Verfügbarkeit: Patent litigation in Germany, Japan and the United States

Patent litigation in Germany, Japan and the United States: a practititoner's guide

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser:	Pitz, Johann 1960- (VerfasserIn), Kawada, Atsushi (VerfasserIn), Schwab, Jeffrey A. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	München C.H. Beck [2022] Oxford Hart Publishing [2022] Baden-Baden Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft [2022]
Ausgabe:	Second edition
Schlagworte:	Rechtsvergleich Patentverfahren USA Japan Deutschland Patentrecht Patentstreit Patentverletzungsverfahren Streiterledigung
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XXV, 268 Seiten Diagramme
ISBN:	9783406778841 9781509960866 9783848786435

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................... V AUTHORS .............................................................................................................................................. XIX ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................... XXI SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................... XXIII PART 1 SURVEY I. THE EUROPEAN PATENT LITIGATION SYSTEM ........................................................................... 1 1. NATIONAL PATENT ENFORCEMENT .............................................................................................. 1 A) FORUM SHOPPING ............................................................................................................... 1 B) OVERVIEW OF THE GERMAN JUDICIAL SYSTEM FOR PATENT INFRINGEMENT PROCEDURE .......... 2 AA) COURT SYSTEM .............................................................................................................. 2 BB) PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................. 2 CC) THE DUAL SYSTEM ........................................................................................................ 3 DD) TIME TO TRIAL ............................................................................................................... 4 EE) LIKELIHOOD OF SUCCESS ................................................................................................ 4 FF) FINAL REMEDIES IN CASE OF INFRINGEMENT .................................................................. 4 (1) INJUNCTIONS ........................................................................................................... 4 (2) DAMAGES AND ACCOUNT OF PROFITS ........................................................................ 5 (3) REMOVAL AND DESTRUCTION ................................................................................... 5 (4) COSTS ..................................................................................................................... 5 C) UTILITY MODEL PROCEEDINGS .............................................................................................. 6 2. CROSS-BORDER ENFORCEMENT AND TORPEDO ACTIONS ........................................................... 8 3. THE UNITARY PATENT SYSTEM .................................................................................................. 9 A) STATUS OF REFORMS .............................................................................................................. 9 B) PROSECUTION OF UNITARY PATENTS ...................................................................................... 10 C) COURT SYSTEM .................................................................................................................... 10 D) ENFORCEMENT OF UNITARY PATENTS .................................................................................... 11 E) TRANSITIONAL PERIOD FOR EUROPEAN PATENTS (EPS) .......................................................... 12 F) JUDGES AND ATTORNEYS ...................................................................................................... 12 II. THE JAPANESE PATENT LITIGATION SYSTEM ............................................................................. 13 1. OVERVIEW OF JAPANESE JUDICIAL SYSTEM FOR PATENT INFRINGEMENT PROCEDURE ..................... 13 A) DOUBLE TRACK SYSTEM AND CONCENTRATION OF JURISDICTION FOR PATENT DISPUTES ......... 13 B) NUMBER OF PATENT LITIGATIONS IN JAPAN - STATISTICS ....................................................... 15 2. OVERVIEW OF JAPANESE COURT PROCEDURE FOR PATENT INFRINGEMENT CASES ........................... 16 A) LITIGATION FEE AND ATTORNEY S REWARD .............................................................................. 16 B) COMPLAINT ......................................................................................................................... 16 C) COURSE OF PROCEEDINGS .................................................................................................... 17 D) JUDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 18 E) APPEALS ............................................................................................................................. 18 III. THE US PATENT LITIGATION SYSTEM ........................................................................................ 20 1. THE LEAHY-SMITH AMERICA INVENTS ACTS (AIA) ............................................................ 20 PART 2 MATTER OF INFRINGEMENT I. GERMANY ................................................................................................................................ 25 1. SCOPE OF PROTECTION ........................................................................................................... 25 A) LITERAL AND NON-LITERAL INFRINGEMENT ............................................................................... 25 B) DOCTRINE OF EQUIVALENTS .................................................................................................... 26 VII AA) REQUIREMENTS OF EQUIVALENTS .................................................................................... 26 BB) FORMSTEIN DEFENSE ................................................................................................. 27 C) BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE SCOPE OF PROTECTION ......................... 28 AA) THE WORDING OF CLAIMS ............................................................................................. 28 BB) DESCRIPTION, DRAWINGS AND PRIOR ART ...................................................................... 28 CC) THE PERSON SKILLED IN THE ART IS RELEVANT FOR CLAIM INTERPRETATION ......................... 29 DD) FILE HISTORY ................................................................................................................. 29 EE) THE EFFECT OF EMPHASIZING PARTICULAR FEATURES OF A PATENT CLAIM IN THE DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................. 30 FF) THE EXTENT OF PROTECTION OF A PATENT CLAIM CONTAINING NUMERICAL DATA AND RANGES .................................................................................................................... 30 GG) TIME OF EQUIVALENCE DETERMINATION ........................................................................ 31 HH) DOCTRINE OF RENUNCIATION .......................................................................................... 31 2. DIRECT PATENT INFRINGEMENT .................................................................................................. 32 A) PRODUCT PATENTS ................................................................................................................ 32 AA) MANUFACTURING ........................................................................................................... 32 BB) OFFERING ...................................................................................................................... 33 CC) PUTTING ON THE MARKET .............................................................................................. 33 DD) USING .......................................................................................................................... 33 EE) IMPORTING ................................................................................................................... 33 FF) POSSESSING ................................................................................................................... 33 B) PROCESS PATENTS ................................................................................................................. 33 AA) WORKING AND USAGE PROCEDURES .............................................................................. 33 BB) MANUFACTURING PROCESS ............................................................................................. 33 C) PRODUCT BY PROCESS PATENTS ............................................................................................. 34 3. INDIRECT PATENT INFRINGEMENT ............................................................................................... 34 A) GENERAL PRINCIPLES ............................................................................................................ 34 B) MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................................................... 35 AA) OFFER/DELIVERY OF MEANS IN GERMANY ..................................................................... 35 BB) ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE INVENTION .......................................................................... 35 CC) OBJECTIVE APTITUDE FOR DIRECT INFRINGEMENT ............................................................ 36 DD) CUSTOMER S DESIGNATION FOR INFRINGING APPLICATION ............................................... 36 EE) OFFERER S/SUPPLIER S INTENTION .................................................................................. 37 FF) DOUBLE REFERENCE TO GERMAN TERRITORY ................................................................... 37 II. JAPAN ....................................................................................................................................... 38 1. SCOPE OF PROTECTION OF THE PATENT IN ACTION ....................................................................... 38 A) LITERAL SCOPE OF CLAIM ...................................................................................................... 38 AA) DESCRIPTION AND DRAWINGS ....................................................................................... 38 BB) PRIOR ART ..................................................................................................................... 39 CC) PROSECUTION HISTORY ................................................................................................... 39 (1) PROSECUTION HISTORY AS A MEANS FOR INTERPRETATION .......................................... 39 (2) PROSECUTION HISTORY AS A REASON FOR ESTOPPEL ................................................... 40 B) DOCTRINE OF EQUIVALENTS .................................................................................................... 40 AA) BALL SPLINE JUDGEMENT ........................................................................................... 40 BB) REQUIREMENT NO. 1 - REPLACEMENT OF UNESSENTIAL ELEMENT .................................. 41 CC) REQUIREMENT NO. 2 - IDENTICAL FUNCTION AND EFFECT DESPITE REPLACEMENT ........... 44 DD) REQUIREMENT NO. 3 - OBVIOUSNESS OF REPLACEMENT AT THE TIME OF INFRINGING ..... 44 EE) REQUIREMENT NO. 4 - OBJECTION OF FREE TECHNOLOGY ............................................. 44 FF) REQUIREMENT NO. 5 - OBJECTION OF INTENTIONAL EXCLUSION .................................... 44 GG) PATENTED INVENTIONS CONTAINING NUMERICAL RANGES ............................................... 46 2. DIRECT INFRINGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 46 3. INDIRECT INFRINGEMENT ........................................................................................................... 49 A) OLD TYPES OF PROVISIONS AGAINST INDIRECT INFRINGEMENTS .............................................. 49 B) NEW TYPES OF PROVISIONS AGAINST INDIRECT INFRINGEMENTS .............................................. 50 C) INDIRECT INFRINGEMENT IN THE PRACTICE ............................................................................ 51 VIII III. USA ........................................................................................................................................ 52 1. SCOPE OF PROTECTION ............................................................................................................... 52 A) THE WORDING OF THE CLAIMS ........................................................................................... 52 B) CLAIM INTERPRETATION ....................................................................................................... 52 2. DIRECT PATENT INFRINGEMENT .................................................................................................. 53 A) REQUIREMENTS OF EQUIVALENTS .......................................................................................... 53 B) TIME OF EQUIVALENTS DETERMINATION .............................................................................. 54 C) EQUIVALENCY AND THE PRIOR ART ....................................................................................... 54 D) EQUIVALENCY AND FILE HISTORY ESTOPPEL ......................................................................... 54 3. INDIRECT PATENT INFRINGEMENT - ACTIVE INDUCEMENT ......................................................... 55 A) ACTIVE INDUCEMENT .......................................................................................................... 55 B) CONTRIBUTORY INFRINGEMENT ............................................................................................. 55 C) INFRINGEMENT THROUGH THE SUPPLY OF COMPONENTS FROM UNITED STATES FOR COM BINATIONS MADE ABROAD .............................................................................................. 56 D) INFRINGEMENT BY SALE, OFFER FOR SALE, USE OR IMPORTATION OF A PRODUCT MADE OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES BY A PATENTED PROCESS ......................................................... 56 4. TYPES OF PATENTS ................................................................................................................... 57 A) PRODUCT PATENTS ................................................................................................................ 57 B) PROCESS PATENTS ................................................................................................................. 57 C) PRODUCT BY PROCESS PATENT .............................................................................................. 57 PART 3 CLAIMS OF THE PATENT HOLDER AND OBJECTIONS OF THE INFRINGER I. LEGAL BASIS FOR CLAIMS .......................................................................................................... 59 1. GERMANY ............................................................................................................................... 59 A) INJUNCTIVE RELIEF. ............................................................................................................... 59 AA) CRITICISM ON THE PRINCIPLE OF AUTOMATIC INJUNCTIONS ......................................... 59 BB) PROPORTIONALITY RESERVATION FOR INJUNCTIONS IN CASE OF PATENT INFRINGEMENT ...... 60 CC) MOTIVES OF THE LEGISLATOR .......................................................................................... 60 DD) FUTURE PRACTICE .......................................................................................................... 61 B) RENDERING ACCOUNT ........................................................................................................... 61 C) OBLIGATION TO PAY DAMAGES ............................................................................................. 62 AA) CLAIMS ........................................................................................................................ 62 BB) DAMAGES PROCEEDINGS ............................................................................................... 62 CC) FAULT ........................................................................................................................... 62 DD) CALCULATION OF DAMAGES ............................................................................................ 63 (1) PATENTEE S LOST PROFITS ......................................................................................... 63 (2) INFRINGER S PROFITS ................................................................................................ 63 (3) REASONABLE ROYALTIES ........................................................................................... 64 (4) RELATIONS BETWEEN THE CALCULATION METHODS AND PUNITIVE DAMAGES .............. 64 D) DISCLOSURE OF THE SOURCE OF ORIGIN AND OF PURCHASERS .................................................. 64 E) DESTRUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 65 F) REMOVAL AND RECALL OF INFRINGING GOODS ........................................................................ 65 G) COSTS .................................................................................................................................. 65 2. JAPAN ...................................................................................................................................... 66 A) CLAIM FOR INJUNCTION ........................................................................................................ 66 AA) PATENT HOLDER ............................................................................................................. 66 BB) LICENSEE ...................................................................................................................... 66 CC) RESTRICTION OF CLAIM FOR INJUNCTION .......................................................................... 67 B) CLAIM FOR COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGES ......................................................................... 67 AA) OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................... 67 (1) LEGAL BASIS OF CLAIM FOR COMPENSATION OF DAMAGES CAUSED BY INFRINGEMENT 67 (2) CLAIMANT FOR COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGES .......................................................... 67 (3) JUDICIAL PRACTICE FOR CLAIMING THE COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGES ....................... 68 (4) PREREQUISITES FOR CLAIMING THE COMPENSATION OF DAMAGES .............................. 68 BB) CALCULATION OF DAMAGES ............................................................................................ 68 (1) PATENT HOLDER S LOST PROFITS ................................................................................. 69 (2) PATENT HOLDER S PROFITS ESTIMATED FROM THE QUANTITY OF INFRINGER S PRODUCTS 69 IX (3) PATENT INFRINGER S PROFITS ..................................................................................... 71 (4) LICENCE ANALOGY ................................................................................................... 72 (5) RELATIONS BETWEEN THESE ALTERNATIVES FOR CALCULATION OF DAMAGES ................... 72 C) CLAIM FOR COMPENSATION FOR THE USE OF AN OPENED INVENTION BEFORE GRANT OF PATENT 74 D) OTHER CLAIMS ...................................................................................................................... 74 AA) PROCEDURAL CLAIMS FOR SUBMISSION OF DOCUMENTS .................................................. 74 BB) CLAIM FOR MEASURES PREVENTING FURTHER INFRINGEMENT ........................................... 74 CC) CLAIM FOR COSTS ........................................................................................................... 75 3. USA .................................................................................................................................... 75 A) INJUNCTIVE RELIEF ............................................................................................................... 75 B) ACCOUNTING AND MONETARY RELIEF ................................................................................... 76 C) OBLIGATION TO PAY DAMAGES ............................................................................................ 78 D) DISCLOSURE OF THE SOURCE OF ORIGIN AND OF PURCHASERS ................................................ 78 E) DESTRUCTION OF INFRINGING GOODS .................................................................................... 79 F) REMOVAL OF INFRINGING GOODS ........................................................................................ 79 G) COSTS ................................................................................................................................... 80 H) AWARD OF ATTORNEY S FEES ................................................................................................ 80 II. OBJECTIONS IN PATENT LITIGATION ........................................................................................... 82 1. GERMANY ................................................................................................................................ 82 A) LICENSE AGREEMENT, COMPULSORY LICENSE, ANTI-TRUST DEFENCE ......................................... 82 AA) LICENSE AGREEMENT ..................................................................................................... 82 BB) COMPULSORY LICENSE ................................................................................................... 82 CC) FRAND DEFENCE ......................................................................................................... 84 B) REVOCATION ACTION AND THE DUAL SYSTEM ....................................................................... 85 C) PRIOR USE RIGHT ................................................................................................................... 86 D) TEST PRIVILEGE ..................................................................................................................... 88 AA) RESEARCH PRIVILEGE ...................................................................................................... 88 (1) LEGAL PROVISION .................................................................................................... 88 (2) RESEARCH ON THE SUBJECT MATTER ....................................................................... 88 (3) ECONOMIC PURPOSES OF RESEARCH ......................................................................... 89 (4) ABUSE OF PRIVILEGE ............................................................................................... 89 (5) RESEARCH TOOLS ...................................................................................................... 89 (6) OUTSOURCED RESEARCH ........................................................................................... 89 (7) THIRD PARTY SUPPORT ............................................................................................ 89 BB) BOLAR EXEMPTION ........................................................................................................ 90 E) STATUTE OF LIMITATION ......................................................................................................... 90 F) LACHES ................................................................................................................................ 91 G) EXHAUSTION ........................................................................................................................ 91 H) GRACE PERIODS .................................................................................................................... 92 2. JAPAN ...................................................................................................................................... 92 A) LICENSE ............................................................................................................................... 92 AA) LICENSE AGREEMENT ..................................................................................................... 92 BB) NON-EXCLUSIVE LICENSES GRANTED BY THE COMMISSIONER OF THE PATENT OFFICE ETC. 93 CC) LEGAL LICENSES ............................................................................................................. 93 (1) TYPES OF LEGAL LICENSES ........................................................................................ 93 (2) LEGAL LICENSE BASED UPON A PRIOR USE ................................................................ 94 B) VALIDITY OF INVENTION ....................................................................................................... 95 AA) CHANGE OF DUAL SYSTEM - KILBY PATENT CASE ............................................................ 95 BB) COUNTERMEASURE OF PATENT HOLDERS - CORRECTION ................................................... 97 CC) DELAY OF PROCEDURE AND THE AMENDMENT OF THE JAPANESE PATENT ACT 2011 ........ 98 C) RESTRICTIONS OF PATENT RIGHTS ........................................................................................... 99 AA) EXPIRATION OF PATENT RIGHTS ...................................................................................... 99 BB) PRIVATE USES ................................................................................................................ 102 CC) EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES ............................................................................................. 102 DD) RESTRICTION OF EXERCISE PATENT RIGHT AGAINST PASSING VESSELS OR AIRCRAFTS ............. 103 EE) MEDICAL TREATMENTS .................................................................................................... 103 FF) EXHAUSTION OF PATENT RIGHT ...................................................................................... 104 X GG) PARALLEL IMPORT .......................................................................................................... 105 HH) ABUSE OF PATENT RIGHTS .............................................................................................. 106 II) FRAND ...................................................................................................................... 106 D) STATUTE OF LIMITATION ...................................................................................................... 106 3. USA ..................................................................................................................................... 107 A) DEFENSES - IN GENERAL ...................................................................................................... 107 AA) WRITTEN DESCRIPTION REQUIREMENT ........................................................................... 107 BB) ENABLEMENT ................................................................................................................ 108 CC) INVENTORSHIP ............................................................................................................... 108 DD) INEQUITABLE CONDUCT .................................................................................................. 108 B) ANTI-TRUST DEFENSE .......................................................................................................... 109 C) LICENSES ............................................................................................................................. 110 D) INVALIDATION, (PRIOR ART) AND PARALLEL PATENT OFFICE PROCEEDINGS ............................... ILL AA) SECTION 101 AND ANTICIPATION AND SECTION 102 STATUTORY BARS ............................ ILL BB) ANTICIPATION AND OTHER SECTION 102 STATUTORY BARS .............................................. 112 CC) OBVIOUSNESS (35 U.S.C. § 103) AND PERSON OF ORDINARY SKILL ............................. 114 DD) LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL ............................................................................................. 117 EE) SCOPE AND CONTENT OF THE PRIOR ART ....................................................................... 117 FF) CHALLENGES OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES COURT SYSTEM ............................................ 117 E) THE KEY AIA PROCEDURES ARE: ........................................................................................ 118 AA) SUPPLEMENTAL EXAMINATION ..................................................................................... 118 BB) IPR .............................................................................................................................. 119 CC) POST GRANT REVIEW (PGR) ....................................................................................... 120 DD) CONTESTED BUSINESS METHODS (CBM) PROCEEDING ................................................. 120 EE) PRIOR USE RIGHTS ....................................................................................................... 120 FF) EXPERIMENTAL USE ..................................................................................................... 120 GG) STATUTE OF LIMITATION ................................................................................................. 121 HH) LACHES ......................................................................................................................... 121 II) EQUITABLE ESTOPPEL ..................................................................................................... 122 JJ) PROSECUTION LACHES ................................................................................................... 122 KK) UNCLEAN HANDS ......................................................................................................... 122 PART 4 FACT FINDING I. GERMANY ................................................................................................................................ 125 1. TEST-PURCHASE ........................................................................................................................ 125 2. PRODUCT ANALYSIS AND PRIVATE EXPERTISES ............................................................................. 125 3. INSPECTION CLAIM ................................................................................................................... 126 4. SEIZURE BY CUSTOMS AUTHORITIES ........................................................................................... 127 5. INFORMATION CLAIM ................................................................................................................ 127 6. INVESTIGATION BY PUBLIC PROSECUTORS ................................................................................... 128 7. PROFESSIONAL CONFIDENTIALITY OBLIGATIONS ............................................................................. 128 II. JAPAN ...................................................................................................................................... 129 1. TEST PURCHASE ........................................................................................................................ 129 2. PRODUCT ANALYSES AND PRIVATE EXPERTISES ............................................................................. 129 3. PROCEDURAL MEASURES FOR COLLECTING INFORMATION ABOUT INFRINGEMENT ............................. 130 A) PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE ................................................................................................... 130 AA) PREREQUISITES AND PROCEEDING FOR PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCES ................................ 130 BB) PRESERVATION OF DOCUMENTS ...................................................................................... 130 B) DISPOSITION OF COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE BEFORE FILING AN ACTION ..................................... 131 4. SEIZURE BY CUSTOMS AUTHORITIES ........................................................................................... 131 5. INVESTIGATION BY PUBLIC PROSECUTORS ................................................................................... 132 III. USA ........................................................................................................................................ 133 1. PRE-FILING INVESTIGATION (FRCP RULE 11) ........................................................................... 133 2. PRODUCT ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................. 133 3. PRE-FILING DISCOVERY ............................................................................................................. 134 XI 4. SEIZURE BY CUSTOM AUTHORITIES ............................................................................................ 134 5. GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION IN THE PROCEEDINGS ................................................................ 135 PART 5 PRE-PROCEDURAL MEASURES I. PRE-PROCEDURAL MEASURES OF THE PATENT HOLDER ................................................................ 137 1. GERMANY ................................................................................................................................ 137 A) WARNING LETTER DUE TO PATENT INFRINGEMENT .................................................................. 137 AA) PRACTICAL AND JUDICIAL MEANING ................................................................................ 137 BB) UNAUTHORIZED WARNING ............................................................................................. 138 CC) USE-BY-PERIODS .......................................................................................................... 138 B) PRELIMINARY INJUNCTIONS ................................................................................................... 138 AA) A SURVEY OF SUMMARY PROCEEDINGS IN PATENT LAW ................................................... 138 BB) PROCEDURAL PRINCIPLES IN PI PROCEEDINGS ................................................................ 139 (1) COMPETENCE OF PATENT CHAMBERS ....................................................................... 139 (2) TWO INSTANCES ...................................................................................................... 139 (3) ARMS EQUALITY ....................................................................................................... 139 CC) REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................. 140 (1) INFRINGEMENT ....................................................................................................... 140 (2) VALIDITY OF THE PATENT OF DISPOSAL ...................................................................... 140 (3) URGENCY ................................................................................................................ 141 (4) PROPORTIONALITY ..................................................................................................... 142 DD) ENFORCEMENT AND REMEDIES ...................................................................................... 142 (1) OPPOSITION ........................................................................................................... 142 (2) CONSTITUTIONAL INTERIM ORDER ............................................................................. 142 (3) REQUEST TO BRING MAIN ACTION ............................................................................ 142 (4) FINAL STATEMENT .................................................................................................... 143 (5) REQUEST TO CANCEL THE PI ..................................................................................... 143 (6) JUDGEMENT AND APPEAL ....................................................................................... 143 EE) DAMAGES ..................................................................................................................... 143 2. JAPAN ...................................................................................................................................... 143 A) WARNING ............................................................................................................................ 143 B) PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ..................................................................................................... 144 AA) PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION AS A PROVISIONAL REMEDY ................................................... 145 BB) CHARACTERS OF A PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION .................................................................. 145 CC) MATERIAL PREREQUISITES FOR AN ORDER OF A PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ......................... 146 DD) PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................... 146 (1) JURISDICTION .......................................................................................................... 146 (2) PETITION ................................................................................................................. 147 (3) RELATION OF A PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION WITH AN ORDINARY INJUNCTION ................ 147 (4) HEARING ................................................................................................................. 148 (5) PROOF WITH PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCES ....................................................................... 148 EE) DECISION AND OBJECTION ............................................................................................. 149 (1) DISMISSAL OF A PETITION AND IMMEDIATE APPEAL ................................................ 149 (2) ISSUE OF AN ORDER FOR A PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION, OBJECTION AND APPEAL .......... 150 FF) REVOCATION OF A PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ............................................................... 151 3. USA ........................................................................................................................................ 151 A) WARNING LETTER ................................................................................................................. 151 B) INJUNCTIVE RELIEF ............................................................................................................... 152 II. PRE-PROCEDURAL MEASURES OF THE ALLEGED INFRINGER .......................................................... 154 1. GERMANY ............................................................................................................................ 154 A) NEGATIVE DECLARATORY ACTION AND COUNTER-WARNING ........................................................ 154 B) PROTECTIVE LETTER ................................................................................................................ 154 AA) BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................ 154 BB) RATIONALE .................................................................................................................... 154 CC) ELECTRONIC REGISTER ..................................................................................................... 155 DD) PRACTICAL ISSUES .......................................................................................................... 155 XII C) APPLICATION FOR ISSUING INJUNCTIVE RELIEF DUE TO UNAUTHORIZED PATENT MARKING ........ 156 D) ANTI-SUIT-INJUNCTIONS .......................................................................................... 156 AA) ANIT-SUIT-INJUNCTION IN MULTI-NATIONAL PATENT LITIGATION ....................................... 156 BB) ADMISSIBILITY OF ASIS UNDER GERMAN LAW? ............................................................ 157 CC) ANTI-ASIS AS DEFENSIVE STRATEGY ............................................................................... 157 DD) BASIS OF CLAIMS ........................................................................................................... 157 EE) LEGAL INTEREST ............................................................................................................. 157 FF) JURISDICTION ................................................................................................................. 158 GG) OUTLOOK ...................................................................................................................... 158 E) ANTI-DIVISIONAL-GAME-INJUNCTIONS ................................................................................ 158 2. JAPAN ...................................................................................................................................... 159 A) COUNTER WARNING .............................................................................................................. 159 AA) COUNTER WARNING BASED ON A PATENT ....................................................................... 159 BB) COUNTER WARNING BASED ON AN UNFAIR COMPETITION ................................................ 159 B) PROTECTIVE LETTER ................................................................................................................ 161 C) DECLARATORY JUDGEMENT .................................................................................................... 161 3. USA ........................................................................................................................................ 162 A) COUNTER-WARNING/PROTECTIVE LETTER ............................................................................... 162 B) OPINIONS OF COUNSEL ....................................................................................................... 163 C) DECLARATORY JUDGMENT PROCEEDINGS ................................................................................ 163 D) REQUEST FOR INJUNCTIVE RELIEF DUE TO UNAUTHORIZED CLAIM OF PATENT RIGHTS ............ 164 PART 6 INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS I. GERMANY ................................................................................................................................ 165 1. JURISDICTION AND COURTS ........................................................................................................ 165 2. PARTIES AND PARTICIPANTS TO THE PROCEEDINGS ....................................................................... 165 A) THE PARTIES ........................................................................................................................ 165 B) STANDING TO LITIGATE ........................................................................................................... 165 AA) THE REGISTERED PATENT HOLDER ................................................................................... 165 BB) SEVERAL PATENT OWNERS ............................................................................................... 166 CC) EXCLUSIVE LICENSEE ..................................................................................................... 167 DD) NON-EXCLUSIVE LICENSEE ............................................................................................. 167 C) THE DEFENDANT S STANDING TO BE SUED ............................................................................. 168 AA) ALLEGED INFRINGERS ..................................................................................................... 168 BB) TWO OR MORE INFRINGERS ........................................................................................... 168 CC) MANAGING DIRECTORS ................................................................................................... 169 D) ATTORNEYS OF RECORD ......................................................................................................... 169 E) EXPERTS .............................................................................................................................. 169 AA) COURT EXPERTS ............................................................................................................. 169 BB) PARTY-APPOINTED EXPERT ............................................................................................ 170 F) THIRD PARTY INTERVENTION ................................................................................................. 170 3. PROCEDURE .............................................................................................................................. 171 A) FILING THE COMPLAINT ........................................................................................................ 171 B) REPLY TO A COMPLAINT ....................................................................................................... 172 C) ORAL HEARING ..................................................................................................................... 172 D) JUDGEMENT, APPEAL AND PROVISIONAL EXECUTION .............................................................. 172 E) PROCEDURAL GUIDELINES OF THE COURT ................................................................................. 173 II. JAPAN ...................................................................................................................................... 175 1. JURISDICTION ........................................................................................................................... 175 A) INTERNATIONAL JURISDICTION AND GOVERNING LAW ............................................................... 175 AA) INJUNCTION CLAIM ....................................................................................................... 175 BB) CLAIMS FOR COMPENSATION OF DAMAGES ...................................................................... 176 B) NATIONAL JURISDICTION ....................................................................................................... 178 AA) JURISDICTION FOR THE FIRST INSTANCE ............................................................................. 178 BB) JURISDICTION FOR THE SECOND INSTANCE ........................................................................ 178 CC) JURISDICTION FOR THE FINAL INSTANCE ........................................................................... 178 XIII 2. PARTIES TO THE PROCEEDING ................................................................................................... 179 A) COURTS ................................................................................................................................ 179 B) PARTIES ................................................................................................................................ 179 AA) PLAINTIFFS ..................................................................................................................... 179 (1) EXISTENCE OF AN EFFECTIVE PATENT RIGHT ............................................................... 179 (2) TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS .................................................................................... 180 (3) REGISTERED EXCLUSIVE LICENSEE ............................................................................. 180 BB) DEFENDANTS ................................................................................................................. 181 CC) REPRESENTATIVES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE ........................................................................... 182 DD) EXPERTS ....................................................................................................................... 182 (1) EXPERT WITNESSES .................................................................................................. 182 (2) JUDICIAL RESEARCH OFFICIALS FOR TECHNICAL MATTERS ............................................... 183 (3) TECHNICAL ADVISORS .............................................................................................. 183 (4) INSPECTORS ............................................................................................................. 183 EE) THIRD PARTIES .............................................................................................................. 184 3. PROCEDURAL STEPS .................................................................................................................... 184 A) FILING A COMPLAINT BY A PLAINTIFF ..................................................................................... 184 B) SERVICE OF A COMPLAINT TO THE DEFENDANT ........................................................................ 185 C) ANSWER OF THE DEFENDANT TO A COMPLAINT ....................................................................... 186 D) BEGIN OF ORAL PROCEEDING ................................................................................................. 186 E) PREPARATORY PROCEEDING ................................................................................................... 186 AA) PREPARATORY PROCEEDING FOR RECOGNISING INFRINGEMENT .......................................... 187 BB) PREPARATORY PROCEEDING FOR CALCULATION OF DAMAGES .............................................. 187 F) CONCLUSION OF ORAL PROCEEDING ....................................................................................... 187 G) JUDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................... 188 AA) JUDGEMENT RECOGNISING INFRINGEMENT ...................................................................... 188 BB) JUDGEMENT DENYING INFRINGEMENT ........................................................................... 188 H) APPEAL TO THE JAPANESE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY HIGH COURT ........................................... 188 I) FINAL APPEAL TO THE JAPANESE SUPREME COURT ............................................................... 189 III. USA ........................................................................................................................................ 191 1. JURISDICTION ............................................................................................................................ 191 2. PARTIES TO THE PROCEEDINGS .................................................................................................... 192 A) COURT ................................................................................................................................. 192 B) NECESSARY AND PERMISSIBLE PARTIES ................................................................................. 192 C) RIGHTS OF ACTION ............................................................................................................... 193 D) ADDING OF ADDITIONAL PARTIES .......................................................................................... 193 E) REPRESENTATIVES ................................................................................................................. 193 F) EXPERTS ............................................................................................................................... 194 G) THIRD PARTY PARTICIPATION ................................................................................................ 194 3. PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................................... 195 A) FILING OF THE COMPLAINT ................................................................................................... 195 B) ANSWER TO THE COMPLAINT ................................................................................................ 195 C) PROCEEDINGS LEADING TO THE DECISION OF THE COURT ...................................................... 196 D) MOTION PRACTICE AND ORAL HEARINGS .............................................................................. 197 E) TRIAL, JUDGMENT AND APPEAL ........................................................................................... 198 PART 7 PROCEDURAL PRINCIPLES I. GERMANY ................................................................................................................................... 199 1. THE DUAL SYSTEM ................................................................................................................... 199 A) SEPARATION OF INFRINGEMENT AND NULLITY PROCEEDINGS ................................................... 199 B) REFORM DISCUSSIONS .......................................................................................................... 199 C) ONE TRACK SYSTEM FOR UTILITY MODELS ........................................................................ 200 2. THE PRINCIPLE OF PARTY CONTROL ............................................................................................ 201 A) SUBSTANTIVE MOTIONS ........................................................................................................ 201 AA) SUBJECT-MATTER OF THE MOTIONS ................................................................................. 201 BB) THE PRINCIPLE OF THE BINDING NATURE OF THE APPLICATION ........................................ 202 XIV B) COMMENCEMENT AND TERMINATION OF THE PROCEEDINGS ................................................. 202 AA) BRINGING A SUIT ........................................................................................................... 202 BB) WITHDRAWAL OF ACTION ................................................................................................ 202 CC) ACCEPTANCE ................................................................................................................. 203 DD) SETTLEMENT ................................................................................................................... 203 C) CHANGES IN THE FACTUAL AND LEGAL SITUATIONS .................................................................. 203 AA) CHANGE OF PARTY ........................................................................................................ 203 BB) INVALIDATION OR RESTRICTION OF THE PATENT-IN-SUIT .................................................... 204 3. ADVERSARIAL SYSTEM ................................................................................................................ 206 4. INVESTIGATIVE PRINCIPLE AND JUDICIAL INFORMATION OBLIGATION ............................................. 206 5. THE LEGAL JUDGE ..................................................................................................................... 207 6. RIGHT TO BE HEARD AND ARMS EQUALITY .............................................................................. 208 7. ORAL PRESENTATION, PUBLICITY AND SECRECY ........................................................................... 208 8. BURDEN OF DEMONSTRATION AND BURDEN OF PROOF ................................................................ 209 A) EXTENT OF THE BURDEN OF DEMONSTRATION AND PROOF ...................................................... 209 B) EXEMPTION OF CERTAIN FACTS FROM THE BURDEN OF PROOF. ................................................ 210 C) SHIFTING OF THE BURDEN OF PROOF ..................................................................................... 211 D) TAKING OF EVIDENCE AND MEANS OF EVIDENCE .................................................................. 212 9. THE PRINCIPLE OF CONCENTRATION ........................................................................................... 213 10. LIABILITY OF THE LOSING PARTY TO PAY THE COSTS ..................................................................... 213 A) COST RISK ............................................................................................................................ 213 B) VALUE OF THE MATTER IN DISPUTE ....................................................................................... 214 11. THE PRINCIPLE OF TERRITORIALITY ............................................................................................. 215 A) BASIC PRINCIPLES ................................................................................................................ 215 B) PRODUCTION OF PARTS IN GERMANY BUT ASSEMBLY ABROAD ................................................. 216 C) COMPLETION OF A PROCESS BY THIRD PARTIES ABROAD ......................................................... 216 D) OFFERS FROM AND TO A FOREIGN COUNTRY ........................................................................... 217 E) EXHIBITIONS ON A FAIR ........................................................................................................ 217 F) INTERNET OFFERS .................................................................................................................. 217 G) TRANSIT OF INFRINGING GOODS ............................................................................................. 218 H) PARTICIPATION ABROAD ....................................................................................................... 218 II. JAPAN .......................................................................................................................................... 220 1. DOUBLE TRACK SYSTEM ........................................................................................................ 220 A) SEPARATION SYSTEM BEFORE THE JUDGEMENT IN 2000 ......................................................... 220 B) INTRODUCTION OF DOUBLE TRACK SYSTEM BY THE JUDGEMENT IN 2000 .......................... 220 C) CONTRADICTION BETWEEN COURTS JUDGEMENTS AND THE JPO S DECISIONS ......................... 221 D) INVALIDATION OF PATENT AFTER THE FINAL AND BINDING JUDGEMENT .................................... 221 E) DISCUSSION TO REFORM THE DOUBLE TRACK SYSTEM ........................................................ 221 2. PRINCIPLE OF PARTY DISPOSITION .............................................................................................. 222 A) SUBSTANTIVE MOTIONS ........................................................................................................ 222 AA) SPECIFICATION OF CLAIMS .............................................................................................. 222 (1) DISCRETION OF A PATENT HOLDER TO SPECIFY THE CLAIMS ........................................ 222 (2) INITIATIVE OF AN ALLEGED INFRINGER ....................................................................... 223 (3) SPECIFICATION OF THE OBJECTS OF CLAIM ................................................................. 223 BB) SPECIFICATION OF PARTIES ............................................................................................. 224 B) PARTY S DISCRETION FOR ENDING THE PROCEDURE ................................................................. 224 AA) WITHDRAWAL OF ACTION ................................................................................................ 224 (1) PREREQUISITES OF WITHDRAWAL OF ACTION ............................................................... 224 (2) EFFECT OF WITHDRAWAL OF ACTION ........................................................................... 225 (3) PRACTICAL MEANING OF WITHDRAWAL OF ACTION ...................................................... 225 BB) WAIVER OF CLAIM ........................................................................................................ 225 CC) ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF CLAIM ...................................................................................... 226 DD) AMICABLE SETTLEMENT WITHIN A JUDICIAL PROCEDURE ................................................. 226 3. PRINCIPLE OF PARTY PRESENTATION ........................................................................................... 227 A) RESPONSIBILITIES OF PARTIES TO STATE FACTS AND TO SUBMIT PROOFS ................................... 227 B) EXCEPTIONS TO THE PRINCIPLE OF PARTY PRESENTATION ........................................................ 227 AA) INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF LAWS ................................................................... 227 BB) PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING AN ACTION ......................................................... 228 XV CC) PROGRESS OF PROCEEDINGS ............................................................................................ 228 DD) SUBSIDIARY AUTHORITY OF COURTS TO COLLECT EVIDENCES ............................................... 229 4. JUDICIAL INFORMATION OBLIGATION ............................................................................................ 229 5. LEGAL JUDGES ........................................................................................................................... 230 6. PRINCIPLES OF ORALITY AND PUBLICITY ....................................................................................... 231 A) PRINCIPLES OF ORALITY AND PUBLICITY FOR CIVIL PROCEDURES ................................................ 231 B) EXCEPTIONS IN THE PRACTICE OF PATENT INFRINGEMENT CASES ............................................. 231 AA) SUITABLENESS FOR PREPARATORY PROCEEDINGS .............................................................. 231 BB) LIMITATION OF OPENING RECORDS CONTAINING TRADE SECRETS TO THE PUBLIC ................ 232 CC) PROTECTIVE ORDER ......................................................................................................... 232 (1) PREREQUISITES FOR PROTECTIVE ORDER ...................................................................... 233 (2) LEGAL RESULTS FROM PROTECTIVE ORDER ................................................................... 233 DD) SUSPENSION OF OPENING THE EXAMINATION OF PARTIES TO THE PUBLIC ........................ 234 7. BURDEN OF DEMONSTRATION AND BURDEN OF PROOF ................................................................ 234 A) BURDEN OF DEMONSTRATION ................................................................................................ 234 B) BURDEN OF PROOF ................................................................................................................ 235 AA) BURDEN OF PROOF FOR LITERAL INFRINGEMENT ................................................................ 235 BB) BURDEN OF PROOF FOR EQUIVALENT INFRINGEMENT ........................................................ 235 CC) BURDEN OF PROOF FOR COMPENSATION OF DAMAGES .................................................... 235 C) PROCEDURAL MEASURES EASING THE BURDEN OF PROOF RELATED TO INFRINGEMENT ................ 236 AA) OBLIGATION OF AN ALLEGED INFRINGER TO PRESENT THE EXPLOITING FORMS ................... 236 BB) PRESUMPTION OF EXPLOITING PATENTED PROCESS FROM IDENTIFICATION OF PRODUCTS .... 236 CC) ORDER TO SUBMIT DOCUMENTS RELATED TO INFRINGEMENT .......................................... 236 DD) ORDER TO SUBMIT A SUBJECT MATTER OF OBSERVATION ................................................. 237 EE) INSPECTION AFTER FILING A PATENT INFRINGEMENT LAW SUIT .......................................... 237 D) PROCEDURAL MEASURES EASING THE BURDEN OF PROOF RELATED TO CALCULATION DAMAGE ..... 238 AA) ORDER TO SUBMIT DOCUMENTS RELATED TO DAMAGES ................................................... 238 BB) PRESUMPTION OF THE AMOUNT OF DAMAGES ................................................................ 239 CC) DETERMINATION OF DAMAGES FOR PORTION BEYOND RIGHTS-HOLDER S PRODUCTION/SALES CAPACITY ....................................................................................................................... 239 DD) OBLIGATION OF INFRINGER TO EXPLAIN THE FACTS FOR THE CALCULATION OF DAMAGES ....... 239 EE) RECOGNITION OF REASONABLE AMOUNT OF DAMAGES ..................................................... 240 8. MAXIM OF CONCENTRATION OF EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES AND PARTIES .................................. 240 9. LIABILITY OF THE LOSING PARTY TO PAY THE COSTS ..................................................................... 240 III. USA ......................................................................................................................................... 242 1. ALL MATTERS BEFORE THE COURT .............................................................................................. 242 A) SUBSTANTIVE MOTIONS ......................................................................................................... 242 B) PROCEDURAL MOTIONS ......................................................................................................... 242 2. ADVERSARIAL SYSTEM ............................................................................................................... 243 3. DISCOVERY ............................................................................................................................... 243 4. THE COURT AND THE JUDGE AND THEIR ROLES .......................................................................... 244 5. THE JURY AND THEIR ROLE ...................................................................................................... 244 6. PUBLIC TRIALS AND RIGHT TO BE HEARD .................................................................................. 245 7. PUBLICITY ................................................................................................................................. 246 8. BURDEN OF PROOF. .................................................................................................................... 246 A) PREPONDERANCE OF THE EVIDENCE ...................................................................................... 246 B) CLEAR AND CONVINCING ...................................................................................................... 246 C) TAKING OF EVIDENCE AND MEANS OF EVIDENCE ................................................................ 247 AA) PRE-TRIAL DISCOVERY TESTIMONY ............................................................................... 247 BB) EVIDENCE OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES ....................................................................... 247 CC) EVIDENCE AT TRIAL ...................................................................................................... 248 9. COSTS ....................................................................................................................................... 249 XVI PART 8 COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF LAW AND PRACTICE I. TERRITORIALITY ............................................................................................................................. 251 II. COURTS ........................................................................................................................................ 252 III. JURY AND JUDGES ........................................................................................................................ 252 IV. EVIDENCE AND BURDEN OF DEMONSTRATION AND PROOF ........................................................... 252 1. PRETRIAL DISCOVERY .................................................................................................................. 252 2. DEPOSITIONS ............................................................................................................................ 253 3. EXPERTS ................................................................................................................................... 254 4. INSPECTIONS ............................................................................................................................. 255 V. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION .............................................................................................................. 255 VI. DIRECT AND INDIRECT INFRINGEMENT ..................................................................................... 255 VII. VALIDITY OBJECTION ................................................................................................................. 256 VIII. COMPULSORY LICENSING ......................................................................................................... 257 IX. EXPERIMENTAL USE AND BOLAR EXEMPTION ........................................................................... 257 X. INJUNCTIONS ............................................................................................................................ 257 XI. PRELIMINARY INJUNCTIONS ...................................................................................................... 258 XII. ANTI-SUIT-INJUNCTIONS .......................................................................................................... 259 XIII. DAMAGES .................................................................................................................................... 259 XIV. COSTS .......................................................................................................................................... 259 INDEX ..................................................................................................................................................... 261
adam_txt	TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE . V AUTHORS . XIX ABBREVIATIONS . XXI SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY . XXIII PART 1 SURVEY I. THE EUROPEAN PATENT LITIGATION SYSTEM . 1 1. NATIONAL PATENT ENFORCEMENT . 1 A) FORUM SHOPPING . 1 B) OVERVIEW OF THE GERMAN JUDICIAL SYSTEM FOR PATENT INFRINGEMENT PROCEDURE . 2 AA) COURT SYSTEM . 2 BB) PROCEDURE . 2 CC) THE DUAL SYSTEM . 3 DD) TIME TO TRIAL . 4 EE) LIKELIHOOD OF SUCCESS . 4 FF) FINAL REMEDIES IN CASE OF INFRINGEMENT . 4 (1) INJUNCTIONS . 4 (2) DAMAGES AND ACCOUNT OF PROFITS . 5 (3) REMOVAL AND DESTRUCTION . 5 (4) COSTS . 5 C) UTILITY MODEL PROCEEDINGS . 6 2. CROSS-BORDER ENFORCEMENT AND " TORPEDO ACTIONS " . 8 3. THE UNITARY PATENT SYSTEM . 9 A) STATUS OF REFORMS . 9 B) PROSECUTION OF UNITARY PATENTS . 10 C) COURT SYSTEM . 10 D) ENFORCEMENT OF UNITARY PATENTS . 11 E) TRANSITIONAL PERIOD FOR EUROPEAN PATENTS (EPS) . 12 F) JUDGES AND ATTORNEYS . 12 II. THE JAPANESE PATENT LITIGATION SYSTEM . 13 1. OVERVIEW OF JAPANESE JUDICIAL SYSTEM FOR PATENT INFRINGEMENT PROCEDURE . 13 A) " DOUBLE TRACK " SYSTEM AND CONCENTRATION OF JURISDICTION FOR PATENT DISPUTES . 13 B) NUMBER OF PATENT LITIGATIONS IN JAPAN - STATISTICS . 15 2. OVERVIEW OF JAPANESE COURT PROCEDURE FOR PATENT INFRINGEMENT CASES . 16 A) LITIGATION FEE AND ATTORNEY ' S REWARD . 16 B) COMPLAINT . 16 C) COURSE OF PROCEEDINGS . 17 D) JUDGEMENTS . 18 E) APPEALS . 18 III. THE US PATENT LITIGATION SYSTEM . 20 1. THE LEAHY-SMITH AMERICA INVENTS ACTS (AIA) . 20 PART 2 MATTER OF INFRINGEMENT I. GERMANY . 25 1. SCOPE OF PROTECTION . 25 A) LITERAL AND NON-LITERAL INFRINGEMENT . 25 B) DOCTRINE OF EQUIVALENTS . 26 VII AA) REQUIREMENTS OF EQUIVALENTS . 26 BB) " FORMSTEIN DEFENSE " . 27 C) BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE SCOPE OF PROTECTION . 28 AA) THE WORDING OF CLAIMS . 28 BB) DESCRIPTION, DRAWINGS AND PRIOR ART . 28 CC) THE PERSON SKILLED IN THE ART IS RELEVANT FOR CLAIM INTERPRETATION . 29 DD) FILE HISTORY . 29 EE) THE EFFECT OF EMPHASIZING PARTICULAR FEATURES OF A PATENT CLAIM IN THE DESCRIPTION . 30 FF) THE EXTENT OF PROTECTION OF A PATENT CLAIM CONTAINING NUMERICAL DATA AND RANGES . 30 GG) TIME OF EQUIVALENCE DETERMINATION . 31 HH) DOCTRINE OF RENUNCIATION . 31 2. DIRECT PATENT INFRINGEMENT . 32 A) PRODUCT PATENTS . 32 AA) MANUFACTURING . 32 BB) OFFERING . 33 CC) PUTTING ON THE MARKET . 33 DD) USING . 33 EE) IMPORTING . 33 FF) POSSESSING . 33 B) PROCESS PATENTS . 33 AA) WORKING AND USAGE PROCEDURES . 33 BB) MANUFACTURING PROCESS . 33 C) PRODUCT BY PROCESS PATENTS . 34 3. INDIRECT PATENT INFRINGEMENT . 34 A) GENERAL PRINCIPLES . 34 B) MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS . 35 AA) OFFER/DELIVERY OF MEANS IN GERMANY . 35 BB) ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE INVENTION . 35 CC) OBJECTIVE APTITUDE FOR DIRECT INFRINGEMENT . 36 DD) CUSTOMER ' S DESIGNATION FOR INFRINGING APPLICATION . 36 EE) OFFERER ' S/SUPPLIER ' S INTENTION . 37 FF) DOUBLE REFERENCE TO GERMAN TERRITORY . 37 II. JAPAN . 38 1. SCOPE OF PROTECTION OF THE PATENT IN ACTION . 38 A) LITERAL SCOPE OF CLAIM . 38 AA) DESCRIPTION AND DRAWINGS . 38 BB) PRIOR ART . 39 CC) PROSECUTION HISTORY . 39 (1) PROSECUTION HISTORY AS A MEANS FOR INTERPRETATION . 39 (2) PROSECUTION HISTORY AS A REASON FOR ESTOPPEL . 40 B) DOCTRINE OF EQUIVALENTS . 40 AA) " BALL SPLINE " JUDGEMENT . 40 BB) REQUIREMENT NO. 1 - REPLACEMENT OF UNESSENTIAL ELEMENT . 41 CC) REQUIREMENT NO. 2 - IDENTICAL FUNCTION AND EFFECT DESPITE REPLACEMENT . 44 DD) REQUIREMENT NO. 3 - OBVIOUSNESS OF REPLACEMENT AT THE TIME OF INFRINGING . 44 EE) REQUIREMENT NO. 4 - OBJECTION OF FREE TECHNOLOGY . 44 FF) REQUIREMENT NO. 5 - OBJECTION OF INTENTIONAL EXCLUSION . 44 GG) PATENTED INVENTIONS CONTAINING NUMERICAL RANGES . 46 2. DIRECT INFRINGEMENT . 46 3. INDIRECT INFRINGEMENT . 49 A) OLD TYPES OF PROVISIONS AGAINST INDIRECT INFRINGEMENTS . 49 B) NEW TYPES OF PROVISIONS AGAINST INDIRECT INFRINGEMENTS . 50 C) INDIRECT INFRINGEMENT IN THE PRACTICE . 51 VIII III. USA . 52 1. SCOPE OF PROTECTION . 52 A) THE WORDING OF THE CLAIMS . 52 B) CLAIM INTERPRETATION . 52 2. DIRECT PATENT INFRINGEMENT . 53 A) REQUIREMENTS OF EQUIVALENTS . 53 B) TIME OF EQUIVALENTS DETERMINATION . 54 C) EQUIVALENCY AND THE PRIOR ART . 54 D) EQUIVALENCY AND FILE HISTORY ESTOPPEL . 54 3. INDIRECT PATENT INFRINGEMENT - ACTIVE INDUCEMENT . 55 A) ACTIVE INDUCEMENT . 55 B) CONTRIBUTORY INFRINGEMENT . 55 C) INFRINGEMENT THROUGH THE SUPPLY OF COMPONENTS FROM UNITED STATES FOR COM BINATIONS MADE ABROAD . 56 D) INFRINGEMENT BY SALE, OFFER FOR SALE, USE OR IMPORTATION OF A PRODUCT MADE OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES BY A PATENTED PROCESS . 56 4. TYPES OF PATENTS . 57 A) PRODUCT PATENTS . 57 B) PROCESS PATENTS . 57 C) PRODUCT BY PROCESS PATENT . 57 PART 3 CLAIMS OF THE PATENT HOLDER AND OBJECTIONS OF THE INFRINGER I. LEGAL BASIS FOR CLAIMS . 59 1. GERMANY . 59 A) INJUNCTIVE RELIEF. . 59 AA) CRITICISM ON THE PRINCIPLE OF " AUTOMATIC " INJUNCTIONS . 59 BB) PROPORTIONALITY RESERVATION FOR INJUNCTIONS IN CASE OF PATENT INFRINGEMENT . 60 CC) MOTIVES OF THE LEGISLATOR . 60 DD) FUTURE PRACTICE . 61 B) RENDERING ACCOUNT . 61 C) OBLIGATION TO PAY DAMAGES . 62 AA) CLAIMS . 62 BB) DAMAGES PROCEEDINGS . 62 CC) FAULT . 62 DD) CALCULATION OF DAMAGES . 63 (1) PATENTEE ' S LOST PROFITS . 63 (2) INFRINGER ' S PROFITS . 63 (3) REASONABLE ROYALTIES . 64 (4) RELATIONS BETWEEN THE CALCULATION METHODS AND PUNITIVE DAMAGES . 64 D) DISCLOSURE OF THE SOURCE OF ORIGIN AND OF PURCHASERS . 64 E) DESTRUCTION . 65 F) REMOVAL AND RECALL OF INFRINGING GOODS . 65 G) COSTS . 65 2. JAPAN . 66 A) CLAIM FOR INJUNCTION . 66 AA) PATENT HOLDER . 66 BB) LICENSEE . 66 CC) RESTRICTION OF CLAIM FOR INJUNCTION . 67 B) CLAIM FOR COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGES . 67 AA) OVERVIEW . 67 (1) LEGAL BASIS OF CLAIM FOR COMPENSATION OF DAMAGES CAUSED BY INFRINGEMENT 67 (2) CLAIMANT FOR COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGES . 67 (3) JUDICIAL PRACTICE FOR CLAIMING THE COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGES . 68 (4) PREREQUISITES FOR CLAIMING THE COMPENSATION OF DAMAGES . 68 BB) CALCULATION OF DAMAGES . 68 (1) PATENT HOLDER ' S LOST PROFITS . 69 (2) PATENT HOLDER ' S PROFITS ESTIMATED FROM THE QUANTITY OF INFRINGER ' S PRODUCTS 69 IX (3) PATENT INFRINGER ' S PROFITS . 71 (4) LICENCE ANALOGY . 72 (5) RELATIONS BETWEEN THESE ALTERNATIVES FOR CALCULATION OF DAMAGES . 72 C) CLAIM FOR COMPENSATION FOR THE USE OF AN OPENED INVENTION BEFORE GRANT OF PATENT 74 D) OTHER CLAIMS . 74 AA) PROCEDURAL CLAIMS FOR SUBMISSION OF DOCUMENTS . 74 BB) CLAIM FOR MEASURES PREVENTING FURTHER INFRINGEMENT . 74 CC) CLAIM FOR COSTS . 75 3. USA . 75 A) INJUNCTIVE RELIEF . 75 B) ACCOUNTING AND MONETARY RELIEF . 76 C) OBLIGATION TO PAY DAMAGES . 78 D) DISCLOSURE OF THE SOURCE OF ORIGIN AND OF PURCHASERS . 78 E) DESTRUCTION OF INFRINGING GOODS . 79 F) REMOVAL OF INFRINGING GOODS . 79 G) COSTS . 80 H) AWARD OF ATTORNEY ' S FEES . 80 II. OBJECTIONS IN PATENT LITIGATION . 82 1. GERMANY . 82 A) LICENSE AGREEMENT, COMPULSORY LICENSE, ANTI-TRUST DEFENCE . 82 AA) LICENSE AGREEMENT . 82 BB) COMPULSORY LICENSE . 82 CC) FRAND DEFENCE . 84 B) REVOCATION ACTION AND THE DUAL SYSTEM . 85 C) PRIOR USE RIGHT . 86 D) TEST PRIVILEGE . 88 AA) RESEARCH PRIVILEGE . 88 (1) LEGAL PROVISION . 88 (2) RESEARCH ON THE SUBJECT MATTER . 88 (3) ECONOMIC PURPOSES OF RESEARCH . 89 (4) ABUSE OF PRIVILEGE . 89 (5) RESEARCH TOOLS . 89 (6) OUTSOURCED RESEARCH . 89 (7) THIRD PARTY SUPPORT . 89 BB) BOLAR EXEMPTION . 90 E) STATUTE OF LIMITATION . 90 F) LACHES . 91 G) EXHAUSTION . 91 H) GRACE PERIODS . 92 2. JAPAN . 92 A) LICENSE . 92 AA) LICENSE AGREEMENT . 92 BB) NON-EXCLUSIVE LICENSES GRANTED BY THE COMMISSIONER OF THE PATENT OFFICE ETC. 93 CC) LEGAL LICENSES . 93 (1) TYPES OF LEGAL LICENSES . 93 (2) LEGAL LICENSE BASED UPON A PRIOR USE . 94 B) VALIDITY OF INVENTION . 95 AA) CHANGE OF DUAL SYSTEM - KILBY PATENT CASE . 95 BB) COUNTERMEASURE OF PATENT HOLDERS - CORRECTION . 97 CC) DELAY OF PROCEDURE AND THE AMENDMENT OF THE JAPANESE PATENT ACT 2011 . 98 C) RESTRICTIONS OF PATENT RIGHTS . 99 AA) EXPIRATION OF PATENT RIGHTS . 99 BB) PRIVATE USES . 102 CC) EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES . 102 DD) RESTRICTION OF EXERCISE PATENT RIGHT AGAINST PASSING VESSELS OR AIRCRAFTS . 103 EE) MEDICAL TREATMENTS . 103 FF) EXHAUSTION OF PATENT RIGHT . 104 X GG) PARALLEL IMPORT . 105 HH) ABUSE OF PATENT RIGHTS . 106 II) FRAND . 106 D) STATUTE OF LIMITATION . 106 3. USA . 107 A) DEFENSES - IN GENERAL . 107 AA) WRITTEN DESCRIPTION REQUIREMENT . 107 BB) ENABLEMENT . 108 CC) INVENTORSHIP . 108 DD) INEQUITABLE CONDUCT . 108 B) ANTI-TRUST DEFENSE . 109 C) LICENSES . 110 D) INVALIDATION, (PRIOR ART) AND PARALLEL PATENT OFFICE PROCEEDINGS . ILL AA) SECTION 101 AND ANTICIPATION AND SECTION 102 STATUTORY BARS . ILL BB) ANTICIPATION AND OTHER SECTION 102 STATUTORY BARS . 112 CC) OBVIOUSNESS (35 U.S.C. § 103) AND PERSON OF ORDINARY SKILL . 114 DD) LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL . 117 EE) SCOPE AND CONTENT OF THE PRIOR ART . 117 FF) CHALLENGES OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES COURT SYSTEM . 117 E) THE KEY AIA PROCEDURES ARE: . 118 AA) SUPPLEMENTAL EXAMINATION . 118 BB) IPR . 119 CC) POST GRANT REVIEW (PGR) . 120 DD) CONTESTED BUSINESS METHODS (CBM) PROCEEDING . 120 EE) PRIOR USE RIGHTS . 120 FF) EXPERIMENTAL USE . 120 GG) STATUTE OF LIMITATION . 121 HH) LACHES . 121 II) EQUITABLE ESTOPPEL . 122 JJ) PROSECUTION LACHES . 122 KK) UNCLEAN HANDS . 122 PART 4 FACT FINDING I. GERMANY . 125 1. TEST-PURCHASE . 125 2. PRODUCT ANALYSIS AND PRIVATE EXPERTISES . 125 3. INSPECTION CLAIM . 126 4. SEIZURE BY CUSTOMS AUTHORITIES . 127 5. INFORMATION CLAIM . 127 6. INVESTIGATION BY PUBLIC PROSECUTORS . 128 7. PROFESSIONAL CONFIDENTIALITY OBLIGATIONS . 128 II. JAPAN . 129 1. TEST PURCHASE . 129 2. PRODUCT ANALYSES AND PRIVATE EXPERTISES . 129 3. PROCEDURAL MEASURES FOR COLLECTING INFORMATION ABOUT INFRINGEMENT . 130 A) PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE . 130 AA) PREREQUISITES AND PROCEEDING FOR PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCES . 130 BB) PRESERVATION OF DOCUMENTS . 130 B) DISPOSITION OF COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE BEFORE FILING AN ACTION . 131 4. SEIZURE BY CUSTOMS AUTHORITIES . 131 5. INVESTIGATION BY PUBLIC PROSECUTORS . 132 III. USA . 133 1. PRE-FILING INVESTIGATION (FRCP RULE 11) . 133 2. PRODUCT ANALYSIS . 133 3. PRE-FILING DISCOVERY . 134 XI 4. SEIZURE BY CUSTOM AUTHORITIES . 134 5. GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION IN THE PROCEEDINGS . 135 PART 5 PRE-PROCEDURAL MEASURES I. PRE-PROCEDURAL MEASURES OF THE PATENT HOLDER . 137 1. GERMANY . 137 A) WARNING LETTER DUE TO PATENT INFRINGEMENT . 137 AA) PRACTICAL AND JUDICIAL MEANING . 137 BB) UNAUTHORIZED WARNING . 138 CC) USE-BY-PERIODS . 138 B) PRELIMINARY INJUNCTIONS . 138 AA) A SURVEY OF SUMMARY PROCEEDINGS IN PATENT LAW . 138 BB) PROCEDURAL PRINCIPLES IN PI PROCEEDINGS . 139 (1) COMPETENCE OF PATENT CHAMBERS . 139 (2) TWO INSTANCES . 139 (3) ARMS EQUALITY . 139 CC) REQUIREMENTS . 140 (1) INFRINGEMENT . 140 (2) VALIDITY OF THE PATENT OF DISPOSAL . 140 (3) URGENCY . 141 (4) PROPORTIONALITY . 142 DD) ENFORCEMENT AND REMEDIES . 142 (1) OPPOSITION . 142 (2) CONSTITUTIONAL INTERIM ORDER . 142 (3) REQUEST TO BRING MAIN ACTION . 142 (4) FINAL STATEMENT . 143 (5) REQUEST TO CANCEL THE PI . 143 (6) JUDGEMENT AND APPEAL . 143 EE) DAMAGES . 143 2. JAPAN . 143 A) WARNING . 143 B) PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION . 144 AA) PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION AS A PROVISIONAL REMEDY . 145 BB) CHARACTERS OF A PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION . 145 CC) MATERIAL PREREQUISITES FOR AN ORDER OF A PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION . 146 DD) PROCEDURE . 146 (1) JURISDICTION . 146 (2) PETITION . 147 (3) RELATION OF A PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION WITH AN ORDINARY INJUNCTION . 147 (4) HEARING . 148 (5) PROOF WITH PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCES . 148 EE) DECISION AND OBJECTION . 149 (1) DISMISSAL OF A PETITION AND IMMEDIATE APPEAL . 149 (2) ISSUE OF AN ORDER FOR A PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION, OBJECTION AND APPEAL . 150 FF) REVOCATION OF A PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION . 151 3. USA . 151 A) WARNING LETTER . 151 B) INJUNCTIVE RELIEF . 152 II. PRE-PROCEDURAL MEASURES OF THE ALLEGED INFRINGER . 154 1. GERMANY . 154 A) NEGATIVE DECLARATORY ACTION AND COUNTER-WARNING . 154 B) PROTECTIVE LETTER . 154 AA) BACKGROUND . 154 BB) RATIONALE . 154 CC) ELECTRONIC REGISTER . 155 DD) PRACTICAL ISSUES . 155 XII C) APPLICATION FOR ISSUING INJUNCTIVE RELIEF DUE TO UNAUTHORIZED PATENT MARKING . 156 D) ANTI-SUIT-INJUNCTIONS . 156 AA) ANIT-SUIT-INJUNCTION IN MULTI-NATIONAL PATENT LITIGATION . 156 BB) ADMISSIBILITY OF ASIS UNDER GERMAN LAW? . 157 CC) ANTI-ASIS AS DEFENSIVE STRATEGY . 157 DD) BASIS OF CLAIMS . 157 EE) LEGAL INTEREST . 157 FF) JURISDICTION . 158 GG) OUTLOOK . 158 E) ANTI-DIVISIONAL-GAME-INJUNCTIONS . 158 2. JAPAN . 159 A) COUNTER WARNING . 159 AA) COUNTER WARNING BASED ON A PATENT . 159 BB) COUNTER WARNING BASED ON AN UNFAIR COMPETITION . 159 B) PROTECTIVE LETTER . 161 C) DECLARATORY JUDGEMENT . 161 3. USA . 162 A) COUNTER-WARNING/PROTECTIVE LETTER . 162 B) OPINIONS OF COUNSEL . 163 C) DECLARATORY JUDGMENT PROCEEDINGS . 163 D) REQUEST FOR INJUNCTIVE RELIEF DUE TO UNAUTHORIZED CLAIM OF PATENT RIGHTS . 164 PART 6 INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS I. GERMANY . 165 1. JURISDICTION AND COURTS . 165 2. PARTIES AND PARTICIPANTS TO THE PROCEEDINGS . 165 A) THE PARTIES . 165 B) STANDING TO LITIGATE . 165 AA) THE REGISTERED PATENT HOLDER . 165 BB) SEVERAL PATENT OWNERS . 166 CC) EXCLUSIVE LICENSEE . 167 DD) NON-EXCLUSIVE LICENSEE . 167 C) THE DEFENDANT ' S STANDING TO BE SUED . 168 AA) ALLEGED INFRINGERS . 168 BB) TWO OR MORE INFRINGERS . 168 CC) MANAGING DIRECTORS . 169 D) ATTORNEYS OF RECORD . 169 E) EXPERTS . 169 AA) COURT EXPERTS . 169 BB) PARTY-APPOINTED EXPERT . 170 F) THIRD PARTY INTERVENTION . 170 3. PROCEDURE . 171 A) FILING THE COMPLAINT . 171 B) REPLY TO A COMPLAINT . 172 C) ORAL HEARING . 172 D) JUDGEMENT, APPEAL AND PROVISIONAL EXECUTION . 172 E) PROCEDURAL GUIDELINES OF THE COURT . 173 II. JAPAN . 175 1. JURISDICTION . 175 A) INTERNATIONAL JURISDICTION AND GOVERNING LAW . 175 AA) INJUNCTION CLAIM . 175 BB) CLAIMS FOR COMPENSATION OF DAMAGES . 176 B) NATIONAL JURISDICTION . 178 AA) JURISDICTION FOR THE FIRST INSTANCE . 178 BB) JURISDICTION FOR THE SECOND INSTANCE . 178 CC) JURISDICTION FOR THE FINAL INSTANCE . 178 XIII 2. PARTIES TO THE PROCEEDING . 179 A) COURTS . 179 B) PARTIES . 179 AA) PLAINTIFFS . 179 (1) EXISTENCE OF AN EFFECTIVE PATENT RIGHT . 179 (2) TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS . 180 (3) REGISTERED EXCLUSIVE LICENSEE . 180 BB) DEFENDANTS . 181 CC) REPRESENTATIVES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE . 182 DD) EXPERTS . 182 (1) EXPERT WITNESSES . 182 (2) JUDICIAL RESEARCH OFFICIALS FOR TECHNICAL MATTERS . 183 (3) TECHNICAL ADVISORS . 183 (4) INSPECTORS . 183 EE) THIRD PARTIES . 184 3. PROCEDURAL STEPS . 184 A) FILING A COMPLAINT BY A PLAINTIFF . 184 B) SERVICE OF A COMPLAINT TO THE DEFENDANT . 185 C) ANSWER OF THE DEFENDANT TO A COMPLAINT . 186 D) BEGIN OF ORAL PROCEEDING . 186 E) PREPARATORY PROCEEDING . 186 AA) PREPARATORY PROCEEDING FOR RECOGNISING INFRINGEMENT . 187 BB) PREPARATORY PROCEEDING FOR CALCULATION OF DAMAGES . 187 F) CONCLUSION OF ORAL PROCEEDING . 187 G) JUDGEMENT . 188 AA) JUDGEMENT RECOGNISING INFRINGEMENT . 188 BB) JUDGEMENT DENYING INFRINGEMENT . 188 H) APPEAL TO THE JAPANESE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY HIGH COURT . 188 I) FINAL APPEAL TO THE JAPANESE SUPREME COURT . 189 III. USA . 191 1. JURISDICTION . 191 2. PARTIES TO THE PROCEEDINGS . 192 A) COURT . 192 B) NECESSARY AND PERMISSIBLE PARTIES . 192 C) RIGHTS OF ACTION . 193 D) ADDING OF ADDITIONAL PARTIES . 193 E) REPRESENTATIVES . 193 F) EXPERTS . 194 G) THIRD PARTY PARTICIPATION . 194 3. PROCEDURE . 195 A) FILING OF THE COMPLAINT . 195 B) ANSWER TO THE COMPLAINT . 195 C) PROCEEDINGS LEADING TO THE DECISION OF THE COURT . 196 D) MOTION PRACTICE AND ORAL HEARINGS . 197 E) TRIAL, JUDGMENT AND APPEAL . 198 PART 7 PROCEDURAL PRINCIPLES I. GERMANY . 199 1. THE DUAL SYSTEM . 199 A) SEPARATION OF INFRINGEMENT AND NULLITY PROCEEDINGS . 199 B) REFORM DISCUSSIONS . 199 C) " ONE TRACK " SYSTEM FOR UTILITY MODELS . 200 2. THE PRINCIPLE OF PARTY CONTROL . 201 A) SUBSTANTIVE MOTIONS . 201 AA) SUBJECT-MATTER OF THE MOTIONS . 201 BB) THE PRINCIPLE OF THE BINDING NATURE OF THE APPLICATION . 202 XIV B) COMMENCEMENT AND TERMINATION OF THE PROCEEDINGS . 202 AA) BRINGING A SUIT . 202 BB) WITHDRAWAL OF ACTION . 202 CC) ACCEPTANCE . 203 DD) SETTLEMENT . 203 C) CHANGES IN THE FACTUAL AND LEGAL SITUATIONS . 203 AA) CHANGE OF PARTY . 203 BB) INVALIDATION OR RESTRICTION OF THE PATENT-IN-SUIT . 204 3. ADVERSARIAL SYSTEM . 206 4. INVESTIGATIVE PRINCIPLE AND JUDICIAL INFORMATION OBLIGATION . 206 5. THE LEGAL JUDGE . 207 6. RIGHT TO BE HEARD AND " ARMS EQUALITY " . 208 7. ORAL PRESENTATION, PUBLICITY AND SECRECY . 208 8. BURDEN OF DEMONSTRATION AND BURDEN OF PROOF . 209 A) EXTENT OF THE BURDEN OF DEMONSTRATION AND PROOF . 209 B) EXEMPTION OF CERTAIN FACTS FROM THE BURDEN OF PROOF. . 210 C) SHIFTING OF THE BURDEN OF PROOF . 211 D) TAKING OF EVIDENCE AND MEANS OF EVIDENCE . 212 9. THE PRINCIPLE OF CONCENTRATION . 213 10. LIABILITY OF THE LOSING PARTY TO PAY THE COSTS . 213 A) COST RISK . 213 B) VALUE OF THE MATTER IN DISPUTE . 214 11. THE PRINCIPLE OF TERRITORIALITY . 215 A) BASIC PRINCIPLES . 215 B) PRODUCTION OF PARTS IN GERMANY BUT ASSEMBLY ABROAD . 216 C) COMPLETION OF A PROCESS BY THIRD PARTIES ABROAD . 216 D) OFFERS FROM AND TO A FOREIGN COUNTRY . 217 E) EXHIBITIONS ON A FAIR . 217 F) INTERNET OFFERS . 217 G) TRANSIT OF INFRINGING GOODS . 218 H) PARTICIPATION ABROAD . 218 II. JAPAN . 220 1. " DOUBLE TRACK " SYSTEM . 220 A) SEPARATION SYSTEM BEFORE THE JUDGEMENT IN 2000 . 220 B) INTRODUCTION OF " DOUBLE TRACK " SYSTEM BY THE JUDGEMENT IN 2000 . 220 C) CONTRADICTION BETWEEN COURTS ' JUDGEMENTS AND THE JPO ' S DECISIONS . 221 D) INVALIDATION OF PATENT AFTER THE FINAL AND BINDING JUDGEMENT . 221 E) DISCUSSION TO REFORM THE " DOUBLE TRACK " SYSTEM . 221 2. PRINCIPLE OF PARTY DISPOSITION . 222 A) SUBSTANTIVE MOTIONS . 222 AA) SPECIFICATION OF CLAIMS . 222 (1) DISCRETION OF A PATENT HOLDER TO SPECIFY THE CLAIMS . 222 (2) INITIATIVE OF AN ALLEGED INFRINGER . 223 (3) SPECIFICATION OF THE OBJECTS OF CLAIM . 223 BB) SPECIFICATION OF PARTIES . 224 B) PARTY ' S DISCRETION FOR ENDING THE PROCEDURE . 224 AA) WITHDRAWAL OF ACTION . 224 (1) PREREQUISITES OF WITHDRAWAL OF ACTION . 224 (2) EFFECT OF WITHDRAWAL OF ACTION . 225 (3) PRACTICAL MEANING OF WITHDRAWAL OF ACTION . 225 BB) WAIVER OF CLAIM . 225 CC) ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF CLAIM . 226 DD) AMICABLE SETTLEMENT WITHIN A JUDICIAL PROCEDURE . 226 3. PRINCIPLE OF PARTY PRESENTATION . 227 A) RESPONSIBILITIES OF PARTIES TO STATE FACTS AND TO SUBMIT PROOFS . 227 B) EXCEPTIONS TO THE PRINCIPLE OF PARTY PRESENTATION . 227 AA) INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF LAWS . 227 BB) PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING AN ACTION . 228 XV CC) PROGRESS OF PROCEEDINGS . 228 DD) SUBSIDIARY AUTHORITY OF COURTS TO COLLECT EVIDENCES . 229 4. JUDICIAL INFORMATION OBLIGATION . 229 5. LEGAL JUDGES . 230 6. PRINCIPLES OF ORALITY AND PUBLICITY . 231 A) PRINCIPLES OF ORALITY AND PUBLICITY FOR CIVIL PROCEDURES . 231 B) EXCEPTIONS IN THE PRACTICE OF PATENT INFRINGEMENT CASES . 231 AA) SUITABLENESS FOR PREPARATORY PROCEEDINGS . 231 BB) LIMITATION OF OPENING RECORDS CONTAINING TRADE SECRETS TO THE PUBLIC . 232 CC) PROTECTIVE ORDER . 232 (1) PREREQUISITES FOR PROTECTIVE ORDER . 233 (2) LEGAL RESULTS FROM PROTECTIVE ORDER . 233 DD) SUSPENSION OF OPENING THE EXAMINATION OF PARTIES TO THE PUBLIC . 234 7. BURDEN OF DEMONSTRATION AND BURDEN OF PROOF . 234 A) BURDEN OF DEMONSTRATION . 234 B) BURDEN OF PROOF . 235 AA) BURDEN OF PROOF FOR LITERAL INFRINGEMENT . 235 BB) BURDEN OF PROOF FOR EQUIVALENT INFRINGEMENT . 235 CC) BURDEN OF PROOF FOR COMPENSATION OF DAMAGES . 235 C) PROCEDURAL MEASURES EASING THE BURDEN OF PROOF RELATED TO INFRINGEMENT . 236 AA) OBLIGATION OF AN ALLEGED INFRINGER TO PRESENT THE EXPLOITING FORMS . 236 BB) PRESUMPTION OF EXPLOITING PATENTED PROCESS FROM IDENTIFICATION OF PRODUCTS . 236 CC) ORDER TO SUBMIT DOCUMENTS RELATED TO INFRINGEMENT . 236 DD) ORDER TO SUBMIT A SUBJECT MATTER OF OBSERVATION . 237 EE) INSPECTION AFTER FILING A PATENT INFRINGEMENT LAW SUIT . 237 D) PROCEDURAL MEASURES EASING THE BURDEN OF PROOF RELATED TO CALCULATION DAMAGE . 238 AA) ORDER TO SUBMIT DOCUMENTS RELATED TO DAMAGES . 238 BB) PRESUMPTION OF THE AMOUNT OF DAMAGES . 239 CC) DETERMINATION OF DAMAGES FOR PORTION BEYOND RIGHTS-HOLDER'S PRODUCTION/SALES CAPACITY . 239 DD) OBLIGATION OF INFRINGER TO EXPLAIN THE FACTS FOR THE CALCULATION OF DAMAGES . 239 EE) RECOGNITION OF REASONABLE AMOUNT OF DAMAGES . 240 8. MAXIM OF CONCENTRATION OF EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES AND PARTIES . 240 9. LIABILITY OF THE LOSING PARTY TO PAY THE COSTS . 240 III. USA . 242 1. ALL MATTERS BEFORE THE COURT . 242 A) SUBSTANTIVE MOTIONS . 242 B) PROCEDURAL MOTIONS . 242 2. ADVERSARIAL SYSTEM . 243 3. DISCOVERY . 243 4. THE COURT AND THE JUDGE AND THEIR ROLES . 244 5. THE JURY AND THEIR ROLE . 244 6. PUBLIC TRIALS AND RIGHT TO BE HEARD . 245 7. PUBLICITY . 246 8. BURDEN OF PROOF. . 246 A) PREPONDERANCE OF THE EVIDENCE . 246 B) CLEAR AND CONVINCING . 246 C) TAKING OF EVIDENCE AND MEANS OF EVIDENCE . 247 AA) PRE-TRIAL DISCOVERY TESTIMONY . 247 BB) EVIDENCE OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES . 247 CC) EVIDENCE AT TRIAL . 248 9. COSTS . 249 XVI PART 8 COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF LAW AND PRACTICE I. TERRITORIALITY . 251 II. COURTS . 252 III. JURY AND JUDGES . 252 IV. EVIDENCE AND BURDEN OF DEMONSTRATION AND PROOF . 252 1. PRETRIAL DISCOVERY . 252 2. DEPOSITIONS . 253 3. EXPERTS . 254 4. INSPECTIONS . 255 V. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION . 255 VI. DIRECT AND INDIRECT INFRINGEMENT . 255 VII. VALIDITY OBJECTION . 256 VIII. COMPULSORY LICENSING . 257 IX. EXPERIMENTAL USE AND BOLAR EXEMPTION . 257 X. INJUNCTIONS . 257 XI. PRELIMINARY INJUNCTIONS . 258 XII. ANTI-SUIT-INJUNCTIONS . 259 XIII. DAMAGES . 259 XIV. COSTS . 259 INDEX . 261
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spelling	Pitz, Johann 1960- Verfasser (DE-588)114600414 aut Patent litigation in Germany, Japan and the United States a practititoner's guide by Johann Pitz, Atsushi Kawada, Jeffrey A. Schwab Second edition München C.H. Beck [2022] Oxford Hart Publishing [2022] Baden-Baden Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft [2022] XXV, 268 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd rswk-swf Patentverfahren (DE-588)4044879-4 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Japan (DE-588)4028495-5 gnd rswk-swf Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd rswk-swf Patentrecht Patentstreit Patentverletzungsverfahren Streiterledigung Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 g USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Japan (DE-588)4028495-5 g Patentverfahren (DE-588)4044879-4 s Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 s DE-604 Kawada, Atsushi Verfasser (DE-588)1065266340 aut Schwab, Jeffrey A. Verfasser (DE-588)106466489X aut Verlag C.H. Beck (DE-588)1023902869 pbl DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032997908&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Pitz, Johann 1960- Kawada, Atsushi Schwab, Jeffrey A. Patent litigation in Germany, Japan and the United States a practititoner's guide Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd Patentverfahren (DE-588)4044879-4 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4115712-6 (DE-588)4044879-4 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4028495-5 (DE-588)4011882-4
title	Patent litigation in Germany, Japan and the United States a practititoner's guide
title_auth	Patent litigation in Germany, Japan and the United States a practititoner's guide
title_exact_search	Patent litigation in Germany, Japan and the United States a practititoner's guide
title_exact_search_txtP	Patent litigation in Germany, Japan and the United States a practititoner's guide
title_full	Patent litigation in Germany, Japan and the United States a practititoner's guide by Johann Pitz, Atsushi Kawada, Jeffrey A. Schwab
title_fullStr	Patent litigation in Germany, Japan and the United States a practititoner's guide by Johann Pitz, Atsushi Kawada, Jeffrey A. Schwab
title_full_unstemmed	Patent litigation in Germany, Japan and the United States a practititoner's guide by Johann Pitz, Atsushi Kawada, Jeffrey A. Schwab
title_short	Patent litigation in Germany, Japan and the United States
title_sort	patent litigation in germany japan and the united states a practititoner s guide
title_sub	a practititoner's guide
topic	Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd Patentverfahren (DE-588)4044879-4 gnd
topic_facet	Rechtsvergleich Patentverfahren USA Japan Deutschland
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032997908&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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