Critical thinking: an introduction
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
[Milan]
BUP
August 2021
|
| Ausgabe: | First edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (pages 247-249) |
| Beschreibung: | xvii, 249 pages illustrations 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788899902858 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Critical thinking |b an introduction |c edited by Canale · Ciuni · Frigerio · Tuzet |
| 250 | |a First edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a [Milan] |b BUP |c August 2021 | |
| 300 | |a xvii, 249 pages |b illustrations |c 24 cm | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Table of contents Introduction XI Parti Arguments and rationality 1 Rationality and cognitive biases 1.1 Normative and descriptive approaches to reasoning 1.1.1 Critical Thinking, normative and descriptive 1.2 Heuristics and biases 1.2.1 Framing effect 1.2.2 Hindsight bias 1.2.3 Anchoring effect 1.3 The value of normative standards 1.4 Conclusion 3 3 3 7 9 14 18 20 22 2 What is an argument? 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Arguments and argumentative structure 2.2.1 Simple and complex arguments 2.3 Good arguments vs. bad arguments 2.3.1 Deductive reasoning 2.3.2 Good arguments and deductively valid arguments 2.3.3 Kinds of non-deductive reasoning 2.3.4 Strength and weakness of non-deductive reasoning 2.4 Conclusion 23 23 24 27 30 32 35 37 40 41 3 Rational discussion and the pyramid of disagreement 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Rational discussion 3.2.1 The rules of rational discussion 3.3 Ways of reacting to disagreement 3.4 Conclusion 43 43 44 45 47 55
Critical Thinking How to reply rationally to an argument 4.1 The two strategies for attacking an argument 4.1.1 Truth, justifiability and plausibility 4.2 Attack on the argumentative structure 4.2.1 Non-sequitur 4.2.2 A fallacy of inductive reasoning: the unwarranted generalization 4.2.3 Circular reasoning Attack on the premises 4-3 4.3.1 Counterexamples 4.3.2 Request for justification 4.3.3 Reductio ad absurdum Conclusion 4-4 57 57 58 60 61 62 63 66 67 67 68 69 Part II Deductive arguments 5 6 Deductive arguments 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Semantics and syntax. Classical logic 5.x Propositional reasoning 5.2.1 The truth conditions of complex sentences 5.2.2 Definability 5.2.3 Proving by rules. Natural deduction 5.2.4 Assertion and rules of inference 5.3 Reasoning with predicates and quantifiers 5.3.1 Sentences containing predicates and quantifiers, and their relationships 5.3.2 A formal language for reasoning with predicates and quantifiers 5.3.3 Some remarks on the logical regimentation of predicates and quantifiers 5.3.4 Categorical syllogisms 5.4 Conclusion Conditional reasoning, I: The material conditional 6.1 Introduction 6.2 A reasoning problem involving conditionals 6.3 The conditional 73 73 77 79 82 86 92 97 99 101 105 113 114 117 119 119 121 123
VII Table of contents 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 7 6.3.1 The many kinds of indicative conditional 6.3.2 Truth and falsity of indicative conditionals The material conditional 6.4.1 The paradoxes of material implication 6.4.2 Inference rules with material conditionals 6.4.3 Two fallacies and other rules of inference Conditionals and necessary and sufficient conditions Other views of indicative conditionals An experiment involving modus tollens Conclusion Conditional reasoning, II: The counterfactual conditional Introduction 7-і The psychology of counterfactual reasoning 7.1 7.2.1 The importance of counterfactual reasoning 7.2.2 The fault lines: which aspects of reality do we modify? The logic of counterfactuals 7-3 7.3.1 Indicative and counterfactual conditionals 7.3.2 The truth conditions of counterfactuals 7.3.3 The Ramsey Test for counterfactuals 7.3.4 The semantics of counterfactuals 7.3.3 Fallacies of counterfactual reasoning Counterfactuals and causality 7-4 7.4.1 The counterfactual test 7.4.2 Inadequacy of the counterfactual test 7-5 Conclusion 124 125 127 129 133 134 137 140 142 145 147 147 150 150 ISI 154 15 6 157 158 160 166 172 17З 174 175 Part III Non-deductive arguments 8 Reasoning with explanatory hypotheses 8.1 Introduction 8.Z A medical case 8.3 Abductive procedures 8.3.1 Abduction 8.3.2 Inference to the best explanation 8.4 An example of reasoning with explanatory hypotheses: reasoning from effects to causes 8.4.1 The method of agreement 8.4.2 The method of difference 179 179 180 183 183 185 188 191 192
VIII Critical Thinking 8.4.3 8.4.4 8.5 9 ao The joint method of agreement and difference A more complex case 8.4.5 An assessment of Mill’s methods Conclusion 193 194 195 196 Statistical reasoning 9.1 Introduction 9.2. Reasoning with purely statistical generalizations 9.2.1 Lack of relationship between the target and measured property 9.Z.2 Cardinality of the sample 9.Z.3 Biased samples 9.Z.4 Question biases 9.Z.5 Hidden variables 9.2.6 Some considerations on the margin of error 9.2.7 Statistical generalizations and daily life 9.3 Generalizations concerning the future 9.4 Statistical syllogism 9.4.1 Statistical syllogisms and reference classes 9.5 Conclusion 197 Probability and probability biases юл Introduction 10.2 Three interpretations of probability 10.2.1 The classical interpretation 10.2.2 The frequentist interpretation 10.2.3 The subjective interpretation 10.3 Basic aspects of probability theory 10.3.1 Rules for intersection 10.3.2 Rules for union 10.3.3 Rule for complement event 10.3.4 Bayes’ theorem 10.4 Two probabilistic reasoning problems, and some fallacies 10.4.1 The cab problem 10.4.2 The prosecutor’s fallacy 10.5 Risk and fundamental uncertainty 10.5.1 Risk 10.5.2 Fundamental uncertainty 10.6 Conclusion 213 213 215 216 217 218 220 223 224 225 226 230 232 233 234 234 235 237 197 198 199 zoo zoi 203 204 204 205 205 208 210 212
Table of contents u IX Reasoning by analogy 239 11.1 Introduction ix.2 Structure of arguments by analogy and evaluation criteria 11.3 Reasoning by analogy with cognitive purposes 11.4 Analogy in legal reasoning 11.5 Analogy in moral reasoning 11.6 Conclusion 239 240 241 242 243 24è Further reading 247
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| adam_txt |
Table of contents Introduction XI Parti Arguments and rationality 1 Rationality and cognitive biases 1.1 Normative and descriptive approaches to reasoning 1.1.1 Critical Thinking, normative and descriptive 1.2 Heuristics and biases 1.2.1 Framing effect 1.2.2 Hindsight bias 1.2.3 Anchoring effect 1.3 The value of normative standards 1.4 Conclusion 3 3 3 7 9 14 18 20 22 2 What is an argument? 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Arguments and argumentative structure 2.2.1 Simple and complex arguments 2.3 Good arguments vs. bad arguments 2.3.1 Deductive reasoning 2.3.2 Good arguments and deductively valid arguments 2.3.3 Kinds of non-deductive reasoning 2.3.4 Strength and weakness of non-deductive reasoning 2.4 Conclusion 23 23 24 27 30 32 35 37 40 41 3 Rational discussion and the pyramid of disagreement 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Rational discussion 3.2.1 The rules of rational discussion 3.3 Ways of reacting to disagreement 3.4 Conclusion 43 43 44 45 47 55
Critical Thinking How to reply rationally to an argument 4.1 The two strategies for attacking an argument 4.1.1 Truth, justifiability and plausibility 4.2 Attack on the argumentative structure 4.2.1 Non-sequitur 4.2.2 A fallacy of inductive reasoning: the unwarranted generalization 4.2.3 Circular reasoning Attack on the premises 4-3 4.3.1 Counterexamples 4.3.2 Request for justification 4.3.3 Reductio ad absurdum Conclusion 4-4 57 57 58 60 61 62 63 66 67 67 68 69 Part II Deductive arguments 5 6 Deductive arguments 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Semantics and syntax. Classical logic 5.x Propositional reasoning 5.2.1 The truth conditions of complex sentences 5.2.2 Definability 5.2.3 Proving by rules. Natural deduction 5.2.4 Assertion and rules of inference 5.3 Reasoning with predicates and quantifiers 5.3.1 Sentences containing predicates and quantifiers, and their relationships 5.3.2 A formal language for reasoning with predicates and quantifiers 5.3.3 Some remarks on the logical regimentation of predicates and quantifiers 5.3.4 Categorical syllogisms 5.4 Conclusion Conditional reasoning, I: The material conditional 6.1 Introduction 6.2 A reasoning problem involving conditionals 6.3 The conditional 73 73 77 79 82 86 92 97 99 101 105 113 114 117 119 119 121 123
VII Table of contents 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 7 6.3.1 The many kinds of indicative conditional 6.3.2 Truth and falsity of indicative conditionals The material conditional 6.4.1 The paradoxes of material implication 6.4.2 Inference rules with material conditionals 6.4.3 Two fallacies and other rules of inference Conditionals and necessary and sufficient conditions Other views of indicative conditionals An experiment involving modus tollens Conclusion Conditional reasoning, II: The counterfactual conditional Introduction 7-і The psychology of counterfactual reasoning 7.1 7.2.1 The importance of counterfactual reasoning 7.2.2 The fault lines: which aspects of reality do we modify? The logic of counterfactuals 7-3 7.3.1 Indicative and counterfactual conditionals 7.3.2 The truth conditions of counterfactuals 7.3.3 The Ramsey Test for counterfactuals 7.3.4 The semantics of counterfactuals 7.3.3 Fallacies of counterfactual reasoning Counterfactuals and causality 7-4 7.4.1 The counterfactual test 7.4.2 Inadequacy of the counterfactual test 7-5 ' Conclusion 124 125 127 129 133 134 137 140 142 145 147 147 150 150 ISI 154 15 6 157 158 160 166 172 17З 174 175 Part III Non-deductive arguments 8 Reasoning with explanatory hypotheses 8.1 Introduction 8.Z A medical case 8.3 Abductive procedures 8.3.1 Abduction 8.3.2 Inference to the best explanation 8.4 An example of reasoning with explanatory hypotheses: reasoning from effects to causes 8.4.1 The method of agreement 8.4.2 The method of difference 179 179 180 183 183 185 188 191 192
VIII Critical Thinking 8.4.3 8.4.4 8.5 9 ao The joint method of agreement and difference A more complex case 8.4.5 An assessment of Mill’s methods Conclusion 193 194 195 196 Statistical reasoning 9.1 Introduction 9.2. Reasoning with purely statistical generalizations 9.2.1 Lack of relationship between the target and measured property 9.Z.2 Cardinality of the sample 9.Z.3 Biased samples 9.Z.4 Question biases 9.Z.5 Hidden variables 9.2.6 Some considerations on the margin of error 9.2.7 Statistical generalizations and daily life 9.3 Generalizations concerning the future 9.4 Statistical syllogism 9.4.1 Statistical syllogisms and reference classes 9.5 Conclusion 197 Probability and probability biases юл Introduction 10.2 Three interpretations of probability 10.2.1 The classical interpretation 10.2.2 The frequentist interpretation 10.2.3 The subjective interpretation 10.3 Basic aspects of probability theory 10.3.1 Rules for intersection 10.3.2 Rules for union 10.3.3 Rule for complement event 10.3.4 Bayes’ theorem 10.4 Two probabilistic reasoning problems, and some fallacies 10.4.1 The cab problem 10.4.2 The prosecutor’s fallacy 10.5 Risk and fundamental uncertainty 10.5.1 Risk 10.5.2 Fundamental uncertainty 10.6 Conclusion 213 213 215 216 217 218 220 223 224 225 226 230 232 233 234 234 235 237 197 198 199 zoo zoi 203 204 204 205 205 208 210 212
Table of contents u IX Reasoning by analogy 239 11.1 Introduction ix.2 Structure of arguments by analogy and evaluation criteria 11.3 Reasoning by analogy with cognitive purposes 11.4 Analogy in legal reasoning 11.5 Analogy in moral reasoning 11.6 Conclusion 239 240 241 242 243 24è Further reading 247 |
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| spelling | Critical thinking an introduction edited by Canale · Ciuni · Frigerio · Tuzet First edition [Milan] BUP August 2021 xvii, 249 pages illustrations 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (pages 247-249) Critical thinking Reasoning Kritisches Denken (DE-588)4231288-7 gnd rswk-swf Schlussfolgern (DE-588)4251178-1 gnd rswk-swf Urteilen (DE-588)4078671-7 gnd rswk-swf Schlussfolgern (DE-588)4251178-1 s Urteilen (DE-588)4078671-7 s Kritisches Denken (DE-588)4231288-7 s DE-604 Canale, Damiano 1968- (DE-588)123603218 edt Ciuni, Roberto edt Frigerio, Aldo (DE-588)1049334752 edt Tuzet, Giovanni 1972- (DE-588)13295284X edt Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033041092&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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