From the Vilna Ghetto to Nuremberg: memoir and testimony
"In 1944, the Yiddish poet Abraham Sutzkever was airlifted to Moscow from the forest where he had spent the winter among partisan fighters. There he was encouraged by Ilya Ehrenburg, the most famous Soviet Jewish writer of his day, to write a memoir of his two years in the Vilna Ghetto. Now, se...
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| Zusammenfassung: | "In 1944, the Yiddish poet Abraham Sutzkever was airlifted to Moscow from the forest where he had spent the winter among partisan fighters. There he was encouraged by Ilya Ehrenburg, the most famous Soviet Jewish writer of his day, to write a memoir of his two years in the Vilna Ghetto. Now, seventy-five years after it appeared in Yiddish in 1946, Justin Cammy provides a full English translation of one of the earliest published memoirs of the destruction of the city known throughout the Jewish world as the Jerusalem of Lithuania. Based on his own experiences, his conversations with survivors, and his consultation with materials hidden in the ghetto and recovered after the liberation of his hometown, Sutzkever's memoir rests at the intersection of postwar Holocaust literature and history. He grappled with the responsibility to produce a document that would indict the perpetrators and provide an account of both the horrors and the resilience of Jewish life under Nazi rule. Cammy bases his translation on the two extant versions of the full text of the memoir and includes Sutzkever's diary notes and full testimony at the Nuremberg Trials in 1946. Fascinating reminiscences of leading Soviet Yiddish cultural figures Sutzkever encountered during his time in Moscow--Ehrenburg, Yiddish modernist poet Peretz Markish, and director of the State Yiddish Theatre Shloyme Mikhoels--reveal the constraints of the political environment in which the memoir was composed. Both shocking and moving in its intensity, From the Vilna Ghetto returns readers to a moment when the scale of the Holocaust was first coming into focus, through the eyes of one survivor who attempted to make sense of daily life, resistance, and death in the ghetto."-- |
| Beschreibung: | "A Yiddish Book Center Translation. Translation of: Fun Ṿilner geṭo Two Yiddish editions of Abraham Sutzkever's Vilna Ghetto were published in early 1946. One appeared in Moscow under the title From the Vilna Ghetto, and the other in Paris as Vilna Ghetto: 1941-1944. This translation is based on the Moscow edition, and cross-checked against the Paris edition for textual variants |
| Beschreibung: | ix, 475 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780228008996 9780228008927 |
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| 500 | |a Two Yiddish editions of Abraham Sutzkever's Vilna Ghetto were published in early 1946. One appeared in Moscow under the title From the Vilna Ghetto, and the other in Paris as Vilna Ghetto: 1941-1944. This translation is based on the Moscow edition, and cross-checked against the Paris edition for textual variants | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a "In 1944, the Yiddish poet Abraham Sutzkever was airlifted to Moscow from the forest where he had spent the winter among partisan fighters. There he was encouraged by Ilya Ehrenburg, the most famous Soviet Jewish writer of his day, to write a memoir of his two years in the Vilna Ghetto. Now, seventy-five years after it appeared in Yiddish in 1946, Justin Cammy provides a full English translation of one of the earliest published memoirs of the destruction of the city known throughout the Jewish world as the Jerusalem of Lithuania. Based on his own experiences, his conversations with survivors, and his consultation with materials hidden in the ghetto and recovered after the liberation of his hometown, Sutzkever's memoir rests at the intersection of postwar Holocaust literature and history. He grappled with the responsibility to produce a document that would indict the perpetrators and provide an account of both the horrors and the resilience of Jewish life under Nazi rule. Cammy bases his translation on the two extant versions of the full text of the memoir and includes Sutzkever's diary notes and full testimony at the Nuremberg Trials in 1946. Fascinating reminiscences of leading Soviet Yiddish cultural figures Sutzkever encountered during his time in Moscow--Ehrenburg, Yiddish modernist poet Peretz Markish, and director of the State Yiddish Theatre Shloyme Mikhoels--reveal the constraints of the political environment in which the memoir was composed. Both shocking and moving in its intensity, From the Vilna Ghetto returns readers to a moment when the scale of the Holocaust was first coming into focus, through the eyes of one survivor who attempted to make sense of daily life, resistance, and death in the ghetto."-- | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents Illustrations follow pages Acknowledgments Maps 218,301 vii xi VILNA GHETTO Translator’s Introduction 3 Part I In German Claws 7 Part II Behind the Gates 40 Part III The Partisan Organization Part IV On Smoking Ashes 186 135 THE MOSCOW YEARS (1944-1946) Editors Introduction 233 Part I Testimony at Nuremberg 235 Nuremberg: Diary Notes 237 Testimony at the Nuremberg Trials 253 Part II Three Reminiscences 263 Editor s Introduction 265 Ilya Ehrenburg 268 Peretz Markish and His Circle 285 With Shloyme Mikhoels 292 Afterword: “Written in Moscow, Summer 1944” Justin D. Cammy and Avraham Novershtern 319
vi CONTENTS Vilna Ghetto Chronology List of Place Names in Vilna Notes 387 Further Reading Index 455 451 375 383
Index In some cases where first names are unknown, only surnames appear. Abramovitsh, Gershn, 116-18,129-30, 216, 360-1 Abramovitsh, Khayke, 130 Abramowicz, Maria, 66,106 absence, aesthetic of, 355 Adamowicz, Irena, 145,415Ո23 Aganiovska, Vera, 162 Agolik, Nisn, 186 Aksen, Dr, 67 Aktion, 47.48,207,377,378,380, 397Ո15 Albine, 172 Aleksandrov, Georgi, 281,288,428Ո41 Alksnis, 146 Altshuler, Mordecai, 363,439Ո33, 440Ո42, 443Ո64 American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 84 An-ski, Sh. (Shloyme Zanvl Rappoport, 1863-1920), 409Ո109 An-ski Museum of the Jewish Historical-Ethnographic Society, 167,217,409Ո109; anti-fascist movement, 265,339,367-8. See also Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (jafc) anti-Jewish laws, 10-12, 44-5,67-8, 103, 242,395Ո50 anti-semitism: anti-Jewish laws, 242; in Lithuania, 347; within partisan ranks, 327; Polish, 343; in Soviet Union, 334,341,368,372 Antokolets, Dr, 101 Antokol prison, 150 Antokolski, Mark, 104, 217, 218,357, 366, 409Ո108,421П17, 426Ո21 Antokolski, Pavel, 273,426Ո21 Argentina, Yiddish schools in, 341 arms, 52-3,123,137-41.147.149.153-6. 158,164-6,172-80,182-3,185, 188,190, 201,211, 216, 237,325,327, 358,362,415Ո24,416Ո40, 417Ո41, 418-19Ո56 Aronovitsh, Arone, 181 art/artists, 95-9,107-13,272-3,320, 329,348,357,366,372. See also specific artists A shpigl afa shteyn (A Mirror on a Stone, 1964), 267 Association of Fighters against German Occupation, 160 Association of Vilna Jews in France, 340 Auerbukh, 170 Auschwitz, 239,333 Ausweise, 260 Aynhorn, Zelda, 77 Ayznshtat, Tevl, 134
45б INDEX Babel, Isaac, 272,426Ո17 Babi Yar, 239,246-7,277,422119 Bak, Sam. See Bak, Shmuel (Zalmen) Bak, Shmuel (Zalmen), 67,97,107-11, 357,400Ո37 Banaitis, Juozas, 437Ո24 Baranowski family, 41 Bartoszewicz, Janowa, 55-9, 66, 346-7.358 Bartoszewicz, Kazimierz, 55 Bartoszewicz family, 55 Bas, Mrs, 195 Bastatski family, 21,22,31,34 Beethoven, Ludwig von: Leonore No. 3, 95; Ninth Symphony, 95 Begin, Menachem, 394Ո47 Beit Hatfutsot (Museum of the Diaspora), 413-14Ш18 Beker, Shloyme, 174 Belarus, 319,333 Belkind, 70 Belorussia, Jewish partisans in, 269, 276 Benyakovksi, Nadye, 91 Beregolski, Yankev, 24. 40-1, 94.185. 195. 393-4Ո37 Berek, Arn, 93 Bergelson, Dovid, 217, 280, 289, 293, 328, 345, 421Ո16, 448П106 Berger, Henning, 94, 405Ո82 Berliand, Senia, 247 Berlin, Germany, 240-2,250-2 Berlin Symphony Orchestra, 244 Bernshteyn, Leo, 96,279 Bernshteyn, Mire, 88-9,186,349,358, 402Ո54,402Ո56 Bernshteyn, Rivele, 129,412Ո137 Betar, 406Ո92,415Ո27 Beylis, Shloyme, 445Ո81 Beylits, 203 Beys-Yehude School, 31 Bialik, Chaim Nahman, 93,96, 98, 105,107,112, 216,275,337.404117З. 411П121 Białystok Ghetto, 358,414Ո12,416Ո31 Big, Asya, 179,358,403Ո60,413Ո6, 419058 Bin (The Bee), 321 Birobidzhan, 294 Black Book, The, 265,281-2,284,346, 363,368,387m, 4391140.442-3064, 445Ո84, 447Ո103; Ehrenburg and, 266,281, 284,331-3,336,338-40, 342,371-2,421-203,429043, 447П102; JAFC and, 338-9,387Ш, 442֊3пб4,445Ո84; smuggled to Yad Vashem, 447Ո104; Sutzkever and, 332-6, 338-9,340, 342,346, 438-9Ո32 Blitz, Yekusiel Ben Yitskhok, 98, 408П100 Blumgarten, Shloyme (Solomon) (Yehoash), 96,98,216,326,407Ո99 Blyakher,
Shapse, 24,40-1, 93~4 96, 189,394Ո38 Bodman, 187 Boraks, Edek, 138,143,156-7,162, 414Ո12 Borkowska, Anna, 143-4,346-7,358, 414-15019 Borovskí, Khyene, 135,146,413Ո4 Boruta, Kazys, 106,410Ո119 Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, 242 Brauze, Moyshe, 154-5,228,414Ո13 Brenayzen, 78 Breytbart, Dr, 101 Broderzon, Moyshe, 270, 424-5Ո9 Brodski, 247 Broydo, Rokhl, 90,186,212,402-3Ո58 Budnik, Dovid Iossifovich, 239, 246-7, 422mi Bukhman, 43
INDEX Bund, 341, 344, 365, 366, 404Ո72, 414Ո15, 419Ո58 Burak, Dr, 101 Burakas, E, 33-4,80 Burakiski, Rokhele, 173 Burshteyn, Frume-Rive, 191-2,420Ո5 Bushel, 90 Buxtorf, Yohanan, 98, 408Ո100 Byalovake, paratroopers of, 146-57 camps. See specific camps censorship, 288,339,343,344,345-6, 348,356,371.443Ո67 Chagall, Marc, 96,105,167-9 Cheap Houses, 8,150-3,388Ո6 children: murder of, 190-7,259-60, ՅՅՕ, 338,350-1; purchase of, to rescue them, 71 chimney sweeps, role of, 87 Choibalsan, Khorloogiin, 273, 427Ո23 Chopin, Frédéric, 95, 96,112 Choral Synagogue, 53,121 Christian Democratic Party, 243 Ciburys, 146 clothing of the murdered, 75-6,261 Cold War, 266 Commission to Gather Documents of Jewish Culture, 369-70 Committee for Coordinating Secular Yiddish Schools in Argentina, 341 Committee for Relief and Assistance, 83 communication, with outside world, 143-4 Communism, 266, 323, 344,364,365 Communist Party, 135,170, 413Ո3, 413Ո5 Communists, 413Ո4,415Ո26 corpses, 201-5; incineration of, 198-201,205-6 Council of Elders, 389Ո13 Council of Trade Unions of Vilna, 169 457 Crimea, 280 cultural life, 88-99,112,324.337.348, 360,364-5,436Ո22,445Ո85. See also art/artists; Paper Brigade; writers Culture House at Strashun 6,98-9 Cvirka, Petras, 65,3991130 Czechoslovakia: Jews from, 75-6; number of Jews killed in, 254 Czezowski, Tadeusz, 67 Dachau concentration camp, 410Ո120 Davidov, Vladimir, 247 Dawidowicz, Lucy, 321 Daykhes, Lize, 97,407Ո98 decapitation, 22 Degner, Ellen, 72-3,113-14 Degner, Hans, 72 Denazification Law #8,244 Der Ernes (Truth), 7,372 Der Nister (Pinkhes Kahanovitsh), 277.
299.427113° Der Stürmer, 102-3,409Ո105,423Ո20 Desler, Salek, 162,171,177, 353,416Ո36, 418Ո51 Deutsche Vokszeitung, 242 Dietrich, 58 Di goldene kept (The Golden Chain) (journal), 373,404-5Ո76 disabled, killing of, 70 Distel, Leyb, 148 Dmitriev, 239,422mi Doctors’ Plot, 300,431-2Ո6,432Ո8 Dodd, Thomas, 261 Dogim, Yitskhok, 203, 206, 208-10, 214 Doliner, Leonid, 247 Don Cossak, 67 “Dos naye lid” (The New Song), 397П19 Drischer, 195 Dudziec, Jadwiga, 145,415Ո23 Dürer, Albrecht, 245,423Ո16
458 INDEX Durmashkin, Volf, 95,112,189, 4051188 Dvořák, Antonín, 95 Dvorzhetski (Dworzecky), Mark, 341-2,345-6,359, 441-2Ո53 Dzigan, Shimen, 372, 405Ո86 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 233, 237-9.250, 265, 268-84,287,299,367, 427-8Ո31,428Ո34, 429Ո42.429Ո43; accusations against, 429Ո46; address at jafc, 269; The Black Book and, 266,281,284,331-3, 336, ՅՅ8-40,342,371-2,421-2Ո3, 429Ո43,447Ո102; first acquaintance with, 268-71; friendship with, 268; in the good years, 271-6; jafc and, 328,421-2Ո3; jealousy of, 275-6; the Jew, 276-8; Jewish nationalism and, 429Ո46; Julio Jurenito, 268, 275; last meeting with, 284,371-2; lecture on, 268; letters to, 280,337; Paderite Parizha (The Fall of Paris), 276; popularity in Soviet Union, 272; popularity of, 275,334; prehistory of friendship with, 268-9; “‘Smert’ geroia” (Death of a Hero), 275; Soviet style of reportage, 334; Stikhi o voine (Poems about War), 275; Svoboda (Freedom), 275; thirst for revenge, 281; Thirteen Pipes, 268, 275; “Triumph of a Human Being,” 268-9,270,329-30,421-2Ո3; in Vilna, 279; Voine (War), 271 Ehrenburg, Irina, 284, 427-8Ո31, 447П104 Ehrenburg, Lyubov Mikhailovna, 272, 276, 277,284 Eichmann, Adolf, 413-14Ո118 Eisen, 216 Eliyahu ben Shlomo Zalman, 320, 397П16 Ernes (Truth) Press, Moscow, 336,365, 372,387m, 425mi, 427Ո29,429Ո42, 430Ո6, 436Ո20,4391133, 439Ո36, 445Ո84,446Ո89, 446Ո91; Buenos Aires, 446Ո92 Enfin, Solomon, 156 Epshteyn, Shakhne, 280,291,327, 428Ո36 Epshteyn-Leventhal, Beba, 389mi Ester Rokhl Kaminska theatre museum, yivo, Vilna, 410Ш16 Etinger, Yakov, 299,300, 431-2Ո6 Expressionism, 107 Eydelson, 93 Eynikayt (Unity),
289,293,298,327, ՅՅՕ, 333, ՅՅ8,345,372,402Ո56, 429Ո2, 437-8Ո26,441-2Ո53 Färber, Yuri, 208-9 Farn nitsokhn (To Victory) detachment, 182,184 fascism, 248,254,259,281,329,334, 345-6,367-8,442Ո54. See also An-ski Museum of the Jewish Historical-Ethnographic Society: anti-fascist movement Faulhaber, 198 Faynshteyn, Daniel, 97,106,410Ո118 Faynshteyn, N., 439-40Ո41 Fedecka, Maria, 67,400Ո36 Feifer, Itsik, 293,327,431П2, 448Ո106 Feldman, 150 Feldshteyn [Feldstein], Tsemakh, 96, 109,186,406-7Ո95,411П124 Fessel, Avrom, 67 Feygus, Dr, 101,212 Feygus, Mme, 95 Fiedler, 198,202, 208 Figuren, 201-5 Figuren-diggers, 204 Fincks. See Hingst, Hans
459 INDEX Fingerhut, Dr, 186 First Assault (provokatsye), 141 First World War, 320,346, 363 Fishman, David, 399-400Ո35 Fishman, Fanya, 427֊8пзі Fishman, [Yoel], 43 Folks-gezunt (journal), 101,389-90Ո15 food, access to, 81-8 forced labour, 66,324-6, 362, 392-3Ո31,398Ո27,400Ո41,403Ո60, 405Ո84,411П125, 412Ո138,419m forced labour camps, 412Ո138,419m. See also specific camps found documents, 356-7 Frank, Hans, 248,250,423Ո21 Frid, Anatol, 43,397Ո12 Fridman, 148 friendship, 189, 273 From the Vilna Ghetto / Vilna Ghetto (Sutzkever), editions of: publication in Argentina, 340, 341, 440Ո42; publication in France, 340, 341,342,343,357,358,397П13,419Ո3, 439-40Ո41,440Ո42; publication in Israel, 341; publication in Soviet Union, 341,342,343-5.346,358, 370,419Ո3,440Ո42,443Ո67 Frumkin, Moyshe, 51 Furtwängler, Wilhelm, 244 Galpern, Mme, 60 Galpern, Tevke, 147,184 Gamburg, Avrom, 200 Gaon ofVilna, 105,217,320,397Ո16; study house of, 308. See also Eliyahu ben Shlomo Zalman Garbei, Solomon, 73 Gdud, Moti, 25-6 Gelboym, Taybl, 143 Gelpern, Dimke, 333,365-6,439Ո40 Gens, Jacob, 43-4. 69,177.352-3. 354. 396-7П11, 406Ո92,416Ո36,418Ո51 Gent, Dr, 186 Gerasimov, Alexandr, 273, 290, 426Ո22 German Labour Department, 46,85 German-Lithuanian Nationalists, 10-11 Gershovitsh, Tamare, 90, 95,113,189 Gershteyn, Nine, 92,106-7,403Ո67 Gershteyn, Yankev, 50-1, 89, 96-7. 349.397Ո17.407Ո96, 442Ո60 Gershuni, Gershn, 14,42,389-90Ո15, 389Ո15 Gersimov, Alexandr, 426Ո21 Gertman, Shike, 173, 286,327, 418Ո52 Gestapo, 24, 63-5,76,79, 85,101-2, 104,121-2,132,134,138,140,143, 149,157,166,172,198, 256,352-3, 357. 389-90Ո15,
396-7ПИ, 398Ո27, 416Ո36, 418Ո51 Getoyedies (Ghetto News), 90 Geyger, Max, 95 “Ghetto-Press,” 96 ghetto vocational school, 44, 50,133 Gininberg, 166 Ginsburg, Ilya, 217,421П17 Gira, Liudas, 65,332 Gitelman, Dovid, daughter, 123 Giterman, Yitskhok, 84, 402Ո52 Glants-Leyeles, Arn, 405Ո78 Glatshteyn, 326 Glazer, 210-11 Glazman, Yoysef (pseudonym Avrom), 96,116,137,138,162,173, 406Ո92 Glezer, 147 Glik, Hirsh, 163,288,349,416Ո38, 442Ո61 Goering, Hermann, 283-4,367, 429Ո45,443Ո74 Gol, Shloyme, 200-1, 206, 208, 210-12,214
4бо INDEX Goldberg, Moti, 203-4 Goldberg, Zelik, 148,189 Goldfaden plays, 216 Goldschmidt, Eliohu Yankev, 102, Gurvitsh, Grishe, 183 Gutgeshtalt, Hirsh, 96,189, 405-6Ո89 Gutman, Shmuel, 123 Gzmilewska, Wictoria, 66,410Ո114 408Ո103, 414Ո13 Goldshteyn, Berele, 74 Goldshteyn, Borekh, 136-9,147,153-4, 158,189,414Ո14 Goniec Codzienny (The Daily Messenger), 51-2, 64,160-1 Gonionski, Mire, 162 Gordon, Hirsh, 140 Gordon, Jacob, 417Ո45 Gordon, Khayim-Meyer (Khayim the Gypsy), 13-14.31-2 Gordon, Leybl, 140,141 Gordon, Lize, 92,162,403Ո66 Gordon, Yankev (Jacob), 93, 404Ո75 Gordon brothers, 173 Gorky, Maxim, 105, 217 Gotthard, Herbert, 79,102,104, 408Ո102, 409П106 Govorov, Leonid, 274,427Ո24 Grade, Chaim, 42,321,372,396Ո8 Grade, Libe, 42 Great Provocation, the, 29,33 Great Synagogue, 13,397ու6 Grigoriev, Lioshka, 251 Grigoriev, Yakov, 239,246,247. 250-1 Grinvald, Dine, 184 Grodnensky. See Grodzensky, A.I. Grodno, 277 Grodzenski, Am-Yitskhok, 60,398Ո24 Grodzenski, Khayim-Oyzer, 13, 93, 389Ո14 Grodzensky, A.I., 253,259 Grosman, Khaye, 157,358 Gross, Max, 172,179 Grossman, Vasily, 275, 281,328, ՅՅ9-40,371.416Ո31 Gudzenko, Semyon, 272,425Ո13 Hague, The, 253 Halkin, Shmuel, 271,277,298,425Ո12 Hamburg University, 72-3 Ha-noar ha-Tsioni, 344 Ha-Shomer ha-Tzair, 344,345, 413-14Ո118, 413Ո4, 414Ո14,414Ո16, 415Ո20, 416Ո31,417Ո44,418-19Ո56 Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 103,371 Hehalutz ha-Tzair-Dror, 344,418Ո54 Help through Work Society, 389-90Ո15 Herder, Feldwebel, 33,35,395Ո51 Hering, August, 27, 38,100,256, 3941146 heroism, 179 Herzl, Theodor, 105,410Ո113 hideouts, 445Ո80; caves, 116-18; living
in the sewer system, 127; underground city, 119-31· See also malinęs; sewers Himmler, Heinrich, 46, 68-9,79,104, 198 Himpel, Alexander, 102 Hingst, Hans, 11, 28-9, 64, 68, 79, 86,249-50, 253.256-8,261,389Ո9, 390Ո20 Hirsch, Maurice de, 388Ո6 Hirshbeyn, Peretz, 94, 405Ո81 Histadrut, 373 Hitler, Adolf, 7,19, 59,65, 69,117,136, 143,151.157-9. 242-4.265-6,283, 322. 343 Hitler Youth, 68 икр concentration camp, 110,119,123, 126,132,148,150,185,192,197,212, 41Ш125,412Ո135,412Ո138
461 INDEX Hofmekler, 21 Hofshteyn, Dovid, 44811106 Holocaust, theatre productions about heroism in, 340 Holocaust literature, 321-2,333,340, 341-2,349-50,356,358,439-40Ո41 Holocaust memory, 341-2,346,356, 441П47 Holocaust photography, 357 hospital, ghetto (Jewish), 42,45,60, and, 254,276-7, 293,298; testimony collected by, 333 Jewish Colonization Organization, 388Ո6 Jewish Council, 43,389-90Ո15 Jewish cultural expression, 340 Jewish cultural resistance, 325-7,337, 63-4,80, 83, 99-101,113,114,118, 347.349-50,358,359-63,366-7, 369.371. 399-400Ո35,409-ioniii. See also Paper Brigade Jewish Museum ofArt and Culture, 121,170,180,249,259-60,350-1, 215.266.332.335.338.369.371, 360,406-7Ո95 413-14Ո118,437Ո24, 447П102 Hoyz, 136-7 Ilyashevitsh, Yidl, 63 Institute for Study of the Jewish Question (Institut zur Erforschung der Judenfrage), 408Ո102, 408Ո104 International Court of Justice, 253 Inzikhistn (Introspectivists), 322 Ippolitov-Ivanov, Mikhail, 95 Israel, 266,280,284,372. See also Palestine Itskovitsh, 148 Ivanter, Dr, 186 Jewish nationalism, 266, 429Ո46 Jewish partisans, 181,265,269, 271, 276-81, 286-8,294-5.325-30,337, 348,356, 357,368,4141110,414mi, 440Ո45; heroism of, 281; Nekome (Revenge) Jewish partisan brigade, 174,176, 216, 415Ո20; Nekome (Revenge) unit, 413-14Ո118, 415Ո20, 417Ո44, 418-19Ո56; organization of, 135; reorganization of, 172-4; return to Vilna after liberation, 373; women among, 358 Jewish police, 43-4, 73,171, 354, 396-7П11, 406Ո92, 416Ո36, 418Ո51 Jackson, Robert H., 423Ո15 Janek, 145 Jankauskas, Julian, 66,114-15,165-6, 179-80, 347,399Ո34 Jannings, Emil,
399Ո31 Januszkiewicz, Professor, 100 Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (jafc), 233,237-8,265-6,281,289, 293-4,329-33- 340,370,429Ո2, 430-1Ո9, 431П2, 437-8Ո26; The Black Book and, 338-9,387m, 4423Ո64, 445Ո84; Ehrenburg and, 269, 328, 421-2ՈՅ; in Moscow, 327-8; publishes Eynikayt, 333; Sutzkever Jewish press, 409ПІЮ Jewish Question, 325 Jewish resistance, 344,349,359-63, 366,367,441-2Ո53; appeal to other communities, 156-8; armed, 138-41, 144,165; code for mobilization, 174-6; first appeal, 135-8; first operation, 153-6; as Maccabees, 349; reorganization of, 172-4; role of women in, 358. See also Jewish partisans Jewish State Theatre, 112 Jewish Technical School, 148,189 Jewish Vocational School, 133
462 INDEX Judenrat, 13-14,22-4,33-4, 43, 4б, 80-2, 87, 90,101,352-3, 389Ո13, 390Ո18,396-7П11, 396Ո7 Jurgis (Ziman), 181 Kachanowska, Teresa, 71 Kaczerginski, Barbara, 165, 229, 399Ո34 Kaczerginski, Shmerke, 23, 67, 106,216,321, ՅՅ1, ЭЗ», 342, 348, 359,392-ՅՈ31, 403Ո65, 408Ш02, 410Ո115,413-14Ո118, 430Ո8, 435Ո16, 437Ո24,438Ո28,443-4Ո78; hiding in the swamps, 444-5Ո79; rescue of materials and, 164,166,345,371-2, 446Ո92; Soviet Writers Union and, 370 Kadish, 29-30,249,257 Kaganovich, Lazar, 431Ո4 Kahan, Shimshn, 23,393Ո32 Kailis labour camp, 70,90,110,180, 182,190-2,197,212,380,398Ո27, 400Ո41,403Ո60,405Ո84,412Ո138 Kaiserwald concentration camp, 410Ո115 Kalmanovitsh, Zelig, 41,42,95-7,106, 189-90, 293,335, 395Ո4, 419-20Ո4 Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 250,423Ո22 Kamay, Dr, 67 Kamermakher, 79,198 Kaminska, Esther-Rokhl, 164,167-9, 417Ո45 Kaminska, Ida, 372 Kaplan, Yankl, 88, 90,135,137,179, 247,403Ո60, 413Ո6 Kaplan-Kaplanski, Dovid, 22,33, 392Ո28 Kaplinski, Shmuel, 138,140,182,227, 414Ո15 Karablikov, 146 Kärniks, Yitskhok, 93 Kassel, 19,256 Kats (Rabbi), 34 Kats, Aaron, 299,432Ո7 Kats, Khiene, 60 Kats, Teme, 80,136,401Ո47 Katsenelenbogen, Shaul, 93,403Ո69 Kazimir (Sumauskas), 181 Kempner, Josef, 156 Kempner, Vitke, 144,154-5,182-3, 216,226, 228,344,345,358, 413-14Ո118,414Ո13, 415Ո20 Khabad, Motke, 40,395Ո3 Khapunes (Jew-snatchers), 10,12-13, 15-16,22-3,43,60,74,79,82,89, 121,125,249,255 Kharik, Izi, 288,430Ո7 Khash, 29-30, 63,249 Khayimson, Malke, 60,89,398Ո25 Khazan, 173 Khomich, I.F., 238,422Ո6 Khrushchev, Nikita, 278 khurbn, 441Ո47 Khvoynik, Avrom, 137,179,403Ո60, 413Ո6 Kielce,
Poland, pogrom in 1946, 447-8Ш05 Kiev, 246 Kittel, Bruno, 78,115-16,122,131-4, 143,167,170-2,176-7,179,181,184, 198,361,401Ո46 Kivelisha, Yevgeny, 239,422mi Kivilsha, Dr, 251 Klooga concentration camp, 186-9, 405-6Ո89,406Ո90,419m, 419-20Ո4 Knapheys, Moyshe, 298,299-300, 431Ո5 Komber, 100 Komsomol (young Communists), 146,179 Kon, Pinkhes, 14, 22-3,34, 249, 257, 390Ո17,392Ո29 Kopański, Eliohu, 125-6
INDEX Korablikov, Makar, 146,4151126 Korczak, Reyzl (Ruzkha), 167,175, 184,226, 325,342. 344. 345-6, 359, 417Ո44 Koński, L., 436-71122 Korsakas, Kostas, 65,3991130 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 106 Kotler, Shmulik, 195 Kotliar, Volodye, 247 Kovaiatis, Monika, 128 Kovalski, Itsik, 149,160,184, 415Ո27 Kovner, Abba, 137-8,143-4,15Յ, 170, 182, 216, 331, 338, 344-5,357-8, 370, 413-14Ո118, 413Ո6, 415Ո20, 417Ո44, 419Ո61, 437Ո24, 441-2Ո53 Kovner, Mikhl, 143 Kovno (Kaunas), 281; ghetto in, 333, 365-6,439Ո40 Kozhen, Nosn, 23,270,393Ո34 Kozłowski, 180 Krasner, 34 Kravetski, 238 Kreizer, Yakov, 299, 431-շո6 Krinski, Rokhl (Rachela), 106,166, 410Ո115 Krinski, Sore, 410Ո115 Kross, 198 Kruk, Eliezer, 14 Kruk, Herman, 96, 98,106,189, 335, 348, 369,371,404Ո72,406Ո90, 406Ո94, 406-7Ո95, 438Ո28 Kryzyzewski, Goldele, 192 Kubiliūnas, Petras, 64,396Ո29, 398Ո29 Kuklia, Valdimir, 247 Kulbak, Moyshe, 272, 426Ո16 Kuperberg, 148 Kuznetsov, Russia, 250-1 Kviek, Maria, 31 labour, division of, 203-4 Lakner, 69 Lampe, Maurice, 23, 249 463 Landau, Alfred, 165-6,216, 417Ո43 Landsberg, Poland, 240 Langbort, 14 Latvia, 333 Law for the Protection for German Blood and Honour, 395Ո50 Lawrence, Geoffrey, 249,250, 253, 423Ո19 Lazar, Khayim, 183 Leather Workers Union, 169 Lefin, Mendi, 98, 408П100 Legel, 198,202 Leningrad, 344; German blockade of, 274 Leopold III, King, 240 Lerer, Moyshe, 189, 419-20Ո4 Levin, Hirsh, 148 Levin, Lyove, 184 Levin, Marek, 195 Levin, Mates, 140 Levin, Moyshe, 23,393Ո32 Levin, Zelik, 195 Levitski, Lyube, 93,111-14,358, 4041174 Levyik, H. (Levyik Halpern), 326 Leyeles, Arn (Glants-Leyeles), 326,
405Ո79 Leykin, 90 Leyvik, H., 405Ո80 Liber, Dr, 97 Libo, Dr, 67 Lipkovitsh family, 67 Lipovski, Esther, 93-4,186, 405Ո85 Literatura i iskusstvo, 345 Lithuania, 322; anti-semitism in, 347; collaborators in, 333,346,347,357; ennobling actions of non-Jews in, 346-7; in First World War, 320; under Polish rule, 346; Soviet occupation of, 419-20Ո4 Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions, 388Ո7
4б4 INDEX Lithuanian Communist Party, 172-3 Lithuanian Jewry, destruction of, 275, 276,333 Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, 322-З Litvak culture, 320,365 Litvakov, Moyshe, 288,430Ո7 Litvinov, Maksim, 280,428Ո35 Łódź, Poland, 266,371,372 Lomakin, Nikolai Ivanovich, 239,246, 251,422mi Lozovskii, Solomon, 281,290-1, 299, 339,430-1Ո9 Lubotski, Borekh, 90,92,96,184, 403Ո59 Lubotski, Donye, 184,185 Lubotski, Ime, 184-5 Lubotski, Nyuse, 184 Luftwaffe (German Air Force), 9 Lukishki Market, 253, 257 Lukishki Prison, 10,13,15,19, 28-31, 33, 37-8, 46, 56, 60, 63, 68, 76, 78-9,113,153,198, 207, 253, 256, 257, 394Ո47 Lukošius, Balys, 125,194 Lunski, Khaykl, 99,102,340-1, 408П101,440Ո45 Lunski, Sheyne, 135 Lurie, Itsik, 125 Madeysker, Sonye, 135,138,146,160, 162,178-80,227,358,413Ո5 Magid, Khonen, 184 Magun, Lize, 157-8,174-6,358,414Ո16 Maimonides, 91,102 Majdenek, 239 malinęs, 119-31,360-1,366 Mandelshtam, Osip, 272,425-6Ո15 Manor, Dori, 436Ո19 Margis, 415Ո25. See also Senkiewicz, Vitold (Margis) Mark, Ber, 296,333,431П3, 446Ո91 Mark, Moyshe, 174 Markeles, Noime, 106,410Ո117 Markish, Peretz, 233, 265, 266, 280, 285-91,298,327,371,372, 429Ո2, 430Ո5, 448П106 Markov, Fyodor, 173,181,286,327,328, 419Ո61 Markovitsh, Blume, 150 Marrano Jews, 93 Marusis, Major, 162 mass exterminations, 80,340,366,367, 405Ո84, 434Ո8 Matikanski, Yoshke, 73 Matskevitsh, Itsik, 138,148-9,154,173, 228,414Ո13 Maxwell-Fyfe, David, 261 May Day, 164 Mayer, 75-6 Mayerovitsh-Shvarts, Esther, 391Ո322 Mazitsh, Shurke, 147 Mefitsey-Haskole Library, 14, 23,34, 98,141,176, 390Ո19 memorials, 340 Menakhem-Mendl under the
Swastika, 21 Mendele Mokher Sforim (Sholem Yankev Abramovitsh), 96, 216,337 Merderfun felker (Murderer of Peoples), 338 Michejda, Komel, 100 Mickiewicz, Adam, 27, 394Ո44 Mikhelson, 202 Mikhoels, Shloyme (Solomon), 233, 237,254,265-6, 268, 280,283, 292-301,297,327,328,334, Յ70-1, 431П2, 448Ո106 Mikhtom, Bentsye, 23,222,393Ո32 Mikolauskas, 142 Mikulska, Maria, 411Ո126 Milkonovitski, Shabse, 43,397Ո13
465 INDEX Minkowski, Maurycy, 167,168,417Ո46 Minsk, 239,448Ո106; ghetto in, 333, 364.365,366,439Ո40; Jewish cultural institutions in, 363-4 Mirskaya, 289 Mitskuner, Sheyne, 332 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 283, 429Ո44 Morgenshtern, Tserne, 77 Moscow, Soviet Union, 242, 252, 254, 265-9,271.334.335-7,370-1; decision to leave, 371-2; evacuation of, 292; jAFC in, 327-8; political landscape of, 346; Righteous among Nations in, 414Ո16; Sutzkever in, 368-71; Yiddish writers, 288,327; Yiddish writers in, 355 Moscow State Yiddish Theatre (goset), 292,294,334 Moscow Writers’ Club, 271 Moysensko, 146 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 95 Müller, Dr Hans, 102,103,400Ո40 Murer, Franz, 14, 22-3,52, 64,72, 85-6, 90,112-13,15Յ, 161-2,350-1, 390Ո20; edicts of, 44-5,93,165; “expert” in Jewish affairs, 68-9; Judenrat and, 43-4,81; ration cards, 82; in Sutzkever s testimony, 253, 256-61 Museum for the Study of Oriental Peoples (Frankfurt), 102-3 music, 94-5 Mussolini, Benito, 165, 417Ո42 Napoleon, in Vilna, 27 Narotsh Forest, 173,176,184, 269,271, 286, 292, 327, 358, 414П10,414mi, 417Ո44, 440Ո45 National-Socialist German Workers Party (nsdap), 69 Natshe Forest, 181 Nazi Party, 33,103 Nazis, 323-4,327, 344,354, 425Ш1 Nazism, 330,334, 339,357 Nazi-Soviet Molotov-Ribbentrop protocol, 333 Nekome (Revenge) Jewish partisan brigade, 174,176,216,415Ո20 Nekomenemer (the Avengers) Jewish detachment, 182 Nėris, Salomėja, 399Ո30 Neugebauer, Rudolf, 24,48,76,79, 81, 131,136,174-6,198,3941141 Neumann, Stadtkommandant, 11, 255 Niepodległość (Independence movement), 144; eponymous newspaper, 158 Niger, Shmuel, 440Ո45 “Night
of Murdered Poets, The,” 266 “Night of the Yellow Permits,” 52-4, 60, 63,112,145, 207; 24 October 1941, 377; part II: 3-4 November 1941, 377 NKVD, 294 non-Jews: help offered by, 357; as partisans, 145-6; women, 358 Norvaiša, Balys, 13,389Ո12 Notes, Avrom, 97 Nuremberg, Germany, 242-50; bombardment of, 245 Nuremberg Laws, 33,103, 242,395Ո50 Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, 233, 235,253-61, 265,266,281, 298, 348, 422mi, 422-3Ո14, 4291145; Sutzkever s diary notes, 237-52, testimony at, 253-61,351, 367, 370, 371,3991132; talk on, 371 Nürnberger Nachrichten, 244 Nusinov, Yitskhok, 280,428Ո37 Oberhardt, Walter, 64,350,398Ո27 Office of Statistics, 98-9
ą66 INDEX Old Prayer House, 3971116 Olitski, Moyshe, 90, 402Ո57, 407Ո57 Olkenitski, Urne, 106,112,186, 410Ո116, 419-20Ո4 Operation Barbarossa, 323-4,343, 387Ш Opeskin, Leyb, 185,412Ո133; “The Maline Jew,” 120-1,349 Orbeli, Iossif Abgarovitsch, 239,243, 245,250,422Ո8,422Ш1 Jewish Vocational School, 403Ո62 Oshmene, ghetto in, 358,414Ո11, ort 414Ո16 Ostmann, Eberard von, 388-9Ո8 Ostrovski, Leonid, 247 Ovnt-kurier (The Evening Courier), 398Ո24 Peretz Gymnasium, 22 Perlove, Gitele, 77 permits, colour-coded, 46-8,52-3. See also “Night of the Yellow Permits” Peter the Great, 106 Pevtz, Tevke, 60 Peysakhovitsh, Dr, 101 photographs, 357,358 Pilnyak, Boris, 272, 426Ո18 Pilovski, Yisroel, 140 Piński, Dovid, 94,405Ո83, 405Ո85, 405Ո88 Plagge, Karl, 412Ո135 Plechavičius, Povilas, 399Ո33 poetry, found, 349 pogroms, 11,76,249,447-8Ո105 Pohl, Johannes, 102-4,408Ո104, 409Ш06,409П110 Paganini, Nicolò, 95 Paleckis, Justas, 269,278,279,286, 287,328,331 Palestine, 251, 252,280,329,338,372-3 Paper Brigade, 325,326,360-1,362, 369. 371.392֊ՅՈ31,409-ioniii, 421П17, 428Ո37, 430Ո8, 438Ո28 paratroopers of Byalovake, 146-57 Paris, France, 266,372-3 partisans: non-Jewish, 145-6,327; organization of, 135-85; Soviet, 327. See also United Partisan Organization (Fareynikte partizaner organizatsye, or fpo) Pasternak, Boris, 272-3,278,289, 426Ո19 patches, 10-11,14,17-18,31,45,68, 75-6,118,165,154,173,255 Patria, 372-3 Peretz, Y.L., 96, 98,104,106, 297, 323,397Ո18,437Ո23; Di goldene keyt (The Golden Chain), 94,112, 404-5Ո76; “Hope, springtime is not far off” (poem), 50-1 Poland, 266,280,284,320,333; anti
semitism in, 343; collaborators in, 357; ennobling actions of non-Jews in, 346-7; number of Jews killed in, 254; repatriation to, 371-2 Polish Communist Party, 169 Polish Workers Party (Polska Partia Robotnicza, or ppr), 157, 416Ո32 Pollin-Galay, Hannah, 436-7Ո22, 443Ո67,445Ո80 Ponar (Ponari), 27,76-8, 210-15, 255 257-9, 260, 261,280,323-4.328, 356,398Ո27,404Ո72; mass graves of, 206-7, 286, 332,349,350,357; mass killings at, 80,366,367,405Ո84, 434Ո8; structure of the pyres at, 205-7; tunnel under, 208 Porat, Dina, 441-2Ո53 Porubanek airfield, 148 Potanin, Konstantin, 202 Pravda, 265,268-9,270,271,273,281, 288,329-30,421-շոՅ, 429Ո46 Prilutski, Noyekh (also Prilutzky), 7,24,60,197,249,253. 257.343.
INDEX 387-8112,3941140; arrest of, 102; Yiddish Phonetics, 102 Prilutski, Paula R., 24,60,3941140 print shop, secret, 158-62 prisoners of war, 345; assistance for, 150 Proletarski Trud collective farm, 251 Przewalsi, Jan, 146,160-2 Ptashek, Nikolai, 17-18,31 Public Committee for Relief and Assistance, 83 Pupko-Krinski, Rokhl, 326 Pushkin Museum, 104 Puziriski, 72 Rabinovitsh, Ruvn, 184 Rabinovitsh, Sholem. See Sholem Aleichem Rabinovitsh, Y., 95,164 Rabon, Yisroel, 23,393Ո33 radio, secret, 144 Radomski, Paul, 246,423Ո18 Raf, Yoshke, 139 Raginski, M.Y., 250 rail transport, sabotage of, 182 Rajzman, Samuel, 422mi Rappoport, Shloyme Zanvl, 409Ո109 Ratner, Itsik, 91,147,189 Raybove, 198 Real-Gymnasium, 41, 77, 88, 91,112, 186,349,396Ո6,396Ո9, 410П120 Red Army, 8,21,143,151-2,158,164, 180,212,291,322,323,328,357, 412Ո135, 433Ո6; encircling off Germans in Vilna, 131; entry into Vilna, 123; Jewish members of, 294, 330; liberation of Vilna and, 111 refugees, 331,447-8Ո105 Reich Citizenship Law, 395Ո50 Reinys, Mgr, 67 Repin, Ilya, 105-6,410Ո112 reportage genre, 334,359 467 resistance, 138-9,165,171; diversionary tactics of, 138,147-9; sabotage by, 147-9,182; secret print shop of, 158-62; secret radio and, 144. See also Jewish partisans; partisans; United Partisan Organization (Fareynikte partizaner organizatsye, or fpo) revenge, thirst for, 15-16,215-16, 350, Յ56-7, 367, 443n74 Reyzen, Avrom, 216,397Ո19, 411П122; “Di vant” (The Wall), 107 Reyzen, Zalman, 323,343 Reznik, Nisan, 137, 414Ո10 Richter (German), 191-2 Righteous among Nations, 399400Ո35,414-15Ո19; Yad Vashem,
414-15Ո19,415Ո24,415Ո26,416Ո30 rights, 10-12, 28-9,44-5, 81 Rincewicz, Josef (train conductor), 197 Ringelblum, Emanuel, 402Ո52 Rodin, Elishe, 278, 428Ո32 Rolland, Romain, 105 Rom, Mme, 97 Roma, 31-2 Romm Press, 349, 409Ո110 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 244 Rosenberg, Alfred, 65,101-7,239,242, 248, 250, 399Ո32, 408П104 Rosenberg Headquarters for the Baltics, 105 Rosenberg Task Force (Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg), 101,103-6, 164,167, 224,324-5,326,392-3Ո31, 395-6Ո5, 399Ո32, 400Ո40, 406Ո90, 408Ո102, 408Ո104,410Ո115,410Ո117, 410Ո118, 417Ո41 Roth, Joseph, 270,424Ո3, 424Ո6 Rotkin, 149 Roytblum, 94 Rozenboym, 53-5
468 INDEX Rozental, Khayele, 94,405Ո87 Rozonovitsch, Hersh, 146 Rubín, Dore, 94 Rubinstein, Yitzhok, 13 Rudashevski, Yitskhok, 151,326, 435Ո16, 442Ո60 Rudenko, Roman, 243, 422-ЗШ4 Rudenski, Tsilke, 193 Rudnicki, Professor, 115 Rudnitski, Leah, 40,186,395m Rudnitski, Leyzer, 212 Rudnitski, Yitshkhok (Yitzhak Arad), 182,419Ո61 Rudnitski Forest, 177,180-6,210, 279, 414Ո15, 417Ո44 Russian Revolution, 363 Rutenberg, Yekusiel, 94, 405Ո86 Ruzhinski, 67-8 Salomejo Neris, 65 Samuel Bak Museum, 400Ո37 Sarabski, Rokhl, 411П123 Sauliai (riflemen militia), 64 Savisauga (regional guard), 64 Scheinbaum, Yehiel, 344 Schibuk, 41,49 Schmid, Anton, 416Ո30 Schmid, Josef, 156 Schneider, 198 Schönhaber, 256 schools, 88-93. See also specific schools and kinds ofschools Schubert, Franz, 95 Schultze, Dr, 190 Schulze, Frau, 240 Schweinberger, Horst, 11-12,15,19, 27-30,34,38, 40, 43. 51, 63, 68,76, 103,113,136-7,211,218,249. 253. 255. 257-9.351; Jewish hospital and, 100 Second Assault Q rovokatsye), 43 Second Jewish Council, 43. See also Judenrat Sedlis, Dr Eliohu, 45,67,397Ո14 Segal, Rabbi, of Novigorod, 76 self-censorship, 345 Semionov (resistance fighter), 182 Semyatitski, Khayim, 24,107,133, 394Ո39 Senkiewicz, Vitold (Margis), 146, 415Ո25 Seriozhin, Captain, 150 sewers: as secret passages, 94,117,118, 121-2,126-31,176-8,181,184,215-17. 360,373 Shabad-Gavronski, 14 Shadovski, Max, 94, 96,405Ո84 Shalit, Moyshe, 23,393Ո35 Shalit, Mrs, 24 Shapiro, Zalmen, 9 Shats, Shmuel, 207 Shavl (Šiauliai), 333 Shchipachev, Stepan, 275,427Ո26 Shenin, Lev, 250 Sher, Yankev, 96,406Ո91; “From the Old Ghetto,” 97
Sheres, Tevke, 110 Shereshnyevski, Beri, 135,146,162, 170,181,184,227,413Ո3 Shereshnyevski, Roze, 135,173 Sheynboym, Ilye (Yehiel), 175,418Ո54 Shmukler, Gershn, 13 Shoah, 441П47 Sholem Aleichem, 21,23,88,96,98, 104-5,165.272.289.337.3911127, The Great Windfall 23; letters of, 216; Tevye the Dairyman, 94 Sholem-Aleichem schools, 341 Sholokhov, Mikhail, 275.427Ո27 Shoykhet, Khayim, 436-7Ո22 Shrayber, Matisyahu, 90,403Ո62 Shriftzetser, Leyb, 21,60,391Ո26 Shteynholts, 134 Shulhoyf (also Vilna Synagogue Courtyard), 50,88,117,357,397П16, 405Ո78; 402Ո55
INDEX Shum, Rabbi, 14 Shumacher, Yisroel, 372,4051186 Siberia, 288,320,322 Šidlauskas, Juozas, 3891112 silence, 341,356; anguish of, 271 Šimaitė, Ona, 67,106,164,346-7,358, 371» 399-400Ո35,410П120 Simonov, Konstantin, 275,427Ո26 Sliep, Avrom, 90,113,186,403Ո61 Slivkin, Shmuel-Meyer, 189 Smirnov, Andrei, 422mi Smirnov, Lev, 239, 247, 248, 249, 250, 254, 254-61, 422Ո7 Smolensk museum, 105,281,428Ո37 Smoliar, Hersh, 333,363, 364-5, 439Ո40,445Ո84, 445Ո85 Smorgon, Belarus, 319 Snyder, Timothy, 442Ո54 Social Welfare Committee, 82-3 Society for the Protection of the Health of the Jewish Population (TOZ), 71, 389-9ՕՈ15, 400-1Ո42 Society of Friends of Knowledge, 104 solidarity, 358 Sonderkommando, 249,255,257, 258-9.351 Soutine, Chaim, 272 Sovetskii pisaatel (Soviet Writer) press, 276 Soviet commanders, assistance for families of, 150 Soviet dictatorship, 288 Soviet Information Bureau (Sovinformburo), 238,273,290, 299. 339, 422Ո4, 422115, 430-1П9 Soviet partisans, 327 Soviet press, 330 Soviet Union, 343,370-1; anti-Jewish repression in, 340,368,372,441Ո52; anti-semitism in, 334,341,368, 372; censorship in, 339,343-6,348; Extraordinary State Commission 469 for Ascertaining and Investigating German-Fascist Crimes, 422mi; Jewish cultural expression in, 340; Operation Barbarossa and, 323-4 Soviet Writers Club, 370 Soviet Writers Union, 323,330,370, 433-4Ո7 Soviet Yiddish culture, 265-6,296, 327, 364,370, 372 Soviet Yiddish writers, 265-7,277, 284, 289,372 Spanish inquisition, 93 Spinkler, Dr Gerhard, 165 Spinoza, Baruch, 96 Spokoyni, 119,140,178 Sporket, Albert, 69,102,104-5,167-9,
400Ո40 Stakauskas, Juozas, 67,111,411П126 Stalin, Joseph, 266,273,275,276-7, 322,323,329,371,372,422Ո4, 448Ո106 Stalin Prize, 290 Stankiewicz, Stanislaw, 122 Star of David, yellow, 255-6, 278 Stefan Batory University, 321 Stolitski, Khaim, 119 stormtroopers (shturmist), 16,19-20, 24, 31, 48-9, 59, 94,139 Strashun, Matisyahu, 102,402Ո55 Strashun Library, 89,102,103,104,337, 387Ո2, 397П16, 402Ո55 Streicher, Julius, 250, 251, 409Ո105, 423Ո19, 423Ո23 Stutthoif, 410Ո115 Surkov, Alexei, 275, 427Ո26 Sutzkever, Abraham (also Abrashe, Abrashinke, Avrom), 15-16, 27-8, 32, 34-5, 47, 69-70, 96,112,166, 214-16, 218,222,254-61; arrival in Moscow, 265; Bastatski family, 32; birth of, 319; The Black Book and, 332-6,338-9, 340,342,
47° INDEX 34б, 438-91132; childhood of, jAFc, 254; 319-20; commitment to craft, 324; 240-1, 243; receives Stalin Prize, commitment to Vilna community and its memorialization, 334-5; concealed machine-gun, 168; decision to leave Moscow, 371; denied visa to visit United States, 433-4117; desire to testify in Yiddish, 237,239,243; Ehrenburg’s article about, 268-9,270,329-30; Ehrenburg’s influence on, 334; escapes to forest, 327,328,332; faith in poetry, 324,328-9; fantasy of killing Goering, 283-4, 367. 44ՅՈ74; father-in-law and, 56-7; father s execution and, 62; final visit to Moscow, 371; in the forest, 180; founds Jewish Museum ofArt and Culture, 437Ո24; in ghetto hospital, 63; handwritten testimony found by, 446Ո92; in hiding, 16-18,21-2, 53,123; hiding books and art, 105-6, 117 (see also Paper Brigade); hiding in the swamps, 444-5Ո79; Jewish cultural resistance and, 105-6, 290; reputation of, 330; rescue from forest, 265,269,328-30,343,4212Ո3; rescue of hidden materials, 337, 353,357,366, 369, 430Ո8; rescuers of, 398Ո23; responsibility felt by, 237; return to Moscow, 252,254; return to Vilna after liberation, 341-2,353,440Ո45; Rosenberg Task Force (Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg) and, 417Ո41; Rosenberg Task Force in Vilna and, 103,164; sewers and, 127; in Siberia, 320; sister of, 62-3; as slave labourer, 324-6,362,392-3Ո31; sources and, 335; as “Soviet” writer, 433-4Ո7; speaks standing, as if saying kaddish, 237,249; speech before JAFc, 276-7,293,298; as symbol of Jewish struggle against fascism, 329; taken to the ghetto, 36-7; talk on Nuremberg at Vilnius Dramatic
Theatre, 371; in Tel Aviv, 373; testimony at Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, 233, 235, 253-61, 117.325-7, 337,349-50,359-63, 366-7,369,371,409-10ПШ (see also Paper Brigade); last meeting with Ehrenburg, 284,371-2; leaves Moscow for Łódź, 372; letter to Ehrenburg, 280,337; in liberated Vilna, 197-8; marriage of, 388Ո5; modesty about his poetic oeuvre, 349-50; in Moscow, 233,368-9, 370-1; murdered child of, 259-60, 330,350-1; Nazi occupation ofVilna and, 323-4; in Palestine, 372-3; in Paris, 372-3; as partisan-poet, 330; poetry compared to memoir, 349-57; presentation ofhideouts, 445Ո80; public address before rage at Germans, 237, 265,266,281,298,348,351, 367, 370,371,399Ո32; thirst for revenge, 15-16,350,367,443Ո74; translation of his testimony, 253-61; in Vilna, 319; in Vilna after liberation, 336-8, 430Ո8; visits graves at Ponar, 210; wife gives birth (child killed by Murer), 64; witnesses execution of Soviet prisoners of war, 150; works at Vilna train station, 71; work permits and, 48,52; Zalkindson and, 114-15. See ako Sutzkever, Abraham, works by Sutzkever, Abraham, works by, 177; ‘Afn toyt fun Yankev Gershteyn”
INDEX (Upon the Death of Yankev Gershteyn), 407Ո96; “A nem ton dem ayzn” (Take Up Arms), 164,325,348,362; ‘A vogn shikh” (A Cart of Shoes), 351,398Ո28; “Bashafung” (Creation), 270; “Der geto-fidler” (The Ghetto Fiddler), 280,428Ո38; “Der novi” (The Prophet), 395Ո4; “Der tsirk” (The Circus), 347,391Ո24; diaries of, 233.237-52.278-9; “Di blayene piata fun Roms drukeray” (The Lead Plates of the Romm Printing House), 349, 409П110; Difestung (The Fortress), 339,397-8Ո21; “Di lererin Mire” (Teacher Mire), 402Ո56; “Dos keyver-kind” (The Grave Child), 97,348,358, 406-7Ո95; “Dray royzn” (Three Roses), 351; “Es klapn di shleyfn” (My Temples Are Throbbing), 270; “Farffoyene yidn” (Frozen Jews), 280,428Ո38; “First Day” (re 22 June 1941), 375,448Ո2; From the Vilna Ghetto, 331-2,336-8,340-4, 347-8, 349-57, 358, 359֊63, 364-70, 373,438-91132, 445ո8օ (see also From the Vilna Ghetto [Sutzkever], editions of Vilna Ghetto 1941-1944)·, “Fun a farloyrener poeme” (From a Lost Poem), 398Ո28; Geheymshtot (Secret City), 360,373,400Ո36, 412Ո136, 445Ո80; ‘Tkh lig in an orn” (I Lie in a Coffin), 23,348, 434Ո8; “In kloyster af Rudnitskergas” (In the Church on Rudnitske Street), 397-8Ո21; “Itsik Vitenberg,” 418Ո51; “Kerndlekh vayts” (Grains of Wheat), 409-ioniii; “Kol Nidre,” 271, 287, 327, 328, 329-30, 348, 425П11,435-6Ո18; “Legende” 471 (Legend), 407Ո97; “The Liberation of Underground Museums,” 289; Lider (Poems), 322,388Ո4; Lider fun togbukh (Diary Poems), 366-7; Liderfun yam hamoves (Poems from the Sea of Death), 342,398Ո23, 398Ո26,398Ո28; “Lid tsu di leiste” (Song for the Last), 355; “Mayn mame”
(My Mother), 351,398Ո28; “Mayn reterin” (My Rescuer), 398Ո23; “Mit Shmerken, ven es brenen velder” (With Shmerke, When Forests Are Burning), 3923Ո31; “Nodl-shayn” (Needleshine), 434Ո8; “Oytoportret” (SelfPortrait), 434Ո8; “Penimer in zumpn” (Faces in Swamps), 17, 348, 390-1П22; Sibir (Siberia), 8,322, 388Ո4; “Tsum kind” (To My Child), 351,352,398Ո26; “Tsum toyt fun mayn reterin” (On the Death of My Rescuer), 398Ո23; “Tsum yortog fun geto-teatr” (On the Anniversary of the Ghetto Theatre), 354; “Tsu Poyin” (To Poland), 404-5Ո76, 447-8Ո105; Tsvilingbruder, 398Ո23; “Under Your White Stars,” 348; “Un vel ikh tsu mayn heymshtot oyle-regl zayn in vinter” (And I will make a winter pilgrimage to my hometown), 398Ո23; Väldiks (Woodlore), 322,410Ո116; “Vos mir hobn geratevet in Vilne” (What We Rescued in Vilna), 345; “Yehoash,” 407Ո99 Sutzkever, Abram Gerzevitch. See Sutzkever, Abraham Sutzkever, Freydke, 266, 273; decision to leave Moscow, 371; escapes to forest, 327,332; family of, 330, ՅՅ2, ՅՅ7; hiding in the swamps,
472 INDEX 444-51179; leaves Moscow for Łódź, 372; letters from, 336; letters of, 338; marriage of, 388115; in Moscow, 335; murdered child of, 338, 350-1; Nazi occupation of Vilna and, 323-4; during Nuremberg testimony, 238; pregnancy of, 338; rescue from forest, 233, 328-3O, 343, 421-2ՈՅ Sutzkever, Reyna (Rina): birth of, 338; leaves Moscow for Łódź, 372 Sutzkever, Reyne, 15,17, 22,28,30-1, 37, 40,42, 50, 52, 55-7. 59, 62,260, 330,350-1, 398Ո28; death of, 64, 93; in Lukishki Prison, 29; possessions donated to purchase weapons, 149 Sutzkever, Rokhl, 97,108,112,142,186, 407Ո97 Sutzkever family, as refugees, 320. See also specific family members Syrets concentration camp, 246, 423Ո17 Szmaglewska, Seweryna, 422mi Sztandar Wolności (The Banner of Freedom), 162,179 Talmud, Vilna edition of (also Vilna Shas), 349,409П110 Tapeyde, 246 Tarkovski, Stanislav, 239,246, 247, 422mi Tarlo, Gitele, 258 Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich, 95 Tchernichovsky, Shaul, 275,427Ո25 Tel Aviv, Israel, 233,265,266,341,373 Teper, Yosef, 22, 23, 392Ո30 Territorialism, 365,424Ո4 testimony, 341-2; found, 215-16, 446Ո92. See also Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal Teumin, Emilia, 238,422Ո4 Tiktin, Zalmen, 141-3,146 Timauskas, 146 Tolstoy, Aleksey, 275, 427Ո28 Tolstoy, Leo, letters by, 105 Torah scrolls, burning of, 18-21 Toybnhoyz, 92 Trakunski Sisters, 198 Trapido, 80-1 Treger, Zelde, 177. і8з֊4. 216,345.358, 418-19Ո56 Trotski, Saul, 14, 34 Trubakov, Ziame, 247 Trunk, Yehiel Yeshaye, 270,424Ո8 Tshernikhov, Yoysef, 270,424Ո4 Tshetshik, 294 Tshmelina, 203 Tsinberg, Yisroel, 288,430Ո7 Tsum zig (To Victory), 287,425mi,
430Ո6 Turbovitsh, Leyb, 42, 90-1,97,186, Յ96Ո9 Tuwim, Julian, 270-1,278,424Ո7 Ukraine, 333 Umru, Dovid, 7-9,23,37,60,388Ո3 Union of Jewish Bakers in Vilna, 63 Union of Jewish Writers and Journalists in Poland, 372 Union of Writers and Artists in the Vilna Ghetto, 95-9,348 Union ofYiddish Writers in Vilna (also Union of Jewish Writers and Journalists in Vilna), 23, 24, 398Ո24 United Partisan Organization (Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye, or fpo), 91, 93, 142-9,158,164,167,182,327,331, 358,362,369, 403Ո60, 410Ո117, 412mi, 414ШО, 414П13, 414Ո16, 415Ո27, 419Ո58; arsenal of, 140; in Białystok, 138; establishment of, 137-9; heroes of, 179; hymn of (by
INDEX Hirsh Glik), 163; mobilization of, 174-6; new organization of, 172-4; non-Jewish members of, 145; secret radio and, 144; special section of, 162-3; Vitenberg and, 135,169-70, 197,216,344,357, 413Ո2 United States, 338 University of Hamburg, 114 Vaivara concentration camp, 418Ո53, 419m Valencia, Heather, 441Ո51 Vanka, 145 Vaynig, Naftoli, 186 Vaynshtayn, 148 Vayntroyb, Binyomen, 187 Vaysenberg, Isaac Meyer, 285, 429-30Ո4 Vayskop, 84,401Ո51 Vazgel, 147 Velikiye Luki, Russia, 329 Venclova, Antanas, 65,390Ո30, 3991130 Vidutski, Dodik, 149 Vigodski, Yankev (also Wigotzky or Wygodski), 14-15,249, 257, 390Ո16 Vilbig Choir, 189 Vilkins, Khayim, 247 Vilmer ernes, 395m Vilna (Vilnius), 253, 320; as centre of Jewish culture, 343-4; changing possession of, 322-3; destruction of, 293, 337,345-6, 359; Ehrenburg’s impressions of, 279; at end of Second World War, 319; establishment of two ghettos in, 359; fall of, 323-4,343, 387m; German invasion of, 322, 387m; German occupation of, 343; Holocaust literature about, 341-2; intermarried couples in, 67-8; 473 interwar Jewish community in, 320-1; as Jewish cultural space, 335; Jewish population after liberation, 331; after liberation, 197-8,287-8, 335, ՅՅ6-8, 341-2,345,353,369, 371,373,430Ո8,440Ո45; liberation of, 131,295-6, 330-1,335,357, 368, 413-14Ո118; map of, xi; name of, 432-3Ո2; Nazi occupation of, 323-4,327,359; non-Jews in, 64-8; occupied by Red Army, 322, 433Ո6; under Polish rule, 346,363; as Soviet city, 333; under Soviet rule, 364; struggle to renew Jewish life in, 345; Sutzkever s final visit to, 371, testimony about, 255-61;
before world wars, 320; Yiddish culture in, 320-1; youth club in, 326-7. See also Vilna ghetto Vilna-Colony (Wileńska Kolonia Kolejowa), 143, 414Ո18 Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum, 400Ո37 Vilna ghetto, 80, 258, 285, 286, 295, 334-5, ՅՅ8,364, 366,373; adaptation to ghettoization, 359-60; as autonomous Jewish space, 354-5; books in, 98-9; cultural section of, 98-9; daily life in, 359-60; establishment of, 359; first ghetto, 98; gates of, 38-9; health and sanitation in, 99-101; hospital in, 69-70, 99-101,191; Jewish police in, Յ52-Յ, 396-7ПП,' journey to, 36-7; liberation of, 126; liquidation of, 51, 131, Յ27, Յ29, 345-6, 397Ո20, 412Ո138, 440Ո45; loss of 3,000 people, 98; map, xi; return to, 59-63; role of women in, 358; schools in, 88-93, Յ49; second ghetto, 50-1, 98; survivor testimonies, 341-2;
474 INDEX Sutzkever s writing in Black Book and, 332-3; Technical School in, 91; theatre in, 94,324,354,358, 404Ո72, 405Ո85; Union of Writers and Artists in, 348 Vilna Jewry, 365; adaptation to ghettoization, 334-5; destruction of, 261, 280-1,345-6,364,368 Vilna Old Age Home, 389-90Ո15 Vilna Party Committee, 182-3 Vilna Philharmonic, 238 Vilna Troupe, 396Ո7,405Ո84 Vilna-Warsaw rail line, 27 Viiner ernes (The Vilna Truth), 323, 343.388Ո3 Viiner tog (Vilna Daily), 392Ո28 Vilnius Dramatic Theatre, 371 Vilnius University, 7,9-10,13,43, 65,104,106, 321, 325,343.347.371. 399-400Ո35 Viskind, Max, 93, 404Ո71 Vitalin(a), Frida, 41, 60,396Ո7 Vitenberg, Itsik, 135,141,146,153-4, 162,164,167,173,181,185, 275,295, 417Ո46,418Ո50, 418Ո51; arrest of, 171; death of, 172; FPo and, 135, 169-72,197, 216,344,357,413Ո2; pseudonym Leon, 137; Vitenberg Affair, 369 Volger, Elkhonen, 407Ո97 Volkoviski, Aleksandr (Alik), 91,189, 403Ո63 Volmark, 98 Von Renteln, Adrian, 64,151 Voroshilov Brigade, 286,327 Vultz, 97 Wagner, Richard, 29-30,142-3 Warsaw, occupation of, 322 Warsaw Ghetto, 358 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 164, 333, 416Ո39 Wefel, Franz, 96 Weinreich, Max, 321,322 Weiss, Martin, 11, 27,32,43, 61—2, 64, 68,70-8, 76,78,113,131,190,194-6, 195,198, 204, 255,257, 258,389mi, 394Ո46 White Armbands, 9,388Ո7 “white permits,” 82-3 Wigotzky, Jacob. See Vigodski, Yankev Wilezanska, 163 Wilnaer Zeitung (German-language newspapers), 70 Winter Aid Committee, 83-4 Wirblis, 166 Wisse, Ruth, 353,355-6 Witos, 170,180 Witzenhausen, Yosef, 98,408Ո100 work permits, 46 writers, 8,23, 24,65, 95-9,162, 265-7, 269-71,275,
277,284,287-8,320, 323, 325, 327-30, 333-4, 337-8, 348, 368,370,372. See also art/artists; specific writers Wulff, Dr Gerhard, 102 Wulff, Horst, 43,72,157,401П43 Wygodski, Jacob. See Vigodski, Yankev Yad Vashem: The Black Book smuggled to, 447Ո104; Righteous among Nations, 399-400Ո35, 414-15Ո19,415Ո24,415Ո26,416Ո30 Yashunski, Grigory, 43 Yavrov, Mrs, 194 Yehoash (pen name of Shloyme Solomon Blumgarten). See Blumgarten, Shloyme (Solomon) (Yehoash) Yelin, Meir, 333,365-6, 4391140
INDEX Yiddish, бо; as mame-loshn, 270 Yiddish culture, 321-2; in Vilna, 320-1 Yiddish Literary Union (Warsaw; also Tlomackie 13; Association of Jewish Writers and Journalists in Warsaw) 475 Yugoslavia, number of Jews killed in, 254 Yung-Vilne (Young Vilna), 23,321-3, ЗЗ1.343.348,372.392-31131. Յ93Ո32. 406Ո94, 407Ո97,416Ո38 285, 424Ո8 Yiddish pen club, 321 Yiddish press, 323, 333,336,340,372 Yiddish self-expression, 266 Yiddish theatre, 93,94,324,340,354, 358,404Ո72,405Ո85 Yiddish wartime poetry, 349-50 Yiddish writers, 289,333; in Moscow, 288, 327,355; work sent abroad, 338-9. See also specific writers Yivo (Yiddish Scientific Institute), 41,63,104,115,189,216, 249,321-2, 343. 360, 365, 371, 388Ո5, 395Ո4, 395-6Ո5,417Ո43; Esther Rokhl Kaminska theatre museum, 167, 410Ո116; Ethnographic Committee, 409Ո109; in New York, 371, 395-6Ո5; Paper Brigade and, 325-6; Rosenberg Task Force (Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg) and, 164, 167,392-3Ո31, 395-6Ո5; theatre collection, 417Ո45; in Warsaw, 419-20Ո4 yivo-bleter, 395Ո4 Yizker-bikher, 340 Yogikhes kloyz, 396П10 Yokhai, Beri, 184 Ypatinga (Special Squad), 12-13,33-4. Zaleski, 146 Zalkind family, 133 Zalkindson, Dr, 97,114-16,189 Zalmanovitsh, Yankl, 133 Zalmen-Ber, 24 Zan, Tomasz, library of, 105 Zawadski, Josef, publishing house of, 104 Zehnpfennig, Adolf, 11, 255,388-9Ո8 Zeitungfür das deutsche Volk, 242 Žemaitis, Vladas, 411Ո126 Zhabinski, Tolye, 149 Zhdanov, Andrei, 273,372,426Ո20 Zhukovski, 195 Zilber, Reyzl, 157 Zilber, Sore, 157 Zilber sisters, 358 Zionism, 365,366, 414mi Zionist Revisionists (Beitar), 344 Zionists, 344, 413Ո4
Ziskovitsh, Lyube, 137,414П11 Žiugžda, Juozas, 369-70,437Ո24 Znamya (Banner), 338 Zorya, Nikolay, 250 Zuskin, Binyomin, 301, 432П10 Zusman, Herts, 121-2 Zweig, Stefan, 94, 96,404Ո76 64-5, 76, 80,121,162,194 Ypatingasis būrys, 346,389Ո12 Ґ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
| adam_txt |
Contents Illustrations follow pages Acknowledgments Maps 218,301 vii xi VILNA GHETTO Translator’s Introduction 3 Part I In German Claws 7 Part II Behind the Gates 40 Part III The Partisan Organization Part IV On Smoking Ashes 186 135 THE MOSCOW YEARS (1944-1946) Editors Introduction 233 Part I Testimony at Nuremberg 235 Nuremberg: Diary Notes 237 Testimony at the Nuremberg Trials 253 Part II Three Reminiscences 263 Editor s Introduction 265 Ilya Ehrenburg 268 Peretz Markish and His Circle 285 With Shloyme Mikhoels 292 Afterword: “Written in Moscow, Summer 1944” Justin D. Cammy and Avraham Novershtern 319
vi CONTENTS Vilna Ghetto Chronology List of Place Names in Vilna Notes 387 Further Reading Index 455 451 375 383
Index In some cases where first names are unknown, only surnames appear. Abramovitsh, Gershn, 116-18,129-30, 216, 360-1 Abramovitsh, Khayke, 130 Abramowicz, Maria, 66,106 absence, aesthetic of, 355 Adamowicz, Irena, 145,415Ո23 Aganiovska, Vera, 162 Agolik, Nisn, 186 Aksen, Dr, 67 Aktion, 47.48,207,377,378,380, 397Ո15 Albine, 172 Aleksandrov, Georgi, 281,288,428Ո41 Alksnis, 146 Altshuler, Mordecai, 363,439Ո33, 440Ո42, 443Ո64 American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 84 An-ski, Sh. (Shloyme Zanvl Rappoport, 1863-1920), 409Ո109 An-ski Museum of the Jewish Historical-Ethnographic Society, 167,217,409Ո109; anti-fascist movement, 265,339,367-8. See also Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (jafc) anti-Jewish laws, 10-12, 44-5,67-8, 103, 242,395Ո50 anti-semitism: anti-Jewish laws, 242; in Lithuania, 347; within partisan ranks, 327; Polish, 343; in Soviet Union, 334,341,368,372 Antokolets, Dr, 101 Antokol prison, 150 Antokolski, Mark, 104, 217, 218,357, 366, 409Ո108,421П17, 426Ո21 Antokolski, Pavel, 273,426Ո21 Argentina, Yiddish schools in, 341 arms, 52-3,123,137-41.147.149.153-6. 158,164-6,172-80,182-3,185, 188,190, 201,211, 216, 237,325,327, 358,362,415Ո24,416Ո40, 417Ո41, 418-19Ո56 Aronovitsh, Arone, 181 art/artists, 95-9,107-13,272-3,320, 329,348,357,366,372. See also specific artists A shpigl afa shteyn (A Mirror on a Stone, 1964), 267 Association of Fighters against German Occupation, 160 Association of Vilna Jews in France, 340 Auerbukh, 170 Auschwitz, 239,333 Ausweise, 260 Aynhorn, Zelda, 77 Ayznshtat, Tevl, 134
45б INDEX Babel, Isaac, 272,426Ո17 Babi Yar, 239,246-7,277,422119 Bak, Sam. See Bak, Shmuel (Zalmen) Bak, Shmuel (Zalmen), 67,97,107-11, 357,400Ո37 Banaitis, Juozas, 437Ո24 Baranowski family, 41 Bartoszewicz, Janowa, 55-9, 66, 346-7.358 Bartoszewicz, Kazimierz, 55 Bartoszewicz family, 55 Bas, Mrs, 195 Bastatski family, 21,22,31,34 Beethoven, Ludwig von: Leonore No. 3, 95; Ninth Symphony, 95 Begin, Menachem, 394Ո47 Beit Hatfutsot (Museum of the Diaspora), 413-14Ш18 Beker, Shloyme, 174 Belarus, 319,333 Belkind, 70 Belorussia, Jewish partisans in, 269, 276 Benyakovksi, Nadye, 91 Beregolski, Yankev, 24. 40-1, 94.185. 195. 393-4Ո37 Berek, Arn, 93 Bergelson, Dovid, 217, 280, 289, 293, 328, 345, 421Ո16, 448П106 Berger, Henning, 94, 405Ո82 Berliand, Senia, 247 Berlin, Germany, 240-2,250-2 Berlin Symphony Orchestra, 244 Bernshteyn, Leo, 96,279 Bernshteyn, Mire, 88-9,186,349,358, 402Ո54,402Ո56 Bernshteyn, Rivele, 129,412Ո137 Betar, 406Ո92,415Ո27 Beylis, Shloyme, 445Ո81 Beylits, 203 Beys-Yehude School, 31 Bialik, Chaim Nahman, 93,96, 98, 105,107,112, 216,275,337.404117З. 411П121 Białystok Ghetto, 358,414Ո12,416Ո31 Big, Asya, 179,358,403Ո60,413Ո6, 419058 Bin (The Bee), 321 Birobidzhan, 294 Black Book, The, 265,281-2,284,346, 363,368,387m, 4391140.442-3064, 445Ո84, 447Ո103; Ehrenburg and, 266,281, 284,331-3,336,338-40, 342,371-2,421-203,429043, 447П102; JAFC and, 338-9,387Ш, 442֊3пб4,445Ո84; smuggled to Yad Vashem, 447Ո104; Sutzkever and, 332-6, 338-9,340, 342,346, 438-9Ո32 Blitz, Yekusiel Ben Yitskhok, 98, 408П100 Blumgarten, Shloyme (Solomon) (Yehoash), 96,98,216,326,407Ո99 Blyakher,
Shapse, 24,40-1, 93~4 96, 189,394Ո38 Bodman, 187 Boraks, Edek, 138,143,156-7,162, 414Ո12 Borkowska, Anna, 143-4,346-7,358, 414-15019 Borovskí, Khyene, 135,146,413Ո4 Boruta, Kazys, 106,410Ո119 Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, 242 Brauze, Moyshe, 154-5,228,414Ո13 Brenayzen, 78 Breytbart, Dr, 101 Broderzon, Moyshe, 270, 424-5Ո9 Brodski, 247 Broydo, Rokhl, 90,186,212,402-3Ո58 Budnik, Dovid Iossifovich, 239, 246-7, 422mi Bukhman, 43
INDEX Bund, 341, 344, 365, 366, 404Ո72, 414Ո15, 419Ո58 Burak, Dr, 101 Burakas, E, 33-4,80 Burakiski, Rokhele, 173 Burshteyn, Frume-Rive, 191-2,420Ո5 Bushel, 90 Buxtorf, Yohanan, 98, 408Ո100 Byalovake, paratroopers of, 146-57 camps. See specific camps censorship, 288,339,343,344,345-6, 348,356,371.443Ո67 Chagall, Marc, 96,105,167-9 Cheap Houses, 8,150-3,388Ո6 children: murder of, 190-7,259-60, ՅՅՕ, 338,350-1; purchase of, to rescue them, 71 chimney sweeps, role of, 87 Choibalsan, Khorloogiin, 273, 427Ո23 Chopin, Frédéric, 95, 96,112 Choral Synagogue, 53,121 Christian Democratic Party, 243 Ciburys, 146 clothing of the murdered, 75-6,261 Cold War, 266 Commission to Gather Documents of Jewish Culture, 369-70 Committee for Coordinating Secular Yiddish Schools in Argentina, 341 Committee for Relief and Assistance, 83 communication, with outside world, 143-4 Communism, 266, 323, 344,364,365 Communist Party, 135,170, 413Ո3, 413Ո5 Communists, 413Ո4,415Ո26 corpses, 201-5; incineration of, 198-201,205-6 Council of Elders, 389Ո13 Council of Trade Unions of Vilna, 169 457 Crimea, 280 cultural life, 88-99,112,324.337.348, 360,364-5,436Ո22,445Ո85. See also art/artists; Paper Brigade; writers Culture House at Strashun 6,98-9 Cvirka, Petras, 65,3991130 Czechoslovakia: Jews from, 75-6; number of Jews killed in, 254 Czezowski, Tadeusz, 67 Dachau concentration camp, 410Ո120 Davidov, Vladimir, 247 Dawidowicz, Lucy, 321 Daykhes, Lize, 97,407Ո98 decapitation, 22 Degner, Ellen, 72-3,113-14 Degner, Hans, 72 Denazification Law #8,244 Der Ernes (Truth), 7,372 Der Nister (Pinkhes Kahanovitsh), 277.
299.427113° Der Stürmer, 102-3,409Ո105,423Ո20 Desler, Salek, 162,171,177, 353,416Ո36, 418Ո51 Deutsche Vokszeitung, 242 Dietrich, 58 Di goldene kept (The Golden Chain) (journal), 373,404-5Ո76 disabled, killing of, 70 Distel, Leyb, 148 Dmitriev, 239,422mi Doctors’ Plot, 300,431-2Ո6,432Ո8 Dodd, Thomas, 261 Dogim, Yitskhok, 203, 206, 208-10, 214 Doliner, Leonid, 247 Don Cossak, 67 “Dos naye lid” (The New Song), 397П19 Drischer, 195 Dudziec, Jadwiga, 145,415Ո23 Dürer, Albrecht, 245,423Ո16
458 INDEX Durmashkin, Volf, 95,112,189, 4051188 Dvořák, Antonín, 95 Dvorzhetski (Dworzecky), Mark, 341-2,345-6,359, 441-2Ո53 Dzigan, Shimen, 372, 405Ո86 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 233, 237-9.250, 265, 268-84,287,299,367, 427-8Ո31,428Ո34, 429Ո42.429Ո43; accusations against, 429Ո46; address at jafc, 269; The Black Book and, 266,281,284,331-3, 336, ՅՅ8-40,342,371-2,421-2Ո3, 429Ո43,447Ո102; first acquaintance with, 268-71; friendship with, 268; in the good years, 271-6; jafc and, 328,421-2Ո3; jealousy of, 275-6; the Jew, 276-8; Jewish nationalism and, 429Ո46; Julio Jurenito, 268, 275; last meeting with, 284,371-2; lecture on, 268; letters to, 280,337; Paderite Parizha (The Fall of Paris), 276; popularity in Soviet Union, 272; popularity of, 275,334; prehistory of friendship with, 268-9; “‘Smert’ geroia” (Death of a Hero), 275; Soviet style of reportage, 334; Stikhi o voine (Poems about War), 275; Svoboda (Freedom), 275; thirst for revenge, 281; Thirteen Pipes, 268, 275; “Triumph of a Human Being,” 268-9,270,329-30,421-2Ո3; in Vilna, 279; Voine (War), 271 Ehrenburg, Irina, 284, 427-8Ո31, 447П104 Ehrenburg, Lyubov Mikhailovna, 272, 276, 277,284 Eichmann, Adolf, 413-14Ո118 Eisen, 216 Eliyahu ben Shlomo Zalman, 320, 397П16 Ernes (Truth) Press, Moscow, 336,365, 372,387m, 425mi, 427Ո29,429Ո42, 430Ո6, 436Ո20,4391133, 439Ո36, 445Ո84,446Ո89, 446Ո91; Buenos Aires, 446Ո92 Enfin, Solomon, 156 Epshteyn, Shakhne, 280,291,327, 428Ո36 Epshteyn-Leventhal, Beba, 389mi Ester Rokhl Kaminska theatre museum, yivo, Vilna, 410Ш16 Etinger, Yakov, 299,300, 431-2Ո6 Expressionism, 107 Eydelson, 93 Eynikayt (Unity),
289,293,298,327, ՅՅՕ, 333, ՅՅ8,345,372,402Ո56, 429Ո2, 437-8Ո26,441-2Ո53 Färber, Yuri, 208-9 Farn nitsokhn (To Victory) detachment, 182,184 fascism, 248,254,259,281,329,334, 345-6,367-8,442Ո54. See also An-ski Museum of the Jewish Historical-Ethnographic Society: anti-fascist movement Faulhaber, 198 Faynshteyn, Daniel, 97,106,410Ո118 Faynshteyn, N., 439-40Ո41 Fedecka, Maria, 67,400Ո36 Feifer, Itsik, 293,327,431П2, 448Ո106 Feldman, 150 Feldshteyn [Feldstein], Tsemakh, 96, 109,186,406-7Ո95,411П124 Fessel, Avrom, 67 Feygus, Dr, 101,212 Feygus, Mme, 95 Fiedler, 198,202, 208 Figuren, 201-5 Figuren-diggers, 204 Fincks. See Hingst, Hans
459 INDEX Fingerhut, Dr, 186 First Assault (provokatsye), 141 First World War, 320,346, 363 Fishman, David, 399-400Ո35 Fishman, Fanya, 427֊8пзі Fishman, [Yoel], 43 Folks-gezunt (journal), 101,389-90Ո15 food, access to, 81-8 forced labour, 66,324-6, 362, 392-3Ո31,398Ո27,400Ո41,403Ո60, 405Ո84,411П125, 412Ո138,419m forced labour camps, 412Ո138,419m. See also specific camps found documents, 356-7 Frank, Hans, 248,250,423Ո21 Frid, Anatol, 43,397Ո12 Fridman, 148 friendship, 189, 273 From the Vilna Ghetto / Vilna Ghetto (Sutzkever), editions of: publication in Argentina, 340, 341, 440Ո42; publication in France, 340, 341,342,343,357,358,397П13,419Ո3, 439-40Ո41,440Ո42; publication in Israel, 341; publication in Soviet Union, 341,342,343-5.346,358, 370,419Ո3,440Ո42,443Ո67 Frumkin, Moyshe, 51 Furtwängler, Wilhelm, 244 Galpern, Mme, 60 Galpern, Tevke, 147,184 Gamburg, Avrom, 200 Gaon ofVilna, 105,217,320,397Ո16; study house of, 308. See also Eliyahu ben Shlomo Zalman Garbei, Solomon, 73 Gdud, Moti, 25-6 Gelboym, Taybl, 143 Gelpern, Dimke, 333,365-6,439Ո40 Gens, Jacob, 43-4. 69,177.352-3. 354. 396-7П11, 406Ո92,416Ո36,418Ո51 Gent, Dr, 186 Gerasimov, Alexandr, 273, 290, 426Ո22 German Labour Department, 46,85 German-Lithuanian Nationalists, 10-11 Gershovitsh, Tamare, 90, 95,113,189 Gershteyn, Nine, 92,106-7,403Ո67 Gershteyn, Yankev, 50-1, 89, 96-7. 349.397Ո17.407Ո96, 442Ո60 Gershuni, Gershn, 14,42,389-90Ո15, 389Ո15 Gersimov, Alexandr, 426Ո21 Gertman, Shike, 173, 286,327, 418Ո52 Gestapo, 24, 63-5,76,79, 85,101-2, 104,121-2,132,134,138,140,143, 149,157,166,172,198, 256,352-3, 357. 389-90Ո15,
396-7ПИ, 398Ո27, 416Ո36, 418Ո51 Getoyedies (Ghetto News), 90 Geyger, Max, 95 “Ghetto-Press,” 96 ghetto vocational school, 44, 50,133 Gininberg, 166 Ginsburg, Ilya, 217,421П17 Gira, Liudas, 65,332 Gitelman, Dovid, daughter, 123 Giterman, Yitskhok, 84, 402Ո52 Glants-Leyeles, Arn, 405Ո78 Glatshteyn, 326 Glazer, 210-11 Glazman, Yoysef (pseudonym Avrom), 96,116,137,138,162,173, 406Ո92 Glezer, 147 Glik, Hirsh, 163,288,349,416Ո38, 442Ո61 Goering, Hermann, 283-4,367, 429Ո45,443Ո74 Gol, Shloyme, 200-1, 206, 208, 210-12,214
4бо INDEX Goldberg, Moti, 203-4 Goldberg, Zelik, 148,189 Goldfaden plays, 216 Goldschmidt, Eliohu Yankev, 102, Gurvitsh, Grishe, 183 Gutgeshtalt, Hirsh, 96,189, 405-6Ո89 Gutman, Shmuel, 123 Gzmilewska, Wictoria, 66,410Ո114 408Ո103, 414Ո13 Goldshteyn, Berele, 74 Goldshteyn, Borekh, 136-9,147,153-4, 158,189,414Ո14 Goniec Codzienny (The Daily Messenger), 51-2, 64,160-1 Gonionski, Mire, 162 Gordon, Hirsh, 140 Gordon, Jacob, 417Ո45 Gordon, Khayim-Meyer (Khayim the Gypsy), 13-14.31-2 Gordon, Leybl, 140,141 Gordon, Lize, 92,162,403Ո66 Gordon, Yankev (Jacob), 93, 404Ո75 Gordon brothers, 173 Gorky, Maxim, 105, 217 Gotthard, Herbert, 79,102,104, 408Ո102, 409П106 Govorov, Leonid, 274,427Ո24 Grade, Chaim, 42,321,372,396Ո8 Grade, Libe, 42 Great Provocation, the, 29,33 Great Synagogue, 13,397ու6 Grigoriev, Lioshka, 251 Grigoriev, Yakov, 239,246,247. 250-1 Grinvald, Dine, 184 Grodnensky. See Grodzensky, A.I. Grodno, 277 Grodzenski, Am-Yitskhok, 60,398Ո24 Grodzenski, Khayim-Oyzer, 13, 93, 389Ո14 Grodzensky, A.I., 253,259 Grosman, Khaye, 157,358 Gross, Max, 172,179 Grossman, Vasily, 275, 281,328, ՅՅ9-40,371.416Ո31 Gudzenko, Semyon, 272,425Ո13 Hague, The, 253 Halkin, Shmuel, 271,277,298,425Ո12 Hamburg University, 72-3 Ha-noar ha-Tsioni, 344 Ha-Shomer ha-Tzair, 344,345, 413-14Ո118, 413Ո4, 414Ո14,414Ո16, 415Ո20, 416Ո31,417Ո44,418-19Ո56 Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 103,371 Hehalutz ha-Tzair-Dror, 344,418Ո54 Help through Work Society, 389-90Ո15 Herder, Feldwebel, 33,35,395Ո51 Hering, August, 27, 38,100,256, 3941146 heroism, 179 Herzl, Theodor, 105,410Ո113 hideouts, 445Ո80; caves, 116-18; living
in the sewer system, 127; underground city, 119-31· See also malinęs; sewers Himmler, Heinrich, 46, 68-9,79,104, 198 Himpel, Alexander, 102 Hingst, Hans, 11, 28-9, 64, 68, 79, 86,249-50, 253.256-8,261,389Ո9, 390Ո20 Hirsch, Maurice de, 388Ո6 Hirshbeyn, Peretz, 94, 405Ո81 Histadrut, 373 Hitler, Adolf, 7,19, 59,65, 69,117,136, 143,151.157-9. 242-4.265-6,283, 322. 343 Hitler Youth, 68 икр concentration camp, 110,119,123, 126,132,148,150,185,192,197,212, 41Ш125,412Ո135,412Ո138
461 INDEX Hofmekler, 21 Hofshteyn, Dovid, 44811106 Holocaust, theatre productions about heroism in, 340 Holocaust literature, 321-2,333,340, 341-2,349-50,356,358,439-40Ո41 Holocaust memory, 341-2,346,356, 441П47 Holocaust photography, 357 hospital, ghetto (Jewish), 42,45,60, and, 254,276-7, 293,298; testimony collected by, 333 Jewish Colonization Organization, 388Ո6 Jewish Council, 43,389-90Ո15 Jewish cultural expression, 340 Jewish cultural resistance, 325-7,337, 63-4,80, 83, 99-101,113,114,118, 347.349-50,358,359-63,366-7, 369.371. 399-400Ո35,409-ioniii. See also Paper Brigade Jewish Museum ofArt and Culture, 121,170,180,249,259-60,350-1, 215.266.332.335.338.369.371, 360,406-7Ո95 413-14Ո118,437Ո24, 447П102 Hoyz, 136-7 Ilyashevitsh, Yidl, 63 Institute for Study of the Jewish Question (Institut zur Erforschung der Judenfrage), 408Ո102, 408Ո104 International Court of Justice, 253 Inzikhistn (Introspectivists), 322 Ippolitov-Ivanov, Mikhail, 95 Israel, 266,280,284,372. See also Palestine Itskovitsh, 148 Ivanter, Dr, 186 Jewish nationalism, 266, 429Ո46 Jewish partisans, 181,265,269, 271, 276-81, 286-8,294-5.325-30,337, 348,356, 357,368,4141110,414mi, 440Ո45; heroism of, 281; Nekome (Revenge) Jewish partisan brigade, 174,176, 216, 415Ո20; Nekome (Revenge) unit, 413-14Ո118, 415Ո20, 417Ո44, 418-19Ո56; organization of, 135; reorganization of, 172-4; return to Vilna after liberation, 373; women among, 358 Jewish police, 43-4, 73,171, 354, 396-7П11, 406Ո92, 416Ո36, 418Ո51 Jackson, Robert H., 423Ո15 Janek, 145 Jankauskas, Julian, 66,114-15,165-6, 179-80, 347,399Ո34 Jannings, Emil,
399Ո31 Januszkiewicz, Professor, 100 Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (jafc), 233,237-8,265-6,281,289, 293-4,329-33- 340,370,429Ո2, 430-1Ո9, 431П2, 437-8Ո26; The Black Book and, 338-9,387m, 4423Ո64, 445Ո84; Ehrenburg and, 269, 328, 421-2ՈՅ; in Moscow, 327-8; publishes Eynikayt, 333; Sutzkever Jewish press, 409ПІЮ Jewish Question, 325 Jewish resistance, 344,349,359-63, 366,367,441-2Ո53; appeal to other communities, 156-8; armed, 138-41, 144,165; code for mobilization, 174-6; first appeal, 135-8; first operation, 153-6; as Maccabees, 349; reorganization of, 172-4; role of women in, 358. See also Jewish partisans Jewish State Theatre, 112 Jewish Technical School, 148,189 Jewish Vocational School, 133
462 INDEX Judenrat, 13-14,22-4,33-4, 43, 4б, 80-2, 87, 90,101,352-3, 389Ո13, 390Ո18,396-7П11, 396Ո7 Jurgis (Ziman), 181 Kachanowska, Teresa, 71 Kaczerginski, Barbara, 165, 229, 399Ո34 Kaczerginski, Shmerke, 23, 67, 106,216,321, ՅՅ1, ЭЗ», 342, 348, 359,392-ՅՈ31, 403Ո65, 408Ш02, 410Ո115,413-14Ո118, 430Ո8, 435Ո16, 437Ո24,438Ո28,443-4Ո78; hiding in the swamps, 444-5Ո79; rescue of materials and, 164,166,345,371-2, 446Ո92; Soviet Writers Union and, 370 Kadish, 29-30,249,257 Kaganovich, Lazar, 431Ո4 Kahan, Shimshn, 23,393Ո32 Kailis labour camp, 70,90,110,180, 182,190-2,197,212,380,398Ո27, 400Ո41,403Ո60,405Ո84,412Ո138 Kaiserwald concentration camp, 410Ո115 Kalmanovitsh, Zelig, 41,42,95-7,106, 189-90, 293,335, 395Ո4, 419-20Ո4 Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 250,423Ո22 Kamay, Dr, 67 Kamermakher, 79,198 Kaminska, Esther-Rokhl, 164,167-9, 417Ո45 Kaminska, Ida, 372 Kaplan, Yankl, 88, 90,135,137,179, 247,403Ո60, 413Ո6 Kaplan-Kaplanski, Dovid, 22,33, 392Ո28 Kaplinski, Shmuel, 138,140,182,227, 414Ո15 Karablikov, 146 Kärniks, Yitskhok, 93 Kassel, 19,256 Kats (Rabbi), 34 Kats, Aaron, 299,432Ո7 Kats, Khiene, 60 Kats, Teme, 80,136,401Ո47 Katsenelenbogen, Shaul, 93,403Ո69 Kazimir (Sumauskas), 181 Kempner, Josef, 156 Kempner, Vitke, 144,154-5,182-3, 216,226, 228,344,345,358, 413-14Ո118,414Ո13, 415Ո20 Khabad, Motke, 40,395Ո3 Khapunes (Jew-snatchers), 10,12-13, 15-16,22-3,43,60,74,79,82,89, 121,125,249,255 Kharik, Izi, 288,430Ո7 Khash, 29-30, 63,249 Khayimson, Malke, 60,89,398Ո25 Khazan, 173 Khomich, I.F., 238,422Ո6 Khrushchev, Nikita, 278 khurbn, 441Ո47 Khvoynik, Avrom, 137,179,403Ո60, 413Ո6 Kielce,
Poland, pogrom in 1946, 447-8Ш05 Kiev, 246 Kittel, Bruno, 78,115-16,122,131-4, 143,167,170-2,176-7,179,181,184, 198,361,401Ո46 Kivelisha, Yevgeny, 239,422mi Kivilsha, Dr, 251 Klooga concentration camp, 186-9, 405-6Ո89,406Ո90,419m, 419-20Ո4 Knapheys, Moyshe, 298,299-300, 431Ո5 Komber, 100 Komsomol (young Communists), 146,179 Kon, Pinkhes, 14, 22-3,34, 249, 257, 390Ո17,392Ո29 Kopański, Eliohu, 125-6
INDEX Korablikov, Makar, 146,4151126 Korczak, Reyzl (Ruzkha), 167,175, 184,226, 325,342. 344. 345-6, 359, 417Ո44 Koński, L., 436-71122 Korsakas, Kostas, 65,3991130 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 106 Kotler, Shmulik, 195 Kotliar, Volodye, 247 Kovaiatis, Monika, 128 Kovalski, Itsik, 149,160,184, 415Ո27 Kovner, Abba, 137-8,143-4,15Յ, 170, 182, 216, 331, 338, 344-5,357-8, 370, 413-14Ո118, 413Ո6, 415Ո20, 417Ո44, 419Ո61, 437Ո24, 441-2Ո53 Kovner, Mikhl, 143 Kovno (Kaunas), 281; ghetto in, 333, 365-6,439Ո40 Kozhen, Nosn, 23,270,393Ո34 Kozłowski, 180 Krasner, 34 Kravetski, 238 Kreizer, Yakov, 299, 431-շո6 Krinski, Rokhl (Rachela), 106,166, 410Ո115 Krinski, Sore, 410Ո115 Kross, 198 Kruk, Eliezer, 14 Kruk, Herman, 96, 98,106,189, 335, 348, 369,371,404Ո72,406Ո90, 406Ո94, 406-7Ո95, 438Ո28 Kryzyzewski, Goldele, 192 Kubiliūnas, Petras, 64,396Ո29, 398Ո29 Kuklia, Valdimir, 247 Kulbak, Moyshe, 272, 426Ո16 Kuperberg, 148 Kuznetsov, Russia, 250-1 Kviek, Maria, 31 labour, division of, 203-4 Lakner, 69 Lampe, Maurice, 23, 249 463 Landau, Alfred, 165-6,216, 417Ո43 Landsberg, Poland, 240 Langbort, 14 Latvia, 333 Law for the Protection for German Blood and Honour, 395Ո50 Lawrence, Geoffrey, 249,250, 253, 423Ո19 Lazar, Khayim, 183 Leather Workers Union, 169 Lefin, Mendi, 98, 408П100 Legel, 198,202 Leningrad, 344; German blockade of, 274 Leopold III, King, 240 Lerer, Moyshe, 189, 419-20Ո4 Levin, Hirsh, 148 Levin, Lyove, 184 Levin, Marek, 195 Levin, Mates, 140 Levin, Moyshe, 23,393Ո32 Levin, Zelik, 195 Levitski, Lyube, 93,111-14,358, 4041174 Levyik, H. (Levyik Halpern), 326 Leyeles, Arn (Glants-Leyeles), 326,
405Ո79 Leykin, 90 Leyvik, H., 405Ո80 Liber, Dr, 97 Libo, Dr, 67 Lipkovitsh family, 67 Lipovski, Esther, 93-4,186, 405Ո85 Literatura i iskusstvo, 345 Lithuania, 322; anti-semitism in, 347; collaborators in, 333,346,347,357; ennobling actions of non-Jews in, 346-7; in First World War, 320; under Polish rule, 346; Soviet occupation of, 419-20Ո4 Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions, 388Ո7
4б4 INDEX Lithuanian Communist Party, 172-3 Lithuanian Jewry, destruction of, 275, 276,333 Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, 322-З Litvak culture, 320,365 Litvakov, Moyshe, 288,430Ո7 Litvinov, Maksim, 280,428Ո35 Łódź, Poland, 266,371,372 Lomakin, Nikolai Ivanovich, 239,246, 251,422mi Lozovskii, Solomon, 281,290-1, 299, 339,430-1Ո9 Lubotski, Borekh, 90,92,96,184, 403Ո59 Lubotski, Donye, 184,185 Lubotski, Ime, 184-5 Lubotski, Nyuse, 184 Luftwaffe (German Air Force), 9 Lukishki Market, 253, 257 Lukishki Prison, 10,13,15,19, 28-31, 33, 37-8, 46, 56, 60, 63, 68, 76, 78-9,113,153,198, 207, 253, 256, 257, 394Ո47 Lukošius, Balys, 125,194 Lunski, Khaykl, 99,102,340-1, 408П101,440Ո45 Lunski, Sheyne, 135 Lurie, Itsik, 125 Madeysker, Sonye, 135,138,146,160, 162,178-80,227,358,413Ո5 Magid, Khonen, 184 Magun, Lize, 157-8,174-6,358,414Ո16 Maimonides, 91,102 Majdenek, 239 malinęs, 119-31,360-1,366 Mandelshtam, Osip, 272,425-6Ո15 Manor, Dori, 436Ո19 Margis, 415Ո25. See also Senkiewicz, Vitold (Margis) Mark, Ber, 296,333,431П3, 446Ո91 Mark, Moyshe, 174 Markeles, Noime, 106,410Ո117 Markish, Peretz, 233, 265, 266, 280, 285-91,298,327,371,372, 429Ո2, 430Ո5, 448П106 Markov, Fyodor, 173,181,286,327,328, 419Ո61 Markovitsh, Blume, 150 Marrano Jews, 93 Marusis, Major, 162 mass exterminations, 80,340,366,367, 405Ո84, 434Ո8 Matikanski, Yoshke, 73 Matskevitsh, Itsik, 138,148-9,154,173, 228,414Ո13 Maxwell-Fyfe, David, 261 May Day, 164 Mayer, 75-6 Mayerovitsh-Shvarts, Esther, 391Ո322 Mazitsh, Shurke, 147 Mefitsey-Haskole Library, 14, 23,34, 98,141,176, 390Ո19 memorials, 340 Menakhem-Mendl under the
Swastika, 21 Mendele Mokher Sforim (Sholem Yankev Abramovitsh), 96, 216,337 Merderfun felker (Murderer of Peoples), 338 Michejda, Komel, 100 Mickiewicz, Adam, 27, 394Ո44 Mikhelson, 202 Mikhoels, Shloyme (Solomon), 233, 237,254,265-6, 268, 280,283, 292-301,297,327,328,334, Յ70-1, 431П2, 448Ո106 Mikhtom, Bentsye, 23,222,393Ո32 Mikolauskas, 142 Mikulska, Maria, 411Ո126 Milkonovitski, Shabse, 43,397Ո13
465 INDEX Minkowski, Maurycy, 167,168,417Ո46 Minsk, 239,448Ո106; ghetto in, 333, 364.365,366,439Ո40; Jewish cultural institutions in, 363-4 Mirskaya, 289 Mitskuner, Sheyne, 332 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 283, 429Ո44 Morgenshtern, Tserne, 77 Moscow, Soviet Union, 242, 252, 254, 265-9,271.334.335-7,370-1; decision to leave, 371-2; evacuation of, 292; jAFC in, 327-8; political landscape of, 346; Righteous among Nations in, 414Ո16; Sutzkever in, 368-71; Yiddish writers, 288,327; Yiddish writers in, 355 Moscow State Yiddish Theatre (goset), 292,294,334 Moscow Writers’ Club, 271 Moysensko, 146 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 95 Müller, Dr Hans, 102,103,400Ո40 Murer, Franz, 14, 22-3,52, 64,72, 85-6, 90,112-13,15Յ, 161-2,350-1, 390Ո20; edicts of, 44-5,93,165; “expert” in Jewish affairs, 68-9; Judenrat and, 43-4,81; ration cards, 82; in Sutzkever s testimony, 253, 256-61 Museum for the Study of Oriental Peoples (Frankfurt), 102-3 music, 94-5 Mussolini, Benito, 165, 417Ո42 Napoleon, in Vilna, 27 Narotsh Forest, 173,176,184, 269,271, 286, 292, 327, 358, 414П10,414mi, 417Ո44, 440Ո45 National-Socialist German Workers Party (nsdap), 69 Natshe Forest, 181 Nazi Party, 33,103 Nazis, 323-4,327, 344,354, 425Ш1 Nazism, 330,334, 339,357 Nazi-Soviet Molotov-Ribbentrop protocol, 333 Nekome (Revenge) Jewish partisan brigade, 174,176,216,415Ո20 Nekomenemer (the Avengers) Jewish detachment, 182 Nėris, Salomėja, 399Ո30 Neugebauer, Rudolf, 24,48,76,79, 81, 131,136,174-6,198,3941141 Neumann, Stadtkommandant, 11, 255 Niepodległość (Independence movement), 144; eponymous newspaper, 158 Niger, Shmuel, 440Ո45 “Night
of Murdered Poets, The,” 266 “Night of the Yellow Permits,” 52-4, 60, 63,112,145, 207; 24 October 1941, 377; part II: 3-4 November 1941, 377 NKVD, 294 non-Jews: help offered by, 357; as partisans, 145-6; women, 358 Norvaiša, Balys, 13,389Ո12 Notes, Avrom, 97 Nuremberg, Germany, 242-50; bombardment of, 245 Nuremberg Laws, 33,103, 242,395Ո50 Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, 233, 235,253-61, 265,266,281, 298, 348, 422mi, 422-3Ո14, 4291145; Sutzkever s diary notes, 237-52, testimony at, 253-61,351, 367, 370, 371,3991132; talk on, 371 Nürnberger Nachrichten, 244 Nusinov, Yitskhok, 280,428Ո37 Oberhardt, Walter, 64,350,398Ո27 Office of Statistics, 98-9
ą66 INDEX Old Prayer House, 3971116 Olitski, Moyshe, 90, 402Ո57, 407Ո57 Olkenitski, Urne, 106,112,186, 410Ո116, 419-20Ո4 Operation Barbarossa, 323-4,343, 387Ш Opeskin, Leyb, 185,412Ո133; “The Maline Jew,” 120-1,349 Orbeli, Iossif Abgarovitsch, 239,243, 245,250,422Ո8,422Ш1 Jewish Vocational School, 403Ո62 Oshmene, ghetto in, 358,414Ո11, ort 414Ո16 Ostmann, Eberard von, 388-9Ո8 Ostrovski, Leonid, 247 Ovnt-kurier (The Evening Courier), 398Ո24 Peretz Gymnasium, 22 Perlove, Gitele, 77 permits, colour-coded, 46-8,52-3. See also “Night of the Yellow Permits” Peter the Great, 106 Pevtz, Tevke, 60 Peysakhovitsh, Dr, 101 photographs, 357,358 Pilnyak, Boris, 272, 426Ո18 Pilovski, Yisroel, 140 Piński, Dovid, 94,405Ո83, 405Ո85, 405Ո88 Plagge, Karl, 412Ո135 Plechavičius, Povilas, 399Ո33 poetry, found, 349 pogroms, 11,76,249,447-8Ո105 Pohl, Johannes, 102-4,408Ո104, 409Ш06,409П110 Paganini, Nicolò, 95 Paleckis, Justas, 269,278,279,286, 287,328,331 Palestine, 251, 252,280,329,338,372-3 Paper Brigade, 325,326,360-1,362, 369. 371.392֊ՅՈ31,409-ioniii, 421П17, 428Ո37, 430Ո8, 438Ո28 paratroopers of Byalovake, 146-57 Paris, France, 266,372-3 partisans: non-Jewish, 145-6,327; organization of, 135-85; Soviet, 327. See also United Partisan Organization (Fareynikte partizaner organizatsye, or fpo) Pasternak, Boris, 272-3,278,289, 426Ո19 patches, 10-11,14,17-18,31,45,68, 75-6,118,165,154,173,255 Patria, 372-3 Peretz, Y.L., 96, 98,104,106, 297, 323,397Ո18,437Ո23; Di goldene keyt (The Golden Chain), 94,112, 404-5Ո76; “Hope, springtime is not far off” (poem), 50-1 Poland, 266,280,284,320,333; anti
semitism in, 343; collaborators in, 357; ennobling actions of non-Jews in, 346-7; number of Jews killed in, 254; repatriation to, 371-2 Polish Communist Party, 169 Polish Workers Party (Polska Partia Robotnicza, or ppr), 157, 416Ո32 Pollin-Galay, Hannah, 436-7Ո22, 443Ո67,445Ո80 Ponar (Ponari), 27,76-8, 210-15, 255 257-9, 260, 261,280,323-4.328, 356,398Ո27,404Ո72; mass graves of, 206-7, 286, 332,349,350,357; mass killings at, 80,366,367,405Ո84, 434Ո8; structure of the pyres at, 205-7; tunnel under, 208 Porat, Dina, 441-2Ո53 Porubanek airfield, 148 Potanin, Konstantin, 202 Pravda, 265,268-9,270,271,273,281, 288,329-30,421-շոՅ, 429Ո46 Prilutski, Noyekh (also Prilutzky), 7,24,60,197,249,253. 257.343.
INDEX 387-8112,3941140; arrest of, 102; Yiddish Phonetics, 102 Prilutski, Paula R., 24,60,3941140 print shop, secret, 158-62 prisoners of war, 345; assistance for, 150 Proletarski Trud collective farm, 251 Przewalsi, Jan, 146,160-2 Ptashek, Nikolai, 17-18,31 Public Committee for Relief and Assistance, 83 Pupko-Krinski, Rokhl, 326 Pushkin Museum, 104 Puziriski, 72 Rabinovitsh, Ruvn, 184 Rabinovitsh, Sholem. See Sholem Aleichem Rabinovitsh, Y., 95,164 Rabon, Yisroel, 23,393Ո33 radio, secret, 144 Radomski, Paul, 246,423Ո18 Raf, Yoshke, 139 Raginski, M.Y., 250 rail transport, sabotage of, 182 Rajzman, Samuel, 422mi Rappoport, Shloyme Zanvl, 409Ո109 Ratner, Itsik, 91,147,189 Raybove, 198 Real-Gymnasium, 41, 77, 88, 91,112, 186,349,396Ո6,396Ո9, 410П120 Red Army, 8,21,143,151-2,158,164, 180,212,291,322,323,328,357, 412Ո135, 433Ո6; encircling off Germans in Vilna, 131; entry into Vilna, 123; Jewish members of, 294, 330; liberation of Vilna and, 111 refugees, 331,447-8Ո105 Reich Citizenship Law, 395Ո50 Reinys, Mgr, 67 Repin, Ilya, 105-6,410Ո112 reportage genre, 334,359 467 resistance, 138-9,165,171; diversionary tactics of, 138,147-9; sabotage by, 147-9,182; secret print shop of, 158-62; secret radio and, 144. See also Jewish partisans; partisans; United Partisan Organization (Fareynikte partizaner organizatsye, or fpo) revenge, thirst for, 15-16,215-16, 350, Յ56-7, 367, 443n74 Reyzen, Avrom, 216,397Ո19, 411П122; “Di vant” (The Wall), 107 Reyzen, Zalman, 323,343 Reznik, Nisan, 137, 414Ո10 Richter (German), 191-2 Righteous among Nations, 399400Ո35,414-15Ո19; Yad Vashem,
414-15Ո19,415Ո24,415Ո26,416Ո30 rights, 10-12, 28-9,44-5, 81 Rincewicz, Josef (train conductor), 197 Ringelblum, Emanuel, 402Ո52 Rodin, Elishe, 278, 428Ո32 Rolland, Romain, 105 Rom, Mme, 97 Roma, 31-2 Romm Press, 349, 409Ո110 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 244 Rosenberg, Alfred, 65,101-7,239,242, 248, 250, 399Ո32, 408П104 Rosenberg Headquarters for the Baltics, 105 Rosenberg Task Force (Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg), 101,103-6, 164,167, 224,324-5,326,392-3Ո31, 395-6Ո5, 399Ո32, 400Ո40, 406Ո90, 408Ո102, 408Ո104,410Ո115,410Ո117, 410Ո118, 417Ո41 Roth, Joseph, 270,424Ո3, 424Ո6 Rotkin, 149 Roytblum, 94 Rozenboym, 53-5
468 INDEX Rozental, Khayele, 94,405Ո87 Rozonovitsch, Hersh, 146 Rubín, Dore, 94 Rubinstein, Yitzhok, 13 Rudashevski, Yitskhok, 151,326, 435Ո16, 442Ո60 Rudenko, Roman, 243, 422-ЗШ4 Rudenski, Tsilke, 193 Rudnicki, Professor, 115 Rudnitski, Leah, 40,186,395m Rudnitski, Leyzer, 212 Rudnitski, Yitshkhok (Yitzhak Arad), 182,419Ո61 Rudnitski Forest, 177,180-6,210, 279, 414Ո15, 417Ո44 Russian Revolution, 363 Rutenberg, Yekusiel, 94, 405Ո86 Ruzhinski, 67-8 Salomejo Neris, 65 Samuel Bak Museum, 400Ո37 Sarabski, Rokhl, 411П123 Sauliai (riflemen militia), 64 Savisauga (regional guard), 64 Scheinbaum, Yehiel, 344 Schibuk, 41,49 Schmid, Anton, 416Ո30 Schmid, Josef, 156 Schneider, 198 Schönhaber, 256 schools, 88-93. See also specific schools and kinds ofschools Schubert, Franz, 95 Schultze, Dr, 190 Schulze, Frau, 240 Schweinberger, Horst, 11-12,15,19, 27-30,34,38, 40, 43. 51, 63, 68,76, 103,113,136-7,211,218,249. 253. 255. 257-9.351; Jewish hospital and, 100 Second Assault Q rovokatsye), 43 Second Jewish Council, 43. See also Judenrat Sedlis, Dr Eliohu, 45,67,397Ո14 Segal, Rabbi, of Novigorod, 76 self-censorship, 345 Semionov (resistance fighter), 182 Semyatitski, Khayim, 24,107,133, 394Ո39 Senkiewicz, Vitold (Margis), 146, 415Ո25 Seriozhin, Captain, 150 sewers: as secret passages, 94,117,118, 121-2,126-31,176-8,181,184,215-17. 360,373 Shabad-Gavronski, 14 Shadovski, Max, 94, 96,405Ո84 Shalit, Moyshe, 23,393Ո35 Shalit, Mrs, 24 Shapiro, Zalmen, 9 Shats, Shmuel, 207 Shavl (Šiauliai), 333 Shchipachev, Stepan, 275,427Ո26 Shenin, Lev, 250 Sher, Yankev, 96,406Ո91; “From the Old Ghetto,” 97
Sheres, Tevke, 110 Shereshnyevski, Beri, 135,146,162, 170,181,184,227,413Ո3 Shereshnyevski, Roze, 135,173 Sheynboym, Ilye (Yehiel), 175,418Ո54 Shmukler, Gershn, 13 Shoah, 441П47 Sholem Aleichem, 21,23,88,96,98, 104-5,165.272.289.337.3911127, The Great Windfall 23; letters of, 216; Tevye the Dairyman, 94 Sholem-Aleichem schools, 341 Sholokhov, Mikhail, 275.427Ո27 Shoykhet, Khayim, 436-7Ո22 Shrayber, Matisyahu, 90,403Ո62 Shriftzetser, Leyb, 21,60,391Ո26 Shteynholts, 134 Shulhoyf (also Vilna Synagogue Courtyard), 50,88,117,357,397П16, 405Ո78; 402Ո55
INDEX Shum, Rabbi, 14 Shumacher, Yisroel, 372,4051186 Siberia, 288,320,322 Šidlauskas, Juozas, 3891112 silence, 341,356; anguish of, 271 Šimaitė, Ona, 67,106,164,346-7,358, 371» 399-400Ո35,410П120 Simonov, Konstantin, 275,427Ո26 Sliep, Avrom, 90,113,186,403Ո61 Slivkin, Shmuel-Meyer, 189 Smirnov, Andrei, 422mi Smirnov, Lev, 239, 247, 248, 249, 250, 254, 254-61, 422Ո7 Smolensk museum, 105,281,428Ո37 Smoliar, Hersh, 333,363, 364-5, 439Ո40,445Ո84, 445Ո85 Smorgon, Belarus, 319 Snyder, Timothy, 442Ո54 Social Welfare Committee, 82-3 Society for the Protection of the Health of the Jewish Population (TOZ), 71, 389-9ՕՈ15, 400-1Ո42 Society of Friends of Knowledge, 104 solidarity, 358 Sonderkommando, 249,255,257, 258-9.351 Soutine, Chaim, 272 Sovetskii pisaatel (Soviet Writer) press, 276 Soviet commanders, assistance for families of, 150 Soviet dictatorship, 288 Soviet Information Bureau (Sovinformburo), 238,273,290, 299. 339, 422Ո4, 422115, 430-1П9 Soviet partisans, 327 Soviet press, 330 Soviet Union, 343,370-1; anti-Jewish repression in, 340,368,372,441Ո52; anti-semitism in, 334,341,368, 372; censorship in, 339,343-6,348; Extraordinary State Commission 469 for Ascertaining and Investigating German-Fascist Crimes, 422mi; Jewish cultural expression in, 340; Operation Barbarossa and, 323-4 Soviet Writers Club, 370 Soviet Writers Union, 323,330,370, 433-4Ո7 Soviet Yiddish culture, 265-6,296, 327, 364,370, 372 Soviet Yiddish writers, 265-7,277, 284, 289,372 Spanish inquisition, 93 Spinkler, Dr Gerhard, 165 Spinoza, Baruch, 96 Spokoyni, 119,140,178 Sporket, Albert, 69,102,104-5,167-9,
400Ո40 Stakauskas, Juozas, 67,111,411П126 Stalin, Joseph, 266,273,275,276-7, 322,323,329,371,372,422Ո4, 448Ո106 Stalin Prize, 290 Stankiewicz, Stanislaw, 122 Star of David, yellow, 255-6, 278 Stefan Batory University, 321 Stolitski, Khaim, 119 stormtroopers (shturmist), 16,19-20, 24, 31, 48-9, 59, 94,139 Strashun, Matisyahu, 102,402Ո55 Strashun Library, 89,102,103,104,337, 387Ո2, 397П16, 402Ո55 Streicher, Julius, 250, 251, 409Ո105, 423Ո19, 423Ո23 Stutthoif, 410Ո115 Surkov, Alexei, 275, 427Ո26 Sutzkever, Abraham (also Abrashe, Abrashinke, Avrom), 15-16, 27-8, 32, 34-5, 47, 69-70, 96,112,166, 214-16, 218,222,254-61; arrival in Moscow, 265; Bastatski family, 32; birth of, 319; The Black Book and, 332-6,338-9, 340,342,
47° INDEX 34б, 438-91132; childhood of, jAFc, 254; 319-20; commitment to craft, 324; 240-1, 243; receives Stalin Prize, commitment to Vilna community and its memorialization, 334-5; concealed machine-gun, 168; decision to leave Moscow, 371; denied visa to visit United States, 433-4117; desire to testify in Yiddish, 237,239,243; Ehrenburg’s article about, 268-9,270,329-30; Ehrenburg’s influence on, 334; escapes to forest, 327,328,332; faith in poetry, 324,328-9; fantasy of killing Goering, 283-4, 367. 44ՅՈ74; father-in-law and, 56-7; father s execution and, 62; final visit to Moscow, 371; in the forest, 180; founds Jewish Museum ofArt and Culture, 437Ո24; in ghetto hospital, 63; handwritten testimony found by, 446Ո92; in hiding, 16-18,21-2, 53,123; hiding books and art, 105-6, 117 (see also Paper Brigade); hiding in the swamps, 444-5Ո79; Jewish cultural resistance and, 105-6, 290; reputation of, 330; rescue from forest, 265,269,328-30,343,4212Ո3; rescue of hidden materials, 337, 353,357,366, 369, 430Ո8; rescuers of, 398Ո23; responsibility felt by, 237; return to Moscow, 252,254; return to Vilna after liberation, 341-2,353,440Ո45; Rosenberg Task Force (Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg) and, 417Ո41; Rosenberg Task Force in Vilna and, 103,164; sewers and, 127; in Siberia, 320; sister of, 62-3; as slave labourer, 324-6,362,392-3Ո31; sources and, 335; as “Soviet” writer, 433-4Ո7; speaks standing, as if saying kaddish, 237,249; speech before JAFc, 276-7,293,298; as symbol of Jewish struggle against fascism, 329; taken to the ghetto, 36-7; talk on Nuremberg at Vilnius Dramatic
Theatre, 371; in Tel Aviv, 373; testimony at Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, 233, 235, 253-61, 117.325-7, 337,349-50,359-63, 366-7,369,371,409-10ПШ (see also Paper Brigade); last meeting with Ehrenburg, 284,371-2; leaves Moscow for Łódź, 372; letter to Ehrenburg, 280,337; in liberated Vilna, 197-8; marriage of, 388Ո5; modesty about his poetic oeuvre, 349-50; in Moscow, 233,368-9, 370-1; murdered child of, 259-60, 330,350-1; Nazi occupation ofVilna and, 323-4; in Palestine, 372-3; in Paris, 372-3; as partisan-poet, 330; poetry compared to memoir, 349-57; presentation ofhideouts, 445Ո80; public address before rage at Germans, 237, 265,266,281,298,348,351, 367, 370,371,399Ո32; thirst for revenge, 15-16,350,367,443Ո74; translation of his testimony, 253-61; in Vilna, 319; in Vilna after liberation, 336-8, 430Ո8; visits graves at Ponar, 210; wife gives birth (child killed by Murer), 64; witnesses execution of Soviet prisoners of war, 150; works at Vilna train station, 71; work permits and, 48,52; Zalkindson and, 114-15. See ako Sutzkever, Abraham, works by Sutzkever, Abraham, works by, 177; ‘Afn toyt fun Yankev Gershteyn”
INDEX (Upon the Death of Yankev Gershteyn), 407Ո96; “A nem ton dem ayzn” (Take Up Arms), 164,325,348,362; ‘A vogn shikh” (A Cart of Shoes), 351,398Ո28; “Bashafung” (Creation), 270; “Der geto-fidler” (The Ghetto Fiddler), 280,428Ո38; “Der novi” (The Prophet), 395Ո4; “Der tsirk” (The Circus), 347,391Ո24; diaries of, 233.237-52.278-9; “Di blayene piata fun Roms drukeray” (The Lead Plates of the Romm Printing House), 349, 409П110; Difestung (The Fortress), 339,397-8Ո21; “Di lererin Mire” (Teacher Mire), 402Ո56; “Dos keyver-kind” (The Grave Child), 97,348,358, 406-7Ո95; “Dray royzn” (Three Roses), 351; “Es klapn di shleyfn” (My Temples Are Throbbing), 270; “Farffoyene yidn” (Frozen Jews), 280,428Ո38; “First Day” (re 22 June 1941), 375,448Ո2; From the Vilna Ghetto, 331-2,336-8,340-4, 347-8, 349-57, 358, 359֊63, 364-70, 373,438-91132, 445ո8օ (see also From the Vilna Ghetto [Sutzkever], editions of Vilna Ghetto 1941-1944)·, “Fun a farloyrener poeme” (From a Lost Poem), 398Ո28; Geheymshtot (Secret City), 360,373,400Ո36, 412Ո136, 445Ո80; ‘Tkh lig in an orn” (I Lie in a Coffin), 23,348, 434Ո8; “In kloyster af Rudnitskergas” (In the Church on Rudnitske Street), 397-8Ո21; “Itsik Vitenberg,” 418Ո51; “Kerndlekh vayts” (Grains of Wheat), 409-ioniii; “Kol Nidre,” 271, 287, 327, 328, 329-30, 348, 425П11,435-6Ո18; “Legende” 471 (Legend), 407Ո97; “The Liberation of Underground Museums,” 289; Lider (Poems), 322,388Ո4; Lider fun togbukh (Diary Poems), 366-7; Liderfun yam hamoves (Poems from the Sea of Death), 342,398Ո23, 398Ո26,398Ո28; “Lid tsu di leiste” (Song for the Last), 355; “Mayn mame”
(My Mother), 351,398Ո28; “Mayn reterin” (My Rescuer), 398Ո23; “Mit Shmerken, ven es brenen velder” (With Shmerke, When Forests Are Burning), 3923Ո31; “Nodl-shayn” (Needleshine), 434Ո8; “Oytoportret” (SelfPortrait), 434Ո8; “Penimer in zumpn” (Faces in Swamps), 17, 348, 390-1П22; Sibir (Siberia), 8,322, 388Ո4; “Tsum kind” (To My Child), 351,352,398Ո26; “Tsum toyt fun mayn reterin” (On the Death of My Rescuer), 398Ո23; “Tsum yortog fun geto-teatr” (On the Anniversary of the Ghetto Theatre), 354; “Tsu Poyin” (To Poland), 404-5Ո76, 447-8Ո105; Tsvilingbruder, 398Ո23; “Under Your White Stars,” 348; “Un vel ikh tsu mayn heymshtot oyle-regl zayn in vinter” (And I will make a winter pilgrimage to my hometown), 398Ո23; Väldiks (Woodlore), 322,410Ո116; “Vos mir hobn geratevet in Vilne” (What We Rescued in Vilna), 345; “Yehoash,” 407Ո99 Sutzkever, Abram Gerzevitch. See Sutzkever, Abraham Sutzkever, Freydke, 266, 273; decision to leave Moscow, 371; escapes to forest, 327,332; family of, 330, ՅՅ2, ՅՅ7; hiding in the swamps,
472 INDEX 444-51179; leaves Moscow for Łódź, 372; letters from, 336; letters of, 338; marriage of, 388115; in Moscow, 335; murdered child of, 338, 350-1; Nazi occupation of Vilna and, 323-4; during Nuremberg testimony, 238; pregnancy of, 338; rescue from forest, 233, 328-3O, 343, 421-2ՈՅ Sutzkever, Reyna (Rina): birth of, 338; leaves Moscow for Łódź, 372 Sutzkever, Reyne, 15,17, 22,28,30-1, 37, 40,42, 50, 52, 55-7. 59, 62,260, 330,350-1, 398Ո28; death of, 64, 93; in Lukishki Prison, 29; possessions donated to purchase weapons, 149 Sutzkever, Rokhl, 97,108,112,142,186, 407Ո97 Sutzkever family, as refugees, 320. See also specific family members Syrets concentration camp, 246, 423Ո17 Szmaglewska, Seweryna, 422mi Sztandar Wolności (The Banner of Freedom), 162,179 Talmud, Vilna edition of (also Vilna Shas), 349,409П110 Tapeyde, 246 Tarkovski, Stanislav, 239,246, 247, 422mi Tarlo, Gitele, 258 Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich, 95 Tchernichovsky, Shaul, 275,427Ո25 Tel Aviv, Israel, 233,265,266,341,373 Teper, Yosef, 22, 23, 392Ո30 Territorialism, 365,424Ո4 testimony, 341-2; found, 215-16, 446Ո92. See also Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal Teumin, Emilia, 238,422Ո4 Tiktin, Zalmen, 141-3,146 Timauskas, 146 Tolstoy, Aleksey, 275, 427Ո28 Tolstoy, Leo, letters by, 105 Torah scrolls, burning of, 18-21 Toybnhoyz, 92 Trakunski Sisters, 198 Trapido, 80-1 Treger, Zelde, 177. і8з֊4. 216,345.358, 418-19Ո56 Trotski, Saul, 14, 34 Trubakov, Ziame, 247 Trunk, Yehiel Yeshaye, 270,424Ո8 Tshernikhov, Yoysef, 270,424Ո4 Tshetshik, 294 Tshmelina, 203 Tsinberg, Yisroel, 288,430Ո7 Tsum zig (To Victory), 287,425mi,
430Ո6 Turbovitsh, Leyb, 42, 90-1,97,186, Յ96Ո9 Tuwim, Julian, 270-1,278,424Ո7 Ukraine, 333 Umru, Dovid, 7-9,23,37,60,388Ո3 Union of Jewish Bakers in Vilna, 63 Union of Jewish Writers and Journalists in Poland, 372 Union of Writers and Artists in the Vilna Ghetto, 95-9,348 Union ofYiddish Writers in Vilna (also Union of Jewish Writers and Journalists in Vilna), 23, 24, 398Ո24 United Partisan Organization (Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye, or fpo), 91, 93, 142-9,158,164,167,182,327,331, 358,362,369, 403Ո60, 410Ո117, 412mi, 414ШО, 414П13, 414Ո16, 415Ո27, 419Ո58; arsenal of, 140; in Białystok, 138; establishment of, 137-9; heroes of, 179; hymn of (by
INDEX Hirsh Glik), 163; mobilization of, 174-6; new organization of, 172-4; non-Jewish members of, 145; secret radio and, 144; special section of, 162-3; Vitenberg and, 135,169-70, 197,216,344,357, 413Ո2 United States, 338 University of Hamburg, 114 Vaivara concentration camp, 418Ո53, 419m Valencia, Heather, 441Ո51 Vanka, 145 Vaynig, Naftoli, 186 Vaynshtayn, 148 Vayntroyb, Binyomen, 187 Vaysenberg, Isaac Meyer, 285, 429-30Ո4 Vayskop, 84,401Ո51 Vazgel, 147 Velikiye Luki, Russia, 329 Venclova, Antanas, 65,390Ո30, 3991130 Vidutski, Dodik, 149 Vigodski, Yankev (also Wigotzky or Wygodski), 14-15,249, 257, 390Ո16 Vilbig Choir, 189 Vilkins, Khayim, 247 Vilmer ernes, 395m Vilna (Vilnius), 253, 320; as centre of Jewish culture, 343-4; changing possession of, 322-3; destruction of, 293, 337,345-6, 359; Ehrenburg’s impressions of, 279; at end of Second World War, 319; establishment of two ghettos in, 359; fall of, 323-4,343, 387m; German invasion of, 322, 387m; German occupation of, 343; Holocaust literature about, 341-2; intermarried couples in, 67-8; 473 interwar Jewish community in, 320-1; as Jewish cultural space, 335; Jewish population after liberation, 331; after liberation, 197-8,287-8, 335, ՅՅ6-8, 341-2,345,353,369, 371,373,430Ո8,440Ո45; liberation of, 131,295-6, 330-1,335,357, 368, 413-14Ո118; map of, xi; name of, 432-3Ո2; Nazi occupation of, 323-4,327,359; non-Jews in, 64-8; occupied by Red Army, 322, 433Ո6; under Polish rule, 346,363; as Soviet city, 333; under Soviet rule, 364; struggle to renew Jewish life in, 345; Sutzkever s final visit to, 371, testimony about, 255-61;
before world wars, 320; Yiddish culture in, 320-1; youth club in, 326-7. See also Vilna ghetto Vilna-Colony (Wileńska Kolonia Kolejowa), 143, 414Ո18 Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum, 400Ո37 Vilna ghetto, 80, 258, 285, 286, 295, 334-5, ՅՅ8,364, 366,373; adaptation to ghettoization, 359-60; as autonomous Jewish space, 354-5; books in, 98-9; cultural section of, 98-9; daily life in, 359-60; establishment of, 359; first ghetto, 98; gates of, 38-9; health and sanitation in, 99-101; hospital in, 69-70, 99-101,191; Jewish police in, Յ52-Յ, 396-7ПП,' journey to, 36-7; liberation of, 126; liquidation of, 51, 131, Յ27, Յ29, 345-6, 397Ո20, 412Ո138, 440Ո45; loss of 3,000 people, 98; map, xi; return to, 59-63; role of women in, 358; schools in, 88-93, Յ49; second ghetto, 50-1, 98; survivor testimonies, 341-2;
474 INDEX Sutzkever s writing in Black Book and, 332-3; Technical School in, 91; theatre in, 94,324,354,358, 404Ո72, 405Ո85; Union of Writers and Artists in, 348 Vilna Jewry, 365; adaptation to ghettoization, 334-5; destruction of, 261, 280-1,345-6,364,368 Vilna Old Age Home, 389-90Ո15 Vilna Party Committee, 182-3 Vilna Philharmonic, 238 Vilna Troupe, 396Ո7,405Ո84 Vilna-Warsaw rail line, 27 Viiner ernes (The Vilna Truth), 323, 343.388Ո3 Viiner tog (Vilna Daily), 392Ո28 Vilnius Dramatic Theatre, 371 Vilnius University, 7,9-10,13,43, 65,104,106, 321, 325,343.347.371. 399-400Ո35 Viskind, Max, 93, 404Ո71 Vitalin(a), Frida, 41, 60,396Ո7 Vitenberg, Itsik, 135,141,146,153-4, 162,164,167,173,181,185, 275,295, 417Ո46,418Ո50, 418Ո51; arrest of, 171; death of, 172; FPo and, 135, 169-72,197, 216,344,357,413Ո2; pseudonym Leon, 137; Vitenberg Affair, 369 Volger, Elkhonen, 407Ո97 Volkoviski, Aleksandr (Alik), 91,189, 403Ո63 Volmark, 98 Von Renteln, Adrian, 64,151 Voroshilov Brigade, 286,327 Vultz, 97 Wagner, Richard, 29-30,142-3 Warsaw, occupation of, 322 Warsaw Ghetto, 358 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 164, 333, 416Ո39 Wefel, Franz, 96 Weinreich, Max, 321,322 Weiss, Martin, 11, 27,32,43, 61—2, 64, 68,70-8, 76,78,113,131,190,194-6, 195,198, 204, 255,257, 258,389mi, 394Ո46 White Armbands, 9,388Ո7 “white permits,” 82-3 Wigotzky, Jacob. See Vigodski, Yankev Wilezanska, 163 Wilnaer Zeitung (German-language newspapers), 70 Winter Aid Committee, 83-4 Wirblis, 166 Wisse, Ruth, 353,355-6 Witos, 170,180 Witzenhausen, Yosef, 98,408Ո100 work permits, 46 writers, 8,23, 24,65, 95-9,162, 265-7, 269-71,275,
277,284,287-8,320, 323, 325, 327-30, 333-4, 337-8, 348, 368,370,372. See also art/artists; specific writers Wulff, Dr Gerhard, 102 Wulff, Horst, 43,72,157,401П43 Wygodski, Jacob. See Vigodski, Yankev Yad Vashem: The Black Book smuggled to, 447Ո104; Righteous among Nations, 399-400Ո35, 414-15Ո19,415Ո24,415Ո26,416Ո30 Yashunski, Grigory, 43 Yavrov, Mrs, 194 Yehoash (pen name of Shloyme Solomon Blumgarten). See Blumgarten, Shloyme (Solomon) (Yehoash) Yelin, Meir, 333,365-6, 4391140
INDEX Yiddish, бо; as mame-loshn, 270 Yiddish culture, 321-2; in Vilna, 320-1 Yiddish Literary Union (Warsaw; also Tlomackie 13; Association of Jewish Writers and Journalists in Warsaw) 475 Yugoslavia, number of Jews killed in, 254 Yung-Vilne (Young Vilna), 23,321-3, ЗЗ1.343.348,372.392-31131. Յ93Ո32. 406Ո94, 407Ո97,416Ո38 285, 424Ո8 Yiddish pen club, 321 Yiddish press, 323, 333,336,340,372 Yiddish self-expression, 266 Yiddish theatre, 93,94,324,340,354, 358,404Ո72,405Ո85 Yiddish wartime poetry, 349-50 Yiddish writers, 289,333; in Moscow, 288, 327,355; work sent abroad, 338-9. See also specific writers Yivo (Yiddish Scientific Institute), 41,63,104,115,189,216, 249,321-2, 343. 360, 365, 371, 388Ո5, 395Ո4, 395-6Ո5,417Ո43; Esther Rokhl Kaminska theatre museum, 167, 410Ո116; Ethnographic Committee, 409Ո109; in New York, 371, 395-6Ո5; Paper Brigade and, 325-6; Rosenberg Task Force (Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg) and, 164, 167,392-3Ո31, 395-6Ո5; theatre collection, 417Ո45; in Warsaw, 419-20Ո4 yivo-bleter, 395Ո4 Yizker-bikher, 340 Yogikhes kloyz, 396П10 Yokhai, Beri, 184 Ypatinga (Special Squad), 12-13,33-4. Zaleski, 146 Zalkind family, 133 Zalkindson, Dr, 97,114-16,189 Zalmanovitsh, Yankl, 133 Zalmen-Ber, 24 Zan, Tomasz, library of, 105 Zawadski, Josef, publishing house of, 104 Zehnpfennig, Adolf, 11, 255,388-9Ո8 Zeitungfür das deutsche Volk, 242 Žemaitis, Vladas, 411Ո126 Zhabinski, Tolye, 149 Zhdanov, Andrei, 273,372,426Ո20 Zhukovski, 195 Zilber, Reyzl, 157 Zilber, Sore, 157 Zilber sisters, 358 Zionism, 365,366, 414mi Zionist Revisionists (Beitar), 344 Zionists, 344, 413Ո4
Ziskovitsh, Lyube, 137,414П11 Žiugžda, Juozas, 369-70,437Ո24 Znamya (Banner), 338 Zorya, Nikolay, 250 Zuskin, Binyomin, 301, 432П10 Zusman, Herts, 121-2 Zweig, Stefan, 94, 96,404Ո76 64-5, 76, 80,121,162,194 Ypatingasis būrys, 346,389Ո12 Ґ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author | Suzkever, Abraham 1913-2010 |
| author2 | Cammy, Justin |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | j c jc |
| author_GND | (DE-588)119007371 (DE-588)1159260192 |
| author_facet | Suzkever, Abraham 1913-2010 Cammy, Justin |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Suzkever, Abraham 1913-2010 |
| author_variant | a s as |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047583524 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1291321341 (DE-599)BVBBV047583524 |
| era | Geschichte 1941-1944 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1941-1944 |
| format | Book |
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Cammy ; afterword by Justin D. Cammy and Avraham Novershtern</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Montreal ; Kingston ; London ; Chicago</subfield><subfield code="b">McGill-Queen's University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">[2021]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ix, 475 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Karten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"A Yiddish Book Center Translation.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Translation of: Fun Ṿilner geṭo</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Two Yiddish editions of Abraham Sutzkever's Vilna Ghetto were published in early 1946. One appeared in Moscow under the title From the Vilna Ghetto, and the other in Paris as Vilna Ghetto: 1941-1944. This translation is based on the Moscow edition, and cross-checked against the Paris edition for textual variants</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"In 1944, the Yiddish poet Abraham Sutzkever was airlifted to Moscow from the forest where he had spent the winter among partisan fighters. There he was encouraged by Ilya Ehrenburg, the most famous Soviet Jewish writer of his day, to write a memoir of his two years in the Vilna Ghetto. Now, seventy-five years after it appeared in Yiddish in 1946, Justin Cammy provides a full English translation of one of the earliest published memoirs of the destruction of the city known throughout the Jewish world as the Jerusalem of Lithuania. Based on his own experiences, his conversations with survivors, and his consultation with materials hidden in the ghetto and recovered after the liberation of his hometown, Sutzkever's memoir rests at the intersection of postwar Holocaust literature and history. He grappled with the responsibility to produce a document that would indict the perpetrators and provide an account of both the horrors and the resilience of Jewish life under Nazi rule. Cammy bases his translation on the two extant versions of the full text of the memoir and includes Sutzkever's diary notes and full testimony at the Nuremberg Trials in 1946. Fascinating reminiscences of leading Soviet Yiddish cultural figures Sutzkever encountered during his time in Moscow--Ehrenburg, Yiddish modernist poet Peretz Markish, and director of the State Yiddish Theatre Shloyme Mikhoels--reveal the constraints of the political environment in which the memoir was composed. 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| genre | (DE-588)4133254-4 Erlebnisbericht gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Erlebnisbericht |
| geographic | Vilnius (DE-588)5057560-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Vilnius |
| id | DE-604.BV047583524 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:33:58Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-29T00:07:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780228008996 9780228008927 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032968864 |
| oclc_num | 1291321341 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | ix, 475 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220304 DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | McGill-Queen's University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Suzkever, Abraham 1913-2010 Verfasser (DE-588)119007371 aut Fun Ṿilner geṭo From the Vilna Ghetto to Nuremberg memoir and testimony Abraham Sutzkever ; edited and translated by Justin D. Cammy ; afterword by Justin D. Cammy and Avraham Novershtern Montreal ; Kingston ; London ; Chicago McGill-Queen's University Press [2021] ix, 475 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "A Yiddish Book Center Translation. Translation of: Fun Ṿilner geṭo Two Yiddish editions of Abraham Sutzkever's Vilna Ghetto were published in early 1946. One appeared in Moscow under the title From the Vilna Ghetto, and the other in Paris as Vilna Ghetto: 1941-1944. This translation is based on the Moscow edition, and cross-checked against the Paris edition for textual variants "In 1944, the Yiddish poet Abraham Sutzkever was airlifted to Moscow from the forest where he had spent the winter among partisan fighters. There he was encouraged by Ilya Ehrenburg, the most famous Soviet Jewish writer of his day, to write a memoir of his two years in the Vilna Ghetto. Now, seventy-five years after it appeared in Yiddish in 1946, Justin Cammy provides a full English translation of one of the earliest published memoirs of the destruction of the city known throughout the Jewish world as the Jerusalem of Lithuania. Based on his own experiences, his conversations with survivors, and his consultation with materials hidden in the ghetto and recovered after the liberation of his hometown, Sutzkever's memoir rests at the intersection of postwar Holocaust literature and history. He grappled with the responsibility to produce a document that would indict the perpetrators and provide an account of both the horrors and the resilience of Jewish life under Nazi rule. Cammy bases his translation on the two extant versions of the full text of the memoir and includes Sutzkever's diary notes and full testimony at the Nuremberg Trials in 1946. Fascinating reminiscences of leading Soviet Yiddish cultural figures Sutzkever encountered during his time in Moscow--Ehrenburg, Yiddish modernist poet Peretz Markish, and director of the State Yiddish Theatre Shloyme Mikhoels--reveal the constraints of the political environment in which the memoir was composed. Both shocking and moving in its intensity, From the Vilna Ghetto returns readers to a moment when the scale of the Holocaust was first coming into focus, through the eyes of one survivor who attempted to make sense of daily life, resistance, and death in the ghetto."-- Geschichte 1941-1944 gnd rswk-swf Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 gnd rswk-swf Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd rswk-swf Vilnius (DE-588)5057560-0 gnd rswk-swf Sutzkever, Abraham / 1913-2010 Jews / Persecutions / Lithuania / Vilnius Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) / Lithuania / Vilnius / Personal narratives World War, 1939-1945 / Underground movements / Lithuania / Vilnius World War, 1939-1945 / Lithuania / Vilnius / Personal narratives, Jewish Vilnius (Lithuania) / Ethnic relations Ethnic relations Jews / Persecutions Underground movements, War Lithuania / Vilnius 1939-1945 Autobiographies Personal narratives Personal narratives / Jewish (DE-588)4133254-4 Erlebnisbericht gnd-content Vilnius (DE-588)5057560-0 g Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 s Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 s Geschichte 1941-1944 z DE-604 Cammy, Justin (DE-588)1159260192 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ePDF 978-0-228-01043-2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ePUB 978-0-228-01044-9 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032968864&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032968864&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Suzkever, Abraham 1913-2010 From the Vilna Ghetto to Nuremberg memoir and testimony Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 gnd Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4157319-5 (DE-588)4028814-6 (DE-588)5057560-0 (DE-588)4133254-4 |
| title | From the Vilna Ghetto to Nuremberg memoir and testimony |
| title_alt | Fun Ṿilner geṭo |
| title_auth | From the Vilna Ghetto to Nuremberg memoir and testimony |
| title_exact_search | From the Vilna Ghetto to Nuremberg memoir and testimony |
| title_exact_search_txtP | From the Vilna Ghetto to Nuremberg memoir and testimony |
| title_full | From the Vilna Ghetto to Nuremberg memoir and testimony Abraham Sutzkever ; edited and translated by Justin D. Cammy ; afterword by Justin D. Cammy and Avraham Novershtern |
| title_fullStr | From the Vilna Ghetto to Nuremberg memoir and testimony Abraham Sutzkever ; edited and translated by Justin D. Cammy ; afterword by Justin D. Cammy and Avraham Novershtern |
| title_full_unstemmed | From the Vilna Ghetto to Nuremberg memoir and testimony Abraham Sutzkever ; edited and translated by Justin D. Cammy ; afterword by Justin D. Cammy and Avraham Novershtern |
| title_short | From the Vilna Ghetto to Nuremberg |
| title_sort | from the vilna ghetto to nuremberg memoir and testimony |
| title_sub | memoir and testimony |
| topic | Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 gnd Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Getto Judenverfolgung Vilnius Erlebnisbericht |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032968864&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032968864&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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