The art and science of making the new man in early 20th-century Russia:
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Contents List of Figures ix Notes on Names, Transliterations, and Translations xi List of Abbreviations xiii Introduction: On Words and Meanings Nikolai Krementsov P 1 art I 1 Nurturing the New Man 25 Encyclopedic Worldbuilding: Alexander Bogdanov and the Cognitive Creation of the New Man Michael Coates 27 2 “The Road to Life”: Educating the New Man Lyubov Bugaeva 45 3 The New Man in the Nursery: Making Soviet Dolls and Regulating Children’s Play in the 1920s and 1930s Olga Ilyukha P art II 63 Imagining the New Man 4 New Sciences, New Worlds, and “New Men” Nikolai Krementsov 5 Entertaining Sciences, Unlikely Horrors: The Changing Image of Man in 6 The New Man as a Monster of Eugenic Imagination: The Criminal Soviet Popular-Scientific Literary Genres Matthias Schwartz 83 85 105 Brain in James Whale’s Frankenstein and Bulgakov’s “The Heart of a Dog” Irina Golovacheva Partili 7 Displaying the New Man 135 “A School of the Peasantry of the Future”: Constructing the Image of a “New Peasant” at the All-Russian Agricultural Exhibition, 1923 Olga Elina 8 121 137 Revolutionary Evolution in Apes and Humans in the 1920s: Sculpture and Constructs of the “New Man” at the Moscow Darwin Museum Pat Simpson 155
viii 9 Contents Ihe New Man in the Museum of Ethnography: Between Socialist Content and National Form Stanislav Petriashin 175 Conclusion: The New Man: One Hundred Years Later Yvonne Howell 194 Notes 209 Further Reading 268 List of Contributors 269 Index 272
Index Note: Numbers in Bold indicate that the term appears in the caption to an illustration Adams, Mark B. 90, 92 adventure literature 110-11,119 agriculture 50, 99, 111, 113, 137-9,154, 182, 202 “bond between city and village” 141, 145,150 collectivization 12,17, 71, 81,152-3, 175, 178, 191, 193, 204 science 141-2 agronomist(s) 140-4 Aleksinskii, Grigorii 35-6, 218 n.28, 219 n.39 arts 3, 14, 73, 138,174, 207 avant-garde 143-4,148,155 folk 182,186-8,187,190,193 symbolism 155,159,173 Auerbach, Ida 49, 225 n.60 Bartram, Nikolai 66, 69 Bazarov, Vladimir 10, 34 Bekhterev, Vladimir 21, 66-7, 90-1, 100,128 Beliaev, Alexander 96,105,107,109, 120, 241 n.41 Amphibian Man 111, 239 n.9 The Head of Professor Dowell 102, 111,239 n.9 Ruler of the World 102,111 The Star KETs 112-13 Bernal, John D. 18-19 besprizorniki 45, 49, 54, 55, 57, 61 biography 177, 189-93 biologization 16,103,129 biology 10, 86, 88, 91-4, 132-3, 200, 232 n.3, see also life sciences experimental 10, 89, 90-2,194 molecular 22 visionary 90-1, 99-100, 103 Bitner, Wilhelm 2, 88 Blok, Alexander 197-8 Bogdanov, Alexander 10-11, 27-44, 96, 163, 200-2 and blood transfusion 18, 29-30, 42, 99, 235 n.50 Cognition from a Historical Point of View 29-31 Cultural Tasks of Our Time 37-9 Engineer Menni 39-40, 97, 241 n.44 Fundamental Elements of the Historical View on Nature 29-30 “The Gathering of Man” 31-2,38 New World 31-3 Philosophy of Living Experience 28-9, 37 Red Star 18, 39-40, 97, 241 n.44 Bolshevik revolution agricultural policy 141 catalyst for future 13֊ 15, 85, 135, 137 continuity before and after 3-5,25, 57 doll-making
64-5 internationalist idea 20-2 museum displays 157,178-9,189 state control of science 98-9,196 usage of term “new man” 11 Bolsheviks 4,12, 62-5, 81-2, 99-101, 129, 138-42, 176, 251 n.34 censorship 15, 20, 41,101, 116, 119 coup detat 12,20,63,65-6,99, 139 education policies 61-2, 64-5,191 factions 33,36 ideology 5,15,19,82,99,171 leaders 34, 36, 66, 71, 99,106,109, 119,126, 142, 154, 163 nationality policies 175-7,179,193 Party Schools 36-7 Poliburo 66,71,143 programs 14,138,141 science policies 15, 21, 99-100,107, 129,131,162
Index visions 81,129 (see also revolutionary dreams) British Association for the Advancement of Science 14, 87 Briukhonenko, Sergei 16,19,102 Bukharin, Nikolai 66, 71,109,247 Bulgakov, Mikhail 43,101-2,145, 235 n.52, 246 n.20, 249 n.64 “Dog’s Heart” 15,19,121,126-34, 202 Bunak, Victor 130, 248 n.50 capitalism 11, 99,139,189-91,199-201 censorship 15,41,116,119 Chayanov, Alexander 137,139,142,152, 249 nn.1-2 Chayanov, Sokrat 142,152 Cheka, Chekist, see OGPU Chernyshevskii, Nikolai 8, 27,163 childhood 63-4, 66, 74, 162,189,191 -2 science of (see pedology) children 25,44, 51 -7, 59-62, 79, 94,148, 185,190-2, 206, 228 n.12, see also besprizorniki·, commune games 63-7, 69,71, 74, 80-2 literature 119,224 n.35 play 63-4, 66-8, 74, 82 toys 14, 22,151 writers 113, 244n.97 young pioneers 66,68-9,73-6,80, 229 n.32 Chizh, Vladimir 128-9, 246 n.34, 247 n.40 Chkalov, Valérii 78,185 civil war 12,15, 74,193 agriculture 139-41,143 backyard production of toys 70 devastation 106,137 museum policies 159,178-9,189 popular science publications 237 n.67 climate change 199-201 Cold War 23,196,203 collective farm (kolkhoz) 176,179, 181-2,184, 185-7,186,188-9, 263 n.61, see also agriculture, collectivization; collective farmer collective farmer (kolkhoznik) 179,182-3, 185-6,190, see aho collective farm 273 commune, labor-education 45-6, 48, 59, 62,223 n.18, 223 n.28, 224 n.35 Bolshevo 49,62 Dzerzhinsky 49,50 Krasnye Zori 48-9, 51-2, 59, 62 natural selection in 51-2 and Stalin camps 49, 225 n.60 structure and principles 49-50, 54 Ugresha Monastery 50 cooperation 139,146,151-2 Council of the People’s
Commissars, see Sovnarkom criminal brain 19,121-6,123,128,132, 245 n.16 criminology 15,124-5, 245 n.9, 247 n.46 criminal psychiatry 129-30, 247 n.42, 247 n.46, 248 nn.50-1 cultural authority 13,15-16,86,103 cultural resource 3-4, 83, 100-4, 134, 177, 180, 197, 199, 202, 238 n.77 contents 11,98,100,102-4 labels 95,100,103,195 users and uses 14, 96,102,174,193 cultural revolution 28-30, 38,172,175, 178, 213 n.35, see also Great Break; revolution from above culture 32, 63-5, 69, 82, 230 n.43 culturedness 177,185-6 Darwin, Charles 10,87, 94,158 The Descent ofMan 87,161,164,168, 170-1 evolutionary theory 11, 29, 51, 87, 104,159 (see also Darwinism) The Expression of the Emotions 161, 168,170-1 “laws” 87-8,97 On the Origin of Species 87,161,164, 170 Darwinism 15, 29-30, 32,158,164-5, 170,173 Darwin Museum, Moscow 15,135, 155-63,165,168-9,171,173-4, 198 Davenport, Charles 124, 245 n.16 David-Fox, Michael 46, 62, 223 n.21, 223 n.23
274 degeneration 21, 87-8, 91, 96,124-8, 134, 202,246 п.17, 246 п.25, 248 п.51 Dewey, John 51, 61-2, 221 п.4,221 п.6, 222 п.9, 226 п.86 philosophy of education 45, 57-60 and Soviet pedagogical experiments 48, 57-60, 61, 226 n.88 Diderot, Denis 27, 38 doll 64-82, 230 n.43, see also toy aesthetics 64 body 76,78 face 65, 68, 76, 78, 80 folk 68,69 making 65, 66,75-6, 78, 80 manufacturing 65, 69, 71-3, 75-6, 78,82 military 78, 79,82, 231 n.78 model 68,71,72,75-6,79,81-2 playing 72, 74, 80 Soviet 64,65,70,73,76,81 types 66, 70, 72-5, 78, 79 worker 68-70, 74, 79, 80, 82 Drill, Dmitry 128, 246 n.34 Dzerzhinsky, Felix 21,48-50, 52-3, 202, 225 n.53 3, 21, 25, 40, 63-4, 66, 67, 71,74,94,103-4,138,141, 144, 152-3, 163-4, 182-3, 185, 188,190-3, see also pedagogy; pedology as a cultural domain 3,18, 99,182, 185,192 in communes 49-51 complex method in 47 Dalton plan in 59, 222 n.7, 226 n.80 Enlightenment ideals 8-11,19 institutions 40,42-3, 62 polytechnic 50-2,54 prerevolutionary 45-7 progressive 25,45-8, 57, 62 project method 47, 62, 222 nn.l 1-12 reeducation 25,45,49, 51-4,191, 225 n.54, 225 n.60 (see also re-forging) “scientification” 15,100,103 education Index Ekk, Nikolai 45, 52,60-1 Road to Life 45, 52, 60-2, 225 nn.54-5, 226-7 n.90 Ellis, Havelock 124-5, 245 n.10, 245 n.14 encyclopedias 27-44 Capri 28,34-8 Granat 35, 219 n.32 Great Soviet Encyclopedia 42-4,164-5 Workers’Encyclopedia 28,38-42,44 and worldbuilding 27-9,43-4 Encyclopédie 29, 38-9,41 endocrinology 89,100,127-8,131,172, 196, 248 n.55 Institute of Experimental 172 Engels, Friedrich 10, 27, 37,174, 216 n.l “The Dialectics
of Nature” 16,164,167 “The Role of Labor in the Origin of Man from Ape” 16,164-5 ethnicity 65, 72-3, 76, 77,81, 230 n.48, see also nationality Finns 178, 186,186 Russians 177-8,182-3,184,187,189 Saami 185-6 Turkmen 175,184 Uzbeks 147,182,185,187,189,191 eugenics 21, 83,107-8,121,123,132-4, 165, 171, 174 Bureau (Petrograd) 127 as discipline 100,158,162 International congress, second 122, 233 n.25 movement 91,122 negative 21,130 proletarian 238 n.81 society (Russian) 103,129 sterilization 10,21,90-1,130,134,163 evolution 29-30, 88,128, 139, 155-8, 164, 168, 170-1, 175, 179, 183, 195, see also human evolution biological 15,99 edited and upgraded 194 laws of 87-8, 97 post-planetary 199 exhibitions (agricultural) 141-2,149, 151-2, 251 n.19, see also VSKhV international 141 local 141,151 world 251 n.19, 251 n.24
Index exhibitions (ethnographie) 175-93, see also State Museum of Ethnography “Byelorussia and the BSSR” 179-80 “Evenks Then and Now” 183 “History of the USSR in the 18th Century” 189 “Jews in Imperial Russia and in the USSR” 183,187 “Karelia and the Kola Peninsula” 184-5,186 life group 179-80, 183,184, 185, 186, 188-90,193 “Peoples of the North Caucasus in the Past and Present” 189-90 “Peoples of the Saian-Altai in the Past and Present” 179 “Russian Inhabitants of the Black Earth Regions” 181-3,184, 187,187 “Ukrainian Village Before and After October” 179 “Uzbeks Then and Now” 180, 185, 187, 189, 191 Exter, Aleksandra 143-4 five-year plan 12,72,103, 111, 113-14, 117, 178, 204 Flerina, Evgeniia 73, 78 Foucault, Michel 158,165, 174 Freud, Sigmund 52, 66, 92, 94,101, 237 n.76 Galton, Francis 91,124,162, 227 n.5, 233 nn.10-11, 233 n.24, see also eugenics gender 21, 65, 68,72, 81, 138, 176, 200-1, 206 god-building 11,15,29 Golubkina, Anna 166 Mound 167 Google Books Ngram 8,9,11-13, 12, 17, 20-2, 210 nn.l 1-12, 213 n.35, 215 n.54 Gorky, Maxim 10-11, 29, 43,45, 55, 61, 106,197-8 and Capri encyclopedia 34-8, 219Ո.36, 220 n.47 275 on education 49-52, 223 n.21, 223 n.27 and Soviet writers 106,113-14 Great Break 65,71,74,82,152-3, 213 n.36, see also cultural revolution; revolution from above Great War 11-12,141 Haldane, J. B. S. 92, 98 health 63, 73, 76-7, 82, 89, 99, 129, 162-3,165,172, 174, 185 heredity 17, 51, 58, 64, 87-90,104, 121-2,126-34,164, see also Lamarckianism hereditary alcoholism 19,128-9, 247 n.37 homelessness 49, 52-3, 56-7 liquidators of 49, 52,61,223 n.27, 225 n.55
Homo sapiens 87-8,115,126,129, 207 Hotel Astoria, Leningrad 105,120 House of Entertaining Science, Leningrad 117-18,120 human destiny 6,18-19, 23, 86-7, 89, 90-1,96,196, 201 human evolution 1,10,19,23,31,96,104, 115,126,158,164,198,205,207 directed 18, 81, 90-1, 201 (see also eugenics) human nature 5,14-19, 67, 89-91, 93, 95-7, 128-9, 177, 194, 199 biologization 16,103,129 bio-psycho-medical interpretations 16,22,134 duality 6,10,86,104,121-2, 211 n.21 Marxist interpretations 10-11, 13-14,103-4 naturalistic interpretations 10-11, 13, 15-16,21, 133, 155, 213 n.40 nurturist interpretations 8-11, 13-15,17,21,122,131,198, 202 theological interpretations of 7-9,11, 13-16,21,23,86,101-3 human origin 6,10,16,18, 86-7, 95,164 Huxley, Aldous 19, 91-6, 98, 234 n.37 Brave New World 19, 86,101 Huxley, Julian 91-2,106, 239 n.15, 256 n.30
276 Huxley, T. H. 87-8, 91,171 hygiene 51-2, 54-5, 65, 81,158,163, 225 n.60 hypnosis 16, 213 n.40 lagoda, Genrikh 49, 52, 62 П’іп, Fedor 19, 98,101-2, 214 п.51, 235 n.41 Valley ofNew Life 19,86, 93-6,103 Il’in.M. 113-15,118 How Man Became a Giant 114,115 (see abo Segal, Elena) Story of the Five-Year Plan 114 immortality 6, 9-10,16,195,197 industrialization 5,12,17, 71,81,109, 111, 152-3, 175,178, 193, 204, see also five-year plan; Great Break inheritance of acquired characteristics 127, 164, 248 n.57, see also Lamarckianism instinct 67-9,74 Ionin, Ignatii 48-9, 51, 62, 224 nn.34-5 Ivanov, Iľia 16,157-8,165,170-3, 235 n.42 Ivich, Alexander 113,118,120, 242 n.65, 243 n.74, 244 n.97 The Adventures of Inventions 115 Joint State Political Administration, see OGPU Kamenev, Lev 101,143 Karloff, Boris 125,125 kindergarten 79, 80, 82, see also nursery school Kiseleva, M. P. 75, 77 Kol’tsov, Nikolai 90-1,163,171, 247 n.37, 247 n.45 Kon, Felix 180-1 Kornilov, Konstantin 67-8, 74 Kots, Alexander 157-9,162, 168,170 Kovalevskii, Pavel 128, 246 nn.34-5 Kovalevsky, Vladimir 142, 251 n.18, 251 n.24 Krupskaja, Nadezhda 59, 66, 71,172, 222 n.7, 226 n.80 Index Ladygina-Kots, Nadezda 157,163,165, 168,170-1,173 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste 158,164,170-1, 254 n.5,258 n.75 Lamarckianism 131,163-4, 249 n.58, 254 n.5, 258 n.75, see also inheritance of acquired characteristics Crypto-Lamarckian 158,163,170-1, 174 Lenin, Vladimir 94,103,164,172,222 n.7 death 159,239n.l0 as leader of Bolsheviks 10,12,175, 185,188, 243 n.79 Materialism and Empirio-criticism 34 meeting with Wells, H. G. 106 on peasants 139
“Plan for Monumental Propaganda” 159 polemics with Bogdanov 31, 33-7, 41,218n.l7,219n.32 life sciences 3,10, 83, 89-102,104,128, 233 n.18, see also biology bio-psycho-medical disciplines 15, 17,21 bio-psycho-medical research 15-16, 19,21,99-100,235 n.51 bio-psycho-medical technologies 16, 19, 22,93-4,99,102-3 Lombroso, Cesare 124,130,133, 256 n.30 Lunacharskii, Anatolil 10,109 on arts 160,163-4,174 on education 46-7, 59, 63, 66,71 and encyclopedia project 31, 34-5, 37-8,42 as science patron 14, 21 Lyell, Charles 86-7 Makarenko, Anton 49, 62, 225 n.57 Marshak, Samuil 113-14 Marx, Karl 10,31-2,37,94,103,164, 216n.l,219n.32 Marxism 11,15, 31 ֊2, 34, 37, 99,177, 179,181,190-3 Mayakovsky, Vladimir 143,150-1 Mechnikov, Iľia 90-1 medicine 3,18,92,99,124,133,138, 237 n.67
Index experimental 10, 89,91 Menzies, William Cameron 108 Things to Come (film) 108,109 militsiia 69, 70, 75, 78, 82 Mishkevich, Grigoril 105, 239 n.9 modernization 176-7,191-2,193 Museum of Modern Western Art, Moscow 162,166 Narkompros 14, 21, 42,47-9, 57,63, 66, 71-6,178,180, 222 n.7,222 n.12 Museums Department 176 Narkomzdrav 21,63,71, 99,162-3,172 Narkomzem 139,142, 251 n.24 narodniki 9,11 nationalities 182,184,186,187-8, 190-3, see also ethnicity policy 175-7,179,193 NEP 12,21,65,71,139,192, 250 n.11 Netflix “Better Than Us” 205-7 networks of meanings 11,14-15, 211 n.20 new economic policy, see NEP new peasant 137-40,150,152-4, 250 n.15, see also peasant, of the future image 138,152-3 model 138,152 project 139,152-3 Nietzsche, Friedrich 11, 18, 236 n.64, see also Übermensch NKVD 62,152 nursery school 66,69, 71, 74, 80, see also kindergarten 21,45,48-50, 52-5, 57, 62, 202, 224 n.53, 225 n.56 orangutans 155,157-8,160,165-6, 168-74 OGPU Pavlov, Ivan 16,21,66-7, 90-1,100, 105-7,131, 229 n.28, 233 n.23, 249 n.59 conditioning 92,101 peasant 68-9, 71,74, 81,175,178,187 “of the future” 138-9 (see also new peasant) householder (owner) 139,152 277 “inhabitant” 147-8,147 kulaks 152-3 pedagogy 45-6, 62, 80-2,100,134, see also education; pedology American 45,57 experimental 45,62 Marxist 17 Soviet 64-5, 69, 71, 75, 78,131 pedology 63,68,100,103, 228 n.19, 237 n.68, see also education, pedagogy Central Institute 66-7 First Congress 71 as a “pseudoscience” 74-5,103 as a science 15, 66, 82,100 Peoples Commissariat of Agriculture, see Narkomzem Peoples Commissariat of Enlightenment,
see Narkompros Peoples Commissariat of Health Protection, see Narkomzdrav People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs, see NKVD Perel’man, Iakov 105,109,116-18,120, 243 n.74 Entertaining Astronomy 116 Entertaining Geometry 116 Entertaining Mathematics 116 Entertaining Physics 116,117, 239 n.9, 243 n.72 Interplanetary Travels 116 The Wonder of Our Age 117 Pierce, Jack 122,124-5 Platonov, Andrei 85-6, 93, 98,100-3, 203-4,232 n.2, 238 n.80 “Antisexus” 102 “The Breeding Pen of the New Man” 86,101 “The Lunar Bomb” 203 “The Man That Will Be” 85,103 Pogrebinskii, Matvei 49, 51-2, 55, 62, 223 n.27, 225 n.55 Pokrovskii, Mikhail 35,40,42,43,219 n.30 posthumanism 195,199, see also transhumanism Potamkin, Harry Alan 55-6 Proletarian University 37,40-3 Proletkul’t (Proletarian Culture) 28, 38-42
278 psychiatry 122,128-30,133 criminal 129-30, 247 п.42, 247 п.46, 248 п.50-1 psychology 34, 58, 66, 90, 93,129,194, 213 п.38, 264 п.1 experimental 10, 67, 89, 91-2 of the playing child 67, 74 psychotechnology (psikhotekhnika) 15, 89, 100, 237 n.69 Pudovkin, Vsevolod 55,100, 224 n.52 Mechanics of the Brain 214 n.51 Red Army 52,68-71,75,78,79,80-1, 178, 182,185 reflex 31,58,63,74,100 conditional 16, 67,131 reflexology 15, 21, 66-7, 89,100 re-forging (perekovka) 49, 51-2, 54, 57, 61, 223 n.22, 224 n.36,225 n.54, see also reeducation rejuvenation 127, 195, 246 n.22, 249 n.58 revolutionary dreams 99-100,103,199, 203, see also Bolsheviks, visions revolution from above 11, 13, 16, 21, 103, 120, 213 n.36, see also cultural revolution; Great Break robot 96,122, 201, 206-7 Russell, Bertrand 92, 94, 98 Russian Museum Ethnographic Department 178-9,180 Russian Socialist Democratic Labor Party, see Bolsheviks Rynin, Nikolai 105,120, 239 n.4 Interplanetary Communications 105, 120, 239 n.4 science, see also life sciences as cultural domain 3,14,18, 30, 33, 86, 96-8,105 as cultural resource 95-6, 98,100-3, 197,199,202 entertaining 10,105,109,116-20, 117,118 (see also Pereľman, Iakov) nationalization 18, 98-9, 236 n.55 patronage 21, 86, 95, 98-100,103, 129,131 Index popularization 39,100,103,105-6, 110,112, 115-16,119-20, 179, 207 professionalization 86,95 universality 19,97-8 science fiction (SF) 10, 27-8,88, 96, 105-6, 109-11,121,132,194, 201, 203 chronotope 196-8 scientific fantasy 96,107,109,111 -13, 116-17, 119, 241 n.41,243 n.77 scientific-fictional literature 113-15, 117 scientists
6,46, 52, 62, 65, 85,106-7, 130-1, 142, 162, 195, 201, 213n.39, 254 n.5 agricultural 142 cultural authority 15-16,99,104 as engineers of life 90-1,102-3 image 93-7,102,107,111-13,119 as visionaries 2,87-9, 93,100 Segal, Elena 114,115 How Man Became a Giant 114,115 (See also Iľin, Μ.) Semashko, Nikolai 21, 71, 99,100,163 sexual revolution 101 Shatskii, Stanislav 47-8, 57, 59, 222 n.17, 226 n.71 Shaw, Bernard 2, 223 n.18 Shchusev, Aleksei 143,154 Shelly, Mary 8,102, 238 n.77 adaptations of 19, 121-6,132-4, 202, 245 nn.1-5,245 n.7,245 n.15 (see also Whale, James) Frankenstein or the New Prometheus 8,102,121-2,134, 238 n.77, 245 n.l,246n.l8 Shimkevich, Vladimir 2, 88 shock worker (udarnik) 176,179, see also Stakhanovite Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan 10, 34-5, 42 Slavophiles 9,19,139 Slovtsov, Boris 130, 248Ո.48 Sobol, Samuil 164-5 social crisis 196,199 socialist realism 119,177,188,190,193 soldier 68-9, 71, 74-5, 78, 79, 80-2, see also Red Army Soviet Museum (journal) 176,180 Sovnarkom 75,142-3
Index space 96, 105, 108,113,194, 198, 203 flight 105,112. 205,240ո.32 mining 200-1, 266 n.29 Stakhanov, Alexei 176, see also Stakhanovite Stakhanovites 17,176-7,180-5,182, 190-3, see also shock worker First All-Union Conference 191-2, 231 n.65 Stalin, Joseph 49,175,178, 225 n.60, 243 n.79, 261 n.6 and H. G. Wells 105,109 industrialization 203-4 personal intervention 56,181, 237 n.73 public praise of 80-1,183,188 “revolution from above” (Great Break) 12,16-17, 75,103,113, 119,152 Stakhanovite movement 191-2 Stapledon, Olaf 96-7 State Museum of Ethnography 175, 178-93, 262 n.21, see also Russian Museum Stenberg, Vladimir and Georgy 143,146 Stites, Richard 14,99 Stolper, Alexander 52-3 Stolypin reforms 140-1,144,250 nn.13-14 story excursions 189-90,193 Strugatsky, Arkadii and Boris 203, 240 n.32 Studenetskaia, Evgeniia 189-90, see also story excursions Supinskii, Anton 180-1, 262 n.29 Tabas, Brad 200-1, 266 n.23 telepathy 10,16,213n.4O, 235 Ո.50 temporal change, see evolution temporality 177,190-3 time (conception of) 1, 5-7,18, 22, 32, 36, 108, 177,198,211 n,17,see also temporality biographical 177,191-2 space relation 5,61,199 (see also science-fiction, chronotope) Tolstoi, Aleksei 105, 241 n.44 toy 64-78, 81, see also doll Moscow museum 66, 69, 73 polytechnic 73,77 279 St. Petersburg museum 64 Soviet 64,72, 75 tractor 144-5,149,151 tradition 175-7,185,188,191-2, see also arts, folk; nationality transhumanism 194-5,199, 204-5, 264 n.8, see also posthumanism transplantation 90,126-7,132-3 Trotsky, Leon 37, 99-100,109,143,163, 236 n.64, 264 n.l Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin
112-3,116, 200, 205, 241 n.44 Übermensch 11,18, 236 n.64 upbringing, see education; pedology; pedagogy Vatagin, Vasilii 155,159,162-3,165-8, 170-1, 173-4 Age ofLife 165-8, 170-1, 173-4 Age Variability in Humankind 156, 158,161,161-2, 166,174 Age Variability in Orangutans 157, 158,166,168,174 Blind Lamarck and his Lamenting Daughters 170 Monument to Andrei Rublev 160 Seated Darwin 159 Sketches of an Orangutan’s Head 169 Verne, Jules 105, 118, 243 n.77, 244 n.93 village 137, 141, 144,150, 151-3 visionary(ies) 2,137-8, 154,197, 202, 205 visions of new man 1-4, 7,16-23, 81, 83, 86, 93, 97-8,107, 119, 199, 210Ո.13, 235 n.51 naturalistic 10,11,13-16, 21,133, 155, 198,213n.4O nurturist 8-11,13-15,17, 21, 122, 131, 133, 198, 202 post-Soviet 197, 201, 206 supernatural 10-11,13-16, 21,103, 198, 212 n.29, 213 n.40 theological 7-9,11, 13-16,21, 23, 86, 101,103 Volotskoi, Mikhail 130-1, 248 n.49 VSKhV 138, 141-7, 149-53, 251 n.18, 251 n.30, 252 n.43
280 Index APO (Agitation and Propaganda department) 143-4,149-50, 251 n.34 excursions 144,146,151,153 exhibitors 138,141-3,146 exhibits 138,143-5, 147,151,153 Foreign Section 142,146 GVK (Chief Exhibition Committee) 142, 251 n.20 “New Village” (“Village of the Future”) 146,149 Old Village” (“Village of the Past/ Present”) 146,147,148,149, 252 pavilions 144-6 posters 139,140,144,145,146 “school of the peasantry of the future” 138-9,144,146, 150,153 Scientific and Technical Council 142 visitors 138,144,146-7,151-3 VTsIK 142-3,255 “war communism” 137,140 Wells, G.P. 91-2, 239 n. 15 Wells, H. G, 5, 18,27, 88-91, 96,105-10, 119-20, 239 nn.9-10, 242 n.65, 243 n.77 Anticipations 1-2,88,108,115 The Island of Dr. Moreau 90,96 Mankind in the Making 1-2,88, 240 n.23 A Modern Utopia 240 n,23 The Open Conspiracy 106,108 The Science ofLife 92,106, 239 n.15 The Things to Come 108,110,112-13, 240 n.25 The Time Machine 1, 88,96,110 War of the Worlds 18, 88,110 Whale, James 19,121 Frankenstein 19,121-6,125,132-4, 245 n.l, 245 n.9 writers 2, 6,14,110,115, see also Gorky; Il’in; Platonov; Wells depicting new man 138,150,163 as encyclopedists 27 as engineers of human soul 102-4 First Soviet Writers’ Congress 112-14,119 Jewish 187 labor communes 45-6 scientific-fantastic genres 96-7, 100,198 Yanushkevich, Regina 52-3 Yerkes, Robert 163,171-2 Zamiatin, Eugénii 94, 241 n.41 Zholtovsky, Ivan 143-5 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek' München |
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Contents List of Figures ix Notes on Names, Transliterations, and Translations xi List of Abbreviations xiii Introduction: On Words and Meanings Nikolai Krementsov P 1 art I 1 Nurturing the New Man 25 Encyclopedic Worldbuilding: Alexander Bogdanov and the Cognitive Creation of the New Man Michael Coates 27 2 “The Road to Life”: Educating the New Man Lyubov Bugaeva 45 3 The New Man in the Nursery: Making Soviet Dolls and Regulating Children’s Play in the 1920s and 1930s Olga Ilyukha P art II 63 Imagining the New Man 4 New Sciences, New Worlds, and “New Men” Nikolai Krementsov 5 Entertaining Sciences, Unlikely Horrors: The Changing Image of Man in 6 The New Man as a Monster of Eugenic Imagination: The Criminal Soviet Popular-Scientific Literary Genres Matthias Schwartz 83 85 105 Brain in James Whale’s Frankenstein and Bulgakov’s “The Heart of a Dog” Irina Golovacheva Partili 7 Displaying the New Man 135 “A School of the Peasantry of the Future”: Constructing the Image of a “New Peasant” at the All-Russian Agricultural Exhibition, 1923 Olga Elina 8 121 137 Revolutionary Evolution in Apes and Humans in the 1920s: Sculpture and Constructs of the “New Man” at the Moscow Darwin Museum Pat Simpson 155
viii 9 Contents Ihe New Man in the Museum of Ethnography: Between Socialist Content and National Form Stanislav Petriashin 175 Conclusion: The New Man: One Hundred Years Later Yvonne Howell 194 Notes 209 Further Reading 268 List of Contributors 269 Index 272
Index Note: Numbers in Bold indicate that the term appears in the caption to an illustration Adams, Mark B. 90, 92 adventure literature 110-11,119 agriculture 50, 99, 111, 113, 137-9,154, 182, 202 “bond between city and village” 141, 145,150 collectivization 12,17, 71, 81,152-3, 175, 178, 191, 193, 204 science 141-2 agronomist(s) 140-4 Aleksinskii, Grigorii 35-6, 218 n.28, 219 n.39 arts 3, 14, 73, 138,174, 207 avant-garde 143-4,148,155 folk 182,186-8,187,190,193 symbolism 155,159,173 Auerbach, Ida 49, 225 n.60 Bartram, Nikolai 66, 69 Bazarov, Vladimir 10, 34 Bekhterev, Vladimir 21, 66-7, 90-1, 100,128 Beliaev, Alexander 96,105,107,109, 120, 241 n.41 Amphibian Man 111, 239 n.9 The Head of Professor Dowell 102, 111,239 n.9 Ruler of the World 102,111 The Star KETs 112-13 Bernal, John D. 18-19 besprizorniki 45, 49, 54, 55, 57, 61 biography 177, 189-93 biologization 16,103,129 biology 10, 86, 88, 91-4, 132-3, 200, 232 n.3, see also life sciences experimental 10, 89, 90-2,194 molecular 22 visionary 90-1, 99-100, 103 Bitner, Wilhelm 2, 88 Blok, Alexander 197-8 Bogdanov, Alexander 10-11, 27-44, 96, 163, 200-2 and blood transfusion 18, 29-30, 42, 99, 235 n.50 Cognition from a Historical Point of View 29-31 Cultural Tasks of Our Time 37-9 Engineer Menni 39-40, 97, 241 n.44 Fundamental Elements of the Historical View on Nature 29-30 “The Gathering of Man” 31-2,38 New World 31-3 Philosophy of Living Experience 28-9, 37 Red Star 18, 39-40, 97, 241 n.44 Bolshevik revolution agricultural policy 141 catalyst for future 13֊ 15, 85, 135, 137 continuity before and after 3-5,25, 57 doll-making
64-5 internationalist idea 20-2 museum displays 157,178-9,189 state control of science 98-9,196 usage of term “new man” 11 Bolsheviks 4,12, 62-5, 81-2, 99-101, 129, 138-42, 176, 251 n.34 censorship 15, 20, 41,101, 116, 119 coup detat 12,20,63,65-6,99, 139 education policies 61-2, 64-5,191 factions 33,36 ideology 5,15,19,82,99,171 leaders 34, 36, 66, 71, 99,106,109, 119,126, 142, 154, 163 nationality policies 175-7,179,193 Party Schools 36-7 Poliburo 66,71,143 programs 14,138,141 science policies 15, 21, 99-100,107, 129,131,162
Index visions 81,129 (see also revolutionary dreams) British Association for the Advancement of Science 14, 87 Briukhonenko, Sergei 16,19,102 Bukharin, Nikolai 66, 71,109,247 Bulgakov, Mikhail 43,101-2,145, 235 n.52, 246 n.20, 249 n.64 “Dog’s Heart” 15,19,121,126-34, 202 Bunak, Victor 130, 248 n.50 capitalism 11, 99,139,189-91,199-201 censorship 15,41,116,119 Chayanov, Alexander 137,139,142,152, 249 nn.1-2 Chayanov, Sokrat 142,152 Cheka, Chekist, see OGPU Chernyshevskii, Nikolai 8, 27,163 childhood 63-4, 66, 74, 162,189,191 -2 science of (see pedology) children 25,44, 51 -7, 59-62, 79, 94,148, 185,190-2, 206, 228 n.12, see also besprizorniki·, commune games 63-7, 69,71, 74, 80-2 literature 119,224 n.35 play 63-4, 66-8, 74, 82 toys 14, 22,151 writers 113, 244n.97 young pioneers 66,68-9,73-6,80, 229 n.32 Chizh, Vladimir 128-9, 246 n.34, 247 n.40 Chkalov, Valérii 78,185 civil war 12,15, 74,193 agriculture 139-41,143 backyard production of toys 70 devastation 106,137 museum policies 159,178-9,189 popular science publications 237 n.67 climate change 199-201 Cold War 23,196,203 collective farm (kolkhoz) 176,179, 181-2,184, 185-7,186,188-9, 263 n.61, see also agriculture, collectivization; collective farmer collective farmer (kolkhoznik) 179,182-3, 185-6,190, see aho collective farm 273 commune, labor-education 45-6, 48, 59, 62,223 n.18, 223 n.28, 224 n.35 Bolshevo 49,62 Dzerzhinsky 49,50 Krasnye Zori 48-9, 51-2, 59, 62 natural selection in 51-2 and Stalin camps 49, 225 n.60 structure and principles 49-50, 54 Ugresha Monastery 50 cooperation 139,146,151-2 Council of the People’s
Commissars, see Sovnarkom criminal brain 19,121-6,123,128,132, 245 n.16 criminology 15,124-5, 245 n.9, 247 n.46 criminal psychiatry 129-30, 247 n.42, 247 n.46, 248 nn.50-1 cultural authority 13,15-16,86,103 cultural resource 3-4, 83, 100-4, 134, 177, 180, 197, 199, 202, 238 n.77 contents 11,98,100,102-4 labels 95,100,103,195 users and uses 14, 96,102,174,193 cultural revolution 28-30, 38,172,175, 178, 213 n.35, see also Great Break; revolution from above culture 32, 63-5, 69, 82, 230 n.43 culturedness 177,185-6 Darwin, Charles 10,87, 94,158 The Descent ofMan 87,161,164,168, 170-1 evolutionary theory 11, 29, 51, 87, 104,159 (see also Darwinism) The Expression of the Emotions 161, 168,170-1 “laws” 87-8,97 On the Origin of Species 87,161,164, 170 Darwinism 15, 29-30, 32,158,164-5, 170,173 Darwin Museum, Moscow 15,135, 155-63,165,168-9,171,173-4, 198 Davenport, Charles 124, 245 n.16 David-Fox, Michael 46, 62, 223 n.21, 223 n.23
274 degeneration 21, 87-8, 91, 96,124-8, 134, 202,246 п.17, 246 п.25, 248 п.51 Dewey, John 51, 61-2, 221 п.4,221 п.6, 222 п.9, 226 п.86 philosophy of education 45, 57-60 and Soviet pedagogical experiments 48, 57-60, 61, 226 n.88 Diderot, Denis 27, 38 doll 64-82, 230 n.43, see also toy aesthetics 64 body 76,78 face 65, 68, 76, 78, 80 folk 68,69 making 65, 66,75-6, 78, 80 manufacturing 65, 69, 71-3, 75-6, 78,82 military 78, 79,82, 231 n.78 model 68,71,72,75-6,79,81-2 playing 72, 74, 80 Soviet 64,65,70,73,76,81 types 66, 70, 72-5, 78, 79 worker 68-70, 74, 79, 80, 82 Drill, Dmitry 128, 246 n.34 Dzerzhinsky, Felix 21,48-50, 52-3, 202, 225 n.53 3, 21, 25, 40, 63-4, 66, 67, 71,74,94,103-4,138,141, 144, 152-3, 163-4, 182-3, 185, 188,190-3, see also pedagogy; pedology as a cultural domain 3,18, 99,182, 185,192 in communes 49-51 complex method in 47 Dalton plan in 59, 222 n.7, 226 n.80 Enlightenment ideals 8-11,19 institutions 40,42-3, 62 polytechnic 50-2,54 prerevolutionary 45-7 progressive 25,45-8, 57, 62 project method 47, 62, 222 nn.l 1-12 reeducation 25,45,49, 51-4,191, 225 n.54, 225 n.60 (see also re-forging) “scientification” 15,100,103 education Index Ekk, Nikolai 45, 52,60-1 Road to Life 45, 52, 60-2, 225 nn.54-5, 226-7 n.90 Ellis, Havelock 124-5, 245 n.10, 245 n.14 encyclopedias 27-44 Capri 28,34-8 Granat 35, 219 n.32 Great Soviet Encyclopedia 42-4,164-5 Workers’Encyclopedia 28,38-42,44 and worldbuilding 27-9,43-4 Encyclopédie 29, 38-9,41 endocrinology 89,100,127-8,131,172, 196, 248 n.55 Institute of Experimental 172 Engels, Friedrich 10, 27, 37,174, 216 n.l “The Dialectics
of Nature” 16,164,167 “The Role of Labor in the Origin of Man from Ape” 16,164-5 ethnicity 65, 72-3, 76, 77,81, 230 n.48, see also nationality Finns 178, 186,186 Russians 177-8,182-3,184,187,189 Saami 185-6 Turkmen 175,184 Uzbeks 147,182,185,187,189,191 eugenics 21, 83,107-8,121,123,132-4, 165, 171, 174 Bureau (Petrograd) 127 as discipline 100,158,162 International congress, second 122, 233 n.25 movement 91,122 negative 21,130 proletarian 238 n.81 society (Russian) 103,129 sterilization 10,21,90-1,130,134,163 evolution 29-30, 88,128, 139, 155-8, 164, 168, 170-1, 175, 179, 183, 195, see also human evolution biological 15,99 edited and upgraded 194 laws of 87-8, 97 post-planetary 199 exhibitions (agricultural) 141-2,149, 151-2, 251 n.19, see also VSKhV international 141 local 141,151 world 251 n.19, 251 n.24
Index exhibitions (ethnographie) 175-93, see also State Museum of Ethnography “Byelorussia and the BSSR” 179-80 “Evenks Then and Now” 183 “History of the USSR in the 18th Century” 189 “Jews in Imperial Russia and in the USSR” 183,187 “Karelia and the Kola Peninsula” 184-5,186 life group 179-80, 183,184, 185, 186, 188-90,193 “Peoples of the North Caucasus in the Past and Present” 189-90 “Peoples of the Saian-Altai in the Past and Present” 179 “Russian Inhabitants of the Black Earth Regions” 181-3,184, 187,187 “Ukrainian Village Before and After October” 179 “Uzbeks Then and Now” 180, 185, 187, 189, 191 Exter, Aleksandra 143-4 five-year plan 12,72,103, 111, 113-14, 117, 178, 204 Flerina, Evgeniia 73, 78 Foucault, Michel 158,165, 174 Freud, Sigmund 52, 66, 92, 94,101, 237 n.76 Galton, Francis 91,124,162, 227 n.5, 233 nn.10-11, 233 n.24, see also eugenics gender 21, 65, 68,72, 81, 138, 176, 200-1, 206 god-building 11,15,29 Golubkina, Anna 166 Mound 167 Google Books Ngram 8,9,11-13, 12, 17, 20-2, 210 nn.l 1-12, 213 n.35, 215 n.54 Gorky, Maxim 10-11, 29, 43,45, 55, 61, 106,197-8 and Capri encyclopedia 34-8, 219Ո.36, 220 n.47 275 on education 49-52, 223 n.21, 223 n.27 and Soviet writers 106,113-14 Great Break 65,71,74,82,152-3, 213 n.36, see also cultural revolution; revolution from above Great War 11-12,141 Haldane, J. B. S. 92, 98 health 63, 73, 76-7, 82, 89, 99, 129, 162-3,165,172, 174, 185 heredity 17, 51, 58, 64, 87-90,104, 121-2,126-34,164, see also Lamarckianism hereditary alcoholism 19,128-9, 247 n.37 homelessness 49, 52-3, 56-7 liquidators of 49, 52,61,223 n.27, 225 n.55
Homo sapiens 87-8,115,126,129, 207 Hotel Astoria, Leningrad 105,120 House of Entertaining Science, Leningrad 117-18,120 human destiny 6,18-19, 23, 86-7, 89, 90-1,96,196, 201 human evolution 1,10,19,23,31,96,104, 115,126,158,164,198,205,207 directed 18, 81, 90-1, 201 (see also eugenics) human nature 5,14-19, 67, 89-91, 93, 95-7, 128-9, 177, 194, 199 biologization 16,103,129 bio-psycho-medical interpretations 16,22,134 duality 6,10,86,104,121-2, 211 n.21 Marxist interpretations 10-11, 13-14,103-4 naturalistic interpretations 10-11, 13, 15-16,21, 133, 155, 213 n.40 nurturist interpretations 8-11, 13-15,17,21,122,131,198, 202 theological interpretations of 7-9,11, 13-16,21,23,86,101-3 human origin 6,10,16,18, 86-7, 95,164 Huxley, Aldous 19, 91-6, 98, 234 n.37 Brave New World 19, 86,101 Huxley, Julian 91-2,106, 239 n.15, 256 n.30
276 Huxley, T. H. 87-8, 91,171 hygiene 51-2, 54-5, 65, 81,158,163, 225 n.60 hypnosis 16, 213 n.40 lagoda, Genrikh 49, 52, 62 П’іп, Fedor 19, 98,101-2, 214 п.51, 235 n.41 Valley ofNew Life 19,86, 93-6,103 Il’in.M. 113-15,118 How Man Became a Giant 114,115 (see abo Segal, Elena) Story of the Five-Year Plan 114 immortality 6, 9-10,16,195,197 industrialization 5,12,17, 71,81,109, 111, 152-3, 175,178, 193, 204, see also five-year plan; Great Break inheritance of acquired characteristics 127, 164, 248 n.57, see also Lamarckianism instinct 67-9,74 Ionin, Ignatii 48-9, 51, 62, 224 nn.34-5 Ivanov, Iľia 16,157-8,165,170-3, 235 n.42 Ivich, Alexander 113,118,120, 242 n.65, 243 n.74, 244 n.97 The Adventures of Inventions 115 Joint State Political Administration, see OGPU Kamenev, Lev 101,143 Karloff, Boris 125,125 kindergarten 79, 80, 82, see also nursery school Kiseleva, M. P. 75, 77 Kol’tsov, Nikolai 90-1,163,171, 247 n.37, 247 n.45 Kon, Felix 180-1 Kornilov, Konstantin 67-8, 74 Kots, Alexander 157-9,162, 168,170 Kovalevskii, Pavel 128, 246 nn.34-5 Kovalevsky, Vladimir 142, 251 n.18, 251 n.24 Krupskaja, Nadezhda 59, 66, 71,172, 222 n.7, 226 n.80 Index Ladygina-Kots, Nadezda 157,163,165, 168,170-1,173 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste 158,164,170-1, 254 n.5,258 n.75 Lamarckianism 131,163-4, 249 n.58, 254 n.5, 258 n.75, see also inheritance of acquired characteristics Crypto-Lamarckian 158,163,170-1, 174 Lenin, Vladimir 94,103,164,172,222 n.7 death 159,239n.l0 as leader of Bolsheviks 10,12,175, 185,188, 243 n.79 Materialism and Empirio-criticism 34 meeting with Wells, H. G. 106 on peasants 139
“Plan for Monumental Propaganda” 159 polemics with Bogdanov 31, 33-7, 41,218n.l7,219n.32 life sciences 3,10, 83, 89-102,104,128, 233 n.18, see also biology bio-psycho-medical disciplines 15, 17,21 bio-psycho-medical research 15-16, 19,21,99-100,235 n.51 bio-psycho-medical technologies 16, 19, 22,93-4,99,102-3 Lombroso, Cesare 124,130,133, 256 n.30 Lunacharskii, Anatolil 10,109 on arts 160,163-4,174 on education 46-7, 59, 63, 66,71 and encyclopedia project 31, 34-5, 37-8,42 as science patron 14, 21 Lyell, Charles 86-7 Makarenko, Anton 49, 62, 225 n.57 Marshak, Samuil 113-14 Marx, Karl 10,31-2,37,94,103,164, 216n.l,219n.32 Marxism 11,15, 31 ֊2, 34, 37, 99,177, 179,181,190-3 Mayakovsky, Vladimir 143,150-1 Mechnikov, Iľia 90-1 medicine 3,18,92,99,124,133,138, 237 n.67
Index experimental 10, 89,91 Menzies, William Cameron 108 Things to Come (film) 108,109 militsiia 69, 70, 75, 78, 82 Mishkevich, Grigoril 105, 239 n.9 modernization 176-7,191-2,193 Museum of Modern Western Art, Moscow 162,166 Narkompros 14, 21, 42,47-9, 57,63, 66, 71-6,178,180, 222 n.7,222 n.12 Museums Department 176 Narkomzdrav 21,63,71, 99,162-3,172 Narkomzem 139,142, 251 n.24 narodniki 9,11 nationalities 182,184,186,187-8, 190-3, see also ethnicity policy 175-7,179,193 NEP 12,21,65,71,139,192, 250 n.11 Netflix “Better Than Us” 205-7 networks of meanings 11,14-15, 211 n.20 new economic policy, see NEP new peasant 137-40,150,152-4, 250 n.15, see also peasant, of the future image 138,152-3 model 138,152 project 139,152-3 Nietzsche, Friedrich 11, 18, 236 n.64, see also Übermensch NKVD 62,152 nursery school 66,69, 71, 74, 80, see also kindergarten 21,45,48-50, 52-5, 57, 62, 202, 224 n.53, 225 n.56 orangutans 155,157-8,160,165-6, 168-74 OGPU Pavlov, Ivan 16,21,66-7, 90-1,100, 105-7,131, 229 n.28, 233 n.23, 249 n.59 conditioning 92,101 peasant 68-9, 71,74, 81,175,178,187 “of the future” 138-9 (see also new peasant) householder (owner) 139,152 277 “inhabitant” 147-8,147 kulaks 152-3 pedagogy 45-6, 62, 80-2,100,134, see also education; pedology American 45,57 experimental 45,62 Marxist 17 Soviet 64-5, 69, 71, 75, 78,131 pedology 63,68,100,103, 228 n.19, 237 n.68, see also education, pedagogy Central Institute 66-7 First Congress 71 as a “pseudoscience” 74-5,103 as a science 15, 66, 82,100 Peoples Commissariat of Agriculture, see Narkomzem Peoples Commissariat of Enlightenment,
see Narkompros Peoples Commissariat of Health Protection, see Narkomzdrav People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs, see NKVD Perel’man, Iakov 105,109,116-18,120, 243 n.74 Entertaining Astronomy 116 Entertaining Geometry 116 Entertaining Mathematics 116 Entertaining Physics 116,117, 239 n.9, 243 n.72 Interplanetary Travels 116 The Wonder of Our Age 117 Pierce, Jack 122,124-5 Platonov, Andrei 85-6, 93, 98,100-3, 203-4,232 n.2, 238 n.80 “Antisexus” 102 “The Breeding Pen of the New Man” 86,101 “The Lunar Bomb” 203 “The Man That Will Be” 85,103 Pogrebinskii, Matvei 49, 51-2, 55, 62, 223 n.27, 225 n.55 Pokrovskii, Mikhail 35,40,42,43,219 n.30 posthumanism 195,199, see also transhumanism Potamkin, Harry Alan 55-6 Proletarian University 37,40-3 Proletkul’t (Proletarian Culture) 28, 38-42
278 psychiatry 122,128-30,133 criminal 129-30, 247 п.42, 247 п.46, 248 п.50-1 psychology 34, 58, 66, 90, 93,129,194, 213 п.38, 264 п.1 experimental 10, 67, 89, 91-2 of the playing child 67, 74 psychotechnology (psikhotekhnika) 15, 89, 100, 237 n.69 Pudovkin, Vsevolod 55,100, 224 n.52 Mechanics of the Brain 214 n.51 Red Army 52,68-71,75,78,79,80-1, 178, 182,185 reflex 31,58,63,74,100 conditional 16, 67,131 reflexology 15, 21, 66-7, 89,100 re-forging (perekovka) 49, 51-2, 54, 57, 61, 223 n.22, 224 n.36,225 n.54, see also reeducation rejuvenation 127, 195, 246 n.22, 249 n.58 revolutionary dreams 99-100,103,199, 203, see also Bolsheviks, visions revolution from above 11, 13, 16, 21, 103, 120, 213 n.36, see also cultural revolution; Great Break robot 96,122, 201, 206-7 Russell, Bertrand 92, 94, 98 Russian Museum Ethnographic Department 178-9,180 Russian Socialist Democratic Labor Party, see Bolsheviks Rynin, Nikolai 105,120, 239 n.4 Interplanetary Communications 105, 120, 239 n.4 science, see also life sciences as cultural domain 3,14,18, 30, 33, 86, 96-8,105 as cultural resource 95-6, 98,100-3, 197,199,202 entertaining 10,105,109,116-20, 117,118 (see also Pereľman, Iakov) nationalization 18, 98-9, 236 n.55 patronage 21, 86, 95, 98-100,103, 129,131 Index popularization 39,100,103,105-6, 110,112, 115-16,119-20, 179, 207 professionalization 86,95 universality 19,97-8 science fiction (SF) 10, 27-8,88, 96, 105-6, 109-11,121,132,194, 201, 203 chronotope 196-8 scientific fantasy 96,107,109,111 -13, 116-17, 119, 241 n.41,243 n.77 scientific-fictional literature 113-15, 117 scientists
6,46, 52, 62, 65, 85,106-7, 130-1, 142, 162, 195, 201, 213n.39, 254 n.5 agricultural 142 cultural authority 15-16,99,104 as engineers of life 90-1,102-3 image 93-7,102,107,111-13,119 as visionaries 2,87-9, 93,100 Segal, Elena 114,115 How Man Became a Giant 114,115 (See also Iľin, Μ.) Semashko, Nikolai 21, 71, 99,100,163 sexual revolution 101 Shatskii, Stanislav 47-8, 57, 59, 222 n.17, 226 n.71 Shaw, Bernard 2, 223 n.18 Shchusev, Aleksei 143,154 Shelly, Mary 8,102, 238 n.77 adaptations of 19, 121-6,132-4, 202, 245 nn.1-5,245 n.7,245 n.15 (see also Whale, James) Frankenstein or the New Prometheus 8,102,121-2,134, 238 n.77, 245 n.l,246n.l8 Shimkevich, Vladimir 2, 88 shock worker (udarnik) 176,179, see also Stakhanovite Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan 10, 34-5, 42 Slavophiles 9,19,139 Slovtsov, Boris 130, 248Ո.48 Sobol, Samuil 164-5 social crisis 196,199 socialist realism 119,177,188,190,193 soldier 68-9, 71, 74-5, 78, 79, 80-2, see also Red Army Soviet Museum (journal) 176,180 Sovnarkom 75,142-3
Index space 96, 105, 108,113,194, 198, 203 flight 105,112. 205,240ո.32 mining 200-1, 266 n.29 Stakhanov, Alexei 176, see also Stakhanovite Stakhanovites 17,176-7,180-5,182, 190-3, see also shock worker First All-Union Conference 191-2, 231 n.65 Stalin, Joseph 49,175,178, 225 n.60, 243 n.79, 261 n.6 and H. G. Wells 105,109 industrialization 203-4 personal intervention 56,181, 237 n.73 public praise of 80-1,183,188 “revolution from above” (Great Break) 12,16-17, 75,103,113, 119,152 Stakhanovite movement 191-2 Stapledon, Olaf 96-7 State Museum of Ethnography 175, 178-93, 262 n.21, see also Russian Museum Stenberg, Vladimir and Georgy 143,146 Stites, Richard 14,99 Stolper, Alexander 52-3 Stolypin reforms 140-1,144,250 nn.13-14 story excursions 189-90,193 Strugatsky, Arkadii and Boris 203, 240 n.32 Studenetskaia, Evgeniia 189-90, see also story excursions Supinskii, Anton 180-1, 262 n.29 Tabas, Brad 200-1, 266 n.23 telepathy 10,16,213n.4O, 235 Ո.50 temporal change, see evolution temporality 177,190-3 time (conception of) 1, 5-7,18, 22, 32, 36, 108, 177,198,211 n,17,see also temporality biographical 177,191-2 space relation 5,61,199 (see also science-fiction, chronotope) Tolstoi, Aleksei 105, 241 n.44 toy 64-78, 81, see also doll Moscow museum 66, 69, 73 polytechnic 73,77 279 St. Petersburg museum 64 Soviet 64,72, 75 tractor 144-5,149,151 tradition 175-7,185,188,191-2, see also arts, folk; nationality transhumanism 194-5,199, 204-5, 264 n.8, see also posthumanism transplantation 90,126-7,132-3 Trotsky, Leon 37, 99-100,109,143,163, 236 n.64, 264 n.l Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin
112-3,116, 200, 205, 241 n.44 Übermensch 11,18, 236 n.64 upbringing, see education; pedology; pedagogy Vatagin, Vasilii 155,159,162-3,165-8, 170-1, 173-4 Age ofLife 165-8, 170-1, 173-4 Age Variability in Humankind 156, 158,161,161-2, 166,174 Age Variability in Orangutans 157, 158,166,168,174 Blind Lamarck and his Lamenting Daughters 170 Monument to Andrei Rublev 160 Seated Darwin 159 Sketches of an Orangutan’s Head 169 Verne, Jules 105, 118, 243 n.77, 244 n.93 village 137, 141, 144,150, 151-3 visionary(ies) 2,137-8, 154,197, 202, 205 visions of new man 1-4, 7,16-23, 81, 83, 86, 93, 97-8,107, 119, 199, 210Ո.13, 235 n.51 naturalistic 10,11,13-16, 21,133, 155, 198,213n.4O nurturist 8-11,13-15,17, 21, 122, 131, 133, 198, 202 post-Soviet 197, 201, 206 supernatural 10-11,13-16, 21,103, 198, 212 n.29, 213 n.40 theological 7-9,11, 13-16,21, 23, 86, 101,103 Volotskoi, Mikhail 130-1, 248 n.49 VSKhV 138, 141-7, 149-53, 251 n.18, 251 n.30, 252 n.43
280 Index APO (Agitation and Propaganda department) 143-4,149-50, 251 n.34 excursions 144,146,151,153 exhibitors 138,141-3,146 exhibits 138,143-5, 147,151,153 Foreign Section 142,146 GVK (Chief Exhibition Committee) 142, 251 n.20 “New Village” (“Village of the Future”) 146,149 Old Village” (“Village of the Past/ Present”) 146,147,148,149, 252 pavilions 144-6 posters 139,140,144,145,146 “school of the peasantry of the future” 138-9,144,146, 150,153 Scientific and Technical Council 142 visitors 138,144,146-7,151-3 VTsIK 142-3,255 “war communism” 137,140 Wells, G.P. 91-2, 239 n. 15 Wells, H. G, 5, 18,27, 88-91, 96,105-10, 119-20, 239 nn.9-10, 242 n.65, 243 n.77 Anticipations 1-2,88,108,115 The Island of Dr. Moreau 90,96 Mankind in the Making 1-2,88, 240 n.23 A Modern Utopia 240 n,23 The Open Conspiracy 106,108 The Science ofLife 92,106, 239 n.15 The Things to Come 108,110,112-13, 240 n.25 The Time Machine 1, 88,96,110 War of the Worlds 18, 88,110 Whale, James 19,121 Frankenstein 19,121-6,125,132-4, 245 n.l, 245 n.9 writers 2, 6,14,110,115, see also Gorky; Il’in; Platonov; Wells depicting new man 138,150,163 as encyclopedists 27 as engineers of human soul 102-4 First Soviet Writers’ Congress 112-14,119 Jewish 187 labor communes 45-6 scientific-fantastic genres 96-7, 100,198 Yanushkevich, Regina 52-3 Yerkes, Robert 163,171-2 Zamiatin, Eugénii 94, 241 n.41 Zholtovsky, Ivan 143-5 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek' München |
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spelling | The art and science of making the new man in early 20th-century Russia edited by Nikolai Krementsov and Yvonne Howell London ; New York ; Oxford ; New Delhi ; Sydney Bloomsbury Academic 2021 xiv, 280 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1900-1940 gnd rswk-swf Neuer Mensch (DE-588)4138940-2 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Neuer Mensch (DE-588)4138940-2 s Geschichte 1900-1940 z DE-604 Krementsov, N. L. 1957- (DE-588)1041692021 edt Howell, Yvonne 1960- (DE-588)1231311134 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-3502-3285-3 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-3502-3286-0 (DE-604)BV047913345 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032968936&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032968936&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
spellingShingle | The art and science of making the new man in early 20th-century Russia Neuer Mensch (DE-588)4138940-2 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4138940-2 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
title | The art and science of making the new man in early 20th-century Russia |
title_auth | The art and science of making the new man in early 20th-century Russia |
title_exact_search | The art and science of making the new man in early 20th-century Russia |
title_exact_search_txtP | The art and science of making the new man in early 20th-century Russia |
title_full | The art and science of making the new man in early 20th-century Russia edited by Nikolai Krementsov and Yvonne Howell |
title_fullStr | The art and science of making the new man in early 20th-century Russia edited by Nikolai Krementsov and Yvonne Howell |
title_full_unstemmed | The art and science of making the new man in early 20th-century Russia edited by Nikolai Krementsov and Yvonne Howell |
title_short | The art and science of making the new man in early 20th-century Russia |
title_sort | the art and science of making the new man in early 20th century russia |
topic | Neuer Mensch (DE-588)4138940-2 gnd |
topic_facet | Neuer Mensch Sowjetunion Russland Aufsatzsammlung |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032968936&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032968936&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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