The case for Latvia: disinformation campaigns against a small nation : fourteen hard questions and straight answers about a Baltic country
What do we know about Latvia and the Latvians? A Baltic (not Balkan) nation that emerged from fifty years under the Soviet Union - interrupted by a brief but brutal Nazi-German occupation and a devastating war - now a member of the European Union and NATO. Yes, but what else? Relentless accusations...
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Amsterdam ; New York, NY
Rodopi
2014
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| Ausgabe: | Expanded second edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | On the boundary of two worlds
15 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | What do we know about Latvia and the Latvians? A Baltic (not Balkan) nation that emerged from fifty years under the Soviet Union - interrupted by a brief but brutal Nazi-German occupation and a devastating war - now a member of the European Union and NATO. Yes, but what else? Relentless accusations keep appearing, especially in Russian media, often repeated in the West: "Latvian soldiers single-handedly saved Lenin's revolution in 1917", "Latvians killed Tsar Nikolai II and the Royal family", "Latvia was a thoroughly anti-Semitic country and Latvians started killing Jews even before the Germans arrived in 1941", "Nazi revival is rampant in today's Latvia", "The Russian minority is persecuted in Latvia. . ." True, false or in-between? The Finnish journalist and author Jukka Rislakki examines charges like these and provides an outline of Latvia's recent history while attempting to separate documented historical fact from misinformation and deliberate disinformation. His analysis helps to explain why the Baltic States (population 7 million) consistently top the enemy lists in public opinion polls of Russia (143 million). His knowledge of the Baltic languages allows him to make use of local sources and up-to-date historical research. He is a former Baltic States correspondent for Finland's largest daily newspaper Helsingin Sanomat and the author of several books on Finnish and Latvian history. As a neutral, experienced and often critical observer, Rislakki is uniquely qualified for the task of separating truth from fiction. |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | 316 Seiten Illustrationen (schwarz-weiß) 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789042038776 9789042038783 |
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Contents Prologue 11 · Misinformation, Disinformation? Questions and Answers 35 · 1. Are minorities, especially the Russians, discriminated against in Latvia? Is it very difficult for them to become citizens? Do they have political rights? 53 · 2. Are the Russians denied the right to use their language in Latvian society and in the schools? 65 · 3. Were the Baltic lands a small, underdeveloped province in a far corner of Europe, to which Germans, Swedes, Poles, and Russians brought religion, culture, and well-being and where no prerequisites for independence existed? 79 · 4. Did the Latvian Reds help Lenin seize power in Russia? Did they help to murder the Russian royal family? 87 · 5. Was Latvia granted independence as a present? Was the War of Independence an exaggerated myth? Was it a series of minor skirmishes that the Latvians were able to win with foreign help? 95 · 6. Why did the Latvians not resist the Soviet army’s taking over their country in 1940? Did the people carry out an anti-bourgeois, anti fascist revolution, after which Latvia joined the Soviet Union legally, by means of elections?
109 · 7. Did Latvians murder their Jews in 1941? How anti-Semitic is and was Latvia? 127 »8. Why did tens of thousands of Latvian volunteers fight in the SS troops, and why are SS veterans still allowed to march on the streets of Riga instead of being brought to justice? 143 · 9. Did the Soviet Union occupy Latvia? Were the Latvians victims of genocide? 157 · 10. Did the Latvians succumb to Soviet power, cooperate with the Communist authorities, and start their independence movement only after the Lithuanians and Estonians had begun theirs? 173 · 11. Has Latvia always belonged to Russia and benefited from it? Is it a strategically indispensable area for Russia? 181 · 12. Shouldn’t Latvia be grateful for factories, houses, schools, roads, and harbors built during the Soviet era? Shouldn’t it pay compensation as well? 193 · 13. Has Latvia been unwilling to establish good relations with neighboring Russia? Does Latvia champion an intransigent, hostile line toward Russia in the European Union, and did it decline a border agreement with Russia? Does it demand that Russia hand over some border areas to it? 205 · 14. Have the new leaders of Latvia privatized state property for their own use and are they guilty of massive corruption while the majority of the people live in poverty? 211 · 15. Soft Power, Pressure and Disinformation. Epilogue 2014 235 · Acknowledgements 245 · Notes 297 · Bibliography 307 · Index
Bibliography 303 Myllyniemi, Seppo (1997) Consequences of the Hitler-Stalin Pact for the Baltic Republics and Finland. In Bernd Wegner (ed.) From Peace to War: Ger many, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939-1941. Providence: Berghahn Books. Neiburgs, Uldis (2005) Western Allies in Latvian Public Opinion and Nazi Pro paganda. In Nollendorfs Oberländer (ed.). Nesaule, Agate (1995) A Woman in Amber. Healing the Trauma of War and Exile. New York: Soho. Niiniluoto, Marja and others (1991) Suomi, suuriruhtinaanmaa [Grand Duchy Finland], Helsinki: Tammi. Nollendorfs, Valters Oberländer, Erwin (ed.) (2005) The Hidden and Forbid den History of Latvia under Soviet and Nazi Occupations 1940-1991. Se lected Research of the Commission of the Historians of Latvia. Riga: Insti tute on the History of Latvia. ---------; Neiburgs, Uldis (2006) Latvians in the Armed Forces of Germany in the Second World War. Briefing Paper 1. Riga: The Museum of the Occupation of Latvia. Also: http://www.li.lv/index.php?option=com_content task=vie w8dd=139 Itemid=452. Okupācijas varu nodarītie postījumi Latvijā 1940-1990 (2001) [Devastation Caused by the Occupying Powers in Latvia]. Stockholm, Toronto Riga: Memento Daugavas Vanagi. Pavloviče, Juris (2005) Change of Occupation Powers in Latvia in Summer 1941. In Nollendorfs Oberländer (ed.). Pelkaus, Elmars (ed.) (1999) Okupācijas varu politika Latvijā 1939-1991 [The Occupying States’ Politics in Latvia]. Riga: Nordik. Petersone, Inta (1999) Latvijas Brīvības cīņas 1918-1920. Enciklopēdija. [Latvian War of Independence]. Riga: Preses nams. Petrov, N.V. and
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304 The Case for Latvia Pumpurs, Andrejs, The Bear Slayer, transi. Arthur Cropley, 2006. Project Guten berg www.gutenberg.org/etext/17445 Radzinsky, Edward (1992) The Last Czar: The Life and Death ofNicholas II. New York: Doubleday. Report of the Select Committee to Investigate Communist Aggression and the Forced Incorporation of the Baltic States into the U.S.S.R. (1954). House of Repre sentatives. 83. Congress. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. Represēto Saraksts (1995) [The List of the Repressed]. Latvian State Archives (LVA). Riekstiņš, Jānis (2004) Die Befreiung der deportierten Einwohner Lettlands von der Sonderansielung (1953-1959). In Ērglis (ed.). --------- і (2005a) Colonization and Russification of Latvia 1940-1989. In Nollendorfs Oberländer (ed.). ------ —. (2005b) The 14 June 1941 Deportation in Latvia. In Nollendorfs Ober länder (ed.). Rislaki, Juka (2003) Kluso slēpotāju zeme Somija [Finland, the Land of Silent Ski ers]. Riga: Valters un Rapa. --------- . (2004) Kur beidzas varavīksne. Krišjānis Berķis un Hilma Lehtonena [Where the Rainbow Ends]. Rīga: Jumava. Rislakki, Jukka (2004) Latvia - maa, jota Eurooppa ei ymmärrä. In 10 uutta tuli jaa. Euroopan unioni - erilaisia yhdessä [10 New Members of the EU], Hel sinki: Ulkoministeriö. --------- . (2005a) Latvian kohtalonvuodet. [Latvia’s Fateful Years], Helsinki: SKS. --------- ; (2005b) Latvian ja Venäjän suhteet uudessa aallonpohjassa [LatvianRussian Relations at a New Low]. Rozentals-seuran vuosikirja. Helsinki. --------- . (2005c) Fasisteja ja kuivattuja suolakaloja [Fascists and Dried Salt
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Publishers 2005. Also: http://www.parliament.ee/public/Riigikogu/1heWhiteBook.pdf Vïksne, Rudīte (2005a) Soviet Repressions against Residents of Latvia in 19401941: Typical Trends. In Nollendorfs Oberländer (ed.). --------- . (2005b) Members of the Arājs Commando in Soviet Court Files. In Nol lendorfs Oberländer (ed.). Wiłkomirski, Binjamin (1995) Bruchstücke. Frankfurt am Main: Jüdischer Verlag. Visuri, Pekka (2006) Suomi kylmässä sodassa [Finland in the Cold War]. Helsin ki: Otava. Vitols Dixon, Nadine (2005) Le Parcours de une vie: Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga, Prési dente de Lettonie. Rīga: Pētergailis. --------- ; (2006) Meripihkahelmi povella. Latvian presidentti Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga [An Amber Jewel on Her Breast]. Rīga: Pētergailis. Wyman, Mark (1998) DPs. Europe’s Displaced Persons. Ithaca: Cornell Universi ty Press.
Bibliography 307 Yourcenar, Marguerite (1986) Der Fangschuss. München: Carl Hanser Verlag. Yourcenar, Marguerite (1988) Armonlaukaus. Helsinki: WSOY. Zetterberg, Seppo (2006) Ihmisyysrikokset Virossa 1940-1945 [Crimes against Humanity in Estonia]. Kanava no. 8 Zunda, Antonijs (2005) Resistance against Nazi German Occupation in Latvia. In Nollendorfs 8c Oberländer (ed.)
Index A Abrene 44,144,148,178,179,184, 199,202 Abkhazia 228 Afanasyev, Yuri 178 Afghanistan 23,95,186 AFP 216 Aftenposten 139 Alexander II 69 Alexander III 72,176 Alksnis, Ingrida 28 Alksnis, Ivar 28 Alksnis, Jakov (Jēkabs) 83 Al-Qaida 12 Amis, Kingsley 28 Amnesty International 58,63,220,222 Amnuel, Grigory 22 Ancãns, Ilmārs 209 Anders, Edward 110,112,206,243 Andersons, Edgars 68 Angrick, Andrej 116 Anninsky, Lev 77 Arājs, Viktors 117,118,119,122,123, 134 Araloff, Simon 12,177,190 Associated Press 140 Atlantic Charter 149 Auschwitz 26,124,197,198 Austria 21, 111, 190 Azerbaijan 223 В Bäckman, Johan 24, 221 Baltic German 20,27, 69, 70, 72, 90, 91,93,113,157 Baltic Times, The 13,202 Baltische Landeswehr 90,91 Bangerskis, Rūdolfs 82 Bankovskis, Pauls 13 BBC 51,52,77, 138,139,221 Beevor, Anthony 144 Belarus 20,44,45,53,113,116,117, 123, 164,187,195, 222 Belgium 92 Bellow, Saul 115 Bergs, Arveds 97 Beria, Lavrentii 162,163 Berklavs, Eduards 163
Index Berlin 19,29,84,108,114,118,130,134 Berliner Zeitung 215 Bermondt-Avalov, Pavel 91 Berzarins, Nikolai 84 Berzins, Eduard 84 Bērziņš, Jānis 83 Bērziņš, Uldis 158 Biķernieki 119 Bildt, Carl 196 Bishkek 212 Bleiere, Daina 187 Bluķis, Uldis 243 Blum, Howard 135 Bradford, Richatd 142 Brazauskas, Algirdas 167 Brest-Litovsk 89,144,145,174 Buchenwald 124,125 Bush, George Sr. 171 Bush, George W. 20,21,40,41,197 Butler, Hubert 69,181 Butulis, Ilgvars 81 c Čakste, Konstantins 131 Călite, Aija 139,140 Canada 19,24,110,135 caricatura.ru 196 Carpenter, Ted Galen 36 Castells, Manuel 5,13 Cato Institute 36 Caucasus 134,155 Cēsis 90 CIS 231,232 Charles, Prince 39 Chatham House 225,226 Cheka 24,79, 83,84,109 Chernobyl 167,186 Chubais, Anatoli 12 Churchill, Winston 150 309 Council of Europe 40,41,49,137, 141,155,187,195,200 Courland, Duchy of Courland 68,72, 75,84, 89,111,113,120,134, 176,183,184 CPSU, Commulist Party of the Soviet Union 39,151 Crimea 213,214,218,229,233 Czechoslovakia 36,95,108, 111 D Dagens Nyheter 18,164 Daily Telegraph 53, 54,173 Dankers, Oskars 114,128 Daugava 20,67,91,125,135,142,186 Daugavas Vanagi 125,135,142 Daugavpils 20,48,119 Daukšts, Kārlis 226 Davies, Norman 19,157,178 Deighton, Len 29 Denikin, Anton 83, 84 Denmark 146,182,190 Dershowitz, Alan 236 Devils in Amber 220 Dombrovskis, Valdis 211, 212,223 Dribins, Leo 63,143 Ducmanis, Pauls 135 Dzerzhinsky, Feliks 83 E Economist, The 59,95,178, 210, 237 Edinaya Rossiya 230 Eglīte, Pārsla 44,161 Ekeus, Rolf 49 Eksteins, Modris 24,25,27, 85,115 Encyclopaedia Britannica 150,239 Estonia 11,13,15,18,21,22,23,29,
30,35, 36, 37, 38, 39,40,41,
310 The Case for Latvia 42.45, 47,49, 54, 56, 58, 59, 65, 66, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 90, 92,98, 100,102,103,106,113,125, 127, 130, 137, 147,148,150, 157,159, 161, 163,165,167, 168,169,174,175,178, 180,187 190,193,195,198,199,200, 201.202.213.214.218.219, 222,228, 229,231,232,233 Estonian Institute 15 Eurasian Union 224 Euro 213 European Court 39,156 European Parliament 54,198,202, 212,214,215,217 European Union (EU) 14,15,16,18, 19, 35,40,45, 49, 54, 60, 77,137, 138,139,141, 177,178,183,193, 194,195,199, 200, 201, 202, 208, 213.216.219, 220 Euro-zone 212 Evropa 124 Ezergailis, Andrew 19,24,112,120, 123,125,135,217, 242 F Falin, Valentin 24 Ferguson, Niall 182 Finland 11,12,14,16,18,21,23, 25, 29.45, 54, 56, 58,60,65,69, 72, 74, 82, 83, 95, 97, 98, 99,100, 102,103,105,106,107, 108, ПО, 130,133,134,138,157,176,177, 180,182,183,187,190,200,201, 214, 221, 222, 224, 231, 235,238, 243 Fo, Dario 216 France 14,110,116,147,214 Fredén, Lars 18,191 Freedom House 23 Freikorps 26,90 Freimanis, Jānis 158 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 213 Frankfurter Rundschau 215 G Gambia 68,183 Garton Ash, Timothy 214 Gauss, Christian 189 Gazprom 12 Geneva Convention 39,155 Georgia 20,23,49, 83,137,194,202, 219,222,228,229,232 Ģermānis, Uldis 84 Germany 15,19,21,24,25,26,30,37, 44,45, 56,67,70, 73,76, 77,80, 81,89,90,91,93,98,99,100, 102,105,107,110,111,113,114, 118,120,122,124,128,130,132, 133,134,136,141,143,144,146, 156,158,160,165,174,180,190, 197,200,201,215,216,217,218, 230,236,239,242 Gestapo 24,132 Gilman, Aleksandr 61,160,212 Goble, Paul 238 Goldhagen, Daniel 115,118 Golos Rossii 212,220 Goltz,
Rüdiger von der 74, 84,90,91 Gorbachev, Mihail 76,124,167,169, 170,171,214 Gorbunovs, Anatolijs 165 Gordon, Frank 81,135,243 Göteborgs-Posten 36 Great Britain 15,25,107,116,123, 147,149,150,151,160,173,174, 214,221 Greene, Graham 37
Index Grigas, Agnia 225,226 Guardian, The 37,38,214,215,216 Gustavs, Erlands Uldis 243 311 Innocent III 66 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 211 Irish Times, The 81,140 H J Hague Convention 113,128,155 Halonen, Tarja 201 Harding, Luke 215,226,228 Harmony 212, 213, 217, 220, 223, 228 Helsingin Sanomat 53,200,221 Henning, Detlef 29,70, 80 Henricus de Lettis 66 Herder, Johann Gotfried 67 Heunert, Iwan von 113 Heydrich, Reinhard 114 Hilberg, Raul 116 Himmler, Heinrich 113,114,119,127 Hitler, Adolf 26,27,36,42, 74, 75, 80, 90, 93,98,100,102,103,114, 115,127,128,130,131,132,141, 142,144,146,156,159,175,176, 190,197,200,215,221,222 Holland 15,183 Hollender, Pål 18 Hollywood 29 Holocaust 15,16,20,25,41,109,113, 114,115,116,122,127,134,135, 136,140,169,217,240,242 Holodomor 230 Höss, Rudolf 26,27 Hungary 190 Huntington, Samuel 177 Hussein, Saddam 12 Hvostov, Andrei 70 I Ilves, Toomas Henrik 202,213 Jacob, Duke of Courland 68,75 Jakobson, Max 203 James, Lawrence 182 Japan 139,175 Jeckeln, Friedrich 117,118,119 John Paul II 235 Juncker, Jean-Claude 199 Jūrmala 38, 59,158,167,173,209, 223,241,243 К Kabanov, Nikolai 146,212 Kalējs, Konrāds 123 Kālis, Mārtiņš 64 Kalniete, Sandra 170,217 Kalniņš, Ojārs 16 Kalyuzhny, Viktor 79,95,146,181 Kapuscinski, Ryszard 79, 95,146,181, 232 Karaganov, Sergey 229 Karlsson, Klas-Göran 136 Katyn 125,147 Kaufmann, Max 115 Keegan, John 129,130 Kekkonen, Urho 235 Kelam, Tunne 54 Kennan, George 194 Kettler, Jakob (Duke Jacob) 68 KGB 29, 30, 63, 94, 120,125,135,144, 163,195, 207, 217, 235 Khrushchev, Nikita 163,217
312 The Case for Latvia Kirchensteins, Augusts 103 Kirov, Sergei 105 Kiselyov, Dmitry 221 Klein, Peter 116 Klinge, Matti 14,73 KM.ru 137 KNĀB 208,241 Kohl, Johann 11 Kolbre, Tiit 201 Kolchak, Aleksandr 84 Kolyma 84 Kommersant 227 Komsomolskaya Pravda 218 Kononov, Vasili 222 Kozyrev, Andrei 174 Krēsliņš, Jānis 70, 82,131, 243 Kruglov, Sergej 160 Krupnikovs, Pēteris 117 Kvaternik, Sladko, Marshall 26 Kyiv (Kiev) 135,218,224,268, 270, 283 88, 89,92,105,152 Lestene 137,139 Lévy, Bernard-Henri 216 Liepāja 97,100, ПО, 120 Lieven, Anatol 20, 36,166,169 Lipstadt, Deborh 116 Lithuania 11,12,13,16,19,20,23, 24, 26, 38, 42,45, 69, 73,75, 92, 98,100,103,109,119,127, 128, 148,150,157,159,161,165,167, 168,169,170,176,187,189,190, 207,208,216, 218,221,222,223, 231,232,239 Livonia 66,67,68, 69, 70, 72, 80,90, 176 Lohse, Hinrich 118 Lotman, Mihail 200 Lucas, Edward 95,178,222,224,225, 231,237 Luther, Martin 66 Luxemburg 199 Luzhkov, Juri 22 L M Lancmanis, Imants 70,93 Landeswehr 90,91 Latgale 91,176 Lattelecom 227 Latvian Central Council (LCP) 131, 160 Lavrov, Sergei 12,195,224 Lazda, Paulis 243 League of Nations 98,108 Legion, Latvian 15,41,127,128,129, 130,132,134,135,136,137,138, 140,141,215,216,217 Lejiņš, Atis 236 Le Monde 63 Leningrad 118,176,215 Lenin, V.I. 24, 79,80, 81,82, 83, 85, Magnitsky, Sergei 223 Maidan 218 Mäkelä, Jarmo 221 Mankeli, Henning 29 Mannerheim, C.G.E. 83,112,130, 133,201 Mäntyharju 82 Markov Sergei 218 Matisa, Vita 240 Mawdsley, Evan 81 Medij ainen, Eero 180 Medvedev, Dmitry 219,225, 228,230 Melenchon, Jean-Luc 19 Merkel, Garlieb 68 Mežs, Ilmārs 44
Index Miliband, David 214 Milosz, Czeslaw 67 Mitrofanova, Eleonora 23 Moldova 45,137 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact 100,147, 156,189,201,217,230 Molotov, Vyacheslav 152,176,198 The Moscow News 39 Myllyniemi, Seppo 214 N Nagy, Imre 85 Narotshnika, Natalia 181 NATO 12,19, 20, 36,49, 77,139,175, 177,178,193,194,195, 199, 213, 219, 220, 226 Navalnyi, Aleksei 221 Nesaule, Agate 25 New Statesman 16 Newsweek 48 New Yorker 31,73 New York Times 30,38,56, 93,236 Nicholas II 85 Niedra, Andrievs 88 NKVD 107,109,125,133,147 Nollendorfs, Valters 243 Norillag 124 Norway 15,43,44,69,238 Novgorod 66,178,229 Nuremberg 120,122,125,132,136, 138,141,147 Nye, Joseph 224 O Oberländer, Erwin 152 Ochsner, Gina 31 Oksanen, Sofi 219,239 Orwell, George 11,219,239 313 OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation ir Europe) 40,49, 60,195 OSS (Office of Strategic Services) 133 Ossetia 228 Ozoliņš, Andrejs 243 P Padomju Jaunatne 84 Paju, Imbi 239 Pastuhov, Vladimir 227 PBK 227 PCTVL (Par cilvēka tiesībām vienotā Latvijā) 36,61,212 Pelkaus, Elmārs 242 Pelle, Arvīds 84,163 Peniķis, Jānis 19,243 Pērkoņkrusts 30,96,111 Peter the Great 221 Peters, Jānis 165 Peters, Jēkabs 83 Piłsudski, Jozef 83 Plakans, Andrejs 238,242,243 Poland 20,26,44, 68, 83, 98,100,116, 147,150,175,176,196, 200, 202, 208, 221,225 Pol Pot 23 Poltava 221 Potsdam 150 PR Newswire 220 Pravda 98,198,218 Priedītis, Andris 243 Pskov 66,178,179 Pūriņš, Äris 88 Pushkin, Alexandr 77 Putin, Vladimir 23, 35,41,42,47, 53, 124,133,138,144,145,156,170, 174,175,178,189,190,195,197, 199,200, 201, 202,211, 218, 219,
314 The Case for Latvia 220, 221,222,224, 225,226,228, 229,230,233 Pytalovo 178,179,184 R Radzinski, Eduard 85 RCTV Russian TV Channel 141 Reagan, Ronald 40,170 Reinholds, Vairis 82 Reporteurs sans frontières 23 Repše, Einārs 13 Reuđerink, Ronald 162 Reuters 132 Ribbentrop, Joachim von 96 Richter, Hans-Werner 28 Rīgas Balss 87 Rogozin, Dmitry 226 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 149,150,173 Rosenberg, Alfred 27, 74, 82 Rosenfield, Harry 132 Rothko, Mark 20 Royal Court Theatre 215 RT 220,221,228 RTR Russian TV Channel 35 Rumbula 118,119 Russell, Ken 29 Rubiks, Alfreds 212 Russia 12,14,19,20, 22,23,24,26, 27, 35, 36, 37, 40,43,44,45,46, 47,48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 63,68,69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83,84, 85, 88,89,90, 91,93, 95, 96,99,100,110,124,131, 133,136,137,138,141,142,143, 144,145,146, 148,149,151,163, 165,171,173,174,175,176,177, 178,179,180,182,183,184,186, 188,189,190,191,193,194,195, 196,197,198,199,200,201,202, 203,208,212,213,214,215,216, 217,218,219,220,221,222,223, 224,225,226,227,228,229,230, 231,232,236,238,239,241,242 Russia Today 24,221 Russian World (Russkij Mir) 224 Rüütel, Arnold 167 s Saeima 94, 96,207,211,212,213,217, 239,240 Sakharov, Andrei 173 Salaspils 41,123,124,125 Salisbury, Harrison 30 Sanskrit 38,67 Saskaņas Centrs: see Harmony Centre 212,213,217,220,223,228 Satter, David 225,227,228 Sazonov, A. A. 24 SD (Sicherheitsdienst) 81,118,119, 132,134 Sebastian, Tim 52 Sechin, Igor 226 Semjonovs Sandijs 218 Serbia 15, 92 Sherbak, Andrei 215 Sherr, James 226 Shirer, William 159 Siberia 30,31,44,84,158,161,212 Silgailis, Arturs 131 Simenon, Georges 28
Sinn Fein 51 Sky 221 Šķēle, Andris 207,209 Šlesers, Ainārs 209 Slovakia 208 Šneidere, Irene 145,155 Soft power 211,223,224,225,226 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 24,79,84,175
Index Soros Foundation 241 South Ossetia 228 Soviet Russia 40,79,83,89,91,145, 148,176 Soviet Union 11,23,24,30,42,44,45, 49,53, 59,76, 77,79, 80,81,83, 84, 85,94,95,96,98, 99,100, 102,103,104,105,106,107,108, 111,113,114,120,123,125,133, 134,136,141,143,144,145,146, 147,148,149,150,151,154,155, 156,159,160,163,164,167,168, 169,170,171,173,174,175,176, 178,179,180,181,182,183,185, 186,187,188,189,191,197,203, 206,212,217,218,219,220,223, 225,226,228,229,230, 231,232, 235,241,242 Shoygu, Sergei 226 Spekke, Arnolds 26,76 Spekke, Claudia 243 Spiegel, Der 38,216 Spiegel, Boris 222 Sruoga, Balys 28 SS (Schutzstaffel) 16,19,20,22,41, 42, 52, 81,114,117,118,120, 127,129,130,132,134,138,139, 141.215.216 Stahlecker, F. W. 117,118,119 Stalingrad 127 Stalin, Yosif 27, 83,84, 85,95,99,100, 105,106,127,130,134,136,143, 144,147,149,150,151, 152,154, 156,159,161,162,164,173,174, 175,177,187,190,197, 200, 201, 215,222,231,232 St. Petersburg 23,63,81,91,176,183, 190.216 St. Petersburg Times 190 Stranga, Aivars 17,85,114,154 315 Stratfor 222,223 Stritzky, Erich von 76 Strods, Heinrihs 154,165,166,167, 189,239 Stutthof concentration camp 120,124 SVR227 Sweden 14,18,19,21,26,29, 56,68, 73,110,136,151,158,176,196, 221,238 Switzerland ПО T Tacitus 65 Tajikistan 23,47, 50 Teheran 149,174 Teikmanis, Andris 22 Tallinn 15,200,218,222 TB/LNNK 215,217 Times, The (London) 20,173 Timoshenko, Semyon 151 Tolstoy, Lev 77 Toynbee, Arnold 177 Transparency International 208 Trenin, Dmitri 80,201 Trinidad and Tobago 183 Trotsky, Lev 83 Trudeau, Pierre 58 Trūps, Aloizs Lauris 85 Turkey 54 Turkmenistan 23,223
TVC 216 U Ukraine 45,116,117,118,137,175, 194, 202,214,218, 221, 222, 229 Ulmanis, Kārlis ЗО, 70,73, 87,88, 90, 93,96, 97, 98,100,102,103,104, 105,106,107,108, 111, 141,146,
316 The Case for Latvia 148,160 UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) 188,208 United Nations 39,146,149,152 UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Re habilitation Administration) 132 Urbanovičs, Jänis 212 USA 69,91,110,147,149,150,160, 167,226 Ushakov, Nil 228 V Vācietis, Jukums 83 Vadim 215 Valdai Club 229 Valdmanis, Alfreds 128 Ventspils Nafta 12 Verne, Jules 28 Versia 190 Vesti Segodna 61,139 Vihavainen, Timo 221 Viķe-Freiberga,Vaira 52,77,195,196, 197,198,202,205,206,210,242 Vìksne, Rudīte 117 Vilnius (Vilna) 135,165,227 Visuri, Pekka 170,180 Vladikavkaz 212 Vladivostok 212 Voice of Russia (Golos Rossii) 220 Voitkus Lukina, Maruta 243 Voroshilov, Kliment 100 Vulfsons, Mavriks 147,152 Vyatlag 124 Vyshinski, Andrei 104 w Waffen-SS 19,40,112,127,128,129, 130,132,133,140,141, 215, 216 Wagner, Richard 27 Washington 20,150,170 Washington Post 24, 38 Weiss, Stephen 132 Welles, Sumner 149 WHO (World Health Organization) 183 Wiesel, Elie 125,216 Wiesenthal Center 21,122 Wiłkomirski, Binjamin 116 Wilson, Woodrow 89 World Without Nazism 222 Y Yalta Conference 150 Yanayev, Gennady 170 Yandex.ru 216 Yanukovych, Viktor 224 Yekaterinburg 85 Yeltsin, Boris 36,95,169,170,177, 178,189,201,222,229 YouTube 221 Yourcenar, Marguerite 27 Yudenich, Nikolai 84 Yugoslavia 38 z Zatlers, Valdis 221 Ždanoka, Tatjana 212 Zeidenbergs, Gints 243 Zeit, Die 38 Zellis, Kaspars 154 Žīgure, Anna 243 Zubov, Andrei 190 Zhukov Aleksandr 225 Zuroff, Efraim 21,122,123,216 Bayerisch# ì etaatsbtbitetW* І MQBObO J |
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Contents Prologue 11 · Misinformation, Disinformation? Questions and Answers 35 · 1. Are minorities, especially the Russians, discriminated against in Latvia? Is it very difficult for them to become citizens? Do they have political rights? 53 · 2. Are the Russians denied the right to use their language in Latvian society and in the schools? 65 · 3. Were the Baltic lands a small, underdeveloped province in a far corner of Europe, to which Germans, Swedes, Poles, and Russians brought religion, culture, and well-being and where no prerequisites for independence existed? 79 · 4. Did the Latvian Reds help Lenin seize power in Russia? Did they help to murder the Russian royal family? 87 · 5. Was Latvia granted independence as a present? Was the War of Independence an exaggerated myth? Was it a series of minor skirmishes that the Latvians were able to win with foreign help? 95 · 6. Why did the Latvians not resist the Soviet army’s taking over their country in 1940? Did the people carry out an anti-bourgeois, anti fascist revolution, after which Latvia joined the Soviet Union legally, by means of elections?
109 · 7. Did Latvians murder their Jews in 1941? How anti-Semitic is and was Latvia? 127 »8. Why did tens of thousands of Latvian volunteers fight in the SS troops, and why are SS veterans still allowed to march on the streets of Riga instead of being brought to justice? 143 · 9. Did the Soviet Union occupy Latvia? Were the Latvians victims of genocide? 157 · 10. Did the Latvians succumb to Soviet power, cooperate with the Communist authorities, and start their independence movement only after the Lithuanians and Estonians had begun theirs? 173 · 11. Has Latvia always belonged to Russia and benefited from it? Is it a strategically indispensable area for Russia? 181 · 12. Shouldn’t Latvia be grateful for factories, houses, schools, roads, and harbors built during the Soviet era? Shouldn’t it pay compensation as well? 193 · 13. Has Latvia been unwilling to establish good relations with neighboring Russia? Does Latvia champion an intransigent, hostile line toward Russia in the European Union, and did it decline a border agreement with Russia? Does it demand that Russia hand over some border areas to it? 205 · 14. Have the new leaders of Latvia privatized state property for their own use and are they guilty of massive corruption while the majority of the people live in poverty? 211 · 15. Soft Power, Pressure and Disinformation. Epilogue 2014 235 · Acknowledgements 245 · Notes 297 · Bibliography 307 · Index
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306 The Case for Latvia Plans]. Latvijas kara muzeja gadagrāmata IV. (In Estonian in Eesti ajalooarhiivi toimetised 9. Tartu 2003.) Tanskanen, Aatos (1978) Venäläiset Suomen sisällissodassa vuonna 1918 [Rus sians in the Finnish Civil War], Acta Universitatis Tamperensis, ser A, voi 91. Terras, Aleksander (1989) Baltikumi rahvaste vaimse vabanemise lühikrooni ka [A Short Chronicle of the Spiritual Liberation of the Baltic Nations]. Stockholm: Eesti Rahvusnõukogu. These Names Accuse: Nominal list of Latvians deported to Soviet Russia in 194041 (1982). Stockholm: Latvian National Foundation. Toivanen, Erkki (2006) Imperiumien paluu historiaan [The Return of Empires to History], Kanava no. 7. Treijs, Rihards (2006) Latvijas ģenerāļi. Rīga: Latvijas Vēstneša bibliotēka. Trotter, William R. (2000) Frozen Hell. Chapel НШ: Algonquin Books. Tuompo, W.E. (1918) Suomen jääkärit [The Finnish Jäger-movement]. Jyväsky lä: Gummerus. Valsts valoda Latvijā/Official State Language in Latvia/ Gosudarstvennyi jazyk v Latvii (1992). Rīga. We Accuse (1985). Stockholm: Latvian National Foundation. Weinberg, Gerhard (1994) A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Verne, Jules (1983) Tsaarin kuriiri [The Czar’s Courier]. Helsinki: WSOY 1983. Vestermanis, Marģers (1998) Retter im Lande der Handlanger. In Benz, Wolf gang Wetzel, Juliane (ed.) Solidarität und Hilfe für Juden während des NS-Zeit. Berlin: Metropol. White Book, The. Losses Inflicted on the Estonian Nation by Occupation Regimes 1940-1991 (2005). Tallinn: Estonian Encyclopaedia
Publishers 2005. Also: http://www.parliament.ee/public/Riigikogu/1heWhiteBook.pdf Vïksne, Rudīte (2005a) Soviet Repressions against Residents of Latvia in 19401941: Typical Trends. In Nollendorfs Oberländer (ed.). --------- . (2005b) Members of the Arājs Commando in Soviet Court Files. In Nol lendorfs Oberländer (ed.). Wiłkomirski, Binjamin (1995) Bruchstücke. Frankfurt am Main: Jüdischer Verlag. Visuri, Pekka (2006) Suomi kylmässä sodassa [Finland in the Cold War]. Helsin ki: Otava. Vitols Dixon, Nadine (2005) Le Parcours de une vie: Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga, Prési dente de Lettonie. Rīga: Pētergailis. --------- ; (2006) Meripihkahelmi povella. Latvian presidentti Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga [An Amber Jewel on Her Breast]. Rīga: Pētergailis. Wyman, Mark (1998) DPs. Europe’s Displaced Persons. Ithaca: Cornell Universi ty Press.
Bibliography 307 Yourcenar, Marguerite (1986) Der Fangschuss. München: Carl Hanser Verlag. Yourcenar, Marguerite (1988) Armonlaukaus. Helsinki: WSOY. Zetterberg, Seppo (2006) Ihmisyysrikokset Virossa 1940-1945 [Crimes against Humanity in Estonia]. Kanava no. 8 Zunda, Antonijs (2005) Resistance against Nazi German Occupation in Latvia. In Nollendorfs 8c Oberländer (ed.)
Index A Abrene 44,144,148,178,179,184, 199,202 Abkhazia 228 Afanasyev, Yuri 178 Afghanistan 23,95,186 AFP 216 Aftenposten 139 Alexander II 69 Alexander III 72,176 Alksnis, Ingrida 28 Alksnis, Ivar 28 Alksnis, Jakov (Jēkabs) 83 Al-Qaida 12 Amis, Kingsley 28 Amnesty International 58,63,220,222 Amnuel, Grigory 22 Ancãns, Ilmārs 209 Anders, Edward 110,112,206,243 Andersons, Edgars 68 Angrick, Andrej 116 Anninsky, Lev 77 Arājs, Viktors 117,118,119,122,123, 134 Araloff, Simon 12,177,190 Associated Press 140 Atlantic Charter 149 Auschwitz 26,124,197,198 Austria 21, 111, 190 Azerbaijan 223 В Bäckman, Johan 24, 221 Baltic German 20,27, 69, 70, 72, 90, 91,93,113,157 Baltic Times, The 13,202 Baltische Landeswehr 90,91 Bangerskis, Rūdolfs 82 Bankovskis, Pauls 13 BBC 51,52,77, 138,139,221 Beevor, Anthony 144 Belarus 20,44,45,53,113,116,117, 123, 164,187,195, 222 Belgium 92 Bellow, Saul 115 Bergs, Arveds 97 Beria, Lavrentii 162,163 Berklavs, Eduards 163
Index Berlin 19,29,84,108,114,118,130,134 Berliner Zeitung 215 Bermondt-Avalov, Pavel 91 Berzarins, Nikolai 84 Berzins, Eduard 84 Bērziņš, Jānis 83 Bērziņš, Uldis 158 Biķernieki 119 Bildt, Carl 196 Bishkek 212 Bleiere, Daina 187 Bluķis, Uldis 243 Blum, Howard 135 Bradford, Richatd 142 Brazauskas, Algirdas 167 Brest-Litovsk 89,144,145,174 Buchenwald 124,125 Bush, George Sr. 171 Bush, George W. 20,21,40,41,197 Butler, Hubert 69,181 Butulis, Ilgvars 81 c Čakste, Konstantins 131 Călite, Aija 139,140 Canada 19,24,110,135 caricatura.ru 196 Carpenter, Ted Galen 36 Castells, Manuel 5,13 Cato Institute 36 Caucasus 134,155 Cēsis 90 CIS 231,232 Charles, Prince 39 Chatham House 225,226 Cheka 24,79, 83,84,109 Chernobyl 167,186 Chubais, Anatoli 12 Churchill, Winston 150 309 Council of Europe 40,41,49,137, 141,155,187,195,200 Courland, Duchy of Courland 68,72, 75,84, 89,111,113,120,134, 176,183,184 CPSU, Commulist Party of the Soviet Union 39,151 Crimea 213,214,218,229,233 Czechoslovakia 36,95,108, 111 D Dagens Nyheter 18,164 Daily Telegraph 53, 54,173 Dankers, Oskars 114,128 Daugava 20,67,91,125,135,142,186 Daugavas Vanagi 125,135,142 Daugavpils 20,48,119 Daukšts, Kārlis 226 Davies, Norman 19,157,178 Deighton, Len 29 Denikin, Anton 83, 84 Denmark 146,182,190 Dershowitz, Alan 236 Devils in Amber 220 Dombrovskis, Valdis 211, 212,223 Dribins, Leo 63,143 Ducmanis, Pauls 135 Dzerzhinsky, Feliks 83 E Economist, The 59,95,178, 210, 237 Edinaya Rossiya 230 Eglīte, Pārsla 44,161 Ekeus, Rolf 49 Eksteins, Modris 24,25,27, 85,115 Encyclopaedia Britannica 150,239 Estonia 11,13,15,18,21,22,23,29,
30,35, 36, 37, 38, 39,40,41,
310 The Case for Latvia 42.45, 47,49, 54, 56, 58, 59, 65, 66, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 90, 92,98, 100,102,103,106,113,125, 127, 130, 137, 147,148,150, 157,159, 161, 163,165,167, 168,169,174,175,178, 180,187 190,193,195,198,199,200, 201.202.213.214.218.219, 222,228, 229,231,232,233 Estonian Institute 15 Eurasian Union 224 Euro 213 European Court 39,156 European Parliament 54,198,202, 212,214,215,217 European Union (EU) 14,15,16,18, 19, 35,40,45, 49, 54, 60, 77,137, 138,139,141, 177,178,183,193, 194,195,199, 200, 201, 202, 208, 213.216.219, 220 Euro-zone 212 Evropa 124 Ezergailis, Andrew 19,24,112,120, 123,125,135,217, 242 F Falin, Valentin 24 Ferguson, Niall 182 Finland 11,12,14,16,18,21,23, 25, 29.45, 54, 56, 58,60,65,69, 72, 74, 82, 83, 95, 97, 98, 99,100, 102,103,105,106,107, 108, ПО, 130,133,134,138,157,176,177, 180,182,183,187,190,200,201, 214, 221, 222, 224, 231, 235,238, 243 Fo, Dario 216 France 14,110,116,147,214 Fredén, Lars 18,191 Freedom House 23 Freikorps 26,90 Freimanis, Jānis 158 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 213 Frankfurter Rundschau 215 G Gambia 68,183 Garton Ash, Timothy 214 Gauss, Christian 189 Gazprom 12 Geneva Convention 39,155 Georgia 20,23,49, 83,137,194,202, 219,222,228,229,232 Ģermānis, Uldis 84 Germany 15,19,21,24,25,26,30,37, 44,45, 56,67,70, 73,76, 77,80, 81,89,90,91,93,98,99,100, 102,105,107,110,111,113,114, 118,120,122,124,128,130,132, 133,134,136,141,143,144,146, 156,158,160,165,174,180,190, 197,200,201,215,216,217,218, 230,236,239,242 Gestapo 24,132 Gilman, Aleksandr 61,160,212 Goble, Paul 238 Goldhagen, Daniel 115,118 Golos Rossii 212,220 Goltz,
Rüdiger von der 74, 84,90,91 Gorbachev, Mihail 76,124,167,169, 170,171,214 Gorbunovs, Anatolijs 165 Gordon, Frank 81,135,243 Göteborgs-Posten 36 Great Britain 15,25,107,116,123, 147,149,150,151,160,173,174, 214,221 Greene, Graham 37
Index Grigas, Agnia 225,226 Guardian, The 37,38,214,215,216 Gustavs, Erlands Uldis 243 311 Innocent III 66 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 211 Irish Times, The 81,140 H J Hague Convention 113,128,155 Halonen, Tarja 201 Harding, Luke 215,226,228 Harmony 212, 213, 217, 220, 223, 228 Helsingin Sanomat 53,200,221 Henning, Detlef 29,70, 80 Henricus de Lettis 66 Herder, Johann Gotfried 67 Heunert, Iwan von 113 Heydrich, Reinhard 114 Hilberg, Raul 116 Himmler, Heinrich 113,114,119,127 Hitler, Adolf 26,27,36,42, 74, 75, 80, 90, 93,98,100,102,103,114, 115,127,128,130,131,132,141, 142,144,146,156,159,175,176, 190,197,200,215,221,222 Holland 15,183 Hollender, Pål 18 Hollywood 29 Holocaust 15,16,20,25,41,109,113, 114,115,116,122,127,134,135, 136,140,169,217,240,242 Holodomor 230 Höss, Rudolf 26,27 Hungary 190 Huntington, Samuel 177 Hussein, Saddam 12 Hvostov, Andrei 70 I Ilves, Toomas Henrik 202,213 Jacob, Duke of Courland 68,75 Jakobson, Max 203 James, Lawrence 182 Japan 139,175 Jeckeln, Friedrich 117,118,119 John Paul II 235 Juncker, Jean-Claude 199 Jūrmala 38, 59,158,167,173,209, 223,241,243 К Kabanov, Nikolai 146,212 Kalējs, Konrāds 123 Kālis, Mārtiņš 64 Kalniete, Sandra 170,217 Kalniņš, Ojārs 16 Kalyuzhny, Viktor 79,95,146,181 Kapuscinski, Ryszard 79, 95,146,181, 232 Karaganov, Sergey 229 Karlsson, Klas-Göran 136 Katyn 125,147 Kaufmann, Max 115 Keegan, John 129,130 Kekkonen, Urho 235 Kelam, Tunne 54 Kennan, George 194 Kettler, Jakob (Duke Jacob) 68 KGB 29, 30, 63, 94, 120,125,135,144, 163,195, 207, 217, 235 Khrushchev, Nikita 163,217
312 The Case for Latvia Kirchensteins, Augusts 103 Kirov, Sergei 105 Kiselyov, Dmitry 221 Klein, Peter 116 Klinge, Matti 14,73 KM.ru 137 KNĀB 208,241 Kohl, Johann 11 Kolbre, Tiit 201 Kolchak, Aleksandr 84 Kolyma 84 Kommersant 227 Komsomolskaya Pravda 218 Kononov, Vasili 222 Kozyrev, Andrei 174 Krēsliņš, Jānis 70, 82,131, 243 Kruglov, Sergej 160 Krupnikovs, Pēteris 117 Kvaternik, Sladko, Marshall 26 Kyiv (Kiev) 135,218,224,268, 270, 283 88, 89,92,105,152 Lestene 137,139 Lévy, Bernard-Henri 216 Liepāja 97,100, ПО, 120 Lieven, Anatol 20, 36,166,169 Lipstadt, Deborh 116 Lithuania 11,12,13,16,19,20,23, 24, 26, 38, 42,45, 69, 73,75, 92, 98,100,103,109,119,127, 128, 148,150,157,159,161,165,167, 168,169,170,176,187,189,190, 207,208,216, 218,221,222,223, 231,232,239 Livonia 66,67,68, 69, 70, 72, 80,90, 176 Lohse, Hinrich 118 Lotman, Mihail 200 Lucas, Edward 95,178,222,224,225, 231,237 Luther, Martin 66 Luxemburg 199 Luzhkov, Juri 22 L M Lancmanis, Imants 70,93 Landeswehr 90,91 Latgale 91,176 Lattelecom 227 Latvian Central Council (LCP) 131, 160 Lavrov, Sergei 12,195,224 Lazda, Paulis 243 League of Nations 98,108 Legion, Latvian 15,41,127,128,129, 130,132,134,135,136,137,138, 140,141,215,216,217 Lejiņš, Atis 236 Le Monde 63 Leningrad 118,176,215 Lenin, V.I. 24, 79,80, 81,82, 83, 85, Magnitsky, Sergei 223 Maidan 218 Mäkelä, Jarmo 221 Mankeli, Henning 29 Mannerheim, C.G.E. 83,112,130, 133,201 Mäntyharju 82 Markov Sergei 218 Matisa, Vita 240 Mawdsley, Evan 81 Medij ainen, Eero 180 Medvedev, Dmitry 219,225, 228,230 Melenchon, Jean-Luc 19 Merkel, Garlieb 68 Mežs, Ilmārs 44
Index Miliband, David 214 Milosz, Czeslaw 67 Mitrofanova, Eleonora 23 Moldova 45,137 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact 100,147, 156,189,201,217,230 Molotov, Vyacheslav 152,176,198 The Moscow News 39 Myllyniemi, Seppo 214 N Nagy, Imre 85 Narotshnika, Natalia 181 NATO 12,19, 20, 36,49, 77,139,175, 177,178,193,194,195, 199, 213, 219, 220, 226 Navalnyi, Aleksei 221 Nesaule, Agate 25 New Statesman 16 Newsweek 48 New Yorker 31,73 New York Times 30,38,56, 93,236 Nicholas II 85 Niedra, Andrievs 88 NKVD 107,109,125,133,147 Nollendorfs, Valters 243 Norillag 124 Norway 15,43,44,69,238 Novgorod 66,178,229 Nuremberg 120,122,125,132,136, 138,141,147 Nye, Joseph 224 O Oberländer, Erwin 152 Ochsner, Gina 31 Oksanen, Sofi 219,239 Orwell, George 11,219,239 313 OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation ir Europe) 40,49, 60,195 OSS (Office of Strategic Services) 133 Ossetia 228 Ozoliņš, Andrejs 243 P Padomju Jaunatne 84 Paju, Imbi 239 Pastuhov, Vladimir 227 PBK 227 PCTVL (Par cilvēka tiesībām vienotā Latvijā) 36,61,212 Pelkaus, Elmārs 242 Pelle, Arvīds 84,163 Peniķis, Jānis 19,243 Pērkoņkrusts 30,96,111 Peter the Great 221 Peters, Jānis 165 Peters, Jēkabs 83 Piłsudski, Jozef 83 Plakans, Andrejs 238,242,243 Poland 20,26,44, 68, 83, 98,100,116, 147,150,175,176,196, 200, 202, 208, 221,225 Pol Pot 23 Poltava 221 Potsdam 150 PR Newswire 220 Pravda 98,198,218 Priedītis, Andris 243 Pskov 66,178,179 Pūriņš, Äris 88 Pushkin, Alexandr 77 Putin, Vladimir 23, 35,41,42,47, 53, 124,133,138,144,145,156,170, 174,175,178,189,190,195,197, 199,200, 201, 202,211, 218, 219,
314 The Case for Latvia 220, 221,222,224, 225,226,228, 229,230,233 Pytalovo 178,179,184 R Radzinski, Eduard 85 RCTV Russian TV Channel 141 Reagan, Ronald 40,170 Reinholds, Vairis 82 Reporteurs sans frontières 23 Repše, Einārs 13 Reuđerink, Ronald 162 Reuters 132 Ribbentrop, Joachim von 96 Richter, Hans-Werner 28 Rīgas Balss 87 Rogozin, Dmitry 226 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 149,150,173 Rosenberg, Alfred 27, 74, 82 Rosenfield, Harry 132 Rothko, Mark 20 Royal Court Theatre 215 RT 220,221,228 RTR Russian TV Channel 35 Rumbula 118,119 Russell, Ken 29 Rubiks, Alfreds 212 Russia 12,14,19,20, 22,23,24,26, 27, 35, 36, 37, 40,43,44,45,46, 47,48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 63,68,69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83,84, 85, 88,89,90, 91,93, 95, 96,99,100,110,124,131, 133,136,137,138,141,142,143, 144,145,146, 148,149,151,163, 165,171,173,174,175,176,177, 178,179,180,182,183,184,186, 188,189,190,191,193,194,195, 196,197,198,199,200,201,202, 203,208,212,213,214,215,216, 217,218,219,220,221,222,223, 224,225,226,227,228,229,230, 231,232,236,238,239,241,242 Russia Today 24,221 Russian World (Russkij Mir) 224 Rüütel, Arnold 167 s Saeima 94, 96,207,211,212,213,217, 239,240 Sakharov, Andrei 173 Salaspils 41,123,124,125 Salisbury, Harrison 30 Sanskrit 38,67 Saskaņas Centrs: see Harmony Centre 212,213,217,220,223,228 Satter, David 225,227,228 Sazonov, A. A. 24 SD (Sicherheitsdienst) 81,118,119, 132,134 Sebastian, Tim 52 Sechin, Igor 226 Semjonovs Sandijs 218 Serbia 15, 92 Sherbak, Andrei 215 Sherr, James 226 Shirer, William 159 Siberia 30,31,44,84,158,161,212 Silgailis, Arturs 131 Simenon, Georges 28
Sinn Fein 51 Sky 221 Šķēle, Andris 207,209 Šlesers, Ainārs 209 Slovakia 208 Šneidere, Irene 145,155 Soft power 211,223,224,225,226 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 24,79,84,175
Index Soros Foundation 241 South Ossetia 228 Soviet Russia 40,79,83,89,91,145, 148,176 Soviet Union 11,23,24,30,42,44,45, 49,53, 59,76, 77,79, 80,81,83, 84, 85,94,95,96,98, 99,100, 102,103,104,105,106,107,108, 111,113,114,120,123,125,133, 134,136,141,143,144,145,146, 147,148,149,150,151,154,155, 156,159,160,163,164,167,168, 169,170,171,173,174,175,176, 178,179,180,181,182,183,185, 186,187,188,189,191,197,203, 206,212,217,218,219,220,223, 225,226,228,229,230, 231,232, 235,241,242 Shoygu, Sergei 226 Spekke, Arnolds 26,76 Spekke, Claudia 243 Spiegel, Der 38,216 Spiegel, Boris 222 Sruoga, Balys 28 SS (Schutzstaffel) 16,19,20,22,41, 42, 52, 81,114,117,118,120, 127,129,130,132,134,138,139, 141.215.216 Stahlecker, F. W. 117,118,119 Stalingrad 127 Stalin, Yosif 27, 83,84, 85,95,99,100, 105,106,127,130,134,136,143, 144,147,149,150,151, 152,154, 156,159,161,162,164,173,174, 175,177,187,190,197, 200, 201, 215,222,231,232 St. Petersburg 23,63,81,91,176,183, 190.216 St. Petersburg Times 190 Stranga, Aivars 17,85,114,154 315 Stratfor 222,223 Stritzky, Erich von 76 Strods, Heinrihs 154,165,166,167, 189,239 Stutthof concentration camp 120,124 SVR227 Sweden 14,18,19,21,26,29, 56,68, 73,110,136,151,158,176,196, 221,238 Switzerland ПО T Tacitus 65 Tajikistan 23,47, 50 Teheran 149,174 Teikmanis, Andris 22 Tallinn 15,200,218,222 TB/LNNK 215,217 Times, The (London) 20,173 Timoshenko, Semyon 151 Tolstoy, Lev 77 Toynbee, Arnold 177 Transparency International 208 Trenin, Dmitri 80,201 Trinidad and Tobago 183 Trotsky, Lev 83 Trudeau, Pierre 58 Trūps, Aloizs Lauris 85 Turkey 54 Turkmenistan 23,223
TVC 216 U Ukraine 45,116,117,118,137,175, 194, 202,214,218, 221, 222, 229 Ulmanis, Kārlis ЗО, 70,73, 87,88, 90, 93,96, 97, 98,100,102,103,104, 105,106,107,108, 111, 141,146,
316 The Case for Latvia 148,160 UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) 188,208 United Nations 39,146,149,152 UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Re habilitation Administration) 132 Urbanovičs, Jänis 212 USA 69,91,110,147,149,150,160, 167,226 Ushakov, Nil 228 V Vācietis, Jukums 83 Vadim 215 Valdai Club 229 Valdmanis, Alfreds 128 Ventspils Nafta 12 Verne, Jules 28 Versia 190 Vesti Segodna 61,139 Vihavainen, Timo 221 Viķe-Freiberga,Vaira 52,77,195,196, 197,198,202,205,206,210,242 Vìksne, Rudīte 117 Vilnius (Vilna) 135,165,227 Visuri, Pekka 170,180 Vladikavkaz 212 Vladivostok 212 Voice of Russia (Golos Rossii) 220 Voitkus Lukina, Maruta 243 Voroshilov, Kliment 100 Vulfsons, Mavriks 147,152 Vyatlag 124 Vyshinski, Andrei 104 w Waffen-SS 19,40,112,127,128,129, 130,132,133,140,141, 215, 216 Wagner, Richard 27 Washington 20,150,170 Washington Post 24, 38 Weiss, Stephen 132 Welles, Sumner 149 WHO (World Health Organization) 183 Wiesel, Elie 125,216 Wiesenthal Center 21,122 Wiłkomirski, Binjamin 116 Wilson, Woodrow 89 World Without Nazism 222 Y Yalta Conference 150 Yanayev, Gennady 170 Yandex.ru 216 Yanukovych, Viktor 224 Yekaterinburg 85 Yeltsin, Boris 36,95,169,170,177, 178,189,201,222,229 YouTube 221 Yourcenar, Marguerite 27 Yudenich, Nikolai 84 Yugoslavia 38 z Zatlers, Valdis 221 Ždanoka, Tatjana 212 Zeidenbergs, Gints 243 Zeit, Die 38 Zellis, Kaspars 154 Žīgure, Anna 243 Zubov, Andrei 190 Zhukov Aleksandr 225 Zuroff, Efraim 21,122,123,216 Bayerisch# ì etaatsbtbitetW* І MQBObO J |
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| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV047576481</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20220124</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">211108s2014 ne a||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9789042038776</subfield><subfield code="c">pbk</subfield><subfield code="9">9789042038776</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9789042038783</subfield><subfield code="c">hbk</subfield><subfield code="9">9789042038783</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)936352752</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV047576481</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ne</subfield><subfield code="c">XA-NL</subfield><subfield code="a">xxu</subfield><subfield code="c">XD-US</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">DK504.68</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">909.82</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">947.96085</subfield><subfield code="2">22/ger</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">MG 59030</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)122850:12037</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NK 2483</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)125907:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Rislakki, Jukka</subfield><subfield code="d">1945-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1081016094</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="240" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Tapaus Latvia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The case for Latvia</subfield><subfield code="b">disinformation campaigns against a small nation : fourteen hard questions and straight answers about a Baltic country</subfield><subfield code="c">Jukka Rislakki</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Expanded second edition</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Amsterdam ; New York, NY</subfield><subfield code="b">Rodopi</subfield><subfield code="c">2014</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">316 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen (schwarz-weiß)</subfield><subfield code="c">23 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">On the boundary of two worlds</subfield><subfield code="v">15</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Literaturangaben</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">What do we know about Latvia and the Latvians? A Baltic (not Balkan) nation that emerged from fifty years under the Soviet Union - interrupted by a brief but brutal Nazi-German occupation and a devastating war - now a member of the European Union and NATO. Yes, but what else? Relentless accusations keep appearing, especially in Russian media, often repeated in the West: "Latvian soldiers single-handedly saved Lenin's revolution in 1917", "Latvians killed Tsar Nikolai II and the Royal family", "Latvia was a thoroughly anti-Semitic country and Latvians started killing Jews even before the Germans arrived in 1941", "Nazi revival is rampant in today's Latvia", "The Russian minority is persecuted in Latvia. . ." True, false or in-between? The Finnish journalist and author Jukka Rislakki examines charges like these and provides an outline of Latvia's recent history while attempting to separate documented historical fact from misinformation and deliberate disinformation. His analysis helps to explain why the Baltic States (population 7 million) consistently top the enemy lists in public opinion polls of Russia (143 million). His knowledge of the Baltic languages allows him to make use of local sources and up-to-date historical research. He is a former Baltic States correspondent for Finland's largest daily newspaper Helsingin Sanomat and the author of several books on Finnish and Latvian history. 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| geographic | Baltic States Foreign relations Latvia Foreign public opinion Latvia Foreign relations Latvia Foreign relations Russia (Federation) Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Baltic States Foreign relations Latvia Foreign public opinion Latvia Foreign relations Latvia Foreign relations Russia (Federation) Lettland Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV047576481 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:32:09Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:32:22Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789042038776 9789042038783 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032961962 |
| oclc_num | 936352752 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 316 Seiten Illustrationen (schwarz-weiß) 23 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20211108 |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Rodopi |
| record_format | marc |
| series | On the boundary of two worlds |
| series2 | On the boundary of two worlds |
| spelling | Rislakki, Jukka 1945- Verfasser (DE-588)1081016094 aut Tapaus Latvia The case for Latvia disinformation campaigns against a small nation : fourteen hard questions and straight answers about a Baltic country Jukka Rislakki Expanded second edition Amsterdam ; New York, NY Rodopi 2014 316 Seiten Illustrationen (schwarz-weiß) 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier On the boundary of two worlds 15 Literaturangaben What do we know about Latvia and the Latvians? A Baltic (not Balkan) nation that emerged from fifty years under the Soviet Union - interrupted by a brief but brutal Nazi-German occupation and a devastating war - now a member of the European Union and NATO. Yes, but what else? Relentless accusations keep appearing, especially in Russian media, often repeated in the West: "Latvian soldiers single-handedly saved Lenin's revolution in 1917", "Latvians killed Tsar Nikolai II and the Royal family", "Latvia was a thoroughly anti-Semitic country and Latvians started killing Jews even before the Germans arrived in 1941", "Nazi revival is rampant in today's Latvia", "The Russian minority is persecuted in Latvia. . ." True, false or in-between? The Finnish journalist and author Jukka Rislakki examines charges like these and provides an outline of Latvia's recent history while attempting to separate documented historical fact from misinformation and deliberate disinformation. His analysis helps to explain why the Baltic States (population 7 million) consistently top the enemy lists in public opinion polls of Russia (143 million). His knowledge of the Baltic languages allows him to make use of local sources and up-to-date historical research. He is a former Baltic States correspondent for Finland's largest daily newspaper Helsingin Sanomat and the author of several books on Finnish and Latvian history. As a neutral, experienced and often critical observer, Rislakki is uniquely qualified for the task of separating truth from fiction. Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Desinformation (DE-588)4252093-9 gnd rswk-swf Baltic States Foreign relations Latvia Foreign public opinion Latvia Foreign relations Latvia Foreign relations Russia (Federation) Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Latvia / Foreign public opinion Latvia / Foreign relations / Russia (Federation) Latvia / Foreign relations Latvia / History Baltic States / Foreign relations Diplomatic relations Public opinion Baltic States Latvia Russia (Federation) History Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 g Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s Geschichte z DE-604 Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Desinformation (DE-588)4252093-9 s Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 9789401211611 On the boundary of two worlds 15 (DE-604)BV019441712 15 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032961962&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032961962&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032961962&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Rislakki, Jukka 1945- The case for Latvia disinformation campaigns against a small nation : fourteen hard questions and straight answers about a Baltic country On the boundary of two worlds Außenpolitik Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Desinformation (DE-588)4252093-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4252093-9 (DE-588)4074187-4 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | The case for Latvia disinformation campaigns against a small nation : fourteen hard questions and straight answers about a Baltic country |
| title_alt | Tapaus Latvia |
| title_auth | The case for Latvia disinformation campaigns against a small nation : fourteen hard questions and straight answers about a Baltic country |
| title_exact_search | The case for Latvia disinformation campaigns against a small nation : fourteen hard questions and straight answers about a Baltic country |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The case for Latvia disinformation campaigns against a small nation : fourteen hard questions and straight answers about a Baltic country |
| title_full | The case for Latvia disinformation campaigns against a small nation : fourteen hard questions and straight answers about a Baltic country Jukka Rislakki |
| title_fullStr | The case for Latvia disinformation campaigns against a small nation : fourteen hard questions and straight answers about a Baltic country Jukka Rislakki |
| title_full_unstemmed | The case for Latvia disinformation campaigns against a small nation : fourteen hard questions and straight answers about a Baltic country Jukka Rislakki |
| title_short | The case for Latvia |
| title_sort | the case for latvia disinformation campaigns against a small nation fourteen hard questions and straight answers about a baltic country |
| title_sub | disinformation campaigns against a small nation : fourteen hard questions and straight answers about a Baltic country |
| topic | Außenpolitik Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Desinformation (DE-588)4252093-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Außenpolitik Politik Desinformation Baltic States Foreign relations Latvia Foreign public opinion Latvia Foreign relations Latvia Foreign relations Russia (Federation) Lettland Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032961962&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032961962&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032961962&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV019441712 |
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