Islam and nationalism in modern Greece, 1821-1940:
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| Schriftenreihe: | Religion and global politics
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| Beschreibung: | xxvi, 265 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents Preface Acknowledgments Names and Dates Transliteration 1. Islam in Southeastern Europe ix xix xxiii xxvii 1 2. The Greek War of Independence (1821-1832) 19 3. Greek Nationalism and Islam 30 4. Muslims in the Kingdom of Hellas (1832-1880) 47 5. The Annexation of Thessaly 72 6. Muslims in the New Lands (1912-1923) 95 7. The Interwar Years (1923-1940) 172 Conclusion 214 References Index 231 253
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Index Tables, photos, maps and footnotes are indicated by t,p, m and n following the page number Abbas Seyit, 153 Abdülaziz, 4ո8 Abdülhamid II, 95,118,138,171 Abdullah Baba, 185 Abdülmedd 1,4n8 Abdurahim Hasan Bey, 154t Abel, Karl von, 55n32 Acropolis massacre, 21-22 acts of Greek government. See Greek government acts Adamantidis, I., 68 Aegean islands, 105-106 Agehi Mansur, 6 agriculture annexation of Thessaly and, 81-94 Association of Farmers and, 81 in Kingdom of Hellas/Greece, 54, 56, 64-65 in Ńew Lands, 103,122,132, 150-158,162 timar system and, 3-4,3n5 Ahmed 1,4 Ahmed Resmi, 6 Ahmet İzzet Pasha (Furgaç), 153 Ainian, Georgios, 58 AkifZoulfikiar, 167 Akif Zoulfikiar Bey, 164t-165t Albanian Nationalism, 209-210 Alexander of Hellenes, 107 Ali Demir, 165t Ali Dino Rasih, 165t Ali Ferit, 165t Ali Fuat Cebesoy, 203 Ali Pasha of Tepelena, 19,30 Ali Riza Bey, 122 Ali Riza Dede, 186 Ali Sami Bey, 138,171 Ambdi Bey, 154t Anatolia Byzantine era and, 2 Ottoman conquest and, 2 Pax Ottomana and, 3 Anatoliko Idaniko, 130 Andalus, Al-, 1 Anderson, Benedict, xiii-xiv Ankara, Treatyof, 179 annexation. See Thessaly, annexation of Antifonisis (Response) (Parios), 31 Arif Haluz Zade Arif, 154ť ArifMustafa, 164í-165t Armansperg, Josef Ludwig von, 55ո32 Armenian Revolutionary Federation, 128 Armenopoulos, Konstantinos, 64 Arnautoğlu, Halil, 50 Arnautoğlu, Ibrahim, 47,50 Ash’ari creed, 9 Atatürk, Mustafo Kemal, 11,107, 111, 164,171 capitulation system and, 18 Kemalists and, 171,180-209,220, 225,229 Turkish War of Independence and, 119-120 Athari school, 9 Athens mosque, 85-86 atrocities
against Christians, 20-21,20n8,22-23 against Muslims, 21-27,109-111,163 Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate, 207-208 Axis powers, 190-192,211 Azmi Bey, 1541 Baba Sheit, 186 Baba Veli Mustafa, 186 Balkan, Fuat, 164
254 INDEX Balkan League, 96 Balkans. See also specific areas Great Eastern Crisis and, 72-74,78 millet system and, 49-50 nationalism and, xii, xiv-xvii power rearrangements within Mm millet and, 35-38 Balkan Wars, 96-98,97p~98p, 99m, 100f-102r Muslim mortality rates during, 109-110, 112 Muslims as refugees of, 111-117,113p-114p, 114n29,116p Bass, Paul, xiii bedl-i askeri, 4n8,78 Belgrade uprisings, 20 Benaroya, Avraam, 127-129 Bentham, Jeremy, 46 Berbers, 1 Berlin, Congress of, 73,76,86 Berlin, Treaty of, 73-74,89 beyliks, 2 Billings, Michael, xv Botsaris, Markos, 40 Bouboulina, Laskarina, 40 Bousios, Georgios, 160 boyars, 19 Brajović, Vaso, 40 Breuilly, John, xii-xiii Brubaker, Roger, xv-xvi Bucharest, Treaty of, 98,201 Bulgarian Exarchate, 95 Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 34 Byzantine era, 1-2,2n4 Cafer Tayyar, 171 caliphates, 11-12 Çams, 176-177,176и9,180,182,187-192, 196-197,209-210,212 capitulation system, 17-18 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 112 Çelic, Zeynep, 18 Cemaat-i-lslamiye Encümenleri. See community councils, Muslim Çeyiz-Mübadéle insanları (Yalçın), 178-179 Charpy, Georges, 203 Chios massacre, 20-21 Christians/Christianity. See also dhimmt; Orthodox Christians atrocities against, 20-21,20n8,22-23 crypto-Christians/crypto-Jews and, 6 Eastern Orthodox, 214-216 Islam in Southeastern Europe during the Ottoman Empire and, 10-14 non-Orthodox, Greek national identity and, 44-46 political rights of, 42-46 religious composition of Epirus and Thessaly (1880) and, 761 Treaty of Bucharest and, 202 Chrysostomos, 161-162 Çiftliks annexation ofThessaly and,
75,84-86,88 exchange of property and, 187 in New Lands, 123,127,148,151-153, 155-158,166 citizenship of Muslims in Kingdom of Hellas/Greece, 49-50, 50nl6 in New Lands, 135 in Ottoman Empire, 82,121 civil wars following Greek War of Independence, 27-29 colonization, 3-4,3n5 community councils, Muslim, 80-81, 181-182 “Concerning Religion” (Negris), 43 Constantine I of Hellenes, 98p, 106-107,166 abdication of, 156 socialism and, 128 conversion to Islam devşirme and, 5 dhimmî and, 4-6,4n8 dual faith and, 6 Islam in Southeastern Europe during Ottoman Empire and, 4 taxation and, 4-5,4n8 court system within Ottoman Empire, 5 creed, Islamic, 9-11,9n27 Crete, Emirate of, 1 Crimean War, 17-18,51,59,78 crypto-Christians/crypto-Jews, 6 Dagović, Kristo, 40 Daniil of Moscopole, 37
INDEX Deligiannis, Kanellos, 28 Deligiannis, Theodoras, 93-94 Delmé-RadcliíFe, Charles, 115 Derviş Bey, 163,167 Dervis Hussein Zade Ali, 154t D’Espérey, Louis Franchet, 202-203 devşirme, 5 dhimmi, 4-6,4ո8 millet system and, 12-14 Sufism and, 6 Tanzimât reforms and, 14-18 Digkas, Dimitrios, 166 Dikaion (newspaper), 171 Dikaios, Grigorios, 44-45 Dimitrakopoulos, Nikolaos, 140 Dino, Mazar, 191 Dino, Nuri, 191 Doukas, Neofytos, 39 Doukas, Neophytos, 31 Douri Omer Izet Bey, 154t Dragatsani, battle of, 19-20 Dragoumis, lonas, 129-130 Dragoumis, Stefanos, 151 Dritsakos, Youpis, 42 Droit, Le (newspaper), 138 Eastern Orthodox Christianity, 214-216 economics, 16-17 education of Muslims, 54 annexation of Thessaly and, 82-83 Greek nationalism and, 34-35 in Kingdom of Hellas/Greece, 195-197 language and, 147 mektep and, 54 mercantile class and, 34-35 in New Lands, 141-147 Orthodox Christians and, 31-32 within Ottoman Empire, 31-33 Phanariots and, 34 power rearrangements within Rûm millet and, 37 Tanzimât reforms and, 16 Valaades and, 8,8nl8,11,87,103, 143-146,161 Efendi, Osman, 58 Efimeris ton Athinon (Negris), 45 Egyptian vakıf, 193-195,193ո57-193ո58 255 Eilines, 38-40 emigration of Muslims discrimination complaints and, 89-90 from Kingdom of Hellas/Greece, 54-59 New Lands and, 119-126 Orthodox Christians and, 125 from Thessaly, 86-93 Epirus, 761 Ethics ofNationalism (Moore), 225 ethnikes gates, 66 ethnomartyras, 20,20n8 ethnos, 39-40 Euboea, Muslims of, 47,49-50,52-61 patronage of Ottoman Empire towards, 59-61 religious practice and, 55-56 European Enlightenment, 3.0-31,46 evkaf,
5,65-66 Act 1183 and, 90-91 annexation of Thessaly and, 80,83 education fees and, 142,145 exchanged property and, 185-186 in New Lands, 136,138-139,148 Tanzimât reforms and, 80-81 Evoia (newspaper), 62 Evripos (newspaper), 62 Examining Committee of Ottoman Land Properties, 67 Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations, Convention Concerning. See Lausanne, Treaty of exodus of Muslims. See emigration of Muslims Farmakidis, Theoklitos, 31 Farmers, Association of, 81 farming. See agriculture Farouk, King of Egypt, 193 Ferdinand, Franz, Archduke, 106 Ferit Ali, 164ѓ Ferit Omer, 154ř Fessopoulos, G., 208 Fichte, Johan, 50 Filaretas, Georgios, 90 Filiki Etaireia (Society of Friends) atrocities against Muslims and, 24 civil war and, 27-28 Greek War of Independence and, 19-20
256 INDEX Filos tou Nomou (newspaper), 43 Fokas, Dimitrios, 156 frangoforemenos, 55 Friendship, Neutrality, Conciliation and Arbitration, Treaty of, 185 Gekas, Mustafa, 41 Gellner, Ernest, xi-xii General Administration of Thrace, 131-132 genos, 31,39-40 George I of Hellenes, 88,92-94,98p George II of Hellenes, 211 Germanos III, 21,215-216 Godjamanis, Sotirios, 164 Gonatas, Stylianos, 156 Gordon, Thomas, 24 Gorski, Philip, xii Gounaris, Dimitrios, 140,151,153,160, 164-168 government of Ottoman Empire bedl-i askeri and, 4n8 beyliks and, 2 caliphates and, 11-12 capitulation system and, 17-18 court system within, 5 devşirme and, 5 dhimmt and, 4-6,4n8 economics and, 16-17 evkafmd, 5 Islâhat Fermām (Ottoman Reform Decree of 1856) and, 17 itlizam and, 5 Janissaries and, 5 judicial system and, 13-14,16 Kingdom of Hellas/Greece and, 29 millet system and, 12-14,13n37 Muslims in, 11-12, lln34 Phanariots and, 32 power rearrangements within Rûm millet and, 35-38 sharia law and, 11-12,63-64 Tanzimât reforms and, 4n8,14-18 taxation and (see taxation in Ottoman Empire) timar system and, 3-4,3n5 warlords and, 19 Graikoi, 38-39 Great Eastern Crisis,,72-74,78,88 Great Fire of 1917,145,162 Greco-Ottoman Committee, 67-71 Greco-Ottoman Convention of Athens, 121,124 Greco-Ottoman Convention of Istanubul, 77,77nl2,83,178 Greco-Ottoman War of 1897,96 annexation of Thessaly and, 93-94 emigration of Muslims and, 87 Greece. See Kingdom of Hellas/Greece Greek Communist Party, 192 Greek government acts Act 262,149-151 Act 808,151 Act 1038,79-80,80n22 Act 1183,90-91 Act 1851,140 Act 2058,184 Act 2345,135
Act 2345/1920,181-182 Act 3473,183 Act 4125,182 Act 4134,148 Greek nationalism education and, 34-35 Greco-Ottoman War of 1897 and, 93-94 Greek War of Independence and, 30 Kollyvades movement and, 31 Megali Idea and, 61-63,73,85-86,129, 160,169,223-224 mercantile class and, 33-35 Muslims and, 35,40-46 national identity, Muslims and, 40-46 Neo-Hellenic Enlightenment and, 30-32 Orthodox Christians and, 40-46 Phanariots and, 32 power rearrangements within Rûm millet and, 35-38 Rûm millet and, 35-40 Rûm vs. Hellenic identification and, 38-40 Russo-Ottoman War and, 32 Greek Orthodox Church. See Orthodox Christians
INDEX Greek Refugee Settlement Committee, 184 Greek.War of Independence atrocities against Muslims and, 21-27 civil wars following, 27-29 emigration of Muslims and, 88 Kingdom of Hellas/Greece 1832-1862,26m mercantile class and, 33-35 muhacir and, 4 Muslims support for, 41-42 nationalism and (see Greek nationalism) outcome of, 27-29 political rights of non-Christians and, 42-43 property rights of Muslims and, 65-66 taxation in Ottoman Empire and, 65-66 territorial expansion of Greece 19321947,25m uprisings leading to, 19-21,20n8 Grigorios V, 20-21,20n8,27,215 Hadith, 9 Hadji Hafuz Galip, 154f Hadji Imbrahim Zade, 165í Hadji Mehmet Effendi, 79 Hadji Mehmet Zade, 154í Hadji Yusuf Ali Riza, 154í Hafiz Ali Galip, 200 Hafiz Ali Reşat, 208 Hafiz Salih Mehmetoğlu, 201,208 Hafiız Mehmet Ferit, 1641-165i Haireddin Bey Osman Ağa, 91 Hairret Sakir Bey, 164i Halit Gerou, 186 Hamdi Hussein Fehmi, 200,205 Hamm Ismail Effendi, 79 Hanafi madhab, 9 Hasan Baba, 185 Hasan Emin Ibrahim, 154í Hasan Imbrahim Halii, 164f Hasan Mehmet Ali Bey, 154f, 164f-165i Hatip Yusuf Salioğlu, 200 Hellas, Kingdom of. See Kingdom of Hellas/Greece Hellenic identification, 38-40 Hexabiblos, 64,77 Hobsbawm, Eric, xiii 257 hospodars, 19,33 Howe, Samuel Gridley, 34 Hroch, Miroslav, xiv-xv Hursit Mustafa, 154í Husamendin Said Bey, 154í, 164f-165f Hüsnü Yusuf, 208 Hussein Ağa Sampan, 91 Hussein Bektaş, 186 Hussein Ismail Kombakoğlu, 127 Hussein Nedim, 164f Hussein Zade Ibrahim, 154f Ibrahim, Ismail, 58 Ibrahim, Keli, 58 Ibrahim Pasha, 28 Idjet Nouri Omer, 165í Ihsan Bey Zaade, 154f ikdam (newspaper), 168 Independent,
I’(newspaper), 201 Independent Government of Western Thrace, 202 Inktlap (newspaper), 205 interfaith marriage, 10-11 International Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, 95 International Mixed Committee for the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations, 139 Islâhat Fermanı (Ottoman Reform Decree of 1856), 17 Ismail Hakki, 170 Ismail Hussein, 164Í-165Í Ismail Sadık Şahal, 205 Ismet Altay, 127 Istanbul, Convention of, 73 Istanbul Greek Socialist Center, 128 t’tilâ (newspaper), 205 itlizam, 5 Janissaries, 5 atrocities by, 26 uprisings and, 20 Jews/Judaism. See also dhimmt atrocities against, 27 crypto-Christians/crypto-Jews and, 6 education and, 82 labor movements and, 127-128 millet system and, 12-13
258 INDEX Jews/Judaism (cont.) political rights of, 42-46 religious composition of Epirus and Thessaly (1880) and, 76i Treaty of Bucharest and, 202 jizya, 4,4n8 Joachim II, 110 Joseph II, 33 judicial system. See also sharia law crimes against Muslims and, 91 government of Ottoman Empire and, 13-14 of Kingdom of Hellas/Greece, 69-71, 77-78 muftis and, 80,80n22 Tanzimat reforms and, 16 jus sanguinis, 50 Kairis, Theophilos, 31 Kalender Köşk, Treaty of, 29 Muslims rights under, 48-49,51 property rights of Muslims and, 66-68 violations of, 58 Kamal Rifat, 186 kanun-name, 11-12 Kapodistrias, Ioannis, 28,52,67 kapudan pasha, 32 Karahisarithis, Pavlos, 207 Kąraso, Samuel, 201 Katartzis, Dimitrios, 38 Kemal Atatürk. See Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Kemaledin Sali Bey, 154f, 164í-165í Kerim Sekerdji Redjep, 154ѓ kharaj, 4,4ո8 Khurshid Pasha, 23 Kingdom of Hellas/Greece. See also Western Thrace 1832-1862,26m Aegean islands and, 105-106 agriculture in, 54,56,64-65 citizenship in, 49-50,50nl6 education of Muslims in, 195-197 Egyptian vakıfand, 193-195, 193я57-193и58 emigration of Muslims from, 54-59 government of Ottoman Empire and, 29 Greco-Ottoman Committee and, 67-71 Greek national identity and, 40-41,43,46 Hexabiblos and, 64,77 judicial system of, 69-71,77-78 Lausanne, Treaty of and, 107, 107я9,108í laws of Ottoman Empire and, 63-71 legal status of Muslims in, 48-52,50nl6 Muslims in, 47-71 Orthodox Christians and, 48-52, 50nl6,55-58 Ottoman Empire and, 51-52,63-71 political rights of Muslims in, 198-200 property rights of Muslims in and, 48, 53,57-60,63-71,69n87,71n92 Regency Council of,
55,55n32,58 sharia law and, 63-64,71 territory of, 24-26 Treaty of Lausanne and, 174-179,176n9 World War I and, 105-107 World War II and, 190-192 kodjabashi, 34 Kolettis, Ioannis, 28 koligoi, 84,148,151,157,166 Kollyvades movement, 31 Kolokotronis, Theodoras, 23-24,27-28 Kommounistiko Komma Ellados, 129 Konemenos, G., 68 Kontostavlos, Alexandras, 42 Koraes, Adamantios, 46 Kosmas the Aetolian, 37 Koumoundouros, Alexandras, 88,91 Kountouriotis, Georgios, 27-28 Kuchuk-Kainarji, Treaty of, 32-33 labor movements, 127-129 laity, councils of, Tanzimât reforms and, 15 Lameras, Konstantinos, 161 language annexation of Thessaly and, 74 Islam in Southeastern Europe during the Ottoman Empire and, 6-9,6nl7, 7nl8,8ո20-8ո21,8ո24 in New Lands, 147 Ottoman Turkish, 222 power rearrangements within Rûm millet and, 36-38 Lanz, Hubert, 191 Lausanne, Treaty of, 107,107и9,108f, 174-179,176«9
INDEX legal statas of Muslims and, 179-180 muftisand, 181 League of Nations, 107,127,176-178,180, 183,187,188,189,209,210 legal status of Muslims in Kingdom of Hellas/Greece, 48-52, 50nl6 in New Lands, 134-141,137p in Thessaly, 76-78,77nl2 Treaty of Lausanne and, 179-180 Levidis, Nikolaos, 92 Liberal Party, 154r, 166-168 London, Treaty of, 96,105 London Protocol Greek War of Independence and, 28-29 Kingdom of Hellas/Greece and, 48,51,57 property rights of Muslims and, 66-67 violations of, 58 Londos, Andreas, 27-28 Ludwig 1,41,55 Lutfi Omer, 164f-165i Macedonia Balkan Wars and, 96-98,97p-9Sp, 99m, 100f-102f Macedonian Struggle and, 85-86,95 Muslim war reftigees and, 112-116, 113p֊114p,114n29,116p population of Muslims in, 98-105,99m, 100Í-105Í Young Turks and, 95,96p Maghreb, the, Byzantine era and, 1 Mahmud Dramali Pasha, 22 Mahmud II, 19, 30,193,214 marriage, 10-11 Maturidi school, 9 Maurer, George Ludwig von, 55 Mavrokordatos, Alexander, 14,27 Mawson, Thomas, 162 Mazower, Mark, xii, xiv-xvii Megali Idea, 61-63,73,85-86,129,160, 169,223-224 Mehmed II, 2 Mehmet, Derviş, 41 Mehmet Beyzade Bey Tayyip, 154í Mehmet Hilmi, 205 Mehmet İsmail Effendi, 79-80 Mehmet Mustafa Balaban, 154f Mehmet Saadik Ismail, 154í 259 Mehmet the Conquerer, 11 mektep, 54 Memoirs (Germanos III), 215-216 mercantile class. See also trade education and, 34-35 Greek nationalism and, 33-35 Greek War of Independence and, 33-35 in New Lands, 157-160,158/ merchants. See mercantile class; trade Metaxas, Ioannis, dictatorship of, 192, 211-213 military of Ottoman Empire decline of, 31-33 Janissaries and, 5,20,26
Miller, Jonathan, 34 Millet (newspaper) ,205 millet-bashi, 16 millet system. See also Rûm millet Balkans and, 49-50 Islam in Southeastern Europe during Ottoman Empire and, 12-14,13n37 power within, 35-38 Tanzimât reforms and, 12-13,14-18 minorities, xvii Misac Palaeologos Pasha, 6 missionaries, 1 Modern Greek Enlightenment, 30-32 Mohammed Ali Ahmed Siri, 186 Mohammed Naguib, 193 Mohitin Yavuz, 126 Monemvasia, 22 Moore, Margaret, 225 Moors, 1 Morea uprising, 20-23 mortality rates of Muslims during Balkan Wars, 109-110,112 during Greek War of Independence, 24-26 during World War 1,110-111 Mudafaa-i Mam (newspaper), 208 Mufti Emin Ramiz, 165i muftis, 180-181 in New Lands, 139-140 in Thessaly, 79-80,80n22 muhacir, 4,123 Muhammad Ali, 28,193,193и57-193и58 mülk, 64 multiformity of Islam, 7-9,7nl7-8nl8, 8ո20-8ո21,8ո24
260 INDEX Murad 1,5,11 secessionist movements among, Muslims 169-171 annexation of Thessaly and, 74-94,761 sharia law and (see sharia law) Athens mosque and, 85-86 social strata in New Lands, 157-160,158p atrocities against, 21-27,109-111,163 Treaty of Bucharest and, 202 Çams, 176-177,176и9,180,182,187-192, Treaty of Lausanne and, 174-179, 196-197,209-210,212 176и9 citizenship of (see citizenship of Turkish nationalism and, 117-122 Muslims) as war refugees, 111-117,113/-114p, colonization by, 3-4,3n5 114«29,116p crimes against, 91 Mustafa Beyzade Neir, 154f discrimination complaints by, 89-90 Mustafa Ismail Effendi, 79 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 216 Mustafa Kemal Young Atatürk. See education and (see education of Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Muslims) Mustafa Osman Bey, 164t Egyptian vakıfand, 193-195, Mustafa Sabri, 193,204,207 193и57-193и58 Mustafa Sefket, 110 emigration of (see emigration of musta’mm, 4n8 Muslims) Müyesser Ertunç, 134 of Euboea, 47,49-50,52-61 Greek national identity and, 40-46 Nadir Ramadan, 154f Greek nationalism and, 35,40-46 Nansen, Fridtjof, 127,174 Nassar, Gamal Abdel, 193-195 in Kingdom of Hellas/Greece, 47-71 Lausanne, Treaty ofand, 107,I07n9,1081 National Government of Western legal status of (see legal status of Thrace, 170 nationalism. See Albanian Nationalism; Muslims) Megali Idea and, 61-63 Greek nationalism; theories of mortality rates of (see mortality rates of nationalism; Turkish nationalism Muslims) Nationalist Party, 151,165 in New Lands, 126-134,131 National Liberation Front, 192 National Minded Party, 164t-165f of Ottoman Thessaly
and, 74-76,76f National Republican Greek League, 192 patronage of Ottoman Empire towards, National Schism, 166 59-61 Navarino, 22-23 political rights of (see political rights of Nazim Pasha, 113 Muslims) Nazmı Efendi, 154t population of (see population ofMuslims) Nea Imera (newspaper), 62 power rearrangements within Rûm Near East (magazine), 187 millet and, 35 property rights of (see property rights of Negris, Theodores, 43,45 Neo-Hellenic Enlightenment, 30-32 Muslims) Nerses Varjabedyan, 17 protection of by the Orthodox Neuilly-sur-Seine, Treaty of, 107 Christians, 109-110 New Lands, 98-108,99m, 100f-105f, 108t as refugees from New Lands, 113,115-116 agriculture in, 103,122,132,150-158,162 religious composition of Epirus and citizenship in, 135 Thessaly (1880) and, 76f emigration of Muslims and, 119-126 religious practice in Euboea and, 55-56 language and, 147 rights of under Treaty of Kalender Köşk, lawlessness within, 133 48-49,51
INDEX legal status of Muslims within, 134-141,137p muftis in, 139-140 Muslim refugees from, 113,115-116 Muslim social strata in, 157-160,158p Orthodox Christian refugees to, 130134,131,149-150 political rights of Muslims in, 153,154i, 160-171,161p,164i-165f property rights of Muslims in, 135,140, 147-157,1541 Nikmendi Tzemil Bey, 165r Nikousios, Panagiotis, 14 Nomos tis Epidavrou, 42-43 Ntourbali Sultan, 185 Omer Duri izzet, 153 Omer Husni Bey, 94 Organosis Konstantinoupoleos, 130 Oriental Federation-Leonidas Voulgaris, 129 Ornstein, John, 110 Ornstein, Otto, 110 Ornstein, Theodore, 110 Orthodox Christians. See ako Christians/ Christianity; dhimmi atrocities against, 20-21,20ո8,22-23 atrocities against Muslims and, 21-27 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 214-216 education and, 31-32,37 emigration of Muslims from Kingdom of Hellas/Greece and, 54-59 Greek nationalism and, 30-35,40-46 interfaith marriage and, 10-11 Islam in Southeastern Europe during the Ottoman Empire and, 10-14 Kingdom of Hellas/Greece and, 48-52, 50nl6 Kollyvades movement and, 31 millet system and, 12-13 Muslim emigration and, 125 Muslims in New Lands and, 126-134,131 nationalism and, x, xiv-xvi Neo-Hellenic Enlightenment and, 31 Patriarchate ofConstantinople and, 36-37 power rearrangements within Mm millet and, 35-38 261 protection of Muslims by, 109-110 as refugees of war, 182-184 as refugees to New Lands, 130-134,131, 149-150 Mm vs. Hellenic identification and, 38-40 Msso-Ottoman War and, 32 Sufism and, 6,10 Tanzimat reforms and, 15-17 Treaty of Lausanne and, 174-179,176и9 Turkish nationalism and, 119
uprisings and, 20-21,20n8 Osman 1,2 Osman Nuri, 205 Osman Said Bey, 113 Osman Sesbes Avdi, 165r Otto (Wittelsbach), 41,50 1844 Constitution and, 68 Euboean Muslims and, 55 on Muslim citizens, 47 Ottoman Empire and, 59 property rights and, 60 Ottoman conquest, 2-3 Ottoman Empire, 2-3,11-12, lln34 Aegean islands and, 105-106 annexation of Thessaly and, 72-94,76t, 77nl2,80n22 Balkan League and, 96 capitulation system and, 17-18 citizenship in, 82,121 conversion to Islam and, 4-6,4n8 court system within, 5 education within, 31-33 Egyptian vakıfand, 193-195, 193n57-193n58 emigration of Muslims and, 89-93 exodus of Muslims from Kingdom of Hellas/Greece and, 54-59 government of (see government of Ottoman Empire) Great Eastern Crisis and, 72-74,78 Greco-Ottoman Committee and, 67-71 impact of Tanzimât reforms and, 17-18 Islâhat Fermām (Ottoman Reform Decree of 1856) and, 17 Islamic creed and, 9-11, 9n27 Kingdom of Hellas/Greece and, 51-52, 63-71
262 INDEX Ottoman Empire (cont.) language in, 6-9,6nl7,7nl8, 8n20-8n21,8n24 laws of Kingdom of Hellas/Greece and, 63-71 military of(see military ofOttoman Empire) millet system and, 12-14,13n37 muhacir and, 4 multiformity оШат and, 7-9,7nl7-8nl8, 8n20-8n21,8n24 Muslim colonization during, 3-4,3n5 non-Muslim religious communities in, 10-14 Ottoman Thessaly until 1881,75m patronage towards Greek Muslims by, 59-61 Pax Ottomana and, 3 Tanzimât reforms and, 14-18 taxation in (see taxation in Ottoman Empire) trade within, 31-33 Thrkish nationalism and, 117-122 World War I and, 105-107 Ottoman-Italian War of 1911-1912,96 Ottoman Kanun, 11 Ottoman Reform Decree of 1856 (Islâhat Fermām), 17 Ottoman Socialist Party, 128 Ottoman Turkish language, 222 Ottoman Union, Committee ofthe, 117-118 Paisiy Hilendarski, 37-38 Pángalos, Theodoras, 176,188 Pan-Islamism, 221 Papa Eftim 1,207-208 Parios, Athanasios, 31 Paris, Congress of, 51 Paris Peace Conference of 1919,169 Patents of Toleration, 33 Patriarchate of Constantinople, 36-37,40, 86,95,207-208,215 Pax Ottomana, 3 Peace Convention of Athens, 134-135, 139-140,181,193 education and, 141,143 property rights and, 148-151 Peasants into Frenchmen (Weber), xvi-xvii People’s Party, 151,154r Peri ton Ellinikon Symferonton (Koraes), 46 Peştereli Tevfik Bey, 203 Phanariots, 13-14,13n37 education and, 34 Filiki Etaireia (Society ofFriends) and, 19 government of Ottoman Empire and, 32 Greek nationalism and, 32 as hospodars, 19,33 power rearrangements within Rûm millet and, 36-37 purges of, 21 Phillips, Alison, 23 Phrantzes, Amvrosios, 24 Pittaris,
Ioannis, 58 Plastiras, Nikolaos, 156 Polish Minorities Treaty, 178 political rights of Muslims, 42-46 in Kingdom of Hellas/Greece, 198-200 in New Lands, 153,1541,160-171,161p, 164r-165r in Thessaly, 81-82 Politikon Syntagma tis Ellados, 21,43-44 population of Muslims in Macedonia, 98-105,99m, 100r-105r in Western Thrace, 172,172и4,173f-174ř Proodos (newspaper), 143 property rights of Muslims, 48,53,57-60, 63-71,69n87,71n92 annexation ofThessaly and, 83-85,90-91 exchanged property and, 185-192 Greek War of Independence and, 65-66 in New Lands, 135,140,147-157,154f Prosorinon Politevma tis Ellados, 42 Protestants. See Christians/Christianity Provisional Government of National Defense, 107,124,147,151-152,156, 162,166 Psyllas, Georgios, 58 Rahmi Bey, 150 Raip Hadji Kerim, 154i Rallis, Dimitrios, 160 Ramazan Eser, 134 reciprocity, 178 Redjep Lutfi Hadji Mestan, 154r refugees of war Muslims as, 111-117,113p-114p, 114n29,116p Orthodox Christians as, 182-184
INDEX Regency Council, Kingdom of Hellas/ Greece, 55,55n32,58 Reşat Tesal, 134-135 Revolutionary Government of 1922,163 riba, 16 Riza Ali Hamdi Bey, 154f Roman Catholics. See Christians/ Christianity Romanian uprising, 19-20 Romioi, 38-40 Rûm millet Byzantine era and, 1-2,2n4 Greek national identity and, 40 Greek nationalism and, 35-40 Hellenic identification vs., 38-40 language in, 36-38 Ottoman conquest and, 2 power rearrangements within, 35-38 Turkish nationalism and, 120-121 uprisings and, 20,20n8 Russo-Ottoman War, 28-29 emigration of Muslims and, 86 Greek nationalism and, 32 Orthodox Christians and, 32 SaliMehmetoğlou, 154í Sali Sefik Hadji, 154f Salonka, Macedonia, 97p-98p Muslim war refugees and, 112-116, 113p-114p,114n29,116p Young Turks and, 95,96p San Stefano, Treaty of, 72-73 Schinas, Alexandros, 98p Scouloudis, Stefanos, 143,151 secessionist movements among Muslims, 169-171 Seit Abas, 154f Selim 1,11 Selim III, 26,214 Seljuks, 1-2,6 Serafendin Ahmet Alisan, 154í Şevket Bey, 167 Sèvres, Treaty of, 111, 171,181,203 sharia law, 181. See aho judicial system government ofOttoman Empire and, 11-12 Kingdom ofHellas/Greece and, 63-64,71 muftis and, 79-80 263 shetkh-ul Islam, 11-12 Simeon I (Bulgarian tsar), 1 Sirri Sali Bey, 164í Skalieris, Georgios, 161 Smith, Anthony, xv Social Democratic Hunchakian Party, 128 Social Democratic Workers’ Party, 128 Socialist Workers’ Federation, 127-130 Socialist Workers’ Party of Greece, 129-130 Society of Friends. See Filiki Etaireia (Society of Friends) Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, 106 Sophocles Evangelinos Apostolides, 40-41
Sosialistiko Komma Ellados, 129 Soukri Efendi, 154f Souliotis-Nikolaidis, Athanasios, 129-130 Stratos, Nikolaos, 160 Stylianopoulos, Konstantinos, 182,189 Sufism annexation of Thessaly and, 74-75 dhimmi and, 6 in Euboea, 52-53 Islam in Southeastern Europe during the Ottoman Empire and, 9-10,9n27 Suleiman the Magnificent, 2 Summary of the History ofReborn Greece (Phrantzes), 24 Sunni Muslims annexation of Thessaly and, 74 in Euboea, 52-53 Islam in Southeastern Europe during the Ottoman Empire and, 9 Talaat Bey, 110 Tanzimât reforms, 4n8,5,78 capitulation system and, 17-18 education and, 82 evfca/and, 80-81 impact of, 17-18 Islam in Southeastern Europe during Ottoman Empire and, 14-18 millet system and, 12-13 tassaruf, 64-65 taxation in Ottoman Empire bedi-i askeri and, 4ո8 conversion to Islam and, 4-5,4n8 dhimmi and, 4-5,4n8
264 INDEX taxation in Ottoman Empire (cont.) Greek War of Independence and, 65-66 itlizam and, 5 jizya and, 4,4n8 timar system and, 3-4,3n5 Tefik, Ahmet, 48 tekkes, 9-10,53,58,80,185-186 terdjümân bash, 32 territorial expansion of Greece 1932-1947,25m theories of nationalism, xi-xvii Theotokis, Konstantinos, 140 Thessaly, annexation of, 72-94,76t, 77nl2, 80n22 agriculture and, 81-94 Athens mosque and, 85-86 community councils of Muslims and, 80-81 crimes against Muslims and, 91 education of Muslims and, 82-83 emigration of Muslims from, 86-93 Great Eastern Crisis and, 72-74,78 Grecó-Ottoman War of 1897 and, 93-94 legal status of Muslims and, 76-78, 77nl2 muftis in, 79-80,80n22 Muslims of Thessaly and, 74-94,76f Ottoman Thessaly until 1881,75m political and social life of Muslims and, 81-82 property rights of Muslims and, 83-85 religious composition of (1880), 76t timar system, 3-4,3n5 Times ofLondon (newspaper), 62 Tourkos, 39 trade within Ottoman Empire, 31-33. See also mercantile class Triantafyllakos, Nikolaos, 156 Triantafyllidis, Manolis, 147 Triple Alliance, 106,117,169 Triple Entente, 106-107,110,169-170,203 Tselio Teffik, 165í tsiflikades, 84-85 Tsitselikis, Kostantinos, 146 Turkey, Republic of, 141,174-179,176n9 Turkish-Bulgarian Committee for the Liberation of Western Thrace, 170 Turkish nationalism, 117-122 national identity and, 119-120 Orthodox Christians and, 119 Rûm millet and, 120-121 Western Thrace and, 200-208 Turkish Republic of Western Thrace, 203-204 Turkish War of Independence, 119-120 TZavelas, Kitsos, 40 ulama, 9-12,16 Ülkü (newspaper), 205 Union and
Progress, Committee for, 118, 163-164 Union and Progress, Party of, 118-119,122 Valaades, 8,8nl8,11,87,103, 143-146,161 Valentin, Edmond François, 59 Vamvakas, Charisios, 121 Vehit Ali Bey, 164f-165t Venizelos, Eleftherios, 106-107,123,129, 140,152-181,192,199,207-208 Vienna, Congress of, 51 vilayet, 72 Villa, Djafer, 210 Vlachopoulos, Giannis, 110 Vladimirescu, Tudor, 19 Vlahov, Dimitar, 128 Von Anderten, Klaus, 115 Voulgaris, Eugenios, 31 Voulgaris, Leonidas, 129 Vrachori, 27 warlords, 19 Weber, Eugen, xvi Western Thrace Committee for the Liberation of, 203 Independent Government of, 202 population of Muslims in, 172,172n4, 173f-174f secessionism and, 169-171 Turkish nationalism and, 200-208 Turkish Republic of, 203-204
INDEX. World War 1,105-107 Muslim mortality rates during, 110-111 Muslims as refugees of, 114֊ 117 World War II, 190-192 Yalçın, Kemal, 179 Yarın (newspaper), 205 Yaya Bendri, 154t Yeni Adım (newspaper), 205 265 Yeni Astir (newspaper), 165 Yeni Ziya (newspaper), 205 Young Turks, 95,96p, 117,119,138,143, 163-164,201,203 Ypsilantis, Alexander, 19-20, ЗО Yusuf Haki, 165 t Zaimis, Alexandras, 107 Zografos, Konstantinos, 55 |
| adam_txt |
Contents Preface Acknowledgments Names and Dates Transliteration 1. Islam in Southeastern Europe ix xix xxiii xxvii 1 2. The Greek War of Independence (1821-1832) 19 3. Greek Nationalism and Islam 30 4. Muslims in the Kingdom of Hellas (1832-1880) 47 5. The Annexation of Thessaly 72 6. Muslims in the New Lands (1912-1923) 95 7. The Interwar Years (1923-1940) 172 Conclusion 214 References Index 231 253
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Index Tables, photos, maps and footnotes are indicated by t,p, m and n following the page number Abbas Seyit, 153 Abdülaziz, 4ո8 Abdülhamid II, 95,118,138,171 Abdullah Baba, 185 Abdülmedd 1,4n8 Abdurahim Hasan Bey, 154t Abel, Karl von, 55n32 Acropolis massacre, 21-22 acts of Greek government. See Greek government acts Adamantidis, I., 68 Aegean islands, 105-106 Agehi Mansur, 6 agriculture annexation of Thessaly and, 81-94 Association of Farmers and, 81 in Kingdom of Hellas/Greece, 54, 56, 64-65 in Ńew Lands, 103,122,132, 150-158,162 timar system and, 3-4,3n5 Ahmed 1,4 Ahmed Resmi, 6 Ahmet İzzet Pasha (Furgaç), 153 Ainian, Georgios, 58 AkifZoulfikiar, 167 Akif Zoulfikiar Bey, 164t-165t Albanian Nationalism, 209-210 Alexander of Hellenes, 107 Ali Demir, 165t Ali Dino Rasih, 165t Ali Ferit, 165t Ali Fuat Cebesoy, 203 Ali Pasha of Tepelena, 19,30 Ali Riza Bey, 122 Ali Riza Dede, 186 Ali Sami Bey, 138,171 Ambdi Bey, 154t Anatolia Byzantine era and, 2 Ottoman conquest and, 2 Pax Ottomana and, 3 Anatoliko Idaniko, 130 Andalus, Al-, 1 Anderson, Benedict, xiii-xiv Ankara, Treatyof, 179 annexation. See Thessaly, annexation of Antifonisis (Response) (Parios), 31 Arif Haluz Zade Arif, 154ť ArifMustafa, 164í-165t Armansperg, Josef Ludwig von, 55ո32 Armenian Revolutionary Federation, 128 Armenopoulos, Konstantinos, 64 Arnautoğlu, Halil, 50 Arnautoğlu, Ibrahim, 47,50 Ash’ari creed, 9 Atatürk, Mustafo Kemal, 11,107, 111, 164,171 capitulation system and, 18 Kemalists and, 171,180-209,220, 225,229 Turkish War of Independence and, 119-120 Athari school, 9 Athens mosque, 85-86 atrocities
against Christians, 20-21,20n8,22-23 against Muslims, 21-27,109-111,163 Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate, 207-208 Axis powers, 190-192,211 Azmi Bey, 1541 Baba Sheit, 186 Baba Veli Mustafa, 186 Balkan, Fuat, 164
254 INDEX Balkan League, 96 Balkans. See also specific areas Great Eastern Crisis and, 72-74,78 millet system and, 49-50 nationalism and, xii, xiv-xvii power rearrangements within Mm millet and, 35-38 Balkan Wars, 96-98,97p~98p, 99m, 100f-102r Muslim mortality rates during, 109-110, 112 Muslims as refugees of, 111-117,113p-114p, 114n29,116p Bass, Paul, xiii bedl-i askeri, 4n8,78 Belgrade uprisings, 20 Benaroya, Avraam, 127-129 Bentham, Jeremy, 46 Berbers, 1 Berlin, Congress of, 73,76,86 Berlin, Treaty of, 73-74,89 beyliks, 2 Billings, Michael, xv Botsaris, Markos, 40 Bouboulina, Laskarina, 40 Bousios, Georgios, 160 boyars, 19 Brajović, Vaso, 40 Breuilly, John, xii-xiii Brubaker, Roger, xv-xvi Bucharest, Treaty of, 98,201 Bulgarian Exarchate, 95 Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 34 Byzantine era, 1-2,2n4 Cafer Tayyar, 171 caliphates, 11-12 Çams, 176-177,176и9,180,182,187-192, 196-197,209-210,212 capitulation system, 17-18 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 112 Çelic, Zeynep, 18 Cemaat-i-lslamiye Encümenleri. See community councils, Muslim Çeyiz-Mübadéle insanları (Yalçın), 178-179 Charpy, Georges, 203 Chios massacre, 20-21 Christians/Christianity. See also dhimmt; Orthodox Christians atrocities against, 20-21,20n8,22-23 crypto-Christians/crypto-Jews and, 6 Eastern Orthodox, 214-216 Islam in Southeastern Europe during the Ottoman Empire and, 10-14 non-Orthodox, Greek national identity and, 44-46 political rights of, 42-46 religious composition of Epirus and Thessaly (1880) and, 761 Treaty of Bucharest and, 202 Chrysostomos, 161-162 Çiftliks annexation ofThessaly and,
75,84-86,88 exchange of property and, 187 in New Lands, 123,127,148,151-153, 155-158,166 citizenship of Muslims in Kingdom of Hellas/Greece, 49-50, 50nl6 in New Lands, 135 in Ottoman Empire, 82,121 civil wars following Greek War of Independence, 27-29 colonization, 3-4,3n5 community councils, Muslim, 80-81, 181-182 “Concerning Religion” (Negris), 43 Constantine I of Hellenes, 98p, 106-107,166 abdication of, 156 socialism and, 128 conversion to Islam devşirme and, 5 dhimmî and, 4-6,4n8 dual faith and, 6 Islam in Southeastern Europe during Ottoman Empire and, 4 taxation and, 4-5,4n8 court system within Ottoman Empire, 5 creed, Islamic, 9-11,9n27 Crete, Emirate of, 1 Crimean War, 17-18,51,59,78 crypto-Christians/crypto-Jews, 6 Dagović, Kristo, 40 Daniil of Moscopole, 37
INDEX Deligiannis, Kanellos, 28 Deligiannis, Theodoras, 93-94 Delmé-RadcliíFe, Charles, 115 Derviş Bey, 163,167 Dervis Hussein Zade Ali, 154t D’Espérey, Louis Franchet, 202-203 devşirme, 5 dhimmi, 4-6,4ո8 millet system and, 12-14 Sufism and, 6 Tanzimât reforms and, 14-18 Digkas, Dimitrios, 166 Dikaion (newspaper), 171 Dikaios, Grigorios, 44-45 Dimitrakopoulos, Nikolaos, 140 Dino, Mazar, 191 Dino, Nuri, 191 Doukas, Neofytos, 39 Doukas, Neophytos, 31 Douri Omer Izet Bey, 154t Dragatsani, battle of, 19-20 Dragoumis, lonas, 129-130 Dragoumis, Stefanos, 151 Dritsakos, Youpis, 42 Droit, Le (newspaper), 138 Eastern Orthodox Christianity, 214-216 economics, 16-17 education of Muslims, 54 annexation of Thessaly and, 82-83 Greek nationalism and, 34-35 in Kingdom of Hellas/Greece, 195-197 language and, 147 mektep and, 54 mercantile class and, 34-35 in New Lands, 141-147 Orthodox Christians and, 31-32 within Ottoman Empire, 31-33 Phanariots and, 34 power rearrangements within Rûm millet and, 37 Tanzimât reforms and, 16 Valaades and, 8,8nl8,11,87,103, 143-146,161 Efendi, Osman, 58 Efimeris ton Athinon (Negris), 45 Egyptian vakıf, 193-195,193ո57-193ո58 255 Eilines, 38-40 emigration of Muslims discrimination complaints and, 89-90 from Kingdom of Hellas/Greece, 54-59 New Lands and, 119-126 Orthodox Christians and, 125 from Thessaly, 86-93 Epirus, 761 Ethics ofNationalism (Moore), 225 ethnikes gates, 66 ethnomartyras, 20,20n8 ethnos, 39-40 Euboea, Muslims of, 47,49-50,52-61 patronage of Ottoman Empire towards, 59-61 religious practice and, 55-56 European Enlightenment, 3.0-31,46 evkaf,
5,65-66 Act 1183 and, 90-91 annexation of Thessaly and, 80,83 education fees and, 142,145 exchanged property and, 185-186 in New Lands, 136,138-139,148 Tanzimât reforms and, 80-81 Evoia (newspaper), 62 Evripos (newspaper), 62 Examining Committee of Ottoman Land Properties, 67 Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations, Convention Concerning. See Lausanne, Treaty of exodus of Muslims. See emigration of Muslims Farmakidis, Theoklitos, 31 Farmers, Association of, 81 farming. See agriculture Farouk, King of Egypt, 193 Ferdinand, Franz, Archduke, 106 Ferit Ali, 164ѓ Ferit Omer, 154ř Fessopoulos, G., 208 Fichte, Johan, 50 Filaretas, Georgios, 90 Filiki Etaireia (Society of Friends) atrocities against Muslims and, 24 civil war and, 27-28 Greek War of Independence and, 19-20
256 INDEX Filos tou Nomou (newspaper), 43 Fokas, Dimitrios, 156 frangoforemenos, 55 Friendship, Neutrality, Conciliation and Arbitration, Treaty of, 185 Gekas, Mustafa, 41 Gellner, Ernest, xi-xii General Administration of Thrace, 131-132 genos, 31,39-40 George I of Hellenes, 88,92-94,98p George II of Hellenes, 211 Germanos III, 21,215-216 Godjamanis, Sotirios, 164 Gonatas, Stylianos, 156 Gordon, Thomas, 24 Gorski, Philip, xii Gounaris, Dimitrios, 140,151,153,160, 164-168 government of Ottoman Empire bedl-i askeri and, 4n8 beyliks and, 2 caliphates and, 11-12 capitulation system and, 17-18 court system within, 5 devşirme and, 5 dhimmt and, 4-6,4n8 economics and, 16-17 evkafmd, 5 Islâhat Fermām (Ottoman Reform Decree of 1856) and, 17 itlizam and, 5 Janissaries and, 5 judicial system and, 13-14,16 Kingdom of Hellas/Greece and, 29 millet system and, 12-14,13n37 Muslims in, 11-12, lln34 Phanariots and, 32 power rearrangements within Rûm millet and, 35-38 sharia law and, 11-12,63-64 Tanzimât reforms and, 4n8,14-18 taxation and (see taxation in Ottoman Empire) timar system and, 3-4,3n5 warlords and, 19 Graikoi, 38-39 Great Eastern Crisis,,72-74,78,88 Great Fire of 1917,145,162 Greco-Ottoman Committee, 67-71 Greco-Ottoman Convention of Athens, 121,124 Greco-Ottoman Convention of Istanubul, 77,77nl2,83,178 Greco-Ottoman War of 1897,96 annexation of Thessaly and, 93-94 emigration of Muslims and, 87 Greece. See Kingdom of Hellas/Greece Greek Communist Party, 192 Greek government acts Act 262,149-151 Act 808,151 Act 1038,79-80,80n22 Act 1183,90-91 Act 1851,140 Act 2058,184 Act 2345,135
Act 2345/1920,181-182 Act 3473,183 Act 4125,182 Act 4134,148 Greek nationalism education and, 34-35 Greco-Ottoman War of 1897 and, 93-94 Greek War of Independence and, 30 Kollyvades movement and, 31 Megali Idea and, 61-63,73,85-86,129, 160,169,223-224 mercantile class and, 33-35 Muslims and, 35,40-46 national identity, Muslims and, 40-46 Neo-Hellenic Enlightenment and, 30-32 Orthodox Christians and, 40-46 Phanariots and, 32 power rearrangements within Rûm millet and, 35-38 Rûm millet and, 35-40 Rûm vs. Hellenic identification and, 38-40 Russo-Ottoman War and, 32 Greek Orthodox Church. See Orthodox Christians
INDEX Greek Refugee Settlement Committee, 184 Greek.War of Independence atrocities against Muslims and, 21-27 civil wars following, 27-29 emigration of Muslims and, 88 Kingdom of Hellas/Greece 1832-1862,26m mercantile class and, 33-35 muhacir and, 4 Muslims support for, 41-42 nationalism and (see Greek nationalism) outcome of, 27-29 political rights of non-Christians and, 42-43 property rights of Muslims and, 65-66 taxation in Ottoman Empire and, 65-66 territorial expansion of Greece 19321947,25m uprisings leading to, 19-21,20n8 Grigorios V, 20-21,20n8,27,215 Hadith, 9 Hadji Hafuz Galip, 154f Hadji Imbrahim Zade, 165í Hadji Mehmet Effendi, 79 Hadji Mehmet Zade, 154í Hadji Yusuf Ali Riza, 154í Hafiz Ali Galip, 200 Hafiz Ali Reşat, 208 Hafiz Salih Mehmetoğlu, 201,208 Hafiız Mehmet Ferit, 1641-165i Haireddin Bey Osman Ağa, 91 Hairret Sakir Bey, 164i Halit Gerou, 186 Hamdi Hussein Fehmi, 200,205 Hamm Ismail Effendi, 79 Hanafi madhab, 9 Hasan Baba, 185 Hasan Emin Ibrahim, 154í Hasan Imbrahim Halii, 164f Hasan Mehmet Ali Bey, 154f, 164f-165i Hatip Yusuf Salioğlu, 200 Hellas, Kingdom of. See Kingdom of Hellas/Greece Hellenic identification, 38-40 Hexabiblos, 64,77 Hobsbawm, Eric, xiii 257 hospodars, 19,33 Howe, Samuel Gridley, 34 Hroch, Miroslav, xiv-xv Hursit Mustafa, 154í Husamendin Said Bey, 154í, 164f-165f Hüsnü Yusuf, 208 Hussein Ağa Sampan, 91 Hussein Bektaş, 186 Hussein Ismail Kombakoğlu, 127 Hussein Nedim, 164f Hussein Zade Ibrahim, 154f Ibrahim, Ismail, 58 Ibrahim, Keli, 58 Ibrahim Pasha, 28 Idjet Nouri Omer, 165í Ihsan Bey Zaade, 154f ikdam (newspaper), 168 Independent,
I’(newspaper), 201 Independent Government of Western Thrace, 202 Inktlap (newspaper), 205 interfaith marriage, 10-11 International Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, 95 International Mixed Committee for the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations, 139 Islâhat Fermanı (Ottoman Reform Decree of 1856), 17 Ismail Hakki, 170 Ismail Hussein, 164Í-165Í Ismail Sadık Şahal, 205 Ismet Altay, 127 Istanbul, Convention of, 73 Istanbul Greek Socialist Center, 128 t’tilâ (newspaper), 205 itlizam, 5 Janissaries, 5 atrocities by, 26 uprisings and, 20 Jews/Judaism. See also dhimmt atrocities against, 27 crypto-Christians/crypto-Jews and, 6 education and, 82 labor movements and, 127-128 millet system and, 12-13
258 INDEX Jews/Judaism (cont.) political rights of, 42-46 religious composition of Epirus and Thessaly (1880) and, 76i Treaty of Bucharest and, 202 jizya, 4,4n8 Joachim II, 110 Joseph II, 33 judicial system. See also sharia law crimes against Muslims and, 91 government of Ottoman Empire and, 13-14 of Kingdom of Hellas/Greece, 69-71, 77-78 muftis and, 80,80n22 Tanzimat reforms and, 16 jus sanguinis, 50 Kairis, Theophilos, 31 Kalender Köşk, Treaty of, 29 Muslims rights under, 48-49,51 property rights of Muslims and, 66-68 violations of, 58 Kamal Rifat, 186 kanun-name, 11-12 Kapodistrias, Ioannis, 28,52,67 kapudan pasha, 32 Karahisarithis, Pavlos, 207 Kąraso, Samuel, 201 Katartzis, Dimitrios, 38 Kemal Atatürk. See Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Kemaledin Sali Bey, 154f, 164í-165í Kerim Sekerdji Redjep, 154ѓ kharaj, 4,4ո8 Khurshid Pasha, 23 Kingdom of Hellas/Greece. See also Western Thrace 1832-1862,26m Aegean islands and, 105-106 agriculture in, 54,56,64-65 citizenship in, 49-50,50nl6 education of Muslims in, 195-197 Egyptian vakıfand, 193-195, 193я57-193и58 emigration of Muslims from, 54-59 government of Ottoman Empire and, 29 Greco-Ottoman Committee and, 67-71 Greek national identity and, 40-41,43,46 Hexabiblos and, 64,77 judicial system of, 69-71,77-78 Lausanne, Treaty of and, 107, 107я9,108í laws of Ottoman Empire and, 63-71 legal status of Muslims in, 48-52,50nl6 Muslims in, 47-71 Orthodox Christians and, 48-52, 50nl6,55-58 Ottoman Empire and, 51-52,63-71 political rights of Muslims in, 198-200 property rights of Muslims in and, 48, 53,57-60,63-71,69n87,71n92 Regency Council of,
55,55n32,58 sharia law and, 63-64,71 territory of, 24-26 Treaty of Lausanne and, 174-179,176n9 World War I and, 105-107 World War II and, 190-192 kodjabashi, 34 Kolettis, Ioannis, 28 koligoi, 84,148,151,157,166 Kollyvades movement, 31 Kolokotronis, Theodoras, 23-24,27-28 Kommounistiko Komma Ellados, 129 Konemenos, G., 68 Kontostavlos, Alexandras, 42 Koraes, Adamantios, 46 Kosmas the Aetolian, 37 Koumoundouros, Alexandras, 88,91 Kountouriotis, Georgios, 27-28 Kuchuk-Kainarji, Treaty of, 32-33 labor movements, 127-129 laity, councils of, Tanzimât reforms and, 15 Lameras, Konstantinos, 161 language annexation of Thessaly and, 74 Islam in Southeastern Europe during the Ottoman Empire and, 6-9,6nl7, 7nl8,8ո20-8ո21,8ո24 in New Lands, 147 Ottoman Turkish, 222 power rearrangements within Rûm millet and, 36-38 Lanz, Hubert, 191 Lausanne, Treaty of, 107,107и9,108f, 174-179,176«9
INDEX legal statas of Muslims and, 179-180 muftisand, 181 League of Nations, 107,127,176-178,180, 183,187,188,189,209,210 legal status of Muslims in Kingdom of Hellas/Greece, 48-52, 50nl6 in New Lands, 134-141,137p in Thessaly, 76-78,77nl2 Treaty of Lausanne and, 179-180 Levidis, Nikolaos, 92 Liberal Party, 154r, 166-168 London, Treaty of, 96,105 London Protocol Greek War of Independence and, 28-29 Kingdom of Hellas/Greece and, 48,51,57 property rights of Muslims and, 66-67 violations of, 58 Londos, Andreas, 27-28 Ludwig 1,41,55 Lutfi Omer, 164f-165i Macedonia Balkan Wars and, 96-98,97p-9Sp, 99m, 100f-102f Macedonian Struggle and, 85-86,95 Muslim war reftigees and, 112-116, 113p֊114p,114n29,116p population of Muslims in, 98-105,99m, 100Í-105Í Young Turks and, 95,96p Maghreb, the, Byzantine era and, 1 Mahmud Dramali Pasha, 22 Mahmud II, 19, 30,193,214 marriage, 10-11 Maturidi school, 9 Maurer, George Ludwig von, 55 Mavrokordatos, Alexander, 14,27 Mawson, Thomas, 162 Mazower, Mark, xii, xiv-xvii Megali Idea, 61-63,73,85-86,129,160, 169,223-224 Mehmed II, 2 Mehmet, Derviş, 41 Mehmet Beyzade Bey Tayyip, 154í Mehmet Hilmi, 205 Mehmet İsmail Effendi, 79-80 Mehmet Mustafa Balaban, 154f Mehmet Saadik Ismail, 154í 259 Mehmet the Conquerer, 11 mektep, 54 Memoirs (Germanos III), 215-216 mercantile class. See also trade education and, 34-35 Greek nationalism and, 33-35 Greek War of Independence and, 33-35 in New Lands, 157-160,158/ merchants. See mercantile class; trade Metaxas, Ioannis, dictatorship of, 192, 211-213 military of Ottoman Empire decline of, 31-33 Janissaries and, 5,20,26
Miller, Jonathan, 34 Millet (newspaper) ,205 millet-bashi, 16 millet system. See also Rûm millet Balkans and, 49-50 Islam in Southeastern Europe during Ottoman Empire and, 12-14,13n37 power within, 35-38 Tanzimât reforms and, 12-13,14-18 minorities, xvii Misac Palaeologos Pasha, 6 missionaries, 1 Modern Greek Enlightenment, 30-32 Mohammed Ali Ahmed Siri, 186 Mohammed Naguib, 193 Mohitin Yavuz, 126 Monemvasia, 22 Moore, Margaret, 225 Moors, 1 Morea uprising, 20-23 mortality rates of Muslims during Balkan Wars, 109-110,112 during Greek War of Independence, 24-26 during World War 1,110-111 Mudafaa-i Mam (newspaper), 208 Mufti Emin Ramiz, 165i muftis, 180-181 in New Lands, 139-140 in Thessaly, 79-80,80n22 muhacir, 4,123 Muhammad Ali, 28,193,193и57-193и58 mülk, 64 multiformity of Islam, 7-9,7nl7-8nl8, 8ո20-8ո21,8ո24
260 INDEX Murad 1,5,11 secessionist movements among, Muslims 169-171 annexation of Thessaly and, 74-94,761 sharia law and (see sharia law) Athens mosque and, 85-86 social strata in New Lands, 157-160,158p atrocities against, 21-27,109-111,163 Treaty of Bucharest and, 202 Çams, 176-177,176и9,180,182,187-192, Treaty of Lausanne and, 174-179, 196-197,209-210,212 176и9 citizenship of (see citizenship of Turkish nationalism and, 117-122 Muslims) as war refugees, 111-117,113/-114p, colonization by, 3-4,3n5 114«29,116p crimes against, 91 Mustafa Beyzade Neir, 154f discrimination complaints by, 89-90 Mustafa Ismail Effendi, 79 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 216 Mustafa Kemal Young Atatürk. See education and (see education of Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Muslims) Mustafa Osman Bey, 164t Egyptian vakıfand, 193-195, Mustafa Sabri, 193,204,207 193и57-193и58 Mustafa Sefket, 110 emigration of (see emigration of musta’mm, 4n8 Muslims) Müyesser Ertunç, 134 of Euboea, 47,49-50,52-61 Greek national identity and, 40-46 Nadir Ramadan, 154f Greek nationalism and, 35,40-46 Nansen, Fridtjof, 127,174 Nassar, Gamal Abdel, 193-195 in Kingdom of Hellas/Greece, 47-71 Lausanne, Treaty ofand, 107,I07n9,1081 National Government of Western legal status of (see legal status of Thrace, 170 nationalism. See Albanian Nationalism; Muslims) Megali Idea and, 61-63 Greek nationalism; theories of mortality rates of (see mortality rates of nationalism; Turkish nationalism Muslims) Nationalist Party, 151,165 in New Lands, 126-134,131 National Liberation Front, 192 National Minded Party, 164t-165f of Ottoman Thessaly
and, 74-76,76f National Republican Greek League, 192 patronage of Ottoman Empire towards, National Schism, 166 59-61 Navarino, 22-23 political rights of (see political rights of Nazim Pasha, 113 Muslims) Nazmı Efendi, 154t population of (see population ofMuslims) Nea Imera (newspaper), 62 power rearrangements within Rûm Near East (magazine), 187 millet and, 35 property rights of (see property rights of Negris, Theodores, 43,45 Neo-Hellenic Enlightenment, 30-32 Muslims) Nerses Varjabedyan, 17 protection of by the Orthodox Neuilly-sur-Seine, Treaty of, 107 Christians, 109-110 New Lands, 98-108,99m, 100f-105f, 108t as refugees from New Lands, 113,115-116 agriculture in, 103,122,132,150-158,162 religious composition of Epirus and citizenship in, 135 Thessaly (1880) and, 76f emigration of Muslims and, 119-126 religious practice in Euboea and, 55-56 language and, 147 rights of under Treaty of Kalender Köşk, lawlessness within, 133 48-49,51
INDEX legal status of Muslims within, 134-141,137p muftis in, 139-140 Muslim refugees from, 113,115-116 Muslim social strata in, 157-160,158p Orthodox Christian refugees to, 130134,131,149-150 political rights of Muslims in, 153,154i, 160-171,161p,164i-165f property rights of Muslims in, 135,140, 147-157,1541 Nikmendi Tzemil Bey, 165r Nikousios, Panagiotis, 14 Nomos tis Epidavrou, 42-43 Ntourbali Sultan, 185 Omer Duri izzet, 153 Omer Husni Bey, 94 Organosis Konstantinoupoleos, 130 Oriental Federation-Leonidas Voulgaris, 129 Ornstein, John, 110 Ornstein, Otto, 110 Ornstein, Theodore, 110 Orthodox Christians. See ako Christians/ Christianity; dhimmi atrocities against, 20-21,20ո8,22-23 atrocities against Muslims and, 21-27 Eastern Orthodox Christianity and, 214-216 education and, 31-32,37 emigration of Muslims from Kingdom of Hellas/Greece and, 54-59 Greek nationalism and, 30-35,40-46 interfaith marriage and, 10-11 Islam in Southeastern Europe during the Ottoman Empire and, 10-14 Kingdom of Hellas/Greece and, 48-52, 50nl6 Kollyvades movement and, 31 millet system and, 12-13 Muslim emigration and, 125 Muslims in New Lands and, 126-134,131 nationalism and, x, xiv-xvi Neo-Hellenic Enlightenment and, 31 Patriarchate ofConstantinople and, 36-37 power rearrangements within Mm millet and, 35-38 261 protection of Muslims by, 109-110 as refugees of war, 182-184 as refugees to New Lands, 130-134,131, 149-150 Mm vs. Hellenic identification and, 38-40 Msso-Ottoman War and, 32 Sufism and, 6,10 Tanzimat reforms and, 15-17 Treaty of Lausanne and, 174-179,176и9 Turkish nationalism and, 119
uprisings and, 20-21,20n8 Osman 1,2 Osman Nuri, 205 Osman Said Bey, 113 Osman Sesbes Avdi, 165r Otto (Wittelsbach), 41,50 1844 Constitution and, 68 Euboean Muslims and, 55 on Muslim citizens, 47 Ottoman Empire and, 59 property rights and, 60 Ottoman conquest, 2-3 Ottoman Empire, 2-3,11-12, lln34 Aegean islands and, 105-106 annexation of Thessaly and, 72-94,76t, 77nl2,80n22 Balkan League and, 96 capitulation system and, 17-18 citizenship in, 82,121 conversion to Islam and, 4-6,4n8 court system within, 5 education within, 31-33 Egyptian vakıfand, 193-195, 193n57-193n58 emigration of Muslims and, 89-93 exodus of Muslims from Kingdom of Hellas/Greece and, 54-59 government of (see government of Ottoman Empire) Great Eastern Crisis and, 72-74,78 Greco-Ottoman Committee and, 67-71 impact of Tanzimât reforms and, 17-18 Islâhat Fermām (Ottoman Reform Decree of 1856) and, 17 Islamic creed and, 9-11, 9n27 Kingdom of Hellas/Greece and, 51-52, 63-71
262 INDEX Ottoman Empire (cont.) language in, 6-9,6nl7,7nl8, 8n20-8n21,8n24 laws of Kingdom of Hellas/Greece and, 63-71 military of(see military ofOttoman Empire) millet system and, 12-14,13n37 muhacir and, 4 multiformity оШат and, 7-9,7nl7-8nl8, 8n20-8n21,8n24 Muslim colonization during, 3-4,3n5 non-Muslim religious communities in, 10-14 Ottoman Thessaly until 1881,75m patronage towards Greek Muslims by, 59-61 Pax Ottomana and, 3 Tanzimât reforms and, 14-18 taxation in (see taxation in Ottoman Empire) trade within, 31-33 Thrkish nationalism and, 117-122 World War I and, 105-107 Ottoman-Italian War of 1911-1912,96 Ottoman Kanun, 11 Ottoman Reform Decree of 1856 (Islâhat Fermām), 17 Ottoman Socialist Party, 128 Ottoman Turkish language, 222 Ottoman Union, Committee ofthe, 117-118 Paisiy Hilendarski, 37-38 Pángalos, Theodoras, 176,188 Pan-Islamism, 221 Papa Eftim 1,207-208 Parios, Athanasios, 31 Paris, Congress of, 51 Paris Peace Conference of 1919,169 Patents of Toleration, 33 Patriarchate of Constantinople, 36-37,40, 86,95,207-208,215 Pax Ottomana, 3 Peace Convention of Athens, 134-135, 139-140,181,193 education and, 141,143 property rights and, 148-151 Peasants into Frenchmen (Weber), xvi-xvii People’s Party, 151,154r Peri ton Ellinikon Symferonton (Koraes), 46 Peştereli Tevfik Bey, 203 Phanariots, 13-14,13n37 education and, 34 Filiki Etaireia (Society ofFriends) and, 19 government of Ottoman Empire and, 32 Greek nationalism and, 32 as hospodars, 19,33 power rearrangements within Rûm millet and, 36-37 purges of, 21 Phillips, Alison, 23 Phrantzes, Amvrosios, 24 Pittaris,
Ioannis, 58 Plastiras, Nikolaos, 156 Polish Minorities Treaty, 178 political rights of Muslims, 42-46 in Kingdom of Hellas/Greece, 198-200 in New Lands, 153,1541,160-171,161p, 164r-165r in Thessaly, 81-82 Politikon Syntagma tis Ellados, 21,43-44 population of Muslims in Macedonia, 98-105,99m, 100r-105r in Western Thrace, 172,172и4,173f-174ř Proodos (newspaper), 143 property rights of Muslims, 48,53,57-60, 63-71,69n87,71n92 annexation ofThessaly and, 83-85,90-91 exchanged property and, 185-192 Greek War of Independence and, 65-66 in New Lands, 135,140,147-157,154f Prosorinon Politevma tis Ellados, 42 Protestants. See Christians/Christianity Provisional Government of National Defense, 107,124,147,151-152,156, 162,166 Psyllas, Georgios, 58 Rahmi Bey, 150 Raip Hadji Kerim, 154i Rallis, Dimitrios, 160 Ramazan Eser, 134 reciprocity, 178 Redjep Lutfi Hadji Mestan, 154r refugees of war Muslims as, 111-117,113p-114p, 114n29,116p Orthodox Christians as, 182-184
INDEX Regency Council, Kingdom of Hellas/ Greece, 55,55n32,58 Reşat Tesal, 134-135 Revolutionary Government of 1922,163 riba, 16 Riza Ali Hamdi Bey, 154f Roman Catholics. See Christians/ Christianity Romanian uprising, 19-20 Romioi, 38-40 Rûm millet Byzantine era and, 1-2,2n4 Greek national identity and, 40 Greek nationalism and, 35-40 Hellenic identification vs., 38-40 language in, 36-38 Ottoman conquest and, 2 power rearrangements within, 35-38 Turkish nationalism and, 120-121 uprisings and, 20,20n8 Russo-Ottoman War, 28-29 emigration of Muslims and, 86 Greek nationalism and, 32 Orthodox Christians and, 32 SaliMehmetoğlou, 154í Sali Sefik Hadji, 154f Salonka, Macedonia, 97p-98p Muslim war refugees and, 112-116, 113p-114p,114n29,116p Young Turks and, 95,96p San Stefano, Treaty of, 72-73 Schinas, Alexandros, 98p Scouloudis, Stefanos, 143,151 secessionist movements among Muslims, 169-171 Seit Abas, 154f Selim 1,11 Selim III, 26,214 Seljuks, 1-2,6 Serafendin Ahmet Alisan, 154í Şevket Bey, 167 Sèvres, Treaty of, 111, 171,181,203 sharia law, 181. See aho judicial system government ofOttoman Empire and, 11-12 Kingdom ofHellas/Greece and, 63-64,71 muftis and, 79-80 263 shetkh-ul Islam, 11-12 Simeon I (Bulgarian tsar), 1 Sirri Sali Bey, 164í Skalieris, Georgios, 161 Smith, Anthony, xv Social Democratic Hunchakian Party, 128 Social Democratic Workers’ Party, 128 Socialist Workers’ Federation, 127-130 Socialist Workers’ Party of Greece, 129-130 Society of Friends. See Filiki Etaireia (Society of Friends) Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, 106 Sophocles Evangelinos Apostolides, 40-41
Sosialistiko Komma Ellados, 129 Soukri Efendi, 154f Souliotis-Nikolaidis, Athanasios, 129-130 Stratos, Nikolaos, 160 Stylianopoulos, Konstantinos, 182,189 Sufism annexation of Thessaly and, 74-75 dhimmi and, 6 in Euboea, 52-53 Islam in Southeastern Europe during the Ottoman Empire and, 9-10,9n27 Suleiman the Magnificent, 2 Summary of the History ofReborn Greece (Phrantzes), 24 Sunni Muslims annexation of Thessaly and, 74 in Euboea, 52-53 Islam in Southeastern Europe during the Ottoman Empire and, 9 Talaat Bey, 110 Tanzimât reforms, 4n8,5,78 capitulation system and, 17-18 education and, 82 evfca/and, 80-81 impact of, 17-18 Islam in Southeastern Europe during Ottoman Empire and, 14-18 millet system and, 12-13 tassaruf, 64-65 taxation in Ottoman Empire bedi-i askeri and, 4ո8 conversion to Islam and, 4-5,4n8 dhimmi and, 4-5,4n8
264 INDEX taxation in Ottoman Empire (cont.) Greek War of Independence and, 65-66 itlizam and, 5 jizya and, 4,4n8 timar system and, 3-4,3n5 Tefik, Ahmet, 48 tekkes, 9-10,53,58,80,185-186 terdjümân bash, 32 territorial expansion of Greece 1932-1947,25m theories of nationalism, xi-xvii Theotokis, Konstantinos, 140 Thessaly, annexation of, 72-94,76t, 77nl2, 80n22 agriculture and, 81-94 Athens mosque and, 85-86 community councils of Muslims and, 80-81 crimes against Muslims and, 91 education of Muslims and, 82-83 emigration of Muslims from, 86-93 Great Eastern Crisis and, 72-74,78 Grecó-Ottoman War of 1897 and, 93-94 legal status of Muslims and, 76-78, 77nl2 muftis in, 79-80,80n22 Muslims of Thessaly and, 74-94,76f Ottoman Thessaly until 1881,75m political and social life of Muslims and, 81-82 property rights of Muslims and, 83-85 religious composition of (1880), 76t timar system, 3-4,3n5 Times ofLondon (newspaper), 62 Tourkos, 39 trade within Ottoman Empire, 31-33. See also mercantile class Triantafyllakos, Nikolaos, 156 Triantafyllidis, Manolis, 147 Triple Alliance, 106,117,169 Triple Entente, 106-107,110,169-170,203 Tselio Teffik, 165í tsiflikades, 84-85 Tsitselikis, Kostantinos, 146 Turkey, Republic of, 141,174-179,176n9 Turkish-Bulgarian Committee for the Liberation of Western Thrace, 170 Turkish nationalism, 117-122 national identity and, 119-120 Orthodox Christians and, 119 Rûm millet and, 120-121 Western Thrace and, 200-208 Turkish Republic of Western Thrace, 203-204 Turkish War of Independence, 119-120 TZavelas, Kitsos, 40 ulama, 9-12,16 Ülkü (newspaper), 205 Union and
Progress, Committee for, 118, 163-164 Union and Progress, Party of, 118-119,122 Valaades, 8,8nl8,11,87,103, 143-146,161 Valentin, Edmond François, 59 Vamvakas, Charisios, 121 Vehit Ali Bey, 164f-165t Venizelos, Eleftherios, 106-107,123,129, 140,152-181,192,199,207-208 Vienna, Congress of, 51 vilayet, 72 Villa, Djafer, 210 Vlachopoulos, Giannis, 110 Vladimirescu, Tudor, 19 Vlahov, Dimitar, 128 Von Anderten, Klaus, 115 Voulgaris, Eugenios, 31 Voulgaris, Leonidas, 129 Vrachori, 27 warlords, 19 Weber, Eugen, xvi Western Thrace Committee for the Liberation of, 203 Independent Government of, 202 population of Muslims in, 172,172n4, 173f-174f secessionism and, 169-171 Turkish nationalism and, 200-208 Turkish Republic of, 203-204
INDEX. World War 1,105-107 Muslim mortality rates during, 110-111 Muslims as refugees of, 114֊ 117 World War II, 190-192 Yalçın, Kemal, 179 Yarın (newspaper), 205 Yaya Bendri, 154t Yeni Adım (newspaper), 205 265 Yeni Astir (newspaper), 165 Yeni Ziya (newspaper), 205 Young Turks, 95,96p, 117,119,138,143, 163-164,201,203 Ypsilantis, Alexander, 19-20, ЗО Yusuf Haki, 165 t Zaimis, Alexandras, 107 Zografos, Konstantinos, 55 |
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| author | Katsikas, Stefanos |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1256385689 |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| era | Geschichte 1821-1940 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1821-1940 |
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| geographic_facet | Griechenland |
| id | DE-604.BV047606328 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:38:26Z |
| indexdate | 2025-02-24T11:11:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780190652005 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032991321 |
| oclc_num | 1285604298 |
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| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | xxvi, 265 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220505 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
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| series2 | Religion and global politics |
| spelling | Katsikas, Stefanos Verfasser (DE-588)1256385689 aut Islam and nationalism in modern Greece, 1821-1940 Stefanos Katsikas Oxford Oxford University Press [2021] © 2021 xxvi, 265 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm txt rdacontent sti rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Religion and global politics Geschichte 1821-1940 gnd rswk-swf Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd rswk-swf Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 gnd rswk-swf Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd rswk-swf Gruppenidentität (DE-588)4140349-6 gnd rswk-swf Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 gnd rswk-swf Islam and state / Greece / History Nationalism / Greece / History Muslims / Greece / History Group identity / Greece / History Greece / Politics and government / 1821- Group identity Islam and state Muslims Nationalism Politics and government Greece Since 1821 History Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 g Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 s Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 s Gruppenidentität (DE-588)4140349-6 s Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 s Geschichte 1821-1940 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032991321&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032991321&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032991321&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Katsikas, Stefanos Islam and nationalism in modern Greece, 1821-1940 Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 gnd Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd Gruppenidentität (DE-588)4140349-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4040921-1 (DE-588)4170001-6 (DE-588)4041300-7 (DE-588)4140349-6 (DE-588)4022047-3 |
| title | Islam and nationalism in modern Greece, 1821-1940 |
| title_auth | Islam and nationalism in modern Greece, 1821-1940 |
| title_exact_search | Islam and nationalism in modern Greece, 1821-1940 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Islam and nationalism in modern Greece, 1821-1940 |
| title_full | Islam and nationalism in modern Greece, 1821-1940 Stefanos Katsikas |
| title_fullStr | Islam and nationalism in modern Greece, 1821-1940 Stefanos Katsikas |
| title_full_unstemmed | Islam and nationalism in modern Greece, 1821-1940 Stefanos Katsikas |
| title_short | Islam and nationalism in modern Greece, 1821-1940 |
| title_sort | islam and nationalism in modern greece 1821 1940 |
| topic | Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 gnd Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd Gruppenidentität (DE-588)4140349-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Muslim Minderheitenpolitik Nationalismus Gruppenidentität Griechenland |
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