Hitler's determination to hold onto, 188-89, 192, 198; Soviet reconquest of 195, 199; Soviet winter counteroffensive against, 136, 138-41, 144; as unsinkable aircraft carrier, 118 Crimean War, 19,155 Cristea, Miron, 24, 25-26,30, 57, 58 Cretzianu, Alexandru, 3, 60, 86 Cuza, Alexandru C., 29,34,57-58,207 Cuza, Alexandru loan, 19-20, 23, 37, 39 Czech Protectorate, 264 Czechoslovakia, 55, 56, 57-59 Dalnik, 123-24, 128-29 Danube River, 69, 72, 96-97, 114, 203, 220, 246 Dămăceanu, Dumitru, 258 Dăscălescu, Nicolae, 38, 40, 141,166, 263, 265-66 Davidescu, Gheorghe, 65-66, 71 deportation: of Gypsies to Transnistria, 154, 250-52; of Inochentişti to Transnistria, 248; of Jews from Moldavia to Wallachia, 91, 94, 98,103,110; of Jews from Bukovina and Bessarabia to Transnistria, 110, 114, 121, 127, 156, 226, 239; of Jews in Transnistria to the Bug, 129, 149; of Lipovans from Dobruja to Wallachia, 103,246; of Poles and Ukrainians from Bukovina and Bessarabia to Transnistria, 246 deserters: to enemy, 77, 188, 220, 263; formation of bandit groups by, 146, 188, 216; minority, 241-42, 244, 247, 248; punishment of, 139, 148, 166, 180, 193, 196, 199, 215; to rear, 182, 200; rounding up of 146-47, 154; Soviet encouraging of, 177, 187; from Transnistria to Crimea, 158-59. See
also rehabilitation Deva, 159 DiNardo, Richard, 11 discipline, 6-7, 25, 48, 56, 83, 212-13, 261; by blocking detachments, 14, 119, 213, 222-23; by capital punishment, 177, 188, 196, 221-23; concern about, 75-76, 103-4, 115-16, 168, 198; by corporal punishment, 119, 213-15, 260; by financial punishment, 223-27; of minorities, 222, 244; by penal
INDEX punishment, 181, 215-21; selective enforcing of, 14, 95. See abo flogging Dnepropetrovsk, 141, 143,182 Dniester River, 23, 60, 68, 106, 111, 113, 117, 187, 193, 196, 199, 204 Dobruja, 21, 28, 80-83, 95, 245, 247 Domanovca, 138,140, 143-44 Donets River, 156, 178, 181, 183 Don River, 159-66,168, 170-74,176 Don Staff, 165, 171. See abo Army Group Antonescu dorobanfi regiments: 2nd, 72; 6th, 119; 11th, 109; 13th, 98; 15th, 125 Dorohoi, 72, 95, 190; pogrom in, 73-74, 75 Dragalina, Corneliu, 135, 143, 153 Dragomir, Nicolae, 176, 178, 223, 263 Dubossary, 114,117 Duca, Ion, 53 Dumitrache, loan, 116, 125,177, 181 Dumitrescu, Petre: arrest and release of, 265-66; as commander of the Third Army, 94, 119, 133, 157, 164-67, 190, 232, 255; commitment to final victory of, 146, 174; conflict with other generals of, 148, 160; as strict disciplinarian, 115,174-75, 194, 199,214-15,222 Dumitru, Diana, 5 Duţu, Alesandru, 5 Dzhankoy, 142, 233 Edineţ, 107, effectiveness, 14-5, 47,104, 165, 169,205, 261,264,267 Eltigen, 188-89 Eminescu, Mihai, 20 enlisted men: conscripting of, 37, 46; conditions for, 45-46; misuse of, 47, 52; treatment of, 8, 45, 62 Einsatzgruppe D, 108-10, 117, 133,135-36, 142, 154, 158, 226; cooperation with SSI of, 109; more active in Bessarabia than Bukovina, 114; use of Romanians by, 154. See aho SS ethnic minorities: Bulgarians, 44-45, 60, 245-47; Germans, 9, 44, 46, 69-70, 83, 88, 137-43, 218, 222, 229, 235-36, 240-43, 255; Hungarians, 17, 44, 219, 243-45, 260; Russians, 44, 69, 113, 219, 245-47; Ukrainians, 45, 113, 245-27 eugenics, 18, 29,249 Eupatoria, 131, 136,
139, 143 331 fascism, 17, 33-34, 36, 57, 62, 88, 260 Fălciu, 107, 109, 232 Fălticeni, 108 Fântână Albă, 106 female volunteers, 229-30; as entertainers, 234; as nurses, 230-34; officers’ wives among, 232-33; as soldiers, 255 Feodosia, 136, 138-41,182-83, 233 Ferdinand I: 21, 25,43, 50-51 Filderman, Wilhelm, 133, 180, 193 Final Solution, 65, 137, 266. See abo Holocaust Finland, 60, 62, 66, 126, 258 First Army: in Hungary, 259-63; initial mobilization of, 59; in reserve during campaign in east, 94 First Vienna Award, 58 First World War, 17, 22, 24, 27, 38, 48, 230,235; crushing of "Red Budapest by Romania,” 31; French military mission to Romania, 62; Paris Peace Conference, 28; Russian Revolution, 13, 21, 37; typhus epidemic in Moldavia, 37 flogging, 10, 46, 165, 178, 188, 199, 239; bottom-up pressure to reinstate, 76, 115; re-banning of, 260; regulations for, 214-15; réintroduction of, 14, 119, 213-14. See abo discipline FNB Line, 203-4, 240, 254, 256 Fourth Army: in battle of Odessa, 118-26, 222; in battle of Stalingrad, 166-68, 171-76; demobilization of, 132-34, 182; evacuation from Bessarabia of, 68-72, 75-76; Hitler's request to cross Dniester of, 116; in Hungary and Slovakia, 262-64; on Iaşi front, 193-94, 198-204, 223, 256; mobilization of, 59; reconquest of central Bessarabia by, 95, 104, 107-9,113-14; reconquest of northern Transylvania by, 261; remobilization of, 163, 193 France, 48, 50, 58-59, 62-63, 65, 87 francs-tireurs: equating with Jews of, 93, 113-14; execution of, 105-6, 110. See also partisans French Army, 42, 55 Fretter-Pico, Maximilian, 204 Friessner,
Johannes, 3, 202, 204, 255 Galaţi, 26, 53, 69, 221, 232; massacre in, 72-73 Găieşti, 231, 237 Gelendzhik, 162
332 INDEX gendarmes: as civilian law enforcers, 46, 74, 94; conferences to "cleanse the terrain” for, 108; conflict with SS over deporting Jews of, 117; crimes by, 73-74, 96, 99-102, 113, 127, 129, 138, 140, 143-44, 226, 250; as military police, 59, 61, 98, 116, 148, 177, 182, 185-86, 192, 222, 226; as more murderous in Bessarabia, 113-14; successive waves of, 93, 110 General Staff, 15, 37, 39, 83, 94, 133, 185, 192-93, 198, 200, 204, 219, 226, 232-33, 259; anti-Gypsy bias of, 252; antisemitism of, 154, 199, 236, 260-61; as brake on antisemitic violence, 64, 75; creation of rehabilitation policy by, 147,182,216-18; efforts to bolster troops' morale by, 70, 136-37, 143, 183, 189, 200, 207-9; efforts to preserve Romanian neutrality by, 58-62; fears about Soviet landings in Transnistria of, 138; forming of labor detachments by, 60-61, 148, 238-40, 246-47; improvised deployment of forces to Russia by, 159-60; order to abandon northern Bukovina and Bessarabia of, 66; order to deport Jews of, 127; preparations for war of, 85, 89; shifting blame onto Jews by, 71, 77; suspicion of minority soldiers of, 229, 235-36, 243, 247; removal of generals deemed lacking in toughness by, 146; reorganization of army by, 83,147; replacement of leadership of, 140-41; request to use poison gas of, 150. See aho MCG German Army, 2-3, 10, 85, 111, 123, 131, 147, 178, 181, 184, 213, 241, 258; 13th Motorized Infantry Division, 83; 6th Panzer Division, 175; 16th Panzer Division, 85, 88; 17th Panzer Division, 175; 22nd Panzer Division, 150-51, 170- 74; 23rd Panzer Division, 175; Army Group A, 159-62,
167, 176-77, 181, 185-86, 188-95; Army Group B, 159-65, 167-68, 170, 172; Army Group Center, 103, 136, 167, 202; Army Group Don, 175, 177, 181; Army Group North, 103, 202; Army Group South, 94, 103-4, 111, 115-19, 132, 141, 144, 150-51, 156-59, 181, 183, 185-86, 190-91, 193; Army Group South Ukraine, 195-99, 202-4, 257; Army Group Wohler, 194; aura of invincibility of, 90, 92, 153; crediting Antonescu for the Romanian Army’s performance by, 111, 127, 202; First Panzer Army, 116, 153, 160, 167, 176; Fourth Panzer Army, 160-61, 166, 168, 171; German Eleventh Army, 90, 95, 104, 107-11, 114-16, 123-25, 132-36, 140-42, 144, 148, 151, 153-55, 157, 208-9, 222, 241; Grodeck Motorized Brigade, 139, 151; Koch Group, 153; liaison staffs of, 11, 111, 157, 170, 201; LVII Corps, 204; opinion about the Romanian Army of, 11, 88, 111-12, 132, 177, 201-2; Panzer Group Kleist, 125; Seventeenth Army, 115,141, 143, 146, 150, 153, 156, 161-62, 167, 177, 181, 183, 185-86, 188-90, 195-97; Sixth Army, 160-61, 163, 167-68, 170-75, 177-78, 186-87, 194-95, 199, 204-5, 256; "war of annihilation” by, 2; XXXXVIII Panzer Corps, 167, 170-72, 178; Ziegler Motorized Brigade, 133-34 German Ethnic Group in Romania, 241-42 German Luftwaffe, 94,241,255; Luftflotte, 4, 96, 121, 150-51, 153, 155, 166 German Military Mission to Romania, 79, 83, 85-89, 118, 120, 126, 254, 256 Germany: annexing of Austria by, 57; annexing of Sudetenland by, 58; delay allying with Romania of, 70; as lessor evil than Soviet Union, 35, 59, 84, 87, 180; Nazi takeover of, 54; rearming of, 55; Romania’s fate bound to, 2, 135, 141;
Romania’s "turning of arms” against, 255-56; as trade partner with Romania, 56, 140, 176 Ghineraru, Nicolae, 146, 129, 246 Gigurtu, Ion, 78, 89 Giurgiu, 232 Giurgiuleşti, 75 Glogojanu, Ionel, 126, 128-29 Goga, Octavian, 57-58,207 Golovsky, 172-73 grănicieri, 40-41, 61, 73, 75, 115, 246 Grăniceri Division, 221 grăniceri regiments: 2nd, 115-16; 3rd, 73, 75-76; 5th, 216 Great Britain, 58-59, 62, 83, 133, 257 Greece, 24, 56, 59, 88, 90 Grodeck, Karl von, 151 Gromky 170-72 Groza, Petru, 263-64, 266 Grozny, 167 Guard Division, 40, 261 Gudarevici, 1.1., 69, 72 Guderian, Heinz, 3, 255
INDEX Gypsies: bravery of, 225,250; deportation of, 154; effect of deportations on, 250-52; elite protest against deporting of, 162; presence at Särata Training Center of, 251-52; popular support for deporting of, 154; repatriation of, 265 Hansen, Erik, 85, 87, 89-90, 120 Hauffe, Arthur, 120, 123, 140 Helen, 50, 83, 162, 230, 232, 258 Herţa, 68, 73, 77 Himmler, Heinrich, 108, 137 historiography, 3-6 Hitler, Adolf, 2, 57, 80, 85, 136, 155, 176, 184, 189, 194, 241,256 Holocaust: in Crimea, 135-35, 142, 154-55; in Romania and Transnistria, 5, 127, 149, 265, See also Final Solution honor: elite units more concerned with, 40, 107, 157; influence on discipline of, 7, 220; as motivation, 65, 76-77, 91, 153, 173,178,180; officers' obsession with, 39, 41, 70, 81, 95, 178,216, 223 Horthy, Miklós, 31 Horthy regime, 194, 265 hostages, 93, 100, 102, 110,116, 128, 135, 192, 200 Hotin, 68,104,106,194,239; uprising at, 30-31 Hube, Hans, 88 Hull, Isabel, 8 Hungarian Army, 31, 81, 140-41, 178, 243-44, 259; Rapid Corps, 118; Second Army, 150, 178 Hungary: claims on Transylvania of, 79; German occupation of, 194; as lesser threat to Romania, 81; as more passive than Romania, 202,258; Romania’s fear of war with, 56; territorial aggrandizement of, 58-59, 80 Iacobici, Iosif: arrests and death of, 265-66; as chief of staff, 124, 222; as Fourth Army commander, 121,126, 231; as minister of defense, 90, 213-15; opposition to max support for Case Blue of, 140; resignation of, 141; role in Odessa massacre of, 126,128; as Third Army commander, 68 Iaşi, 19, 38, 53, 72, 95, 110, 195-97, 199-204, 232;
averted pogrom in, 75-76; as center of right-wing student activism, 27-29; "death trains" of, 100-102, 246; pogrom in, 5, 13, 97-100, 102-3 333 I Corps, 172, 176 ideology: alleged Romanian lack of, 1, 3, 18, 135, 227; as primary foundation of motivation, 11-13, 18, 168, 170, 181,205; reinforcing by propaganda of, 6,13, 212; similarity with Nazi's of, 2, 35; soldiers' worldview of, 41, 48, 65, 95,206 II Corps: in battle of Stalingrad, 170-71; reconquest of southern Bessarabia by, 95-96, 104, 113-14; responsibility for coastal defense in Transnistria of, 150, 190; temporary responsibility for military and police forces in Odessa of, 141 III Corps, 58, 66, 70, 120, 187, 190 Ilcuş, loan, 66 infanterie regiments: 13th, 123; 14th, 74; 16th, 74, 106; 29th, 73-74; 38th, 9, 131, 195; 56th, 62; 85th, 153; 93rd, 153; 111th, 220;112th, 220 Inhul River, 184, 193 interwar politics: 1923 constitution, 29, 44, 47-48; 1933 election, 30, 56; 1937 election, 57; 1938 constitution, 57; Conservative Party, 20-21,27,48; Everything for the Country Party, 56-57; Front of National Rebirth, 57-58, 85; "Generation of 1922," 28; Great Depression, 30, 42, 47, 51; LANC, 29, 34, 56-57, 73, 106, 284n63; Liberal Party, 20-21, 27, 29, 48-51, 53, 55, 57, 65, 162, 254, 258, 261; Peasant Party, 48; People's Party, 48, 50-51; Ploughman's Front, 263; National Agrarian Party, 57; National Christian Party, 57; National Peasant Party, 29-30, 51, 53, 57, 65, 254, 258, 261; regency, 25, 50, 51; Romanian National Party, 48; Škoda scandal, 53; Social Democratic Party, 32 Ioaniţiu, Alexandru: accidental death of, 123; as
chief of staff, 89, 102, 105, 119, 123, 222, 244; personality of, 123-24 Ionescu, Nae, 25 Iorga, Nicolae, 84 Iron Guard. See Legion of the Archangel Michael Ismail, 66, 70, 97, 114, 246 Isopescu, Modest, 137-38, 265 Italian Army, 11, 90, 111, 140, 167, 184, 211; Eighth Army, 163, 175-76, 178 Italy, 34, 80, 147, 178, 184-85, 200, 207, 228,258 IV Corps, 104, 164, 166, 170-71, 193, 203 Izyum, 141, 143-46, 150-51, 153, 158
334 INDEX Jaenecke, Erwin, 185-86, 188, 190-92, 196, 198 Jean, Ancel, 4-5 Jewish Central Office, 156, 180, 239-40 Jewish communism: de facto start of war against, 65; fear of friture vengeance of, 13,180,195; origins of myth of, 33; reinforcement by alleged Jewish treachery of, 12-13,28, 71, 73, 75, 96-99; supposed threat of, 1-2,34,77,91,248; as target during invasion, 71,90,93,104-5, 124, 151. Jewish labor detachments: disbanding of, 260; efforts to increase productivity of, 237-39; increased reliance on, 229; at Särata, 219; used to build fortifications, 60-61, 96, 240 Jews: as arendaşi, 20-21; conditions in Romania versus Transnistria for, 156, 181; deportation of, 121, 127; diversity of, 28; ghettoization of, 110, 120, 137-38, 149; interwar persecution of, 28-29, 30, 56-58; massacres in Transnistria of, 144; in military, 43, 85, 236-37; pogroms in northern Bukovina and Bessarabia of, 117; population growth of, 26-28; prominence in cities of, 22; repatriation from Transnistria of, 190-93, 199 Jijia Valley, 203 Jilava, 58, 84 Judeo-Bolshevism. See Jewish communism Kałach, 160 Kalmyk Steppe, 161, 163-67, 171-73, 177, 215,217 Karasubazar, 134, 142,154 Karpovka River, 174 Keitel, Wilhelm, 85, 147 Kerch, 136, 158, 189, 233; battle of, 134, 138-39, 142, 144, 148, 151-53; Soviet landings on peninsula of, 131, 188; straits of, 160-61 Kherson, 134-35, 187, 233, 241 Kiev, 85, 123, 126, 132, 223 Kirovograd, 135, 141, 146, 191 Kiselyoy Pavel, 19, 37 Kitzinger, Karl, 135 Kleist, Paul von, 125,192 Kletskaya, 164, 170 Korne, Radu, 151, 202,263, 266 Korne Detachment, 133, 136, 151,160,
171 Kotelnikovo, 166, 171-73, 175 Krasnodar, 177, 181 Kuban bridgehead, 176,181-87,205,222, 257, 267 Kuban River, 160-61,177 Kursk, 183, 228, 267; battle of, 184 labor battalions, 60-62,148,219-20,229, 236, 244, 246-47, 253, 260 large landowning class, 24, 27, 32, 38,48, See aho boyars Lascăr, Mihail: as 1st Mixed Mountain Brigade commander, 104,135-36,142-43; as 6th Infantry Division commander, 172-73,178; as Horia, Cloşca, and Crişan Division commander, 264 Lascar Group, 172-74, 219 League of Nations, 23, 30, 32,34-35, 56, 78, 111 Lecca, Radu, 156,162,238-40 Legion of the Archangel Michael: bringing to power (National Legionary State) of, 82; Carlist suppression of, 58; origins of, 34; puppet regime of, 257, 263; uprising of, 86; views of, 25, 56; violence of, 53, 59, 84. See aho Iron Guard Lemberg, 232 Lenin, Vladimir, 30 Leningrad, 132 looting, 68-69, 74, 98-99, 104, 106-7, 110, 115-16, 127, 134, 142, 196, 213-14, 216-17, 219, 221, 223, 226-27 Lozovaya, 146 Lugoj, 103 Lupescu, Elena, 50-52, 54-55, 80, 83 Lupu, Constantin, 97-100, 102-3 Lynn, John, 6-8 Macici, Nicolae: arrest and trial of, 265; as First Army commander, 263; as II Corps commander, 128; role in Odessa massacre of, 128-29 Madgearu, Virgil, 84 Maikop, 160 Malinovsky, Rodion, 261, 264 Mânecuţa, loan, 114 Maniu, luhu, 48, 51-52, 57, 78, 82, 111, 257, 265 Manoliu, Gheorghe, 139, 157 Manstein, Erich von, 3, 124-25, 132-36, 139, 144, 149-51, 153, 155, 157, 175-76, 178, 181 Mărăşeşti, 232 Marcu, Alexandru, 207 Mărculeşti, 108
INDEX Mărdărescu, Gheorghe, 31 Marie, 43,224,230 Mariupol, 134-35, 143, 157, 182, 184, 216, 219, 222 massacres: after defeating Soviet amphibious landings in Crimea, 142; in northern Bukovina and Bessarabia, 96-97, 104; in Transnistria, 138, 140, 143. See aho pogroms Matieş, Ermil, 97,108 Mazarini, Nicolae, 140-41, 172-73 MCG: belief in final victory of, 132-33; dissolving of, 133, 182; doubts about final victory of, 161, 165; effect of Iaşi pogrom on, 102-3; efforts to boost morale of, 124, 166; establishment of, 90, 160; feeding paranoia of Jewish fifth column by, 94, 96; negotiations for Transnistria of, 120; at Odessa, 118, 120; opposition to amalgamation of, 181; order about deportingjews of, 127; orders to evacuate civilians behind front by, 94, 96, 197; order intensifying propaganda east of Dniester of, 111; at Stalingrad, 166, 172, 178; weaknesses of, 15. See aho General Staff Mechanized Corps, 261 Meculescu, Teodor, 114 medals; land grant with, 41,132,224, 294n6; as motivation, 135, 153, 158, 164, 223-25, 250 Melitopol, 125, 134-35, 182, 186 middle class, 19-22, 24, 26-27, 32, 36, 38-40, 42-43, 45-46, 48, 52, 84, 230, 249 Mihai I: coup of, 254-56, 258; as figurehead king, 65, 80, 83, 92, 120, 257; opposition to treatment of Jews by, 162, 258; regency of, 50-51; role in war crimes trials of, 265 Mihail, Gheorghe, 258,261 Mihai the Brave, 24 Military Bishopric, 25,142,247 military system, 7-8, 15 Millett, Allan, 14 Mindszent, 261 Ministry of Air and Navy, 55 Ministry of Defense, 9, 146, 153-54, 216-17, 237, 244-45, 250-52 Ministry of External Affairs, 86 Ministry of
Internal Affairs, 61, 94, 108, 110, 237-38,250-53,255 Ministry of Propaganda, 207 Mius River, 183 335 Mogilev, 68, 104, 107, 113-14, 117, 149, 193 Moldavia, 19-20, 23, 26, 28-29, 37, 59, 72, 89, 103, 192 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 60, 65-66, 17 monarchism, 35, 48, 56, 83 morale, 3, 7-8, 11-12; blaming of Jews for undermining of, 110, 184; blaming of rehabilitation soldiers for weaking of, 184, 193; efforts to bolster, 76, 96, 113, 119, 124, 137, 142-43, 158, 183, 188-90, 208, 212, 234; fluctuations of, 62, 92, 125-26, 166, 176, 181-82, 208, 227-28; of Gypsy soldiers, 250, 252; permanent eroding of, 200, 202, 262; of rehabilitation soldiers, 218-19; resilience of, 147-48, 153 moral education, 7, 22, 36, 48 Morozowskaya, 164 Moscow, 23, 32, 35, 60, 132, 136, 176, 187, 263 motivation, 3-8, 11, 18, 36, 70, 90, 92-93, 95, 131, 166, 169, 202, 205-6, 212, 227, 229, 234, 239, 262, 267 motivational system, 7, 15 Mountain Corps: in battle of Crimea, 134-36, 139-40, 142-43; in battle of Sevastopol, 144, 147, 155, 157-58; defense of Crimea by, 186-91, 196-97; elite, 41, 235; liberation of northern Bukovina by, 106-7; near skirmish with Hungarian Rapid Corps of, 118; as Mountain Corps and Romanian Troops in Crimea Command, 148-49, 154, 158, 163; piercing of Stalin line by, 113, 116 Mureş River, 260 Murray, Williamson, 14 Nalchik, 167 Nămoloasa, 203 National Democratic Bloc, 258 National Democratic Front, 261 nationalism: First World War as catalyst for, 21; as foundation of anti-fascist crusade, 259; as foundation of holy war, 2, 11-12; lack of resonance among minorities of, 229; literacy
enabling spread of, 19-20; origins of, 19; peasant uprising of 1907 as nadir of, 20-21 NCOs: abuses by, 45; Jews restricted from being, 43; lack of professionalism of, 44; as more abusive than officers, 47; reangajaţi, 44-45,226
336 INDEX Nikolaev, 123, 133, 135, 146,241 Nikopol, 190, 192 Njecajanoje, 232 NKVD, 114, 128, 133, 149, 223, 263 Nogay Steppe, 124-25 North Africa, 155, 159, 168 Novorossiysk, 161-62, 167, 181-82, 186 nurses: association with sex workers of, 233; on front, 231-33; as "sisters of charity" versus female medical assistants, 230; qualities of, 231 occupation: of northern Bukovina and Bessarabia, 81, 94, 106; Romanian, of Transnistria, 120, 192, 194; Soviet, of northeastern Romania, 194, 197; Soviet, of Romania, 258-59, 261-62 Odessa: battle of, 118-26; black market in, 227; deporting of Jews from, 129, 138,140, 143, 150; ghetto in, 129, 139; asjewish-communistnest, 124, 126; liberation of, 195; massacre in, 128-29; partisans in catacombs of, 127-28, 149-50,156, 194; as supply point for Crimea, 191 Odessa Military Command, 126-28,150,156 Odobeşti, 90 Obodovca, 144 officer corps: aristocratic ethos of 36; dominated by boyars or military sons, 39; difficulty expanding of 62; dislike of Legionary egalitarianism of 57; ethnic Germans in, 44; levels of prestige in, 40-41; lifestyle of 39-40, 50; middle-class aversion to, 36, 39; official restriction of Jews from, 43; old-fashioned man management of, 45, 47; Old Man Scabbard stereotype of 38; opening to non-nobles of 37; politics of 4, 48, 51, 57, 87, 90, 146; professionalism of 41-42; purging of 264; "salon generals” in, 43; schools for military sons/military high schools for, 38; sympathy toward Legionary movement of 35-36, 58, 80; training of 42-43, 164; unofficial restriction of Gypsies from, 44 oil, 56, 85, 88,
94,140,155-56,167,176, 185,203 OKH, 85, 115, 118-19, 124-25, 141, 148, 150-51, 153, 156, 159, 161, 163, 165-67, 172, 178, 181, 184-86, 189, 193-94, 202-4, 213, 227 ОКҖ 85, 89, 140, 150, 153, 242 Operation Barbarossa: Antonescu learns start date of, 94; failure of 137; planning of 85, 90-91; signs of 88-90; start of, 95 Operation Citadel, 184 Operation Winter Storm, 175 Oradea, 17, 29, 80-81 Panaite, Mitica, 200, 255-56, 259 Pantazi, Constantin: as 3rd Cavalry Division commander, 71; arrest and trial of, 254, 265; as minister of defense, 141,146, 159-60, 168, 177, 180, 183-84, 187, 215, 227, 233; as sub-secretary to minister of defense, 82 Pântea, Gherman, 128-29 partisans: capture of 143,150,190-91, 193; equating with Jews of, 134, 163; execution of 127, 135, 154, 191,266; female, 135, 154; as loosely applied label, 133-34; origins of, 133. See also francstireurs Patronage Council of Social Works, 230, 232, 234, 240 Paulescu, Nicolae, 29 Paulus, Friedrich, 161,163, 177-78 peasant class, 10, 20-22, 24, 27, 32, 38, 45, 47,50, 70, 106,230 Perekop Isthmus, 124-25, 132, 134, 188-89, 191, 195 Petala, Marcela, 117 Petrovicescu, Constantin, 82, 86 Piatra Neamţ, 26, 90,108 Piteşti, 9, 53 Ploieşti, 53, 94, 96, 110, 185, 241, 256 Podu Iloaiei, 102 Poenaru, Alexandru, 218,251 pogroms: absence in Ukraine of, 115; during advance into northern Bukovina and Bessarabia, 106; during withdrawal from northern Bukovina and Bessarabia, 73-76; history in Romania of 26, 27, 29. See aho massacres Poland, 24, 58, 103, 156, 162, 166, 180, 203, 218, 258; Anglo-French guarantee to, 59; anti-Soviet
alliance with Romania of, 56; partition of, 59, 87; refugees from, 166; Soviet justification for occupation of, 75 policemen: accused of being corrupt ("Judaized"), 98, 149, 156; Cossacks recruited as in southern Russia, 165, 216; in Romania, 97-103, 243, 246; Tatars recruited as in Crimea, 142;
INDEX in Transnistria, 137-38; Ukrainians recruited as in Transnistria, 137, 140, 143-44 Popescu, Dumitru, 53 Popescu, Dumitru L, 154 Popescu Cavalry Group, 175 Potopeanu, Gheorghe, 192 Praetoral Service, 61, 110,137, 215 praetors, 61, 96, 98, 108, 117 Prague, 264 Predeal, 232,235 prefects, 89, 96-97, 137, 141, 184, 254, 265; replacement with Legionaries of, 82; replacement with officers of, 87 pre-military training, 51, 55 Prezan, Constantin, 31, 43, 52, 54 primary group, 7,18, 83,219, 266 prisoners of war: German, taken after armistice, 255-56; Romanian, survival rate of, 264-65; Soviet, murder of, 135, 151-53, 157, 161; Soviet, parole of, 247 propaganda: about defense of Christian Civilization, 1, 12, 14, 91-92, 154, 200, 206, 248; about final victory, 132, 146, 155, 159, 174, 200,206, 212; about GermanRomanian comradeship, 14, 206,208, 211; about holy war, 2,142,159, 166, 200, 208, 234, 260; about Judeo-Bolshevism, 77,104, 124, 126,183; about Soviet atrocities, 72, 79, 114, 124,146,180; in The Misadventures of Private Neaţă, 13, 77, 87, 127, 135, 164, 183,209-12,231,234,259 propaganda missionaries, 13,189,200,212 Propaganda Section, 207-9,212,234 Prut River, 2, 60, 66, 68, 70-72, 75-77, 92, 94-96, 104, 106-7, 109, 194, 196, 204, 208, 226, 256 Racoviţă, I. Mihail: as 2nd Cavalry Division commander, 71; arrest and imprisonment of, 266; as Cavalry Corps commander, 160, 162, 176; dereliction of duty of, 202, 255; as Fourth Army commander, 194, 196-97, 223; as minister of defense, 260; support for mass reprisals of, 110,113 Rădăuţi, 68, 72, 95 Rădescu, Nicolae, 262 rape, 2,
7-8, 10, 14, 86, 97, 104, 107, 110, 127, 129, 197, 214, 218, 222, 260-61 Red Army, 2, 51-52, 94, 111, 119, 123, 131, 168, 181, 258; atrocities in Romania of, 106, 261; Gudarevid detachment, 69; Horia, Cloşca, and Crişan Division, 337 264; Independent Coastal Army, 118, 121, 123-26, 134, 136, 144, 155; Kiev Military District, 66-68, 76; Odessa Military District, 96, 103, 114; political commissars of, 10, 90, 120, 124; poor reputation of, 60, 77, 92; scorched-earth tactics of, 114, 148; Second Ukrainian Front, 259,261-64; Tudor Vladimirescu Division, 256, 260, 264 refugees: Polish, 63, 166; Romanian, 68-69, 72-73, 75, 77, 82, 98, 193-95, 198-99; Russian, 28, 31; Soviet, 32, 109-10, 113, 118, 129 rehabilitation: in battalions, 150,163, 186.218-19, 259-60; in companies/ squadrons, 185; of criminals, 150, 199, 217-18, 251; expansion (General Order No, 240) of, 147, 217; decline of, 220; of individuals, 148, 187, 193, 226; of Legionaries, 216-20, 262; origins of, 216; retraining at Sărata Training Center for, 182.218-21, 248; retraining at Tiraspol Training Center for, 182, 220; retraining at Tirol Training Center for, 220, 259-60, 262. See aho deserters Reichskommissariat Ukraine, 18, 135, 181, 182, 192, 226 religion: centrality to national identity of, 24-25; commonality between Romanians and Soviets of, 115; evangelical fervor resulting from, 121, 162-63; as ideology uniting Romanian and minority soldiers, 229; legitimizing of anti-fascist crusade of, 259; legitimizing of holy war of, 12, 92,159; nationalization of, 23-24 religious minority groups: Adventists, 25, 247-49, 253;
Baptists, 62, 137, 247-49; Calvinists, 243; Catholics, 24-26, 41; Evangelists, 248; Greek Catholics (Uniates), 19, 24-25; Inochentişti, 248, 253; Jehovah's Witnesses, 248; Lipovans, 96, 103, 174, 246; Muslims, 25, 247-48; Pentecostals, 248; Stilişti, 248 Reni, 73 Richter, Gustav, 156, 162 Riga, 180 Roman, 108, 232 Româneşti, 232 Romania: 1866 constitution of, 27, 48; expansion to Greater Romania of, 21; independent kingdom of, 20; socialist republic of, 266; as United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, 19,37
338 INDEX Romanian Aeronautical Industry, 50, 55 Romanian Air Force, 94, 231; 108th Light Transport Squadron, 231; GAL, 95, 121, 166; I Air Corps, 184 Romanian Army: casualties of, 77,120, 126, 153, 158, 178, 185, 199-200, 257, 265; doctrine of, 42-43; Echelon I versus Echelon II divisions of, 147-48, 153, 157, 159-62, 166, 228, 242, 244; equipment of, 4, 15, 165, 182; financial aid for soldiers' families of, 88, 119, 158, 167, 182, 193, 226, 239; interwar budget of, 50-52, 55; Legionaries in, 88, 97, 216, 263; "model divisions” of, 15, 85,104; origins of, 37-38; poor training of, 47; rations of, 158-59; rearmament of, 54, 55, 62, 80; size of, 52, 60, 61, 88, 94,168, 203; strict discipline of, 14, 46; support for investment in industry of, 50; use to crush worker demonstrations of, 53 Romanian Communist Party, 3-4, 12, 32-33, 99, 258, 263, 266 Romanianization: Antonescu regime’s legal version of, 191; interwar policies of, 22; Legionaries' violent version of, 34, 84, 88; officers' concerns about missing out on spoils of, 226-27 Romanian Orthodox Church, 12, 17,23-26, 34,41,64, 121, 154, 249 Romanian Red Cross, 227, 229-34, 253 Rosenberg, Alfred, 57 roşiori regiments: 3rd, 192; 4th, 141; 6th / 6th Motorized, 70-71, 133; 7th, 95, 107, 162; 10 th Motorized, 182 Rostov, 159-60, 165, 167, 176, 178, 180, 182 Rotta Ski Detachment, 141 Rozdilna, 232 Rundstedt, Gerd von, 111 Russia, 5, 15, 21, 24, 26-27, 31, 70, 109, 132, 137, 156, 159, 161, 167, 205, 209, 234, 257, 267 Russian Army, 19, 21, 37 Russian Civil War, 13, 23, 28, 31-32, 44 Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, 20, 24, 37, 40,
246 Sănătescu, Constantin: as chief of staff, 262, 264; as chief of the military household, 254, 258; as prime minister, 259-62; as VII Corps commander, 76 Sanitary Service, 231-32, 236-37 Sărata, 150, 182, 218, 256 Schobert, Eugen von, 90, 94, 109-10, 117, 119, 123, 222 Schörner, Ferdinand, 194, 196,198-99, 200 Schwab, Hugo, 187-91, 196, 242, 255 Soileni, 68, 96-97, 104 Second Army, 59; as nickname for Romanian Railways, 195 Second Balkan War, 21, 37, 81 Second Vienna Award, 80, 82-83, 90, 111, 119, 184, 241, 243 Second World War: Anglo-American landings in France, 200; Anglo-American landings in North Africa, 168; German blitzkrieg into France, 63; German invasion of Poland, 59; German surrender, 264; Italian capitulation, 186; Soviet-Finnish "Winter War,” 60; Soviet reconquest of Byelorussia, 202 Secureni, 107 Seletzki, Bruno, 54 Serafimovich, 164, 170 Serbia, 24, 241, 305n217 Sevastopol, 124, 139, 150-51, 154, 169, 180, 190, 193, 217, 250; battle of, 134-36, 144, 147, 155, 157-58; defense of, 195-97, 199; massacre in, 155, 158 Severnaya Bay, 155, 157,196 Sheffield, Gary, 8 Sibiu, 41, 59 Sicily, 184, 247 Sighişoara, 80 Sima, Horia, 78, 82, 84, 86, 263 Simferopol, 136, 141-42, 154, 188, 190, 208-9, 232-33, 241 Sinaia, 232, 233 Sion, loan, 172-74 Siret, 96 Siret River, 72 SivashSea, 134, 188-89, 191, 193,195 Slanic, 202, 204 Slovak Army, 111, 188,190, 198 Slovakia, 59,262, 264,267 Smochină, Nichita, 32 Smolensk, 154, 180 Solonari, Vladimir, 5 Soroca, 66, 69, 110 Soviet Black Sea Fleet, 118, 203 Soviet Moldavians, 23,121,154,156, 182,191 Soviet-Romanian Armistice:
announcing of, 255; demand for Romanian divisions of, 259; enforcement of Allied (Soviet) Control Commission by, 260-61; propaganda by, 260; requirement to prosecute war criminals (People's Tribunals) of, 263,265-66; shuttering of
INDEX Romanian signing of, 257-58; territorial revisions of, 259 SS: distrust of Romanian soldiers of, 135; exclusive claim on Jews in Reichskommissariat Ukraine by, 135; recruitment of ethnic Germans in Romania by, 241-43; recruitment of Romanian prisoners of war by, 263; Sonderkommando R of, 138,140. See atso Einsatzgruppe D SSI: agents in Iaşi of, 98; calls to create a ministry of propaganda of, 207; chief of, 254; drawing up lists of Jews and communists to be arrested by, 94; Operational Echelon of, 109, 117; reports of, 125, 129, 149, 190, 220, 227 Stavka, 118, 125, 133, 150, 153, 157, 163, 166-67, 170-71, 175, 177, 181, 184-86, 189, 191, 193, 195, 198-99, 202-3, 205, 213, 261 Stalin joseph, 51, 60, 96, 136, 180, 258, 260-61, 263 Stalingrad: battle of, 159-61,164,167, 170-73, 175; effect on morale of, 4, 16, 187, 212, 228; logistical crisis at, 163; pocket in, 174,176-78 Stalin Line, 111, 113, 208, 222 Stânca Roznovanu, massacre at, 97 Stănescu, Traían, 173-74 starvation: of Axis troops in Stalingrad pocket, 117; of Gypsies in Transnistria, 252; of Jews in Transnistria, 114, 118, 143-44; of Soviet civilians in Crimea, 149 Stavrescu, Gheorghe, 99-100 Şteflea, Ilié: arrest of, 263; attempted resignations of, 159-60, 198; as chief of staff, 141, 146-47, 154, 158, 161, 167, 174, 177, 193-94; effort to end corruption of exemptions forJews of, 239; as Fourth Army commander, 204, 223 Stere, Constantin, 48, 51 Stoenescu, Alex Mihai, 4 Storojineţ, 74, 105 strategic bombing: Anglo-American, 155,185, 195,198,200,203; Soviet, 96. See abo air raids Sturdza, Mihail, 4,263 Sudak,
134, 139, 142 Taganrog, 133, 135 Taman, 161, 181, 183-84,233 tank regiments: 2nd, 264 Târgovişte, 38 Târgu Frumos, 102,203 Târgu Jiu, 94, 103, 197, 219, 235, 262 339 Târgu Mureş, 260 Târgu Neamţ, 26 Tătăranu, Nicolae: as 20th Infantry Division commander, 177-78; as deputy chief of staff, 140-41; negotiation of Tighina Agreement by, 120; push for more death sentences by, 222 Tătăraşti, 117 Tatarbunar, uprising in, 31-32 Tatars, 142, 149, 187, 197, 233 Tecuci, 87, 232 Temryuk, 160 Ţenescu, Florea, 66, 75-76 Teodorescu, Iosif, 254 Third Army: advances farther east after German requests of, 119-20,132; in batde of Azov Sea, 123-25; in battle of Stalingrad, 162,164-68,170-73, 175-76, 178; in battle of Uman, 115-18; crossing Dniester of, 111, 113; disbanding of, 261; on Dniester front, 194, 204; German Eleventh Army's operational control of, 94; mobilization of, 59; otder to create "citizen committees” to welcome Germans of, 89; as rear echelon headquarters, 133-34, 143, 146, 148, 157, 160,182, 187, 190; reconquestof northern Bukovina by, 95-96,103-7; withdrawal from northern Bukovina of, 68 Ţigancă, 109, 115, 257 Tighina, 104, 113, 116, 120, 123, 137, 147, 187, 196, 232, 241 Tighina Agreement, 120,132, 137 Timişoara, 53, 232, 249 Tinguta, 160 Tiraspol, 133, 198-99, 204, 215, 232 Tirol, 220 Tisa River, 22, 31, 260-62 Todt Organization, 85, 98-99, 243 Topor, loan, 108, 110, 113, 121, 265 Trajan Line, 203-4 Transcarpatina, 59 Transnistria: Axis retreat from, 196; black market in, 137, 149; conditions for deported Gypsies in, 252; as dumping ground for Jews, 121, 133,137, 144;
German takeover of, 193; Governorate of, 127, 143; military's distrust of civilian rule in, 156; Romanian takeover of, 120; security by Third Army in, 149-50, 156, 192; size of occupying force in, 132, 138; transition to Military Administration of the Territory between the Dniester and , Bug Rivers of, 192
340 INDEX transnistrieni, 23, 32, Ш, 130 Transylvania, Π, 19, 21, 24, 31, 41, 56, 59, 74, 80, 123, 159, 207, 240, 247, 259 Treaty of Berlin, 27 Treaty of Bucharest, 21 Treaty of Trianon, 31 Trestioreanu, Constantin: arrest and trial of, 263, 265; as Odessa Military Command commander, 150; role in Odessa massacre, 128 Tudose, Dumitru, 116 Tukea, 246 Turda, 17 Turkey, 56,257 Turnu Severin, 103 Uman, 115-18, 193 Ungheni, 75, 232 United States, 162, 168, 257 US Fifteenth Air Force, 195 USSR, 18, 56, 62, 75, 198; alliance with, 259; as greatest threat to Romania, 23, 31, 65, 84; as "Jewish" homeland, 33-34; Moldavian Autonomous SSR of, 32; negotiations with, 257; rapid industrialization of, 51 Vaida-Voevod, Alexandru, 52-53 vânători regiments: 3rd Motorized, 256; 5th, 143; 6th, 97-98, 108; 10th, 70, 198 Vasiliu, Constantin: arrest, trial, and execution of, 254, 265; opposition to repatriation of Jews of, 193; orders to "cleanse the terrain" of Jews of, 108; pressure to deport more Gypsies of, 251 Vasiliu-Răşcanu, Constantin, 147, 264 Vatra Dornei, 76 V Corps, 167, 170-71, 202, 261 Vertujeni, 121 VI Corps: assignment to rear area security between Bug and Dnieper of, 135; in battle of Stalingrad, 160-61, 163-67, 171-72; in Case Blue, 156, 159; in second battle of Kharkov, 153; transferred to lead Romanian soldiers at Izyum salient, 150 VII Corps: in batde of Kerch, 150-51,155; in battle of Stalingrad, 166-68, 171; in Case Blue, 157, 162; on Iaşi front, 255; redirection to southern Russia of, 162; in siege of Budapest, 262 VIII Corps, 76 Vladimirescu, Tudor, 19 Voiculescu,
Constantin, 87,113 Voikovstat, rural ghetto in, 136,139 Volga River, 159-61,163, 174 Voznesensk, 118 Wallachia, 19, 21, 24, 26, 37, 91, 103,203, 246, 249 war crimes: fear of punishment for as motivation, 3, 130; post-war trials for, 9-10, 95, 265-66; turn from primarily against Jews to also non-Jews of, 132. See aho atrocities Watson, Alexander, 8 Weichs, Maximilian von, 164-65, 17 working class, 29, 30, 32, 45, 230 Wöhler, Otto, 204 XI Corps, 120,246 Yaila Mountains, 134, 169 Yalta, 134 Yampol, 68 Yugoslavia: as cautionary tale to Romania, 90; German invasion of, 88-89; as member of Litde Entente and Balkan Pact, 56 Zahareşti, 76 Zaporozhye, 182, 186 Zeitzier, Kurt, 193 Bayerische Staatebibliothek Mönchen J |
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Contents List of Figures, Tables, and Maps Acknowledgments xi List of Abbreviations Note on Terms ix xiv xv Note on Names and Spelling xvi Introduction 1 1. Ideology of Holy War 17 2. Army Culture, Interwar Politics, and Neutrality 36 3. 1940-1941: From Neutral to Axis 64 4. 1941 : Holy War and Holocaust 92 5. 1941-1942: Doubling Down on Holy War 131 6. 1942-1944: Holy War of Defense 169 7. Propaganda and Discipline 206 8. Women and Minorities 229 Epilogue Notes 269 Bibliography Index 254 315 327 vii
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Index 1st Armored Division, 89, 104, 109-10, ИЗ, 118-19, 147, 170-74, 202-3, 256 8th Cavalry Brigade / 8th Cavalry Division, 125, 134, 136, 139, 147, 150, 175 1st Cavalry Division, 147,172, 177 2nd Cavalry Division, 71 3rd Cavalry Division, 71 5th Cavalry Division, 147, 160-62 6th Cavalry Division, 147, 181, 186, 188-89 7th Cavalry Division, 147, 171 9th Cavalry Division, 147, 149, 160, 181, 187-89 1st Fortification Division, 158,246 110th Infantry Brigade, 198 1st Infantry Division, 141-43, 146-47, 150, 153 2nd Infantry Division, 146-47, 150, 261 3rd Infantry Division, 141 4th Infantry Division, 188, 261, 263 5th Infantry Division, 85, 147 6th Infantry Division, 85, 147, 157, 172,198 7th Infantry Division, 147, 157 8th Infantry Division, 91, 147, 150 9th Infantry Division, 147, 256,305n217 10th Infantry Division, 126-29, 143-44, 147, 181, 186, 209,213 11th Infantry Division, 85, 147, 157 13th Infantry Division, 147, 157, 172 14th Infantry Division, 98-99,147, 157, 172, 178, 201 15th Infantry Division, 147, 171-74 18th Infantry Division, 144, 147, 155, 157 19th Infantry Division, 147, 150, 181, 185-89, 195,220 20th Infantry Division, 147, 150, 171, 177-78 24th Infantry Division, 186, 188, 219. See aho 4th / 24th Infantry Division 1st Mixed Mountain Brigade / 1st Mountain Division, 134-36, 142, 144, 147-48, 155, 157, 184, 187, 189, 193, 199 2nd Mixed Mountain Brigade / 2nd Mountain Division, 116, 135, 147, 157, 159-60, 167, 176-77, 181-83, 187, 189-90, 199, 243, 262 4th Mixed Mountain Brigade / 4th Mountain Division, 125, 135, 139, 147, 151, 155, 157, 183, 186-88, 201.
SeeaUo 4th / 24th Infantry Division 101st-104th Mountain Commands, 198 3rd Mountain Division, 147, 157, 162, 181, 184, 186, 189 35th Reserve Infantry Division, 103 3rd Security Division, 239, 251 4th / 24th Infantry Division, 188, 190, 220. See abo 4th Mountain and 24th Infantry Divisions Acmecetca, 138,140,143 Adâncată, 104 air raids, 100,197,199-200, 255; association with Jews of, 74, 96, 198; fostering of panic by, 96-98, 156; weak air defense against, 96. See abo strategic bombing Aksay River, 145, 160, 175 Albiţa, 107 Aldea, Aurel, 258 Alexianu, Gheorghe: deportation of Jews from Odessa by, 138, 140; as governor of Transnistria, 156, 181, 192; trial and execution of, 265-66 Alushta, 134 amalgamation, 124, 155, 169, 194-96, 205, 267; breaking up of Romanian divisions for, 181, 188; with German "corset stays,” 186, 189 Anapa, 145, 161 Angelescu, Paul, 54-55 anti-Bolshevism. See anticommunism 327
328 INDEX anti-Carlism, 53, 57-58, 80 anticommunism: as basis for holy war, 2, 17-18, 35, 56, 266; origins of, 30-31; pervasiveness of, 6, 229; as propaganda theme, 14; reinforcement after invasion of, 13. See aho anti-Bolshevism anti-Gypsy racism, 10, 18, 118, 154, 210, 225, 236, 249-51 anti-Hitlerite war, 3, 257, 265; overemphasis of, 4; unpopularity of, 259, 261, 267 antipartisan warfare, 134-35, 191-93, 197; divide and conquer strategy of, 148; as Jew hunting, 154, 156, 163; mass reprisals as practice of, 3, 8, 128, 165, 190, 192 antisemitism: fanning by press of, 27, 72; intensification by First World War of, 27-28; as linchpin of holy war, 13, 65, 162, 181, 260-61; origins of, 26-27; racial ideas of, 18, 29 anti-Slavism, 2, 18-19 Anton, Mioara, 13 Antonescu, Ion: antisemitism and xenophobia of, 18,44, 54; arrest, trial and execution of, 254, 265-66; belief in final victory of, 83,119; bribing by Hitler of, 117, 140; as chief of staff, 54-55; conflict with Carol II of, 54, 57, 79; conflict with Legionary movement of, 56, 84; conflict with Mihai I of, 257-58; courting of far right of, 57-58, 65, 87; decision to double down on German victory of, 140-41; early career of, 53-54; maneuvers to obtain Transnistria by, 120; with MCG at the front, 90, 105; meetings with Hitler of, 84, 90, 117,176, 194, 203; messianic view of, 83, 87, 98; as minister of defense, 57, 82, 123; as nationalist martyr, 4, 266; opposition to an armistice of, 254, 257; order to "cleanse the terrain" of, 95, 103, 108-10; personality of, 39, 54, 55; reputation for incorruptibility of, 54, 80, 83; role in
Iaşi pogrom of, 99, 102-3; role in Odessa massacre of, 128-29; as scapegoat for the war, 1,3, 111; seizure of power by, 80-82, 86-87 Antonescu, Maria, 54, 230, 232 Antonescu, Mihai: arrest, trial, and execution of, 254, 265-66; propaganda efforts of, 146,207; push for ethnic cleansing by, 94, 104, 246; as vice prime minister, 87, 90, 92, 165, 257 Antonescu regime: continued popular support for, 169-70, 195, 202; decision to "cleanse the terrain” of Jews of, 108-9; decision to delay repatriation of Gypsies by, 253; decision to deport Gypsies of, 154; decision to deport Inochentişti of, 248-49; decision to repatriate Jews of, 190-93; desire for war of, 65, 85; disillusionment about victory of, 165; economic challenges of, 88-90; labor service law of, 230; limited repressive nature of, 223; moves toward a military welfare state of, 158; negotiations to deport Jews to Poland of, 155-56; orders to halt to deportations of, 162, 165; plans for Romanianization of Transnistria of, 120-21,130; plans to dump Jews into Ukraine of, 114, 117, 127, 129, 137-38; plebiscites of, 88,134; preparations for war of, 90, 93-94; relaxation of policies against Jews of, 180-81, 199; remobilization of Romanian society by, 146-47, 192; sowing myth of Romania as reluctant Axis by 257; strategy to fight in Ukraine for northern Transylvania of, 111 Arad, 62, 83, 259 Arbore, loan, 160, 215 Arciz, 69-70, 217 ardeleni, 21-22, 24, 58, 80-81 Army Group Antonescu, 246; attack by, 103-4; bridgehead battles of, 95-97; dissolving of, 115; Einsatzgruppe D assigned to, 109; talk of reestablishing of, 160, 163; von
Schobert actual commander of, 94. See aho Don Staff Army Group Dumitrescu, 194 Army Group No. 1, 59, 76; deployment of, 60, 66; losses during withdrawal, 77; retreat of, 66-68 army intelligence, 84, 89, 98, 120, 125,127, 154, 156, 207, 243, 244 artillery regiments: 3rd Horse, 148; 7th, 163; 8th, 62, 73; 16th, 69; 24th, 98; 53rd, 9 Astrakhan, 163 Atachi, 30 Athanasescu, Gheorghe, 43, 52, 69, 72 atrocities: "hot-blooded” versus "cold blooded," 93; influence of commander's character on, 2, 93; time required to commit, 104, 106, 115; use of alcohol in, 107, 127; waves of, 110. See aho war crimes Aurelian, Petre S., 27 Auschwitz, 17, 243, 265 Austria-Hungary, 9,27, 37
INDEX 329 Averescu, Alexandru, 48, 50, 52, 53 Avramescu, Gheorghe: arrest and mysterious death of, 263; as Fourth Army commander, 202, 204; good relationship with von Manstein of, 149; as Mountain Corps commander, 118, 123, 134, 139, 142, 163; skepticism about francs-tireurs of, 106; as III Corps commander, 187 Axis: competition between Romanian and Hungary in, 140-41, 147, 160, 176, 194; holding together by anticommunism of, 6, 180; importance of Romania to, 176; Romania's joining of, 79-80, 85; weakening of, 169, 178, 185-86, 200 Axworthy, Mark, 4,13 Bucharest, 19, 27, 53, 59, 80, 96, 232; declaring of war celebration in, 92; fighting around, 255-56; pogrom in, 86; victory parade in, 134 bucovineni, 22, 106, 201, 259 Bug River, 116, 119, 129, 140, 182 Buhai, 121 Bukovina, 21, 24, 29, 59, 68, 191-92, 245 Bulgaria, 24, 37, 55, 80, 88; ceding of southern Dobruja to, 12, 81, 266; population exchange in Dobruja with, 82,245-46 Bulgarian Army, 51, 60, 90 Buşteni, 235 Buzău, ПО, 232 Byelorussia, 202-3 Bacalbaşa, Anton, 38, 45,46 Băgulescu, Gheorghe, 86 Bakhchysaray, 136 Balta, 118, 137,143, 181 Bălţi, 68, 71, 107-9, 154, 194, 231 Bârlad, 232 Bartov, Omer, 14 Bârzotescu, Emanoil, 143,146 basarabeni, 22, 58, 70-72, 94, 106, 121, 194, 196, 201,259 Berlin, 34-35, 165 Berşad, 144 Bessarabia, 21, 23,29, 31, 60, 62, 65, 77, 81, 113, 115, 123, 192,207,245,259 Bilyaivka, 120 Birzula, 232 Bistriţa, 79 Black Sea, 68, 95, 161, 190 Blue Line, 183, 185 Bock, Fedor von, 150, 153 Bogdanovca, 138, 140 Bolgrad, 69, 71-72, 73 Bolsheviks, 23, 30-31, 123-24, 131, 183, 211. See aho communists
Bolshoy, 170-72 Botoşani, 95, 239 boyars, 19-20, 34, 45. See also large landowning class Brăila, 203,232,256 Braşov, 9, 50, 80, 187, 232, 235, 241-43, 256 Brătianu, Constantini. C., 162 Brătianu, Gheorghe I., 51, 78, 82, 111 Brătianu, Ion, 26 Brătianu, Ion I. C., 48, 50-51 Brătianu, Vintila I. C., 51 Brno, 264 Cahul, 107 Calafat, 103 Călăraşi, 103, 246 călăraşi regiments: 2nd, 215; 3rd, 70, 96; 11th, 71; 13th, 187-88, 191-93, 220 Cälinescu, Armand, 58, 59 Cantacuzino, Gheorghe, 56 Capital Military Command, 80, 82, 86, 258 capitalism, 30, 32, 200 Captaru, Dumitru, 97-98, 100 Caracal, 103 Carlaonţ, Dimitru, 103, 110 Carlism, 50-52, 57-58, 83 Carol I: criticism of the army's performance by, 42; expansion and "Prussianization'' of military under, 37, 39; recruiting of, 20 Carol II: antisemític laws of, 25-26, 58, 79, 236; courting of minorities by, 58, 243; as crown prince, 50; decisions to cede territory without fighting by, 64, 66, 80; exile of, 80; reputation for corruption of, 52, 83; restoration of, 51-52; royal dictatorship of, 57, 207; rumors on the front about, 176, 202; suppression of the Legionary movement by, 34, 57-58, 59 Carol Line, 60-61 Carpathian Mountains, 17, 196, 254 Case, Holly, 12 Case Blue, 145, 147, 151; changes to plans of, 159; influence on Holocaust of, 156; optimism in, 152, 153, 159; reliance on Axis allies' of, 140 Caspian Sea, 163 Caucasus, 5, 157-63, 167, 169, 176-78, 180-81, 209,218-19 Caucasus Mountains, 145, 162
330 INDEX Cavalry Corps: attack into Bessarabia of, 104,107; in Caucasus, 157,159-62,167; in Crimea, 188, 193; disbanding of, 261; guarding Azov Sea coast by, 137, 139; in Kuban bridgehead, 176,181; retreat from Bessarabia of, 69-71, 76; in Ukraine, 110, 113, 116, 124-25 Cernăuţi, 53, 66, 180, 226, 232, 249; ghetto in, 114, 127, 156; liberation of, 104, 106; occupation of, 68, 194 Cernavodă, 94 Cetatea Albă, 66, 232; liberation of, 104, 114-17; (re-)occupation of, 68, 204 chaplains, 12-13, 24,41, 49,122, 217,247; as missionaries, 121, 154, 163, 185, 200, 249; as propagandists, 83,142,166,182-83, 234; recruiting of, 25, 142, 212, 247-48 Chersonese Peninsula, 157-58, 197 Chilia Nouă, 117 Chirilovici, Constantin, 97-98 Chirnoagă, Platon, 3, 263 Chir River, 172, 174-75, 219 Chişinău, 33, 64, 66, 154, 180, 195-96, 199-201, 216, 232; capture of 104, 110-11, 113, 116-17; ghetto in, 114, 127; occupation of, 69 Cialâk, Gheorghe, 176, 187, 192-93, 263 Ciopron, Partenie, 25, 212, 247 Ciudei, 74, 106 Ciupercă, Nicolae, 66, 69, 71-73, 76, 93, 109, 116-22, 266 civilians: Romanian, willingness to join in mass reprisals of Jews of, 97-102, 106, 110; Soviet, abuse of 104, 115, 120, 126-27, 132, 135, 139, 142, 160, 222; Soviet, disinclination to join in mass reprisals of Jews of 115 Cluj, 80-81,261,265 Codreanu, Corneliu: arrest, trials, and assassination of, 57-58; as "Captain" of Legionary movement, 17, 34, 56; as Iaşi student, 29; reburial of, 84-85 Coman, Simion, 219 Comăneşti, 74, 76 communism, 4,13,32,51, 77,88,115,183,200 communists, 24, 32-33, 71, 84, 90, 93, 106, 109, 128, 157. See
also Bolsheviks Constanţa, 92, 96, 102, 147, 195, 197, 256 Constantinescu-Claps, Constantin, 167, 172, 175-76, 180, 266 Coroamă, Dumitru, 80 courts-martial, 8, 61, 108, 148, 185, 187, 215-17, 222-23, 226, 251 Craiova, 38, 53, 103 Crimean Peninsula: Axis conquest of, 123-25, 132-35, 151-53; Axis evacuation of, 169, 196-97; Hitler's determination to hold onto, 188-89, 192, 198; Soviet reconquest of 195, 199; Soviet winter counteroffensive against, 136, 138-41, 144; as unsinkable aircraft carrier, 118 Crimean War, 19,155 Cristea, Miron, 24, 25-26,30, 57, 58 Cretzianu, Alexandru, 3, 60, 86 Cuza, Alexandru C., 29,34,57-58,207 Cuza, Alexandru loan, 19-20, 23, 37, 39 Czech Protectorate, 264 Czechoslovakia, 55, 56, 57-59 Dalnik, 123-24, 128-29 Danube River, 69, 72, 96-97, 114, 203, 220, 246 Dămăceanu, Dumitru, 258 Dăscălescu, Nicolae, 38, 40, 141,166, 263, 265-66 Davidescu, Gheorghe, 65-66, 71 deportation: of Gypsies to Transnistria, 154, 250-52; of Inochentişti to Transnistria, 248; of Jews from Moldavia to Wallachia, 91, 94, 98,103,110; of Jews from Bukovina and Bessarabia to Transnistria, 110, 114, 121, 127, 156, 226, 239; of Jews in Transnistria to the Bug, 129, 149; of Lipovans from Dobruja to Wallachia, 103,246; of Poles and Ukrainians from Bukovina and Bessarabia to Transnistria, 246 deserters: to enemy, 77, 188, 220, 263; formation of bandit groups by, 146, 188, 216; minority, 241-42, 244, 247, 248; punishment of, 139, 148, 166, 180, 193, 196, 199, 215; to rear, 182, 200; rounding up of 146-47, 154; Soviet encouraging of, 177, 187; from Transnistria to Crimea, 158-59. See
also rehabilitation Deva, 159 DiNardo, Richard, 11 discipline, 6-7, 25, 48, 56, 83, 212-13, 261; by blocking detachments, 14, 119, 213, 222-23; by capital punishment, 177, 188, 196, 221-23; concern about, 75-76, 103-4, 115-16, 168, 198; by corporal punishment, 119, 213-15, 260; by financial punishment, 223-27; of minorities, 222, 244; by penal
INDEX punishment, 181, 215-21; selective enforcing of, 14, 95. See abo flogging Dnepropetrovsk, 141, 143,182 Dniester River, 23, 60, 68, 106, 111, 113, 117, 187, 193, 196, 199, 204 Dobruja, 21, 28, 80-83, 95, 245, 247 Domanovca, 138,140, 143-44 Donets River, 156, 178, 181, 183 Don River, 159-66,168, 170-74,176 Don Staff, 165, 171. See abo Army Group Antonescu dorobanfi regiments: 2nd, 72; 6th, 119; 11th, 109; 13th, 98; 15th, 125 Dorohoi, 72, 95, 190; pogrom in, 73-74, 75 Dragalina, Corneliu, 135, 143, 153 Dragomir, Nicolae, 176, 178, 223, 263 Dubossary, 114,117 Duca, Ion, 53 Dumitrache, loan, 116, 125,177, 181 Dumitrescu, Petre: arrest and release of, 265-66; as commander of the Third Army, 94, 119, 133, 157, 164-67, 190, 232, 255; commitment to final victory of, 146, 174; conflict with other generals of, 148, 160; as strict disciplinarian, 115,174-75, 194, 199,214-15,222 Dumitru, Diana, 5 Duţu, Alesandru, 5 Dzhankoy, 142, 233 Edineţ, 107, effectiveness, 14-5, 47,104, 165, 169,205, 261,264,267 Eltigen, 188-89 Eminescu, Mihai, 20 enlisted men: conscripting of, 37, 46; conditions for, 45-46; misuse of, 47, 52; treatment of, 8, 45, 62 Einsatzgruppe D, 108-10, 117, 133,135-36, 142, 154, 158, 226; cooperation with SSI of, 109; more active in Bessarabia than Bukovina, 114; use of Romanians by, 154. See aho SS ethnic minorities: Bulgarians, 44-45, 60, 245-47; Germans, 9, 44, 46, 69-70, 83, 88, 137-43, 218, 222, 229, 235-36, 240-43, 255; Hungarians, 17, 44, 219, 243-45, 260; Russians, 44, 69, 113, 219, 245-47; Ukrainians, 45, 113, 245-27 eugenics, 18, 29,249 Eupatoria, 131, 136,
139, 143 331 fascism, 17, 33-34, 36, 57, 62, 88, 260 Fălciu, 107, 109, 232 Fălticeni, 108 Fântână Albă, 106 female volunteers, 229-30; as entertainers, 234; as nurses, 230-34; officers’ wives among, 232-33; as soldiers, 255 Feodosia, 136, 138-41,182-83, 233 Ferdinand I: 21, 25,43, 50-51 Filderman, Wilhelm, 133, 180, 193 Final Solution, 65, 137, 266. See abo Holocaust Finland, 60, 62, 66, 126, 258 First Army: in Hungary, 259-63; initial mobilization of, 59; in reserve during campaign in east, 94 First Vienna Award, 58 First World War, 17, 22, 24, 27, 38, 48, 230,235; crushing of "Red Budapest by Romania,” 31; French military mission to Romania, 62; Paris Peace Conference, 28; Russian Revolution, 13, 21, 37; typhus epidemic in Moldavia, 37 flogging, 10, 46, 165, 178, 188, 199, 239; bottom-up pressure to reinstate, 76, 115; re-banning of, 260; regulations for, 214-15; réintroduction of, 14, 119, 213-14. See abo discipline FNB Line, 203-4, 240, 254, 256 Fourth Army: in battle of Odessa, 118-26, 222; in battle of Stalingrad, 166-68, 171-76; demobilization of, 132-34, 182; evacuation from Bessarabia of, 68-72, 75-76; Hitler's request to cross Dniester of, 116; in Hungary and Slovakia, 262-64; on Iaşi front, 193-94, 198-204, 223, 256; mobilization of, 59; reconquest of central Bessarabia by, 95, 104, 107-9,113-14; reconquest of northern Transylvania by, 261; remobilization of, 163, 193 France, 48, 50, 58-59, 62-63, 65, 87 francs-tireurs: equating with Jews of, 93, 113-14; execution of, 105-6, 110. See also partisans French Army, 42, 55 Fretter-Pico, Maximilian, 204 Friessner,
Johannes, 3, 202, 204, 255 Galaţi, 26, 53, 69, 221, 232; massacre in, 72-73 Găieşti, 231, 237 Gelendzhik, 162
332 INDEX gendarmes: as civilian law enforcers, 46, 74, 94; conferences to "cleanse the terrain” for, 108; conflict with SS over deporting Jews of, 117; crimes by, 73-74, 96, 99-102, 113, 127, 129, 138, 140, 143-44, 226, 250; as military police, 59, 61, 98, 116, 148, 177, 182, 185-86, 192, 222, 226; as more murderous in Bessarabia, 113-14; successive waves of, 93, 110 General Staff, 15, 37, 39, 83, 94, 133, 185, 192-93, 198, 200, 204, 219, 226, 232-33, 259; anti-Gypsy bias of, 252; antisemitism of, 154, 199, 236, 260-61; as brake on antisemitic violence, 64, 75; creation of rehabilitation policy by, 147,182,216-18; efforts to bolster troops' morale by, 70, 136-37, 143, 183, 189, 200, 207-9; efforts to preserve Romanian neutrality by, 58-62; fears about Soviet landings in Transnistria of, 138; forming of labor detachments by, 60-61, 148, 238-40, 246-47; improvised deployment of forces to Russia by, 159-60; order to abandon northern Bukovina and Bessarabia of, 66; order to deport Jews of, 127; preparations for war of, 85, 89; shifting blame onto Jews by, 71, 77; suspicion of minority soldiers of, 229, 235-36, 243, 247; removal of generals deemed lacking in toughness by, 146; reorganization of army by, 83,147; replacement of leadership of, 140-41; request to use poison gas of, 150. See aho MCG German Army, 2-3, 10, 85, 111, 123, 131, 147, 178, 181, 184, 213, 241, 258; 13th Motorized Infantry Division, 83; 6th Panzer Division, 175; 16th Panzer Division, 85, 88; 17th Panzer Division, 175; 22nd Panzer Division, 150-51, 170- 74; 23rd Panzer Division, 175; Army Group A, 159-62,
167, 176-77, 181, 185-86, 188-95; Army Group B, 159-65, 167-68, 170, 172; Army Group Center, 103, 136, 167, 202; Army Group Don, 175, 177, 181; Army Group North, 103, 202; Army Group South, 94, 103-4, 111, 115-19, 132, 141, 144, 150-51, 156-59, 181, 183, 185-86, 190-91, 193; Army Group South Ukraine, 195-99, 202-4, 257; Army Group Wohler, 194; aura of invincibility of, 90, 92, 153; crediting Antonescu for the Romanian Army’s performance by, 111, 127, 202; First Panzer Army, 116, 153, 160, 167, 176; Fourth Panzer Army, 160-61, 166, 168, 171; German Eleventh Army, 90, 95, 104, 107-11, 114-16, 123-25, 132-36, 140-42, 144, 148, 151, 153-55, 157, 208-9, 222, 241; Grodeck Motorized Brigade, 139, 151; Koch Group, 153; liaison staffs of, 11, 111, 157, 170, 201; LVII Corps, 204; opinion about the Romanian Army of, 11, 88, 111-12, 132, 177, 201-2; Panzer Group Kleist, 125; Seventeenth Army, 115,141, 143, 146, 150, 153, 156, 161-62, 167, 177, 181, 183, 185-86, 188-90, 195-97; Sixth Army, 160-61, 163, 167-68, 170-75, 177-78, 186-87, 194-95, 199, 204-5, 256; "war of annihilation” by, 2; XXXXVIII Panzer Corps, 167, 170-72, 178; Ziegler Motorized Brigade, 133-34 German Ethnic Group in Romania, 241-42 German Luftwaffe, 94,241,255; Luftflotte, 4, 96, 121, 150-51, 153, 155, 166 German Military Mission to Romania, 79, 83, 85-89, 118, 120, 126, 254, 256 Germany: annexing of Austria by, 57; annexing of Sudetenland by, 58; delay allying with Romania of, 70; as lessor evil than Soviet Union, 35, 59, 84, 87, 180; Nazi takeover of, 54; rearming of, 55; Romania’s fate bound to, 2, 135, 141;
Romania’s "turning of arms” against, 255-56; as trade partner with Romania, 56, 140, 176 Ghineraru, Nicolae, 146, 129, 246 Gigurtu, Ion, 78, 89 Giurgiu, 232 Giurgiuleşti, 75 Glogojanu, Ionel, 126, 128-29 Goga, Octavian, 57-58,207 Golovsky, 172-73 grănicieri, 40-41, 61, 73, 75, 115, 246 Grăniceri Division, 221 grăniceri regiments: 2nd, 115-16; 3rd, 73, 75-76; 5th, 216 Great Britain, 58-59, 62, 83, 133, 257 Greece, 24, 56, 59, 88, 90 Grodeck, Karl von, 151 Gromky 170-72 Groza, Petru, 263-64, 266 Grozny, 167 Guard Division, 40, 261 Gudarevici, 1.1., 69, 72 Guderian, Heinz, 3, 255
INDEX Gypsies: bravery of, 225,250; deportation of, 154; effect of deportations on, 250-52; elite protest against deporting of, 162; presence at Särata Training Center of, 251-52; popular support for deporting of, 154; repatriation of, 265 Hansen, Erik, 85, 87, 89-90, 120 Hauffe, Arthur, 120, 123, 140 Helen, 50, 83, 162, 230, 232, 258 Herţa, 68, 73, 77 Himmler, Heinrich, 108, 137 historiography, 3-6 Hitler, Adolf, 2, 57, 80, 85, 136, 155, 176, 184, 189, 194, 241,256 Holocaust: in Crimea, 135-35, 142, 154-55; in Romania and Transnistria, 5, 127, 149, 265, See also Final Solution honor: elite units more concerned with, 40, 107, 157; influence on discipline of, 7, 220; as motivation, 65, 76-77, 91, 153, 173,178,180; officers' obsession with, 39, 41, 70, 81, 95, 178,216, 223 Horthy, Miklós, 31 Horthy regime, 194, 265 hostages, 93, 100, 102, 110,116, 128, 135, 192, 200 Hotin, 68,104,106,194,239; uprising at, 30-31 Hube, Hans, 88 Hull, Isabel, 8 Hungarian Army, 31, 81, 140-41, 178, 243-44, 259; Rapid Corps, 118; Second Army, 150, 178 Hungary: claims on Transylvania of, 79; German occupation of, 194; as lesser threat to Romania, 81; as more passive than Romania, 202,258; Romania’s fear of war with, 56; territorial aggrandizement of, 58-59, 80 Iacobici, Iosif: arrests and death of, 265-66; as chief of staff, 124, 222; as Fourth Army commander, 121,126, 231; as minister of defense, 90, 213-15; opposition to max support for Case Blue of, 140; resignation of, 141; role in Odessa massacre of, 126,128; as Third Army commander, 68 Iaşi, 19, 38, 53, 72, 95, 110, 195-97, 199-204, 232;
averted pogrom in, 75-76; as center of right-wing student activism, 27-29; "death trains" of, 100-102, 246; pogrom in, 5, 13, 97-100, 102-3 333 I Corps, 172, 176 ideology: alleged Romanian lack of, 1, 3, 18, 135, 227; as primary foundation of motivation, 11-13, 18, 168, 170, 181,205; reinforcing by propaganda of, 6,13, 212; similarity with Nazi's of, 2, 35; soldiers' worldview of, 41, 48, 65, 95,206 II Corps: in battle of Stalingrad, 170-71; reconquest of southern Bessarabia by, 95-96, 104, 113-14; responsibility for coastal defense in Transnistria of, 150, 190; temporary responsibility for military and police forces in Odessa of, 141 III Corps, 58, 66, 70, 120, 187, 190 Ilcuş, loan, 66 infanterie regiments: 13th, 123; 14th, 74; 16th, 74, 106; 29th, 73-74; 38th, 9, 131, 195; 56th, 62; 85th, 153; 93rd, 153; 111th, 220;112th, 220 Inhul River, 184, 193 interwar politics: 1923 constitution, 29, 44, 47-48; 1933 election, 30, 56; 1937 election, 57; 1938 constitution, 57; Conservative Party, 20-21,27,48; Everything for the Country Party, 56-57; Front of National Rebirth, 57-58, 85; "Generation of 1922," 28; Great Depression, 30, 42, 47, 51; LANC, 29, 34, 56-57, 73, 106, 284n63; Liberal Party, 20-21, 27, 29, 48-51, 53, 55, 57, 65, 162, 254, 258, 261; Peasant Party, 48; People's Party, 48, 50-51; Ploughman's Front, 263; National Agrarian Party, 57; National Christian Party, 57; National Peasant Party, 29-30, 51, 53, 57, 65, 254, 258, 261; regency, 25, 50, 51; Romanian National Party, 48; Škoda scandal, 53; Social Democratic Party, 32 Ioaniţiu, Alexandru: accidental death of, 123; as
chief of staff, 89, 102, 105, 119, 123, 222, 244; personality of, 123-24 Ionescu, Nae, 25 Iorga, Nicolae, 84 Iron Guard. See Legion of the Archangel Michael Ismail, 66, 70, 97, 114, 246 Isopescu, Modest, 137-38, 265 Italian Army, 11, 90, 111, 140, 167, 184, 211; Eighth Army, 163, 175-76, 178 Italy, 34, 80, 147, 178, 184-85, 200, 207, 228,258 IV Corps, 104, 164, 166, 170-71, 193, 203 Izyum, 141, 143-46, 150-51, 153, 158
334 INDEX Jaenecke, Erwin, 185-86, 188, 190-92, 196, 198 Jean, Ancel, 4-5 Jewish Central Office, 156, 180, 239-40 Jewish communism: de facto start of war against, 65; fear of friture vengeance of, 13,180,195; origins of myth of, 33; reinforcement by alleged Jewish treachery of, 12-13,28, 71, 73, 75, 96-99; supposed threat of, 1-2,34,77,91,248; as target during invasion, 71,90,93,104-5, 124, 151. Jewish labor detachments: disbanding of, 260; efforts to increase productivity of, 237-39; increased reliance on, 229; at Särata, 219; used to build fortifications, 60-61, 96, 240 Jews: as arendaşi, 20-21; conditions in Romania versus Transnistria for, 156, 181; deportation of, 121, 127; diversity of, 28; ghettoization of, 110, 120, 137-38, 149; interwar persecution of, 28-29, 30, 56-58; massacres in Transnistria of, 144; in military, 43, 85, 236-37; pogroms in northern Bukovina and Bessarabia of, 117; population growth of, 26-28; prominence in cities of, 22; repatriation from Transnistria of, 190-93, 199 Jijia Valley, 203 Jilava, 58, 84 Judeo-Bolshevism. See Jewish communism Kałach, 160 Kalmyk Steppe, 161, 163-67, 171-73, 177, 215,217 Karasubazar, 134, 142,154 Karpovka River, 174 Keitel, Wilhelm, 85, 147 Kerch, 136, 158, 189, 233; battle of, 134, 138-39, 142, 144, 148, 151-53; Soviet landings on peninsula of, 131, 188; straits of, 160-61 Kherson, 134-35, 187, 233, 241 Kiev, 85, 123, 126, 132, 223 Kirovograd, 135, 141, 146, 191 Kiselyoy Pavel, 19, 37 Kitzinger, Karl, 135 Kleist, Paul von, 125,192 Kletskaya, 164, 170 Korne, Radu, 151, 202,263, 266 Korne Detachment, 133, 136, 151,160,
171 Kotelnikovo, 166, 171-73, 175 Krasnodar, 177, 181 Kuban bridgehead, 176,181-87,205,222, 257, 267 Kuban River, 160-61,177 Kursk, 183, 228, 267; battle of, 184 labor battalions, 60-62,148,219-20,229, 236, 244, 246-47, 253, 260 large landowning class, 24, 27, 32, 38,48, See aho boyars Lascăr, Mihail: as 1st Mixed Mountain Brigade commander, 104,135-36,142-43; as 6th Infantry Division commander, 172-73,178; as Horia, Cloşca, and Crişan Division commander, 264 Lascar Group, 172-74, 219 League of Nations, 23, 30, 32,34-35, 56, 78, 111 Lecca, Radu, 156,162,238-40 Legion of the Archangel Michael: bringing to power (National Legionary State) of, 82; Carlist suppression of, 58; origins of, 34; puppet regime of, 257, 263; uprising of, 86; views of, 25, 56; violence of, 53, 59, 84. See aho Iron Guard Lemberg, 232 Lenin, Vladimir, 30 Leningrad, 132 looting, 68-69, 74, 98-99, 104, 106-7, 110, 115-16, 127, 134, 142, 196, 213-14, 216-17, 219, 221, 223, 226-27 Lozovaya, 146 Lugoj, 103 Lupescu, Elena, 50-52, 54-55, 80, 83 Lupu, Constantin, 97-100, 102-3 Lynn, John, 6-8 Macici, Nicolae: arrest and trial of, 265; as First Army commander, 263; as II Corps commander, 128; role in Odessa massacre of, 128-29 Madgearu, Virgil, 84 Maikop, 160 Malinovsky, Rodion, 261, 264 Mânecuţa, loan, 114 Maniu, luhu, 48, 51-52, 57, 78, 82, 111, 257, 265 Manoliu, Gheorghe, 139, 157 Manstein, Erich von, 3, 124-25, 132-36, 139, 144, 149-51, 153, 155, 157, 175-76, 178, 181 Mărăşeşti, 232 Marcu, Alexandru, 207 Mărculeşti, 108
INDEX Mărdărescu, Gheorghe, 31 Marie, 43,224,230 Mariupol, 134-35, 143, 157, 182, 184, 216, 219, 222 massacres: after defeating Soviet amphibious landings in Crimea, 142; in northern Bukovina and Bessarabia, 96-97, 104; in Transnistria, 138, 140, 143. See aho pogroms Matieş, Ermil, 97,108 Mazarini, Nicolae, 140-41, 172-73 MCG: belief in final victory of, 132-33; dissolving of, 133, 182; doubts about final victory of, 161, 165; effect of Iaşi pogrom on, 102-3; efforts to boost morale of, 124, 166; establishment of, 90, 160; feeding paranoia of Jewish fifth column by, 94, 96; negotiations for Transnistria of, 120; at Odessa, 118, 120; opposition to amalgamation of, 181; order about deportingjews of, 127; orders to evacuate civilians behind front by, 94, 96, 197; order intensifying propaganda east of Dniester of, 111; at Stalingrad, 166, 172, 178; weaknesses of, 15. See aho General Staff Mechanized Corps, 261 Meculescu, Teodor, 114 medals; land grant with, 41,132,224, 294n6; as motivation, 135, 153, 158, 164, 223-25, 250 Melitopol, 125, 134-35, 182, 186 middle class, 19-22, 24, 26-27, 32, 36, 38-40, 42-43, 45-46, 48, 52, 84, 230, 249 Mihai I: coup of, 254-56, 258; as figurehead king, 65, 80, 83, 92, 120, 257; opposition to treatment of Jews by, 162, 258; regency of, 50-51; role in war crimes trials of, 265 Mihail, Gheorghe, 258,261 Mihai the Brave, 24 Military Bishopric, 25,142,247 military system, 7-8, 15 Millett, Allan, 14 Mindszent, 261 Ministry of Air and Navy, 55 Ministry of Defense, 9, 146, 153-54, 216-17, 237, 244-45, 250-52 Ministry of External Affairs, 86 Ministry of
Internal Affairs, 61, 94, 108, 110, 237-38,250-53,255 Ministry of Propaganda, 207 Mius River, 183 335 Mogilev, 68, 104, 107, 113-14, 117, 149, 193 Moldavia, 19-20, 23, 26, 28-29, 37, 59, 72, 89, 103, 192 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 60, 65-66, 17 monarchism, 35, 48, 56, 83 morale, 3, 7-8, 11-12; blaming of Jews for undermining of, 110, 184; blaming of rehabilitation soldiers for weaking of, 184, 193; efforts to bolster, 76, 96, 113, 119, 124, 137, 142-43, 158, 183, 188-90, 208, 212, 234; fluctuations of, 62, 92, 125-26, 166, 176, 181-82, 208, 227-28; of Gypsy soldiers, 250, 252; permanent eroding of, 200, 202, 262; of rehabilitation soldiers, 218-19; resilience of, 147-48, 153 moral education, 7, 22, 36, 48 Morozowskaya, 164 Moscow, 23, 32, 35, 60, 132, 136, 176, 187, 263 motivation, 3-8, 11, 18, 36, 70, 90, 92-93, 95, 131, 166, 169, 202, 205-6, 212, 227, 229, 234, 239, 262, 267 motivational system, 7, 15 Mountain Corps: in battle of Crimea, 134-36, 139-40, 142-43; in battle of Sevastopol, 144, 147, 155, 157-58; defense of Crimea by, 186-91, 196-97; elite, 41, 235; liberation of northern Bukovina by, 106-7; near skirmish with Hungarian Rapid Corps of, 118; as Mountain Corps and Romanian Troops in Crimea Command, 148-49, 154, 158, 163; piercing of Stalin line by, 113, 116 Mureş River, 260 Murray, Williamson, 14 Nalchik, 167 Nămoloasa, 203 National Democratic Bloc, 258 National Democratic Front, 261 nationalism: First World War as catalyst for, 21; as foundation of anti-fascist crusade, 259; as foundation of holy war, 2, 11-12; lack of resonance among minorities of, 229; literacy
enabling spread of, 19-20; origins of, 19; peasant uprising of 1907 as nadir of, 20-21 NCOs: abuses by, 45; Jews restricted from being, 43; lack of professionalism of, 44; as more abusive than officers, 47; reangajaţi, 44-45,226
336 INDEX Nikolaev, 123, 133, 135, 146,241 Nikopol, 190, 192 Njecajanoje, 232 NKVD, 114, 128, 133, 149, 223, 263 Nogay Steppe, 124-25 North Africa, 155, 159, 168 Novorossiysk, 161-62, 167, 181-82, 186 nurses: association with sex workers of, 233; on front, 231-33; as "sisters of charity" versus female medical assistants, 230; qualities of, 231 occupation: of northern Bukovina and Bessarabia, 81, 94, 106; Romanian, of Transnistria, 120, 192, 194; Soviet, of northeastern Romania, 194, 197; Soviet, of Romania, 258-59, 261-62 Odessa: battle of, 118-26; black market in, 227; deporting of Jews from, 129, 138,140, 143, 150; ghetto in, 129, 139; asjewish-communistnest, 124, 126; liberation of, 195; massacre in, 128-29; partisans in catacombs of, 127-28, 149-50,156, 194; as supply point for Crimea, 191 Odessa Military Command, 126-28,150,156 Odobeşti, 90 Obodovca, 144 officer corps: aristocratic ethos of 36; dominated by boyars or military sons, 39; difficulty expanding of 62; dislike of Legionary egalitarianism of 57; ethnic Germans in, 44; levels of prestige in, 40-41; lifestyle of 39-40, 50; middle-class aversion to, 36, 39; official restriction of Jews from, 43; old-fashioned man management of, 45, 47; Old Man Scabbard stereotype of 38; opening to non-nobles of 37; politics of 4, 48, 51, 57, 87, 90, 146; professionalism of 41-42; purging of 264; "salon generals” in, 43; schools for military sons/military high schools for, 38; sympathy toward Legionary movement of 35-36, 58, 80; training of 42-43, 164; unofficial restriction of Gypsies from, 44 oil, 56, 85, 88,
94,140,155-56,167,176, 185,203 OKH, 85, 115, 118-19, 124-25, 141, 148, 150-51, 153, 156, 159, 161, 163, 165-67, 172, 178, 181, 184-86, 189, 193-94, 202-4, 213, 227 ОКҖ 85, 89, 140, 150, 153, 242 Operation Barbarossa: Antonescu learns start date of, 94; failure of 137; planning of 85, 90-91; signs of 88-90; start of, 95 Operation Citadel, 184 Operation Winter Storm, 175 Oradea, 17, 29, 80-81 Panaite, Mitica, 200, 255-56, 259 Pantazi, Constantin: as 3rd Cavalry Division commander, 71; arrest and trial of, 254, 265; as minister of defense, 141,146, 159-60, 168, 177, 180, 183-84, 187, 215, 227, 233; as sub-secretary to minister of defense, 82 Pântea, Gherman, 128-29 partisans: capture of 143,150,190-91, 193; equating with Jews of, 134, 163; execution of 127, 135, 154, 191,266; female, 135, 154; as loosely applied label, 133-34; origins of, 133. See also francstireurs Patronage Council of Social Works, 230, 232, 234, 240 Paulescu, Nicolae, 29 Paulus, Friedrich, 161,163, 177-78 peasant class, 10, 20-22, 24, 27, 32, 38, 45, 47,50, 70, 106,230 Perekop Isthmus, 124-25, 132, 134, 188-89, 191, 195 Petala, Marcela, 117 Petrovicescu, Constantin, 82, 86 Piatra Neamţ, 26, 90,108 Piteşti, 9, 53 Ploieşti, 53, 94, 96, 110, 185, 241, 256 Podu Iloaiei, 102 Poenaru, Alexandru, 218,251 pogroms: absence in Ukraine of, 115; during advance into northern Bukovina and Bessarabia, 106; during withdrawal from northern Bukovina and Bessarabia, 73-76; history in Romania of 26, 27, 29. See aho massacres Poland, 24, 58, 103, 156, 162, 166, 180, 203, 218, 258; Anglo-French guarantee to, 59; anti-Soviet
alliance with Romania of, 56; partition of, 59, 87; refugees from, 166; Soviet justification for occupation of, 75 policemen: accused of being corrupt ("Judaized"), 98, 149, 156; Cossacks recruited as in southern Russia, 165, 216; in Romania, 97-103, 243, 246; Tatars recruited as in Crimea, 142;
INDEX in Transnistria, 137-38; Ukrainians recruited as in Transnistria, 137, 140, 143-44 Popescu, Dumitru, 53 Popescu, Dumitru L, 154 Popescu Cavalry Group, 175 Potopeanu, Gheorghe, 192 Praetoral Service, 61, 110,137, 215 praetors, 61, 96, 98, 108, 117 Prague, 264 Predeal, 232,235 prefects, 89, 96-97, 137, 141, 184, 254, 265; replacement with Legionaries of, 82; replacement with officers of, 87 pre-military training, 51, 55 Prezan, Constantin, 31, 43, 52, 54 primary group, 7,18, 83,219, 266 prisoners of war: German, taken after armistice, 255-56; Romanian, survival rate of, 264-65; Soviet, murder of, 135, 151-53, 157, 161; Soviet, parole of, 247 propaganda: about defense of Christian Civilization, 1, 12, 14, 91-92, 154, 200, 206, 248; about final victory, 132, 146, 155, 159, 174, 200,206, 212; about GermanRomanian comradeship, 14, 206,208, 211; about holy war, 2,142,159, 166, 200, 208, 234, 260; about Judeo-Bolshevism, 77,104, 124, 126,183; about Soviet atrocities, 72, 79, 114, 124,146,180; in The Misadventures of Private Neaţă, 13, 77, 87, 127, 135, 164, 183,209-12,231,234,259 propaganda missionaries, 13,189,200,212 Propaganda Section, 207-9,212,234 Prut River, 2, 60, 66, 68, 70-72, 75-77, 92, 94-96, 104, 106-7, 109, 194, 196, 204, 208, 226, 256 Racoviţă, I. Mihail: as 2nd Cavalry Division commander, 71; arrest and imprisonment of, 266; as Cavalry Corps commander, 160, 162, 176; dereliction of duty of, 202, 255; as Fourth Army commander, 194, 196-97, 223; as minister of defense, 260; support for mass reprisals of, 110,113 Rădăuţi, 68, 72, 95 Rădescu, Nicolae, 262 rape, 2,
7-8, 10, 14, 86, 97, 104, 107, 110, 127, 129, 197, 214, 218, 222, 260-61 Red Army, 2, 51-52, 94, 111, 119, 123, 131, 168, 181, 258; atrocities in Romania of, 106, 261; Gudarevid detachment, 69; Horia, Cloşca, and Crişan Division, 337 264; Independent Coastal Army, 118, 121, 123-26, 134, 136, 144, 155; Kiev Military District, 66-68, 76; Odessa Military District, 96, 103, 114; political commissars of, 10, 90, 120, 124; poor reputation of, 60, 77, 92; scorched-earth tactics of, 114, 148; Second Ukrainian Front, 259,261-64; Tudor Vladimirescu Division, 256, 260, 264 refugees: Polish, 63, 166; Romanian, 68-69, 72-73, 75, 77, 82, 98, 193-95, 198-99; Russian, 28, 31; Soviet, 32, 109-10, 113, 118, 129 rehabilitation: in battalions, 150,163, 186.218-19, 259-60; in companies/ squadrons, 185; of criminals, 150, 199, 217-18, 251; expansion (General Order No, 240) of, 147, 217; decline of, 220; of individuals, 148, 187, 193, 226; of Legionaries, 216-20, 262; origins of, 216; retraining at Sărata Training Center for, 182.218-21, 248; retraining at Tiraspol Training Center for, 182, 220; retraining at Tirol Training Center for, 220, 259-60, 262. See aho deserters Reichskommissariat Ukraine, 18, 135, 181, 182, 192, 226 religion: centrality to national identity of, 24-25; commonality between Romanians and Soviets of, 115; evangelical fervor resulting from, 121, 162-63; as ideology uniting Romanian and minority soldiers, 229; legitimizing of anti-fascist crusade of, 259; legitimizing of holy war of, 12, 92,159; nationalization of, 23-24 religious minority groups: Adventists, 25, 247-49, 253;
Baptists, 62, 137, 247-49; Calvinists, 243; Catholics, 24-26, 41; Evangelists, 248; Greek Catholics (Uniates), 19, 24-25; Inochentişti, 248, 253; Jehovah's Witnesses, 248; Lipovans, 96, 103, 174, 246; Muslims, 25, 247-48; Pentecostals, 248; Stilişti, 248 Reni, 73 Richter, Gustav, 156, 162 Riga, 180 Roman, 108, 232 Româneşti, 232 Romania: 1866 constitution of, 27, 48; expansion to Greater Romania of, 21; independent kingdom of, 20; socialist republic of, 266; as United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, 19,37
338 INDEX Romanian Aeronautical Industry, 50, 55 Romanian Air Force, 94, 231; 108th Light Transport Squadron, 231; GAL, 95, 121, 166; I Air Corps, 184 Romanian Army: casualties of, 77,120, 126, 153, 158, 178, 185, 199-200, 257, 265; doctrine of, 42-43; Echelon I versus Echelon II divisions of, 147-48, 153, 157, 159-62, 166, 228, 242, 244; equipment of, 4, 15, 165, 182; financial aid for soldiers' families of, 88, 119, 158, 167, 182, 193, 226, 239; interwar budget of, 50-52, 55; Legionaries in, 88, 97, 216, 263; "model divisions” of, 15, 85,104; origins of, 37-38; poor training of, 47; rations of, 158-59; rearmament of, 54, 55, 62, 80; size of, 52, 60, 61, 88, 94,168, 203; strict discipline of, 14, 46; support for investment in industry of, 50; use to crush worker demonstrations of, 53 Romanian Communist Party, 3-4, 12, 32-33, 99, 258, 263, 266 Romanianization: Antonescu regime’s legal version of, 191; interwar policies of, 22; Legionaries' violent version of, 34, 84, 88; officers' concerns about missing out on spoils of, 226-27 Romanian Orthodox Church, 12, 17,23-26, 34,41,64, 121, 154, 249 Romanian Red Cross, 227, 229-34, 253 Rosenberg, Alfred, 57 roşiori regiments: 3rd, 192; 4th, 141; 6th / 6th Motorized, 70-71, 133; 7th, 95, 107, 162; 10 th Motorized, 182 Rostov, 159-60, 165, 167, 176, 178, 180, 182 Rotta Ski Detachment, 141 Rozdilna, 232 Rundstedt, Gerd von, 111 Russia, 5, 15, 21, 24, 26-27, 31, 70, 109, 132, 137, 156, 159, 161, 167, 205, 209, 234, 257, 267 Russian Army, 19, 21, 37 Russian Civil War, 13, 23, 28, 31-32, 44 Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, 20, 24, 37, 40,
246 Sănătescu, Constantin: as chief of staff, 262, 264; as chief of the military household, 254, 258; as prime minister, 259-62; as VII Corps commander, 76 Sanitary Service, 231-32, 236-37 Sărata, 150, 182, 218, 256 Schobert, Eugen von, 90, 94, 109-10, 117, 119, 123, 222 Schörner, Ferdinand, 194, 196,198-99, 200 Schwab, Hugo, 187-91, 196, 242, 255 Soileni, 68, 96-97, 104 Second Army, 59; as nickname for Romanian Railways, 195 Second Balkan War, 21, 37, 81 Second Vienna Award, 80, 82-83, 90, 111, 119, 184, 241, 243 Second World War: Anglo-American landings in France, 200; Anglo-American landings in North Africa, 168; German blitzkrieg into France, 63; German invasion of Poland, 59; German surrender, 264; Italian capitulation, 186; Soviet-Finnish "Winter War,” 60; Soviet reconquest of Byelorussia, 202 Secureni, 107 Seletzki, Bruno, 54 Serafimovich, 164, 170 Serbia, 24, 241, 305n217 Sevastopol, 124, 139, 150-51, 154, 169, 180, 190, 193, 217, 250; battle of, 134-36, 144, 147, 155, 157-58; defense of, 195-97, 199; massacre in, 155, 158 Severnaya Bay, 155, 157,196 Sheffield, Gary, 8 Sibiu, 41, 59 Sicily, 184, 247 Sighişoara, 80 Sima, Horia, 78, 82, 84, 86, 263 Simferopol, 136, 141-42, 154, 188, 190, 208-9, 232-33, 241 Sinaia, 232, 233 Sion, loan, 172-74 Siret, 96 Siret River, 72 SivashSea, 134, 188-89, 191, 193,195 Slanic, 202, 204 Slovak Army, 111, 188,190, 198 Slovakia, 59,262, 264,267 Smochină, Nichita, 32 Smolensk, 154, 180 Solonari, Vladimir, 5 Soroca, 66, 69, 110 Soviet Black Sea Fleet, 118, 203 Soviet Moldavians, 23,121,154,156, 182,191 Soviet-Romanian Armistice:
announcing of, 255; demand for Romanian divisions of, 259; enforcement of Allied (Soviet) Control Commission by, 260-61; propaganda by, 260; requirement to prosecute war criminals (People's Tribunals) of, 263,265-66; shuttering of
INDEX Romanian signing of, 257-58; territorial revisions of, 259 SS: distrust of Romanian soldiers of, 135; exclusive claim on Jews in Reichskommissariat Ukraine by, 135; recruitment of ethnic Germans in Romania by, 241-43; recruitment of Romanian prisoners of war by, 263; Sonderkommando R of, 138,140. See atso Einsatzgruppe D SSI: agents in Iaşi of, 98; calls to create a ministry of propaganda of, 207; chief of, 254; drawing up lists of Jews and communists to be arrested by, 94; Operational Echelon of, 109, 117; reports of, 125, 129, 149, 190, 220, 227 Stavka, 118, 125, 133, 150, 153, 157, 163, 166-67, 170-71, 175, 177, 181, 184-86, 189, 191, 193, 195, 198-99, 202-3, 205, 213, 261 Stalin joseph, 51, 60, 96, 136, 180, 258, 260-61, 263 Stalingrad: battle of, 159-61,164,167, 170-73, 175; effect on morale of, 4, 16, 187, 212, 228; logistical crisis at, 163; pocket in, 174,176-78 Stalin Line, 111, 113, 208, 222 Stânca Roznovanu, massacre at, 97 Stănescu, Traían, 173-74 starvation: of Axis troops in Stalingrad pocket, 117; of Gypsies in Transnistria, 252; of Jews in Transnistria, 114, 118, 143-44; of Soviet civilians in Crimea, 149 Stavrescu, Gheorghe, 99-100 Şteflea, Ilié: arrest of, 263; attempted resignations of, 159-60, 198; as chief of staff, 141, 146-47, 154, 158, 161, 167, 174, 177, 193-94; effort to end corruption of exemptions forJews of, 239; as Fourth Army commander, 204, 223 Stere, Constantin, 48, 51 Stoenescu, Alex Mihai, 4 Storojineţ, 74, 105 strategic bombing: Anglo-American, 155,185, 195,198,200,203; Soviet, 96. See abo air raids Sturdza, Mihail, 4,263 Sudak,
134, 139, 142 Taganrog, 133, 135 Taman, 161, 181, 183-84,233 tank regiments: 2nd, 264 Târgovişte, 38 Târgu Frumos, 102,203 Târgu Jiu, 94, 103, 197, 219, 235, 262 339 Târgu Mureş, 260 Târgu Neamţ, 26 Tătăranu, Nicolae: as 20th Infantry Division commander, 177-78; as deputy chief of staff, 140-41; negotiation of Tighina Agreement by, 120; push for more death sentences by, 222 Tătăraşti, 117 Tatarbunar, uprising in, 31-32 Tatars, 142, 149, 187, 197, 233 Tecuci, 87, 232 Temryuk, 160 Ţenescu, Florea, 66, 75-76 Teodorescu, Iosif, 254 Third Army: advances farther east after German requests of, 119-20,132; in batde of Azov Sea, 123-25; in battle of Stalingrad, 162,164-68,170-73, 175-76, 178; in battle of Uman, 115-18; crossing Dniester of, 111, 113; disbanding of, 261; on Dniester front, 194, 204; German Eleventh Army's operational control of, 94; mobilization of, 59; otder to create "citizen committees” to welcome Germans of, 89; as rear echelon headquarters, 133-34, 143, 146, 148, 157, 160,182, 187, 190; reconquestof northern Bukovina by, 95-96,103-7; withdrawal from northern Bukovina of, 68 Ţigancă, 109, 115, 257 Tighina, 104, 113, 116, 120, 123, 137, 147, 187, 196, 232, 241 Tighina Agreement, 120,132, 137 Timişoara, 53, 232, 249 Tinguta, 160 Tiraspol, 133, 198-99, 204, 215, 232 Tirol, 220 Tisa River, 22, 31, 260-62 Todt Organization, 85, 98-99, 243 Topor, loan, 108, 110, 113, 121, 265 Trajan Line, 203-4 Transcarpatina, 59 Transnistria: Axis retreat from, 196; black market in, 137, 149; conditions for deported Gypsies in, 252; as dumping ground for Jews, 121, 133,137, 144;
German takeover of, 193; Governorate of, 127, 143; military's distrust of civilian rule in, 156; Romanian takeover of, 120; security by Third Army in, 149-50, 156, 192; size of occupying force in, 132, 138; transition to Military Administration of the Territory between the Dniester and , Bug Rivers of, 192
340 INDEX transnistrieni, 23, 32, Ш, 130 Transylvania, Π, 19, 21, 24, 31, 41, 56, 59, 74, 80, 123, 159, 207, 240, 247, 259 Treaty of Berlin, 27 Treaty of Bucharest, 21 Treaty of Trianon, 31 Trestioreanu, Constantin: arrest and trial of, 263, 265; as Odessa Military Command commander, 150; role in Odessa massacre, 128 Tudose, Dumitru, 116 Tukea, 246 Turda, 17 Turkey, 56,257 Turnu Severin, 103 Uman, 115-18, 193 Ungheni, 75, 232 United States, 162, 168, 257 US Fifteenth Air Force, 195 USSR, 18, 56, 62, 75, 198; alliance with, 259; as greatest threat to Romania, 23, 31, 65, 84; as "Jewish" homeland, 33-34; Moldavian Autonomous SSR of, 32; negotiations with, 257; rapid industrialization of, 51 Vaida-Voevod, Alexandru, 52-53 vânători regiments: 3rd Motorized, 256; 5th, 143; 6th, 97-98, 108; 10th, 70, 198 Vasiliu, Constantin: arrest, trial, and execution of, 254, 265; opposition to repatriation of Jews of, 193; orders to "cleanse the terrain" of Jews of, 108; pressure to deport more Gypsies of, 251 Vasiliu-Răşcanu, Constantin, 147, 264 Vatra Dornei, 76 V Corps, 167, 170-71, 202, 261 Vertujeni, 121 VI Corps: assignment to rear area security between Bug and Dnieper of, 135; in battle of Stalingrad, 160-61, 163-67, 171-72; in Case Blue, 156, 159; in second battle of Kharkov, 153; transferred to lead Romanian soldiers at Izyum salient, 150 VII Corps: in batde of Kerch, 150-51,155; in battle of Stalingrad, 166-68, 171; in Case Blue, 157, 162; on Iaşi front, 255; redirection to southern Russia of, 162; in siege of Budapest, 262 VIII Corps, 76 Vladimirescu, Tudor, 19 Voiculescu,
Constantin, 87,113 Voikovstat, rural ghetto in, 136,139 Volga River, 159-61,163, 174 Voznesensk, 118 Wallachia, 19, 21, 24, 26, 37, 91, 103,203, 246, 249 war crimes: fear of punishment for as motivation, 3, 130; post-war trials for, 9-10, 95, 265-66; turn from primarily against Jews to also non-Jews of, 132. See aho atrocities Watson, Alexander, 8 Weichs, Maximilian von, 164-65, 17 working class, 29, 30, 32, 45, 230 Wöhler, Otto, 204 XI Corps, 120,246 Yaila Mountains, 134, 169 Yalta, 134 Yampol, 68 Yugoslavia: as cautionary tale to Romania, 90; German invasion of, 88-89; as member of Litde Entente and Balkan Pact, 56 Zahareşti, 76 Zaporozhye, 182, 186 Zeitzier, Kurt, 193 Bayerische Staatebibliothek Mönchen J |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Harward, Grant T. 1986- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1249101263 |
| author_facet | Harward, Grant T. 1986- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Harward, Grant T. 1986- |
| author_variant | g t h gt gth |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047662218 |
| contents | Ideology of holy war -- Army culture, inter-war politics, and neutrality -- 1940-1941: from neutral to Axis -- 1941: holy war and Holocaust -- 1941-1942: holy war and final fictory -- 1942-1944: holy war of defense -- Propaganda and discipline -- Women and minorities |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1285713110 (DE-599)BVBBV047662218 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Rumänien |
| id | DE-604.BV047662218 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:52:52Z |
| indexdate | 2024-12-02T07:00:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501759963 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033047013 |
| oclc_num | 1285713110 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | xvi, 340 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220316 DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Cornell University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Battlegrounds: Cornell studies in military history |
| spelling | Harward, Grant T. 1986- Verfasser (DE-588)1249101263 aut Romania's holy war soldiers, motivation, and the Holocaust Grant T. Harward Ithaca [New York] ; London Cornell University Press 2021 xvi, 340 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Battlegrounds: Cornell studies in military history Includes bibliographical references and index Ideology of holy war -- Army culture, inter-war politics, and neutrality -- 1940-1941: from neutral to Axis -- 1941: holy war and Holocaust -- 1941-1942: holy war and final fictory -- 1942-1944: holy war of defense -- Propaganda and discipline -- Women and minorities "This book explores what motivated the Romanian Army to fight alongside the German Army, and participate in the Holocaust, on the Eastern Front during the Second World War, emphasizing ideology (nationalism, religion, antisemitism, and anti-communism) as the primary factor and propaganda and strict discipline as secondary factors"-- Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd rswk-swf Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd rswk-swf Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf World War, 1939-1945 / Social aspects / Romania World War, 1939-1945 / Romania World War, 1939-1945 / Romania / Psychological aspects World War, 1939-1945 / Moral and ethical aspects / Romania Ethics Psychological aspects Social aspects Romania 1939-1945 Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 s Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 s Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-5017-5998-7 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033047013&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033047013&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033047013&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Harward, Grant T. 1986- Romania's holy war soldiers, motivation, and the Holocaust Ideology of holy war -- Army culture, inter-war politics, and neutrality -- 1940-1941: from neutral to Axis -- 1941: holy war and Holocaust -- 1941-1942: holy war and final fictory -- 1942-1944: holy war of defense -- Propaganda and discipline -- Women and minorities Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4073091-8 (DE-588)4039305-7 (DE-588)4079167-1 (DE-588)4050939-4 |
| title | Romania's holy war soldiers, motivation, and the Holocaust |
| title_auth | Romania's holy war soldiers, motivation, and the Holocaust |
| title_exact_search | Romania's holy war soldiers, motivation, and the Holocaust |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Romania's holy war soldiers, motivation, and the Holocaust |
| title_full | Romania's holy war soldiers, motivation, and the Holocaust Grant T. Harward |
| title_fullStr | Romania's holy war soldiers, motivation, and the Holocaust Grant T. Harward |
| title_full_unstemmed | Romania's holy war soldiers, motivation, and the Holocaust Grant T. Harward |
| title_short | Romania's holy war |
| title_sort | romania s holy war soldiers motivation and the holocaust |
| title_sub | soldiers, motivation, and the Holocaust |
| topic | Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Judenvernichtung Militär Zweiter Weltkrieg Rumänien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033047013&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033047013&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033047013&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT harwardgrantt romaniasholywarsoldiersmotivationandtheholocaust |