The Cambridge companion to business & human rights law:
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Cambridge University Press
2021
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| Schriftenreihe: | Cambridge companions to law
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| Beschreibung: | l, 632 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781108820721 9781108830379 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The Cambridge companion to business & human rights law |c edited by Ilias Bantekas, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar, Michael Ashley Stein, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts |
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| adam_text | Contents List of Figures and Tables List of Contributors Preface Table of Cases List ofAbbreviations 1 page xviii xix xxix xxxi xxxvi Business and Human Rights Foundations and Linkages 1 Ilias Bantekas 1.1 1.2 Introduction Business and Human Rights from the Perspective of Corporate Law 1.2.1 The Limited International Legal Personality ofMNCs 1.2.2 Intra-shareholding Implications of MNCs 1.2.3 Weak Laws in Developing Countries 1.2.4 Absence of Extraterritorial Regulation by Home States Business and Human Rights from the Perspective of Foreign Investment Law Business and Human Rights from the Perspective of Global Economic Integration Conclusion 18 21 Reconciling International Human Rights with International Trade 22 1.3 1.4 1.5 2 1 3 4 6 9 11 14 Francesco Seatzu 2.1 2.2 2.3 Introduction Traditional Approaches towards the Relationship between IHRL and WTO Law 2.2.1 Human Rights against the Law of WTO 2.2.2 Human Rights through the Law of WTO 2.2.3 Free Trade As a Human Right The Rise of SDGs and Their Potential Impact on the WTO-Human Rights Relationship 22 24 24 27 29 32
viii Contents 2.4 The Principle of Mutual Supportiveness and Its Possible Impact on the WTO-Human Rights Relationship 2.5 Combining the SDGs and the Principle of Mutual Supportiveness to Address the Human Rights-WTO Tension 3 35 37 Neoliberalism, State-Capitalism and European Ordo-Liberalism 41 Why Power Politics and ‘Constitutional Failures’ Undermine Economic Law and Human Rights Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann Introduction Market Failures, Governance Failures and Global Emergencies Mainstreaming Human Rights into Multilevel Economic Regulation? The Psychology of International Law: Need for Constitutional Constraints Neoliberal ‘Capture’ of Trade and Investment Regulation The Rise of State-Capitalism Distorting International Markets Multilevel Judicial ‘Common Law Approaches’ Protecting Rule-of-Law Ordoliberal European Economic Constitutionalism 41 Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility 65 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 43 45 50 52 55 57 60 John Paterson 5 4.1 Introduction 4.2 To Whom Do Corporations Owe Duties? 4.3 The Economic Understanding of the Company 4.4 Company Law 4.5 Best Practice Approaches to Corporate Governance 4.6 A Rule-Based Approach to Corporate Governance 4.7 The Limits of Corporate Governance? 4.8 Corporate Social Responsibility 4.9 The Role of Accounting 4.10 Conclusion 65 66 68 72 74 78 80 81 83 84 The Role of Business in International Development and the Attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals 86 Katerina Akestoridi 5.1 Introduction 86
Contents 5.2 A Brief History of the International Development Paradigm 5.3 Business and Sustainable Development: From Passive Involvement to Development Actors 5.4 The UNGPs and the SDGs As Mutually Reinforcing Frameworks 5.4.1 Case Study 1 : Anti-child Labour Policy in the Textile Industry 5.4.2 Case Study 2: Telecommunications MNE Vodafone 5.5 Conclusion 6 The Business Case for Human Rights Irrelevant or Indispensable? 89 95 102 108 110 113 115 Dorothée Baumann-Pauly and Lilách Trabeisi 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 7 Introduction: The Business Case for Human Rights to Address the Implementation Challenge New Expectations Regarding the Purpose of the Corporation 6.2.1 The Role of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives in the Business Case for Human Rights 6.2.2 Towards Sustainable Business Models that Respect Human Rights Making Human Rights Business-Compatible: Case Illustrations of New Business Models in Two Industries 6.3.1 Human Rights in the Garment Supply Chain: The Case of Decathlon 6.3.2 Human Rights in the Mining Context: The Case of Trañgura Conclusion: Alternative Business Models to Address Human Rights Issues through Core Business Operations The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and Its Predecessors Progress at a Snail’s Pace? 115 119 119 121 125 127 134 142 145 Surya Deva 7.1 7.2 7.3 Introduction Business and Human Rights at the UN 7.2.1 The 1990 Draft Code 7.2.2 The UN Global Compact 7.2.3 The Draft UN Norms UN Guiding Principles 7.3.1 Development Process 7.3.2 The Three Pillars 145 147 149 151 155 157 157 159 IX
x Contents 7.3.3 Good Beginning, But Not Free from Limitations 7.3.4 Uptake and Implementation 7.4 Comparing the UNGPs with Its Predecessors 7.5 Conclusion 8 9 The Regulatoiy Framework of Multinational Enterprises Peter Muchlinski 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Organisational Complexity of MNEs and GVCs 8.2.1 Organisational Building Blocks for MNEs 8.2.2 Organisational Building Blocks for GVCs 8.3 Issues of Jurisdiction 8.4 Modalities of Regulation 8.5 MNE Group Liability for Human Rights Violations 8.6 GVC Liability for Human Rights Violations 8.7 Towards a General Human Rights Duty of Care for Businesses? 8.8 Concluding Remarks The UN Global Compact and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Their Enforcement Mechanisms 164 167 169 171 173 173 175 175 176 177 179 182 187 189 193 195 Andreas Rasche 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Theoretical Background 9.3 The United Nations Global Compact 9.3.1 History and Basic Idea 9.3.2 The UNGC’s Human Rights Principles 9.3.3 Enforcement of the UNGC 9.4 The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 9.4.1 History and Basic Idea 9.4.2 Human Rights Obligations under the OECD Guidelines 9.4.3 Enforcement of the Guidelines 9.5 Conclusion 10 Taxation and Business The Human Rights Dimension of Corporate Tax Practices 195 196 199 199 202 203 207 207 209 211 213 215 Reuven Avi-Yonah 10.1 Introduction: Human Rights and Taxation 10.2 International Tax Competition and the Taxation of Capital 10.3 Tax Competition and Developing Countries 215 218 223
Contents 10.4 10.5 11 What Can Be Done about Tax Competition? Conclusion Corporate Accountability for the Natural Environment and Climate Change 227 231 234 Damilola S. Olawuyi 11.1 11.2 12 Introduction Corporate Responsibility for Human Rights Violations Relating to the Environment: Drivers and Contours 11.3 Corporate Responsibility and Accountability for Environmental Harm: Scope and Content 11.3.1 Participation 11.3.2 Accountability 11.3.3 Non-discrimination and Equality 11.3.4 Empowerment and Access to Information 11.3.5 Legality and Access to Remedies 11.4 Implementing a Rights-Based Corporate Risk Management Framework: Minding the Gaps 11.5 Conclusion 234 254 258 Corporate Accountability for Corruption and the Business Case for Transparency 260 237 244 244 247 248 250 251 Philip M Nichols 13 12.1 12.2 12.3 Introduction What Is Corruption? Two Illustrative Cases 12.3.1 Vioxx 12.3.2 Walmart 12.4 Corruption Inflicts Significant Damage on Society 12.5 Legal and Administrative Accountability 12.5.1 International and Local Law 12.5.2 Administrative Rules and Processes 12.6 The Business Case against Corruption 12.6.1 Direct and Indirect Costs 12.6.2 Corruption Inhibits Relationships 12.7 Management of Corruption 12.7.1 Risk Assessment 12.7.2 Positive Ethical Culture 12.8 Conclusion 260 260 262 262 264 266 270 270 272 273 274 276 278 278 280 281 Disability, Business and Human Rights 283 Michael Ashley Stein 13.1 Introduction 283 XI
xii Contents 14 13.2 International Legal Obligations and Goals 13.2.1 International Soft Laws 13.2.2 International Instruments 13.2.3 Domestic Laws and Policies 13.2.4 MNCs 13.3 Employing Workers with Disabilities 13.3.1 Labour Markets 13.3.2 Cost and Productivity 13.3.3 State Impacts on Costs and Benefits 13.4 Beyond Employment 13.4.1 Accessibility 13.4.2 Customers and Communities 13.4.3 Data and Accountability 13.4.4 Culture and Inclusion 13.5 Conclusion 286 287 287 291 292 293 293 298 301 301 302 302 303 305 306 Gender, Business and Human Rights 308 Jessica Lynn Corsi 14.1 14.2 Introduction Defining Key Terms and Explaining Theoretical Frameworks 14.2.1 Business and Human Rights 14.2.2 Gender 14.2.3 Why Focus on Gender? 14.2.4 Gender Mainstreaming 14.2.5 Intersectionality 14.3 Gender, Business and Human Rights in Context: Extractive Industries 14.4 Applicable Law and Standards Regarding Gender, Business and Human Rights 14.4.1 The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights 14.4.2 The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) 14.5 Conclusion 15 The Business Sector and the Rights to Work and Just and Favourable Conditions of Work 308 309 309 311 312 314 317 318 319 321 326 328 330 Marija Jovanovič 15.1 15.2 Introduction The Rights to Work and Just and Favourable Conditions of Work in International Human Rights Law 330 332
Contents 15.2.1 The Scope of the Rights to Work and Just and Favourable Conditions of Work and Their Mutual Relationship 15.2.2 Obligations, Enforcement, Remedies: State As the Ultimate Guarantor of the Rights to Work and Just and Favourable Conditions of Work 15.3 The Scope of Business’ Obligations to Secure the Rights to Work and Just and Favourable Conditions of Work 15.3.1 Labour Exploitation in Global Food Supply Chains 15.3.2 The Responsibility of the Business Sector in Securing Labour Rights in Global Supply Chains 15.4 Conclusion 16 Responsible Lending Export Credit Agencies As Drivers of Human Rights 333 336 339 341 343 355 359 Aline Darbellay 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 17 Introduction International Standards in the Export Credit Industry National and Supranational Laws Related to Export Finance and Human Rights Case Studies 16.4.1 Mozambique Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Project 16.4.2 Porto de Sergipe 1 Power Project Conclusion Business and Human Rights Approaches to Intellectual Property 359 360 366 370 370 374 378 380 Molly K. Land and Lea Nesselhauf 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Introduction Historical and Legal Context 17.2.1 The Human Rights Impact of IP 17.2.2 International Enclosure of National Flexibilities Business Responsibilities in the Context of IP 17.3.1 State Obligation to Protect 17.3.2 Corporate Responsibility to Respect 17.3.3 Responsibility to Fulfil 17.3.4 Accountability and Remedy Case Studies 17.4.1 Patents on Pharmaceuticals 380 380 381 384 387 387 388 391 392 393 393 xiii
Contents 17.4.2 17.5 18 Access to Accessible Format Copyrighted Works 17.4.3 Indigenous Knowledge Conclusion 396 399 403 The Role of Human Rights in Investment Law and Arbitration 406 State Obligations, Corporate Responsibility and Community Empowerment Silvia Steininger 18.1 The Three Roles of Human Rights in the Investment Regime 18.2 Human Rights As Obligations of States Parties 18.2.1 The Obligation of States to Regulate Foreign Investment 18.2.2 Human Rights Obligations of States in Arbitral Practice 18.3 The Double-Edged Nature of Human Rights vis-à-vis Foreign Investors 18.3.1 Investor Rights As Defence against State Interference 18.3.2 The Corporate Responsibility to Respect Human Rights 18.4 Human Rights as Tools to Address Structural Imbalances of Affected Communities 18.4.1 The Invisibility of Affected Communities in Investment Law and Arbitration 18.4.2 Participation via Amicus Curiae 18.5 Conclusion: Human Rights and the Future of ISDS 19 The Use of International Arbitration Tribunals for Business and Human Rights Disputes 406 409 409 412 415 415 418 422 422 423 426 428 Judith Levine and Sarah Castles 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Introduction The Theoretical Framework of Access to Remedy under the UNGPs 19.2.1 State-Based Judicial Mechanisms 19.2.2 State-Based Non-Judicial and Non-StateBased Grievance Mechanisms Arbitration of BHR Disputes Modifying Arbitration to Render It More Appropriate for BHR Disputes The Practical Dimensions of Using Arbitration to Resolve BHR Disputes 428 429 430 432 433 435 438
Contents 19.6 19.7 20 19.5.1 The Bangladesh Accord Arbitrations 19.5.2 The Hague Rules Industries in Which BHR Tribunals Could Resolve Future Disputes 19.6.1 Fast Fashion 19.6.2 Mega-Sporting Events 19.6.3 Rights and Wrongs at Sea Conclusions for the Future of BHR Arbitration Innovative Contractual Remedies with Indigenous Peoples 438 444 448 448 449 451 452 455 Kinnari Bhatt 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 21 Introduction Mapping the Legal Terrain and Authority for Indigenous-Investor Contracts 20.2.1 Historical Treatment of Indigenous Peoples’ Land Rights under International Law 20.2.2 The Business and Human Rights Connection Legal Elements of Indigenous Investor AgreementMaking 20.3.1 Australia 20.3.2 Russia 20.3.3 Mongolia Conclusion The Role of Ethics in Corporate Human Rights Impact Assessments 455 457 460 465 468 468 474 477 479 481 Ilias Bantekas 21.1 21.2 21.3 Introduction Auditor Ethics in Human Rights Impact Assessments Ethical Considerations in World Bank Policies on Indigenous Persons 21.3.1 Ethical Issues Not Considered by the World Bank 21.4 Conclusion 22 481 487 492 498 500 Addressing Human Rights Impacts in Sustainability Reporting 502 Chiara Ferracioli and Julien Parkhomenko 22.1 22.2 22.3 Introduction The Theoretical Framework 22.2.1 The Policy Imperative Drafting a Sustainability Report 22.3.1 Drivers of Sustainability Reporting 22.3.2 Reporting Frameworks 502 503 503 509 509 511 XV
xvi Contents 22.3.3 Key Concepts 22.3.4 Phases of Sustainability Reporting 22.4 Human Rights Reporting in Practice 22.4.1 Challenges and Gaps 22.4.2 Best Practices 22.5 Conclusion 23 Leveraging the Consumer-Led Movement to Strengthen Sustainable Business Opportunities, Limitations and the Role of Companies to Empower Consumers 513 515 519 520 523 529 531 Anna Triponel 23.1 23.2 Introduction Limitations in Prioritising Sustainably Sourced Products through Purchasing Decisions 23.2.1 Consumer Studies Highlight That Consumers ֊ and Younger Consumers in Particular - Would Prefer to Buy Sustainably Sourced Products 23.2.2 Consumers’ Desire for Sustainable Products Does Not Translate at the Point of Purchase 23.3 The Effect of Consumer Mobilisation on Tarnishing Company Reputations 23.3.1 Positive Impacts of Consumer-Coordinated Activism 23.3.2 Limitations on the Ability of Consumer Campaigns to Lead to Meaningful Changes for Companies’ Approach to Sustainability at Scale 23.4 Companies’ Instrumental Role in Leveraging the Consumer-Led Movement towards Sustainable Business 23.4.1 The Importance of Transparency about Product Ingredients, Raw Materials, Origin and Manufacturing Practices, as Well as Challenges and Lessons Learned 23.4.2 Harnessing the Potential for Advertising, Marketing and Branding to Push Consumers towards Sustainable Choices and a More Just Society 23.4.3 Progressive Companies Are Enabling Their Consumers to Proactively Reduce Negative Impacts through Their Purchases 23.5 Conclusion 531 534 534 536 539 540 544 546 547 550 554 558
Contents 24 The Structural Complexity of Multinational Corporations and the Effect on Managing Human Rights Risks in the Supply Chain 560 Tam Nguyen 24.1 24.2 24.3 25 Introduction Rethinking Responsible Supply Chain Management Responsible Supply Chain Management and the Decision-Making Process 24.4 The Conundrum of Responsible Supply Chain Management in the Developing World 24.5 Considerations 24.6 Conclusion 560 562 Towards a UN Business and Human Rights Treaty 583 567 572 575 580 Ilias Bantekas 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 Introduction Preventive Due Diligence Obligations Liability of MNCs Jurisdiction for Victims’ Rights Victimhood under the BHR Treaty Institutional Arrangements 25.6.1 The Committee 25.6.2 Assembly of States Parties 25.6.3 Fund for Victims 25.6.4 National Implementation Mechanisms 25.7 The 2020 Version of the BHR Treaty 25.8 Conclusion 583 587 590 594 598 601 601 604 605 606 607 610 Index 611 xvii
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Contents List of Figures and Tables List of Contributors Preface Table of Cases List ofAbbreviations 1 page xviii xix xxix xxxi xxxvi Business and Human Rights Foundations and Linkages 1 Ilias Bantekas 1.1 1.2 Introduction Business and Human Rights from the Perspective of Corporate Law 1.2.1 The Limited International Legal Personality ofMNCs 1.2.2 Intra-shareholding Implications of MNCs 1.2.3 Weak Laws in Developing Countries 1.2.4 Absence of Extraterritorial Regulation by Home States Business and Human Rights from the Perspective of Foreign Investment Law Business and Human Rights from the Perspective of Global Economic Integration Conclusion 18 21 Reconciling International Human Rights with International Trade 22 1.3 1.4 1.5 2 1 3 4 6 9 11 14 Francesco Seatzu 2.1 2.2 2.3 Introduction Traditional Approaches towards the Relationship between IHRL and WTO Law 2.2.1 Human Rights against the Law of WTO 2.2.2 Human Rights through the Law of WTO 2.2.3 Free Trade As a Human Right The Rise of SDGs and Their Potential Impact on the WTO-Human Rights Relationship 22 24 24 27 29 32
viii Contents 2.4 The Principle of Mutual Supportiveness and Its Possible Impact on the WTO-Human Rights Relationship 2.5 Combining the SDGs and the Principle of Mutual Supportiveness to Address the Human Rights-WTO Tension 3 35 37 Neoliberalism, State-Capitalism and European Ordo-Liberalism 41 Why Power Politics and ‘Constitutional Failures’ Undermine Economic Law and Human Rights Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann Introduction Market Failures, Governance Failures and Global Emergencies Mainstreaming Human Rights into Multilevel Economic Regulation? The Psychology of International Law: Need for Constitutional Constraints Neoliberal ‘Capture’ of Trade and Investment Regulation The Rise of State-Capitalism Distorting International Markets Multilevel Judicial ‘Common Law Approaches’ Protecting Rule-of-Law Ordoliberal European Economic Constitutionalism 41 Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility 65 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 43 45 50 52 55 57 60 John Paterson 5 4.1 Introduction 4.2 To Whom Do Corporations Owe Duties? 4.3 The Economic Understanding of the Company 4.4 Company Law 4.5 Best Practice Approaches to Corporate Governance 4.6 A Rule-Based Approach to Corporate Governance 4.7 The Limits of Corporate Governance? 4.8 Corporate Social Responsibility 4.9 The Role of Accounting 4.10 Conclusion 65 66 68 72 74 78 80 81 83 84 The Role of Business in International Development and the Attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals 86 Katerina Akestoridi 5.1 Introduction 86
Contents 5.2 A Brief History of the International Development Paradigm 5.3 Business and Sustainable Development: From Passive Involvement to Development Actors 5.4 The UNGPs and the SDGs As Mutually Reinforcing Frameworks 5.4.1 Case Study 1 : Anti-child Labour Policy in the Textile Industry 5.4.2 Case Study 2: Telecommunications MNE Vodafone 5.5 Conclusion 6 The Business Case for Human Rights Irrelevant or Indispensable? 89 95 102 108 110 113 115 Dorothée Baumann-Pauly and Lilách Trabeisi 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 7 Introduction: The Business Case for Human Rights to Address the Implementation Challenge New Expectations Regarding the Purpose of the Corporation 6.2.1 The Role of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives in the Business Case for Human Rights 6.2.2 Towards Sustainable Business Models that Respect Human Rights Making Human Rights Business-Compatible: Case Illustrations of New Business Models in Two Industries 6.3.1 Human Rights in the Garment Supply Chain: The Case of Decathlon 6.3.2 Human Rights in the Mining Context: The Case of Trañgura Conclusion: Alternative Business Models to Address Human Rights Issues through Core Business Operations The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and Its Predecessors Progress at a Snail’s Pace? 115 119 119 121 125 127 134 142 145 Surya Deva 7.1 7.2 7.3 Introduction Business and Human Rights at the UN 7.2.1 The 1990 Draft Code 7.2.2 The UN Global Compact 7.2.3 The Draft UN Norms UN Guiding Principles 7.3.1 Development Process 7.3.2 The Three Pillars 145 147 149 151 155 157 157 159 IX
x Contents 7.3.3 Good Beginning, But Not Free from Limitations 7.3.4 Uptake and Implementation 7.4 Comparing the UNGPs with Its Predecessors 7.5 Conclusion 8 9 The Regulatoiy Framework of Multinational Enterprises Peter Muchlinski 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Organisational Complexity of MNEs and GVCs 8.2.1 Organisational Building Blocks for MNEs 8.2.2 Organisational Building Blocks for GVCs 8.3 Issues of Jurisdiction 8.4 Modalities of Regulation 8.5 MNE Group Liability for Human Rights Violations 8.6 GVC Liability for Human Rights Violations 8.7 Towards a General Human Rights Duty of Care for Businesses? 8.8 Concluding Remarks The UN Global Compact and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Their Enforcement Mechanisms 164 167 169 171 173 173 175 175 176 177 179 182 187 189 193 195 Andreas Rasche 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Theoretical Background 9.3 The United Nations Global Compact 9.3.1 History and Basic Idea 9.3.2 The UNGC’s Human Rights Principles 9.3.3 Enforcement of the UNGC 9.4 The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 9.4.1 History and Basic Idea 9.4.2 Human Rights Obligations under the OECD Guidelines 9.4.3 Enforcement of the Guidelines 9.5 Conclusion 10 Taxation and Business The Human Rights Dimension of Corporate Tax Practices 195 196 199 199 202 203 207 207 209 211 213 215 Reuven Avi-Yonah 10.1 Introduction: Human Rights and Taxation 10.2 International Tax Competition and the Taxation of Capital 10.3 Tax Competition and Developing Countries 215 218 223
Contents 10.4 10.5 11 What Can Be Done about Tax Competition? Conclusion Corporate Accountability for the Natural Environment and Climate Change 227 231 234 Damilola S. Olawuyi 11.1 11.2 12 Introduction Corporate Responsibility for Human Rights Violations Relating to the Environment: Drivers and Contours 11.3 Corporate Responsibility and Accountability for Environmental Harm: Scope and Content 11.3.1 Participation 11.3.2 Accountability 11.3.3 Non-discrimination and Equality 11.3.4 Empowerment and Access to Information 11.3.5 Legality and Access to Remedies 11.4 Implementing a Rights-Based Corporate Risk Management Framework: Minding the Gaps 11.5 Conclusion 234 254 258 Corporate Accountability for Corruption and the Business Case for Transparency 260 237 244 244 247 248 250 251 Philip M Nichols 13 12.1 12.2 12.3 Introduction What Is Corruption? Two Illustrative Cases 12.3.1 Vioxx 12.3.2 Walmart 12.4 Corruption Inflicts Significant Damage on Society 12.5 Legal and Administrative Accountability 12.5.1 International and Local Law 12.5.2 Administrative Rules and Processes 12.6 The Business Case against Corruption 12.6.1 Direct and Indirect Costs 12.6.2 Corruption Inhibits Relationships 12.7 Management of Corruption 12.7.1 Risk Assessment 12.7.2 Positive Ethical Culture 12.8 Conclusion 260 260 262 262 264 266 270 270 272 273 274 276 278 278 280 281 Disability, Business and Human Rights 283 Michael Ashley Stein 13.1 Introduction 283 XI
xii Contents 14 13.2 International Legal Obligations and Goals 13.2.1 International Soft Laws 13.2.2 International Instruments 13.2.3 Domestic Laws and Policies 13.2.4 MNCs 13.3 Employing Workers with Disabilities 13.3.1 Labour Markets 13.3.2 Cost and Productivity 13.3.3 State Impacts on Costs and Benefits 13.4 Beyond Employment 13.4.1 Accessibility 13.4.2 Customers and Communities 13.4.3 Data and Accountability 13.4.4 Culture and Inclusion 13.5 Conclusion 286 287 287 291 292 293 293 298 301 301 302 302 303 305 306 Gender, Business and Human Rights 308 Jessica Lynn Corsi 14.1 14.2 Introduction Defining Key Terms and Explaining Theoretical Frameworks 14.2.1 Business and Human Rights 14.2.2 Gender 14.2.3 Why Focus on Gender? 14.2.4 Gender Mainstreaming 14.2.5 Intersectionality 14.3 Gender, Business and Human Rights in Context: Extractive Industries 14.4 Applicable Law and Standards Regarding Gender, Business and Human Rights 14.4.1 The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights 14.4.2 The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) 14.5 Conclusion 15 The Business Sector and the Rights to Work and Just and Favourable Conditions of Work 308 309 309 311 312 314 317 318 319 321 326 328 330 Marija Jovanovič 15.1 15.2 Introduction The Rights to Work and Just and Favourable Conditions of Work in International Human Rights Law 330 332
Contents 15.2.1 The Scope of the Rights to Work and Just and Favourable Conditions of Work and Their Mutual Relationship 15.2.2 Obligations, Enforcement, Remedies: State As the Ultimate Guarantor of the Rights to Work and Just and Favourable Conditions of Work 15.3 The Scope of Business’ Obligations to Secure the Rights to Work and Just and Favourable Conditions of Work 15.3.1 Labour Exploitation in Global Food Supply Chains 15.3.2 The Responsibility of the Business Sector in Securing Labour Rights in Global Supply Chains 15.4 Conclusion 16 Responsible Lending Export Credit Agencies As Drivers of Human Rights 333 336 339 341 343 355 359 Aline Darbellay 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 17 Introduction International Standards in the Export Credit Industry National and Supranational Laws Related to Export Finance and Human Rights Case Studies 16.4.1 Mozambique Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Project 16.4.2 Porto de Sergipe 1 Power Project Conclusion Business and Human Rights Approaches to Intellectual Property 359 360 366 370 370 374 378 380 Molly K. Land and Lea Nesselhauf 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Introduction Historical and Legal Context 17.2.1 The Human Rights Impact of IP 17.2.2 International Enclosure of National Flexibilities Business Responsibilities in the Context of IP 17.3.1 State Obligation to Protect 17.3.2 Corporate Responsibility to Respect 17.3.3 Responsibility to Fulfil 17.3.4 Accountability and Remedy Case Studies 17.4.1 Patents on Pharmaceuticals 380 380 381 384 387 387 388 391 392 393 393 xiii
Contents 17.4.2 17.5 18 Access to Accessible Format Copyrighted Works 17.4.3 Indigenous Knowledge Conclusion 396 399 403 The Role of Human Rights in Investment Law and Arbitration 406 State Obligations, Corporate Responsibility and Community Empowerment Silvia Steininger 18.1 The Three Roles of Human Rights in the Investment Regime 18.2 Human Rights As Obligations of States Parties 18.2.1 The Obligation of States to Regulate Foreign Investment 18.2.2 Human Rights Obligations of States in Arbitral Practice 18.3 The Double-Edged Nature of Human Rights vis-à-vis Foreign Investors 18.3.1 Investor Rights As Defence against State Interference 18.3.2 The Corporate Responsibility to Respect Human Rights 18.4 Human Rights as Tools to Address Structural Imbalances of Affected Communities 18.4.1 The Invisibility of Affected Communities in Investment Law and Arbitration 18.4.2 Participation via Amicus Curiae 18.5 Conclusion: Human Rights and the Future of ISDS 19 The Use of International Arbitration Tribunals for Business and Human Rights Disputes 406 409 409 412 415 415 418 422 422 423 426 428 Judith Levine and Sarah Castles 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Introduction The Theoretical Framework of Access to Remedy under the UNGPs 19.2.1 State-Based Judicial Mechanisms 19.2.2 State-Based Non-Judicial and Non-StateBased Grievance Mechanisms Arbitration of BHR Disputes Modifying Arbitration to Render It More Appropriate for BHR Disputes The Practical Dimensions of Using Arbitration to Resolve BHR Disputes 428 429 430 432 433 435 438
Contents 19.6 19.7 20 19.5.1 The Bangladesh Accord Arbitrations 19.5.2 The Hague Rules Industries in Which BHR Tribunals Could Resolve Future Disputes 19.6.1 Fast Fashion 19.6.2 Mega-Sporting Events 19.6.3 Rights and Wrongs at Sea Conclusions for the Future of BHR Arbitration Innovative Contractual Remedies with Indigenous Peoples 438 444 448 448 449 451 452 455 Kinnari Bhatt 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 21 Introduction Mapping the Legal Terrain and Authority for Indigenous-Investor Contracts 20.2.1 Historical Treatment of Indigenous Peoples’ Land Rights under International Law 20.2.2 The Business and Human Rights Connection Legal Elements of Indigenous Investor AgreementMaking 20.3.1 Australia 20.3.2 Russia 20.3.3 Mongolia Conclusion The Role of Ethics in Corporate Human Rights Impact Assessments 455 457 460 465 468 468 474 477 479 481 Ilias Bantekas 21.1 21.2 21.3 Introduction Auditor Ethics in Human Rights Impact Assessments Ethical Considerations in World Bank Policies on Indigenous Persons 21.3.1 Ethical Issues Not Considered by the World Bank 21.4 Conclusion 22 481 487 492 498 500 Addressing Human Rights Impacts in Sustainability Reporting 502 Chiara Ferracioli and Julien Parkhomenko 22.1 22.2 22.3 Introduction The Theoretical Framework 22.2.1 The Policy Imperative Drafting a Sustainability Report 22.3.1 Drivers of Sustainability Reporting 22.3.2 Reporting Frameworks 502 503 503 509 509 511 XV
xvi Contents 22.3.3 Key Concepts 22.3.4 Phases of Sustainability Reporting 22.4 Human Rights Reporting in Practice 22.4.1 Challenges and Gaps 22.4.2 Best Practices 22.5 Conclusion 23 Leveraging the Consumer-Led Movement to Strengthen Sustainable Business Opportunities, Limitations and the Role of Companies to Empower Consumers 513 515 519 520 523 529 531 Anna Triponel 23.1 23.2 Introduction Limitations in Prioritising Sustainably Sourced Products through Purchasing Decisions 23.2.1 Consumer Studies Highlight That Consumers ֊ and Younger Consumers in Particular - Would Prefer to Buy Sustainably Sourced Products 23.2.2 Consumers’ Desire for Sustainable Products Does Not Translate at the Point of Purchase 23.3 The Effect of Consumer Mobilisation on Tarnishing Company Reputations 23.3.1 Positive Impacts of Consumer-Coordinated Activism 23.3.2 Limitations on the Ability of Consumer Campaigns to Lead to Meaningful Changes for Companies’ Approach to Sustainability at Scale 23.4 Companies’ Instrumental Role in Leveraging the Consumer-Led Movement towards Sustainable Business 23.4.1 The Importance of Transparency about Product Ingredients, Raw Materials, Origin and Manufacturing Practices, as Well as Challenges and Lessons Learned 23.4.2 Harnessing the Potential for Advertising, Marketing and Branding to Push Consumers towards Sustainable Choices and a More Just Society 23.4.3 Progressive Companies Are Enabling Their Consumers to Proactively Reduce Negative Impacts through Their Purchases 23.5 Conclusion 531 534 534 536 539 540 544 546 547 550 554 558
Contents 24 The Structural Complexity of Multinational Corporations and the Effect on Managing Human Rights Risks in the Supply Chain 560 Tam Nguyen 24.1 24.2 24.3 25 Introduction Rethinking Responsible Supply Chain Management Responsible Supply Chain Management and the Decision-Making Process 24.4 The Conundrum of Responsible Supply Chain Management in the Developing World 24.5 Considerations 24.6 Conclusion 560 562 Towards a UN Business and Human Rights Treaty 583 567 572 575 580 Ilias Bantekas 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 Introduction Preventive Due Diligence Obligations Liability of MNCs Jurisdiction for Victims’ Rights Victimhood under the BHR Treaty Institutional Arrangements 25.6.1 The Committee 25.6.2 Assembly of States Parties 25.6.3 Fund for Victims 25.6.4 National Implementation Mechanisms 25.7 The 2020 Version of the BHR Treaty 25.8 Conclusion 583 587 590 594 598 601 601 604 605 606 607 610 Index 611 xvii |
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| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:27:29Z |
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| title | The Cambridge companion to business & human rights law |
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| title_auth | The Cambridge companion to business & human rights law |
| title_exact_search | The Cambridge companion to business & human rights law |
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| title_full | The Cambridge companion to business & human rights law edited by Ilias Bantekas, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar, Michael Ashley Stein, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts |
| title_fullStr | The Cambridge companion to business & human rights law edited by Ilias Bantekas, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar, Michael Ashley Stein, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Cambridge companion to business & human rights law edited by Ilias Bantekas, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar, Michael Ashley Stein, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts |
| title_short | The Cambridge companion to business & human rights law |
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