The Carpathians: discovering the highlands of Poland and Ukraine
"A study of how three discrete mountain ranges within the Carpathian Mountain system -- the Tatras, Eastern Carpathians, and Bieszczady Mountains, together with their indigenous highlanders (Górale, Hutsuls, Boikos, and Lemkos)--were discovered and turned into popular tourist destinations by Po...
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Ithaca, New York
Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press
2021
|
Schriftenreihe: | NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
Zusammenfassung: | "A study of how three discrete mountain ranges within the Carpathian Mountain system -- the Tatras, Eastern Carpathians, and Bieszczady Mountains, together with their indigenous highlanders (Górale, Hutsuls, Boikos, and Lemkos)--were discovered and turned into popular tourist destinations by Poles and Ukrainians in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries" -- |
Beschreibung: | XVI, 270 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
ISBN: | 9781501759673 |
Internformat
MARC
LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
---|---|---|---|
001 | BV047556557 | ||
003 | DE-604 | ||
005 | 20230901 | ||
007 | t | ||
008 | 211024s2021 a||| b||| 00||| eng d | ||
020 | |a 9781501759673 |c hbk. |9 978-1-5017-5967-3 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)1269194254 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV047556557 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
041 | 0 | |a eng | |
049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-188 |a DE-384 |a DE-521 |a DE-Re13 | ||
084 | |a OST |q DE-12 |2 fid | ||
084 | |a RQ 30528 |0 (DE-625)142414:12764 |2 rvk | ||
084 | |a KO 1045 |0 (DE-625)80041: |2 rvk | ||
100 | 1 | |a Dabrowski, Patrice M. |d 1960- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1049620364 |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a The Carpathians |b discovering the highlands of Poland and Ukraine |c Patrice M. Dabrowski |
264 | 1 | |a Ithaca, New York |b Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press |c 2021 | |
300 | |a XVI, 270 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Karten | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
490 | 0 | |a NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies | |
505 | 8 | |a Where Freedom Awaits -- On the Mountain Pass -- Transforming the Tatras -- Turn-of-the Century Innovations -- The Hutsul Region and the Hand of Civilization -- The Advent of the Railway -- A Novel Alpine Club -- A Poland of Regions -- A Novel Wilderness -- Tourism for the Masses -- Battling for the Soul of the Bieszczady -- Power, Ecology, and the Public Sphere | |
520 | 3 | |a "A study of how three discrete mountain ranges within the Carpathian Mountain system -- the Tatras, Eastern Carpathians, and Bieszczady Mountains, together with their indigenous highlanders (Górale, Hutsuls, Boikos, and Lemkos)--were discovered and turned into popular tourist destinations by Poles and Ukrainians in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries" -- | |
648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1860-1980 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Indigenes Volk |0 (DE-588)4187207-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Erschließung |0 (DE-588)4152886-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Tourismus |0 (DE-588)4018406-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
651 | 7 | |a Ostkarpaten |0 (DE-588)4075749-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
651 | 7 | |a Karpaten |0 (DE-588)4029760-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
651 | 7 | |a Bieszczady |0 (DE-588)4006552-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
651 | 7 | |a Tatra |0 (DE-588)4059114-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
653 | 2 | |a Carpathian Mountains / Discovery and exploration | |
653 | 2 | |a Tatra Mountains (Slovakia and Poland) / Discovery and exploration | |
653 | 2 | |a Beshchady Mountains (Poland and Ukraine) / Discovery and exploration | |
653 | 2 | |a Carpathian Mountains / History / 19th century | |
653 | 2 | |a Carpathian Mountains / History / 20th century | |
653 | 2 | |a Tatra Mountains (Slovakia and Poland) / History / 19th century | |
653 | 2 | |a Tatra Mountains (Slovakia and Poland) / History / 20th century | |
653 | 2 | |a Beshchady Mountains (Poland and Ukraine) / History / 19th century | |
653 | 2 | |a Beshchady Mountains (Poland and Ukraine) / History / 20th century | |
653 | 0 | |a Discoveries in geography | |
653 | 2 | |a Europe / Beshchady Mountains | |
653 | 2 | |a Europe / Carpathian Mountains | |
653 | 2 | |a Europe / Tatra Mountains | |
653 | 4 | |a 1800-1999 | |
689 | 0 | 0 | |a Karpaten |0 (DE-588)4029760-3 |D g |
689 | 0 | 1 | |a Tatra |0 (DE-588)4059114-1 |D g |
689 | 0 | 2 | |a Ostkarpaten |0 (DE-588)4075749-3 |D g |
689 | 0 | 3 | |a Bieszczady |0 (DE-588)4006552-2 |D g |
689 | 0 | 4 | |a Indigenes Volk |0 (DE-588)4187207-1 |D s |
689 | 0 | 5 | |a Erschließung |0 (DE-588)4152886-4 |D s |
689 | 0 | 6 | |a Tourismus |0 (DE-588)4018406-7 |D s |
689 | 0 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1860-1980 |A z |
689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-1-5017-5968-0 |
776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe, PDF |z 978-1-5017-5969-7 |
856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032932103&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032932103&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Register // Gemischte Register |
940 | 1 | |n oe | |
940 | 1 | |q BSB_NED_20220218 | |
999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032932103 | ||
942 | 1 | 1 | |c 306.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09034 |g 437 |
942 | 1 | 1 | |c 306.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09034 |g 477 |
942 | 1 | 1 | |c 306.09 |e 22/bsb |f 0904 |g 437 |
942 | 1 | 1 | |c 306.09 |e 22/bsb |f 0904 |g 477 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804182880676478976 |
---|---|
adam_text | lí Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgments ix xi List of Abbreviations xv Introduction PartI: 1 The Tatra Mountains Galicia of Part II: 1. Where Freedom Awaits 13 2. On the Mountain Pass 30 3. Transforming the Tatras 37 4. Turn-of-the-Century Innovations 54 The Eastern Carpathians of Galicia and the Second Polish Republic Part III: 5. The Hutsul Region and the Hand of Civilization 65 6. The Advent of the Railway 82 7. A New Alpine Club 99 8. A Poland of Regions 121 The Bieszczady Mountains Polish People’s Republic of the 9. A Novel Wilderness 10. Tourism for the Masses 139 154
CONTENTS 11. Battling for the Soul of the Bieszczady 12. Power, Ecology, and the Public Sphere Conclusion Notes 205 Index 263
tf Index Academic Tourist Club, 80-81 Akcja Wisa. See Operation Vistula alpine clubs, 3, 27-28, 69, 175; See aho Czarnohora Branch of the Tatra Society; Hungarian Carpathian Society; Tatra Society/Polish Tatra Society alpinism, Polish. See mountain climbing Archduke Charles, 89, 230n39 architecture, Zakopane Style (Polish Style): beyond Zakopane, 45, 79, 87, 200, 256Ո47; in Zakopane, 45-46, 59-62, 222Ո26 Arłamów. See under tourism, secret Communist Party Armenians, 68, 70, 78, 103, 200 Bałucki, Michał, 19, 209ո22 Balzer, Oswald, 49 Bełlon, Wojtek, 164, 253ո55 Beshchady. See Bieszczady Beynar, Ewa, 160-61 Bieszczady, 9; demographics, postwar, 146, 160, 163-64, 247Ո24; demographics, prewar, 139, 141, 245n2; farmers, 160, 162, 191-94; growth, of tourism under socialism, 145, 147, 155-57, 159, 166, 251n8; Jews and Roma, World War II, 141; location name changes, 185-86, 191, 259n20, 259n25; location/physical description, 139, 145; numbers of tourists, 9, 159, 166; Polish/East Slav relations, 141; popularization of, 145-46, 161-62; repopulation/resettlement of, 145-46, 162-63, 202; socialist vision/ building in, 146, 152, 167, 173-74, 182-83; trail development, 147, 152-53; transportation, 157, 171; Ukrainian national cause and, 141 (see aho Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists; Ukrainian Insurgent Army); wilderness, 9, 145-47, 161, 164, 167; wildness as attraction, 164-65 Bieszczady, competing visions for tourism under socialism: Bieszczady-40”, 182-83, 188,258n8; central authorities, 168-69, 175, 178, 182-83, 187, 189-91, 194-95; The Dispute over the Bieszczady, 186-88,190,
194-95; farmers/Rural Solidarity, 191-92, 260n55; locals, 177-79; Warsaw Polytechnic students/ Politechnika, 169-75,178-79, 188-90,192-94, 199; Warsaw press, 175-76,190. See aho Rygielski, Janusz Bieszczady, population transfers from, 142-44, 163-64, 247ՈՈ18-19; Operation Vistula, 143-44, 164, 246Ш6 Bieszczady, socialist development /industry, 146, 155-56, 160-61, 165, 177-78, 180, 251n8; dams/reservoirs (Solina and Myczkowce), 156-57, 160-61, 178, 180; highway loops, 156-57, 161; road development, 161, 180; State Agricultural Farms, 146, 155, 180, 162, 189, 251n8; Ustianowa lumber mill, 180-81, 194; workers on projects/ working conditions, 156, 160-61; zagospodarowanie/reclaiming, 168-69, 176, 187. See aho Bieszczady-40” “Bieszczady-40”, 182-83, 188, 258n8 Bieszczady National Park, 171, 181, 191-92 Bieszczady Society, 170-71, 174, 176, 190-91, 193 Bohosiewicz, Bohdan, 75-76 Boikos, 6,9,122,139,198,200, 245n3; as Poles, 141; resetdement from Bieszczady, 142-44, 163,202; in Ukrainian Insurgent Army, 143; as Ukrainians, 106,123,141,143 borderlands/border, 7; Bieszczady, 144, 146, 150, 155, 245n4; Carpathian region, 6-7, 10, 35, 122-23, 197, 200; contestation/ challenges in, 6-7, 48; Hutsul region, 100, 108, 113, 120, 134, 139, 201; Polish ehte visions of, 37-38; security of, 8, 120, 136, 147, 160, 198; Tatras, 7, 13, 15, 19, 22, 34-35, 37-38, 42 263
264 INDEX Bremer, Bronisław, 160-61, 260ո4ճ Bremer (Misiak-Bremer) Miśka (Elżbieta), 160-61 brigandage/brigands, 247ո23; in the Tatras, 18, 26-27, 29, 31, 43, 21Ш61; in the Hutsul region, 66, 70. See ako Jánošík, Juraj; Dovbush, Oleksa Burkut, 68-69, 71, 108, 223n9 Chabówka, 39, 48, 52, 57 Chałubiński, Tytus, ЗО, 52, 173, 21Ш52, 21 lnî9, 220Ո69; brigandage and, 26; climatic health resort initiative of, 39; commemoration of, 50, 136; early visits to Tatras of, 209n29; excursion without a program” of, 22-27, 32, 35-36, 213n5; as legend, 36; as physician in Zakopane, 20-21, 209ՈՈ32-33; Polish nation and, 26, 37; popularization of Tatras by, 20-21, 27, 37, 70, 73, 99; relationship with highlanders, 20, 25, 28-29; salons of, 40; Tatra Society and, 27-29, 69; as Tatras discoverer, 3, 19, 21, 30, 35, 44, 175, 196, 210n39; views on highlanders of, 23, 213n7 CHBC (wild men, zakapiorze”), 163-64 Chmielowski, Janusz, 55 Chochołów uprising, 44 Chramiec, Andrzej, 57-58, 90, 214ո23, 231ո53; in dispute over vision for Zakopane sanatorium, 58-60, 222n26 Congress of Podhalans, 61 Council of Ministers, 171, 184-85, 192, 259n20 Czarnohora Branch of the Tatra Society, 136, 234n2, 238Ո74; creation, 71-72; ethnographic exhibition of, 73-75, 77, 225Ո42, 226ՈՈ45-46, 226n48, 227Ո65; infrastructural changes in the Hutsul region by, 72-73, 80; initiatives, 80-81, 87; membership, 72, 80; popularization of the Hutsul region by, 72 Czarnohora (Chornohora). See Hutsul region Czarnohora National Park, 102, 235nl2 Dembowska, Maria, 40, 42-43, 216nl0 Dembowski, Bronislaw, 40, 42-43, 216nl0 Deotyma, 17,
208Ш4 Dewdiuk, Mikołaj and Wasyl, 110, 131 discoverers, of the Carpathians, 1, 3-5, 9, 197, 199-201. Seeaho Chałubiński, Tytus discovery, Bieszczady, 9, 147, 177, 186, 188, 194-96, 201, 255ո24; Student Club of Beskid Guides and, 149; We Are Discovering the Bieszczady for a Third Time campaign, 188-90, 195, 196; We Are Rediscovering the Bieszczady” campaign, 169-75, 179, 188 discovery, Carpathians, 1, 3-7, 9, 70, 196-97, 200-203; center versus periphery, 4-5, 7, 197, 199; repeated, 199 discovery, Hutsul region, 8-9, 65, 79, 124, 198, 201-2, 234nnl-2; comparison to Tatras discovery, 99; of Hutsuls, 66, 80, 93, 94, 98, 113, 198, 201; railway and, 66; (re)discovery during interwar period, 100, 108-9, 113,124, 234n2; Ukrainians and, 94, 100; before World War I by Galicians, 99. See also Karpiński, Franciszek; Vincenz, Stanisław; Witwicki, Sofron discovery, Tatras, 3, 8, 38, 60, 62,197, 201; comparison to Hutsul region discovery, 99; of highlanders, 7, 42, 44, 197; nation/ national space and, 15, 49; Slovaks and, 50; Zakopane, 17, 42, 60,197. See also Chałubiński, Tytus; Witkiewicz, Stanisław Dispute over the Bieszczady, The, 186-88, 190, 194-95 Dłuski, Kazimierz, 58 Dobosz (Dowboszczuk, Dovbush), Oleksa, 66, 70, 97 Dora: relationship to hamlet of Jaremcze,, 85, 88-89, 229n32; Ukrainian tourists in, 89, 198 Doskoczyriski, Kazimierz, 184, 186, 190 Dovbush (Dobosz, Dowboszczuk), Oleksa, 66, 70, 97 Dowie, Menie Muriel, 226n54 Dulęba, Maria, 148 Eastern Beskid Area of Protected Landscape, 169, 179, 189 Eastern Carpathians. See Hutsul region East Slavs. See Boikos; Lemkos Eichhorn,
Ludwig, 18, 27, 46 Eljasz, Walery, 19, 43, 50, 62, 212Ո64; Tatras guidebook of, 19, 39, 212Ո70; Tatras images of, 53; Tatra Society and, 29; trail improvement by, 49; views on mountain climbing, 26 Englisch, Karol, 55 excursion without a program”, 22-27, 32, 35-36, 213n5
INDEX Fischer, Adam, 105-7 Franz Joseph, 47, 69; Hutsui region agricultural exhibition and, 77-78; Hutsui region ethnographic exhibition and, 73-80, 82, 226n44, 226n48, 227n58 frontier, 7, 9; Carpathians as, 6-7, 15, 35; contestation on the, 48; frontier thesis , 207nl; Hutsui region as, 66, 100, 112, 136; Tatras as, 13, 62 Gąsiorowski, Henryk, 80, 104, 107-8, 119, 234n2, 236Ո34 Gerhard, Jan, 152, 186 Germans, 26, 71-72, 76, 107, 224nl9; Zipser, 27, 50, 219Ո59 Germer, Lejzor/Eliezer, 103, 132, 135 Gierek, Edward, 167, 175, 184, 194-95, 202 Goetel, Walery, 102, 122 Goldfinger, Jakub, 47 Górale, 6, 8, 15, 45, 50, 61, 108, 198; brigands and, 66, 211ո61; lowlanders and, 42, 79; On the Mountain Pass and, 31; popularization of, 73. See also highlanders, Tatras guidebooks: Bieszczady, 119, 147; by Eljasz, Walery (Tatras), 19, 39, 212ո70; Hutsui region, 80-81, 119; by Witkiewicz, Stanislaw (Tatras, On the Mountain Pass), 27-28, 30-35, 51, 60, 62, 132, 214-15ՈՈ guides, 32; Chałubiński, Tytus and, 20, 23-24; Hutsui, 72, 80, 101,105; Stolarczyk, Father Józef and, 18, 211n54; Tatras highlanders as, 26-27,29, 35, 39,44, 52, 55-56. See also Student Club of Beskid Guides Habsburg Empire: Hutsui region and the, 65-66, 68, 79, 201; Tatras and the, 15, 17 Hacquet, Balthasar, 17, 68, 223n6 Highland Congress (Sanok), 122-23 Highland Holiday (Święto Gór), 121-22 Highland Week, 136, 245n81 highlanders (general): attempts to connect to Polish state, 121-23, 240ПІ0; brotherhood among, 122; importance to discovery, 199-200; Ukrainians and, 123; unity in diversity”, 123,198. See abo Boikos;
Górale; highlanders, Tatras; Hutsuis; Lemkos highlanders, Tatras: art and architecture of 45-46; conflict with neonatives, 58-60; garb, 23; Highland Holiday and, 121; Polish nation and, 35, 38, 44, 61, 79, 197; relationship with lowlanders, 3-4, 6-7, 265 23, 31, 35, 42, 202 (seeabo excursion without a program”); in salons, 40, 42; as ur-Poles, 43, 46, 57, 200; work, pre-tourist industry, 18; work, tourist industry, 18, 29, 39, 57 (see abo guides, Tatras highlanders). See aho Górale; intelligentsia/elites, Tatras hiking: in the Bieszczady, 145, 147-49, 159, 174, 189, 194 (see abo rajdy); in the Hutsui region, 72, 80-81; in the Tatras, 56 Hnatiuk, Volodymyr, 94 Hoffbauer, Henryk, 80-81 Hohenlohe, Christian Kraft zu HohenloheÖhringen, 48, 53, 219ո52 Holovats’kyi, lakiv, 70 Homolacs family, 17-18, 208nl2 Huculszczyzna. See Hutsui region Hungarian Carpathian Society, 3, 27, 21Ш54 Hunting, 47, 258ПІ7, 258nl9; communist leaders and, 184-85, 191 Hutsui Holiday (1933), 113; failure of 109-10, 113, 132; lessons from, 112-13; promotion of Hutsui culture, 110; purpose/plans, 109, 134, 236n45; Ukrainian perceptions of 110-11, 127 Hutsui Holiday (1934), 118-20, 124, 127 Hutsui Museum, 124, 128, 132 Hutsui region: alcoholism, 107; art, 80; comparisons to Tatras, 65, 70, 80, 90, 120,135; demographics, 65, 68; location/ physical description, 65-66, 69; loss of for Poles, 139,144,147; industry, 77,102; natural resources, 68-69; 1931 survey conference, 101-9, 111, 236n34; 1932 survey conference, 109; popularization of 66, 70-76,109, 131-33; settlements in, 82-84; transportation to/in, 82,
103, 107-8, 232Ո72 (see aho railway, development: Hutsui region) Hutsui region, tensions between Polish state/Poles and Ukrainians/Ruthenes, 116-17, 120, 125, 134, 223n2; Hutsui Holiday and, 110-11; injaremcze, 88-89; Polish” ethnographic exhibition versus Ruthenian” agricultural exhibition, 77-78; Polish-Ukrainian War of 1918-19 and, 111, 116. See abo Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists; Ukrainian Insurgent Army Hutsui Route March, 117-18, 128, 239Ո94
266 INDEX Hutsul Theater, 94-98, 198, 202; comparison to Tatra Panorama, 95; Ukrainians and the, 96-97, 98 Hutsuls, 6, 8, 65-66, 76; artistry/ handicrafts of, 75-76,105-6,110, 226n54; comparisons to Tatras highlanders, 230n35; Highland Holiday and, 121-22; misfortunes/impoverishment of, 70, 107-8; nationhood/nation budding and, 65-66, 80, 98; origins, 68, 223n8; as tourist attraction, 105; tourist industry work, 105 Hutsuls, relationship with Polish state/ Poles, 198; cooperation with Polish state, 112, 116-17, 128, 130-31, 133, 202; Hutsul Museum, 124; Polish state building and, 79, 127-29, 133-35; punishment of Hutsuls during Second Polish Republic, 111; Second Brigade of the Polish Legions, 115-16. See abo Hutsul region, 1931 survey conference Hutsuls, relationship with Ukrainians/ Ruthenes, 130, 198; Hutsul Holiday, 110; Hutsul Theater, 96-97, 98; identification as Ukrainian, 106, 112, 123, 127, 135; Ukrainian independence and, 111; Ukrainian national cause and, 127-29, 198; in Polish-Ukrainian War, 111, 116 Hutsul shchyna. See Hutsul region intelligentsia/elites, Tatras: encounters with/perceptions of highlanders, 41-44, 79, 88; in excursion without a program”, 25; interest in local folk culture, 42-43; as neonatives, 37-38, 61; neonatives conflict with highlanders, 58-60; Polish nation/nation building and, 6, 16, 38; salons, 40, 42, 92, 216nl0; Tatra Society and, 27-28; Tatras highlanders and, 60, 197, 202, 210n40; as visitors to Zakopane, 40-41. See abo Staszic, Stanisław; Witkiewicz, Stanislaw Jabłonka, 118, 129, 236ո45 Jabłonki, 143, 152, 171 jacquerie of 1846,
44 Janiszewski, Tomasz, 58-60 Jánošík, Juraj, 26, 31, 66, 211ո61 Janota, Eugeniusz, 209n26, 212n72 Jaremcze, 103, 108, 198; comparison to Zakopane, 87-89; Czarnohora Branch of the Tatra Society in, 87; demographics, 89, 230Ո41, 230Ո46; destruction during World War I, 100; entrepreneurship in, 85-86; folk celebration in, 109; growth of tourism in, 85-89; Jews in, 230nn45-46; numbers of tourists in, 86-87, 89; railway/railway bridge and, 83, 85, 100; relationship to village of Dora, 85, 88-89, 229n32; spa/health resort in, 85-89, 98, 229n32 Jaremcze Club, 86—88 Jaroszewicz, Piotr, 182, 184-85 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 193 Jelínek, Edvard, 50 Jews: in the Bieszczady, 139, 141, 142; highlanders and, 34; in the Hutsul region, 68, 78, 83, 88, 97, 107, 131, 200; in Jaremcze, 85, 89, 230nn45-46, 229n26; in Kosów, 23ІПП60-61; lowlanders and, 33-34; Polish nation/nation building and, 34, 35; in the Tatras, 32-35, 214n23; in Żabie, 70, 103, 132 John Paul II (pope), 147-48, 248n36 Kachkovs kyi Society, 77 Karpiński, Franciszek, 70 Kasprzycki, Tadeusz, 113, 126, 133, 198, 202, 238ո70; Highland Holiday and, 121-22; Hutsul Museum and, 124; Hutsul Route March and, 119; Polonization plans in Hutsul region of, 125; Society of Friends of the Hutsul Region and, 113, 119; as Union of Mountain Lands head, 122 Kazimierzowo. See tourism, secret Communist Party: Muczne Khotkevych, Hnat, 94-97, 198, 200 Kitleruk, Jan (vel Ivan), 117, 242n44 Kneipp, Sebastian, 91, 23ІП55 Kolberg, Oskar, 73, 75 Kołomyja (Kolomyia), 82; agricultural exhibition in, 77; ceramics school in, 76; ethnographic exhibition in, 69,
73-75, 77-78; Franz Joseph’s visit to, 69, 73-74, 78-89, 82, 227Ո58; transportation to Hutsul region from, 84-85, 93; visitors to Hutsul region from, 72, 86-89 Kosiv. See Kosów Kosów, 108, 198, 24ІПІ2; Hutsul Holiday and, 110; sanatorium, 90-93, 98, 23ІП61, 232Ո66 Kotsiubyns’kyi, Mykhailo, 94 Kraków: tourists in the Tatras from, 19, 20; transportation to Zakopane from, 22, 39, 52; Hutsul Theater in, 95 Krosno Province, 186-88, 191
INDEX Krygowski, Władysław, 174, 193, 255ո27; response to tourist preserve, 174, 176; review of The Dispute over the Bieszczady, 195; views on tourism in Bieszczady, 145-47, 154, 193, 255n27 Kryvorivnia, 94, 97-98 Krzyworównia, 94, 97-98 Kukuczka, Jerzy, 202-3 Kulczycki, Zbigniew, 154-55 Kuźnice, 16-18 Łaska, Beata née Kościełecka, 2-3 Legions, 115-16; Hutsuls in the, 116; Legionnaires’ Clubs, 115, 117, 120, 125; Second Brigade, 115-16, 117 Lemkos, 6, 9,122,139, 141, 179, 198, 200, 245n3; as Poles, 141; resettlement from Bieszczady of, 142-44, 163, 202; as Ukrainians, 123,141,143; in the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, 143 Lgocki, Henryk, 51, 53 Lipszyc, Jan Bazyl, 193 Liptāks, 50 Łotoczko, Olgierd, 179, 200 Martial Law, 193-95,199 Matlakowski, Władysław, 43 Mazur, Jacek, 170-71 Mazurka, 49 Michałowski, Witold St., 175, 186-88, 190-91,195 Mickiewicz, Adam, 33, 47, 50 Midowicz, Władysław, 127 Młynarski, Wojciech, 158,162 Modjeska, Helena, 29, 40, 213n78 Modrzejewska, Helena, 29, 40, 213Ո78 Morskie Oko (Eye of the Sea) Lake, 23, 38, 50, 51, 208ПІ2; dispute over rights to, 48-50, 53, 55, 219n52; in On the Mountain Pass in tale of the Jew, 32-33, 35; as Polish icon, 48, 49, 53, 218n50; transport to, 57 mountain climbing, 2, 3, 96, 202-3; in the Bieszczady, 145; decline of group, 55-56; in the Hutsul region, 80, 87, 135; priests and, 17, 147-48 (see aho Stolarczyk, Father Józef); solo, 55; in the Tatras, 19, 33, 52, 145; technical, 55-56; women and, 32, 160; youth/ students and, 56. See aho “excursion without a program” Mountain Holiday. See Highland Holiday Muczne. See under tourism,
secret Communist Party 267 “Nad Tatrou sa blýska , 50 Nadobta, Władek (Majster Bieda), 163-64 Nowicki, Maksymilian, 71, 212n72 observatory. See State Meteorological Institute Obshchestvo im. Mykhaila Kachkovs’koho, 77 Operation Vistula, 143-44, 164, 246nl6 Orbis, 103, 155, 250n6 Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, 110, 126, 128, 141. See aho Ukrainian Insurgent Army Orłowicz, Mieczysław, 56, 81, 109, 114, 136, 144, 148 OUN. See Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists Paderewski, Ignacyjan, 40, 58, 218n50, 222n22 Peltz, Magnus, 46-47 Piłsudski, Marshal Józef, 113,123,151, 198, 238Ո70; Hutsul Route March of, 117; Sanacja, government of, 100, 112 Plawicki, Feliks, 47 Podhalans. See Górale Pol, Wincenty, 16, 28, 50, 68-69, 119 Poland, partitions of, 7, 15, 16, 21, 37 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 7, 15, 78-79 PoUsh Society of Tourism and Local Studies, 146, 150, 161, 193, 252n28 Polish United Workers’ Party, 150, 167, 178-79, 183, 191 Politechnik, 169, 188; end of during Martial Law, 193, 195; during Solidarity, 190; “We Are Discovering the Bieszczady for a Third Time” campaign, 188-90, 195, 196; “We Are Rediscovering the Bieszczady” campaign, 169-74, 179 Połoniny (vel Połonina), 174-75, 200, 202 Positivism, 21, 26, 36, 41, 44, 62, 92, 216nl9 preservation, culture; in Bieszczady, 179, 200, 257Ո58; Hutsul, 71, 104-7, 114-15, 129, 133-34, 200 (see aho Hutsul Theater; Hutsul Museum); Tatras highlander, 42-43, 61 preservation, nature, 199, 202; in the Bieszczady, 168-69, 179-81, 188-89, 191-93, 195, 202 (see aho tourist preserve); global, 166-67, 188; in the Hutsul region,
101-7; in Poland (general), 166, 188; Tatra Society and, 28
268 INDEX Prut River Valley/Prut River, 89, 103, 105, 119; development, 86, 90; flooding, 87; Habsburgs and, 68; railway in, 83, 85, 97, 107-8; settlements in, 82-83, 97; visitors to, 87. See abo Jaremcze PTTK. See Polish Society of Tourism and Local Studies PZPR. See Polish United Workers’ Party Raczyńska, Róża née Potocka (primo voto Krasińska), 40, 43 railway, development; Hutsul region, 66, 82-85, 93, 97, 108; Hutsul region, impact on settlements, 84-90; Tatras, 39, 48, 52, 56-57, 215n4 rajdy, 150-51, 193, 249nn51֊52, 249ո54; Friendship Rajd, 150-51, 164 Rancho Texas, 146, 161 Rautenstrauchowa, Łucja, 17 Reinfuss, Roman, 245n3 Rettinger, 47 Rural Solidarity, 191-93 Russian Empire: Hutsul Theater in the, 96; Polish tourists to Tatras from, 21, 33, 35, 41-42, 51, 56, 97; tourists to Hutsul region from, 80, 94, 97, 197 Rybkowski, Tadeusz, 80 Rygielski, Janusz, 195, 256ո40, 261ո62; The Dispute over the Bieszczady and, 186-88, 190; tourist preserve proposal of, 170-75, 190, 199; views on nature preservation/ tourism in the Bieszczady, 170, 178-79, 188-91, 193-94 Słowacki, Juliusz, 50 Society of Bieszczady Development, 176-77, 188, 256Ո44 Society of Friends of the Bieszczady. See Bieszczady Society Society of Friends of the Hutsul Region, 113, 120, 129-32, 134-135, 198, 237n67; aims, 114; as conspiratorial government organization, 125-26, 134-35; discovery of Hutsul region and, 234n2, 113; Highland Holiday and, 121-22; Hutsul Holiday (1934) and, 118-20; Hutsul Museum of, 124; Hutsul Polish cooperation and, 116-17; Hutsul Route March and, 117; military connections, 113, 126,
135, 238Ո72, 243n62; origins/ development, 124-25, 134; preservation of Hutsul culture by, 114-15; projects, 123, 24ІПІ2; structure, 114, 124, 238n74, 238ՈՈ76-77 Solidarity, 9, 190-92, 194-95, 199, 261n59 Soviet Union, 199; Bieszczady and, 9, 141, 144; Hutsul region and, 9, 139; invasion of Poland by, 136, 139; Soviet-style industry, 146, 180 Stanislavsky, Constantine, 96 Staszic, Stanisław, 15-16, 50, 248ո35 State Council of Nature Preservation, 102 State Meteorological Institute, 126-27, 135, 24ІП23, 241ՈՈ26-27, 242n28 Steczkowska, Maria, 17 Stephen, Leslie, 26, 205n6 Stolarczyk, Father Józef, 18-20, 23-24, 52, 71, 21ІП54, 220n69, 248n35 Sabała (Krzeptowski-Sabała), Jan, 25, 31, 36, 50, 52, 21ІП59, 220ո69 Sanacja, 100, 112, 117 sanatoria/spas/resorts, 92, 103, 231ո55; in the Hutsul region, 8, 97, 104, 114; in Jaremcze/Prut River Valley, 85-89, 98, 229Ո32; in Kosów, 90-93, 98, 231ՈՈ60-61, 232n66; in Zakopane, 39, 48-49, 58-59, 22ІПІ9 Sawicka, Jadwiga, 101 Scouts, 115, 182-83, 185, 188, 194, 232Ո66, 258n8 Shekeryk-Donykiv, Petro, 130, 243n48; almanacs of, 133-35; cooperation with Poles, 130; as Hutsul Theater actor, 96; as Żabie mayor, 110, 126, 129-30, 239n93 Shkribliak, Jurko, 75-76 Shukhevych, Volodymyr, 94 Sienkiewicz, Henryk, 40, 43-44, 54, 56, 162, 217n26 SKPB. See Student Club of Beskid Guides Student Club of Beskid Guides, 149, 160, 169, 174-75, 186, 248n43 Świerczewski, Karol ( Walter”), 143, 151-52, 249Ո64; death of, 143, 151-52; commemorations of, 152, 164, 171, 180; as communist martyr, 151-53, 249n63; monument to, 152, 250n69, 250n71 Święto Huculszczyzny. See
Hutsul Holiday Świętochowski, Aleksander, 36, 41-42 Szerauc, Edward, 116 Tarnawska, Romualda, 91-92 Tarnawski, Apolinary, 90-93, 103, 23ІП53, 231ՈՈ60-61 Tarnowski, Stanisław, 75-76 taternictwo. See mountain climbing taternik, 23, 32-34, 201 Tatra National Park, 9, 145, 163, 174, 247n22 Tatra Society/Polish Tatra Society, 48, 55, 247Ո27; aims/initiatives, 28-29, 38-39, 69-70, 218Ո44; birth, 27-28, 69; casino/
INDEX Tatra Manor of, 54, 214ո23; climatic health resort initiative of, 39, 49; Czarnohora branch creation, 71; Galician Tatra Society, 27-28; in the Hutsul region, 69, 71-72, 80-81,103, 109-10,113; infrastructural improvements by, 39, 49, 72-73; Kosów Branch, 136; membership, 38, 39, 72; Polonization of, 49; schools founded by, 29; Tourist (Mountaineering) Section of, 55-56. See aho Czarnohora Branch of the Tatra Society Tatras: early inhabitants of, 13, 15; early visitors to, 17-18; industrial development, 16-17; location/physical description, 7, 13; nation building/ nation and, 15, 35, 37-38, 44, 49, 62, 197; as national pilgrimage site, 20—21; panorama in Warsaw of, 51-53; in partitioned Poland, 15, 37, 46, 197; Polish names in, 49-50; Polonization of, 49-50; postcards of, 53; road development, 17; Slovaks and, 50-51, 219n60; as symbol of Polish nation, 7, 16; trail development, 17, 38, 49. See aho Zakopane Tetmajer (Przerwa-Tetmajer), Kazimierz, 30, 51-52, 55, 61 tourism, domestic, 21, 23, 252n32 tourism, mass, 149, 154, 159, 164, 168, 170, 176, 250n3; alcoholism and, 158-59; automobile and, 158-59; camping and, 159; company-sponsored, 158 tourism, national, 21, 210n43 tourism, qualified (individual), 149, 159, 168, 190-91, 194, 201; benefits, 149; Martial Law and, 195; Politechnik and, 170; problems, 154-55; socialism and, 149-50; tourist preserve and, 171, 173, 176, 178, 186-87. See oho rajdy tourism, secret Communist Party, 191, 195; Arłamów, 184-85, 191-92, 194-95; hunting, 184-85, 258ПІ7; Muczne, ( W3 ) 184-85, 189, 191-92, 194-95, 258Ш4; Trójca, 184, 192 tourism,
unqualified, 150, 155, 168 tourist preserve, 170-73, 199; connections to regime, 179, 188, 190; The Dispute over the Bieszczady and, 186-88, 190, 194; failure of, 195, 199; international connections, 173; location, 171-72; responses from central authorities, 180; responses from hiking activists, 174, 176; responses from locals, 177-78; responses in Warsaw press, 175-77 Towarzystwo Bieszczadzkie. See Bieszczady Society 269 Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Huculszczyzny. See Society of Friends of the Hutsul Region Towarzystwo Rozwoju Bieszczadów. See Society of Bieszczady Development Townson, Robert, 16, 205n5 Trójca. See under tourism, secret Communist Party Turner, Frederick Jackson, 35, 207nl Ukrainian Insurgent Army, 141-43, 145, 152, 246nl6; conflict with Polish communists, 143, 246nll. See aho Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists Ukrainian Sich Sharpshooters, 111, 116 Union of Highlanders, 60-61 Union of Highlands. See Union of Mountain Lands Union of Mountain Lands, 122-23 UPA. See Ukrainian Insurgent Army Ursedzuk, Athanasyj, 72 Vahylevych, Ivan, 70, 224ПІ7 Verkhovyna. See Żabie Victorini, Henryk, 161 Vincenz, Stanisław, 130, 131, 135, 198, 200; involvement in the Society of Friends of the Hutsul Region, 132-33, 244n64; On the High Uplands by, 130-32, 200; popularization of Hutsul culture/region by, 131-33; views on Ukrainians, 132, 243n62, 244Ո68 Wałęsa, Lech, 194 Warsaw: dispute/discussion about Bieszczady in Warsaw/Warsaw press, 169, 175-176, 180, 187-88, 190-91 (see aho Politechnik); Society of the Friends of the Hutsul Region and, 113; Tatra Panorama in, 51-53; tourists
to the Bieszczady from, 149,161,248n40; tourists to the Tatras from, 20,21,33,41,44,79 Witkiewicz, Stanisław, 30, 36, 50, 61,173,202, 256Ո37; depiction of Jews in the Tatras of, 32-35, 214-15ՈՈ27-28; discovery of Tatras and, 21, 35, 197, 213n5; in dispute over Zakopane sanatorium, 58-60; highland art and architecture interest/ promotion, 34, 44-45; interest in local folk culture, 43; On the Mountain Pass by, 30-35, 51, 60, 62,132, 214-15ՈՈ, 27-28; views on highlanders, 31, 57, 59-60, 200, 213n7, 213nll; views on visitors to Zakopane, 41; Zakopane Style” and, 45-46, 59, 60, 91, 200, 222n26 Witwicki, Sofron, 70-72, 80, 224n22
270 INDEX Wojtyła, Karol. See John Paul II (pope) Wolna Grupa Bukowina, 164 women: Bieszczady infrastructure projects and, 160-61; in Czarnohora Branch of the Tatra Society, 80; demographics in Bieszczady, 162, 247n24; as discoverers oil travelers to the Carpathians/Tatras, 5, 17; Friendship Rajd and, 150; in the Tarnawskis’ sanatorium, 92; as tatemiks/ hikers, 32, 148, 160, 221n9; as tourist industry workers, 105; in Zakopane Higher Vacation Courses, 56 Workers Vacation Fund, 176, 15Ш22 Worochta, 103, 109; alpine base camp in, 80 Wschodniobeskidzki Obszar Chronionego Krajobrazu. See Eastern Beskid Area of Protected Landscape Yaremche. Seejaremcze Young Poland (Młoda Polska), 54-55 Żabie, 71, 109, 130, 224n21; agricultural military school in, 126; alpine base camp in, 73, 80; as capital of Hutsul region, 70, 94; Hutsul Holiday and, 110; Hutsul Theater performance in, 95; improvements in, 236n37, 24ІПІ2; murder of policemen/ judicial functionary in, 111; as tourist destination, 103, 136; transportation to, 103 Zakopane, 8, 17, 18, 61; artistic/intellectual life in, 54-55; as climatic health resort, 39, 41, 48-49, 59; demesne, 17-18, 46-47; Higher Vacation Courses in, 56; invention as tourist destination, 19; numbers/kinds of visitors to, 19, 20, 39, 41, 61, 89, 178; as Polish Athens , 38, 54, 221n3; Polonization of, 49; popularization by Chałubiński, Tytus of, 20-21; public meeting spaces in, 54; saions in, 40,42, 216nl0; sanatorium in, 57-61; Tatra Society and, 39; transportation to, 22, 39, 48, 52, 56-57 Zamoyski, Władysław, 47-49, 52, 57, 59 Zapolska, Gabriela, 92,
229ո30 Zawrat, 32, 214nl6, 215n28 Zejszner, Ludwik, 16, 18, 50 Ziemski, Andrzej, 170, 188, 259n37 Związek Górali, 60-61 Związek Ziem Górskich, 122-23 Zyblikiewicz, Mikołaj, 40 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München .
|
adam_txt |
lí Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgments ix xi List of Abbreviations xv Introduction PartI: 1 The Tatra Mountains Galicia of Part II: 1. Where Freedom Awaits 13 2. On the Mountain Pass 30 3. Transforming the Tatras 37 4. Turn-of-the-Century Innovations 54 The Eastern Carpathians of Galicia and the Second Polish Republic Part III: 5. The Hutsul Region and the Hand of Civilization 65 6. The Advent of the Railway 82 7. A New Alpine Club 99 8. A Poland of Regions 121 The Bieszczady Mountains Polish People’s Republic of the 9. A Novel Wilderness 10. Tourism for the Masses 139 154
CONTENTS 11. Battling for the Soul of the Bieszczady 12. Power, Ecology, and the Public Sphere Conclusion Notes 205 Index 263
tf Index Academic Tourist Club, 80-81 Akcja Wisa. See Operation Vistula alpine clubs, 3, 27-28, 69, 175; See aho Czarnohora Branch of the Tatra Society; Hungarian Carpathian Society; Tatra Society/Polish Tatra Society alpinism, Polish. See mountain climbing Archduke Charles, 89, 230n39 architecture, Zakopane Style (Polish Style): beyond Zakopane, 45, 79, 87, 200, 256Ո47; in Zakopane, 45-46, 59-62, 222Ո26 Arłamów. See under tourism, secret Communist Party Armenians, 68, 70, 78, 103, 200 Bałucki, Michał, 19, 209ո22 Balzer, Oswald, 49 Bełlon, Wojtek, 164, 253ո55 Beshchady. See Bieszczady Beynar, Ewa, 160-61 Bieszczady, 9; demographics, postwar, 146, 160, 163-64, 247Ո24; demographics, prewar, 139, 141, 245n2; farmers, 160, 162, 191-94; growth, of tourism under socialism, 145, 147, 155-57, 159, 166, 251n8; Jews and Roma, World War II, 141; location name changes, 185-86, 191, 259n20, 259n25; location/physical description, 139, 145; numbers of tourists, 9, 159, 166; Polish/East Slav relations, 141; popularization of, 145-46, 161-62; repopulation/resettlement of, 145-46, 162-63, 202; socialist vision/ building in, 146, 152, 167, 173-74, 182-83; trail development, 147, 152-53; transportation, 157, 171; Ukrainian national cause and, 141 (see aho Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists; Ukrainian Insurgent Army); wilderness, 9, 145-47, 161, 164, 167; wildness as attraction, 164-65 Bieszczady, competing visions for tourism under socialism: "Bieszczady-40”, 182-83, 188,258n8; central authorities, 168-69, 175, 178, 182-83, 187, 189-91, 194-95; The Dispute over the Bieszczady, 186-88,190,
194-95; farmers/Rural Solidarity, 191-92, 260n55; locals, 177-79; Warsaw Polytechnic students/ Politechnika, 169-75,178-79, 188-90,192-94, 199; Warsaw press, 175-76,190. See aho Rygielski, Janusz Bieszczady, population transfers from, 142-44, 163-64, 247ՈՈ18-19; Operation Vistula, 143-44, 164, 246Ш6 Bieszczady, socialist development /industry, 146, 155-56, 160-61, 165, 177-78, 180, 251n8; dams/reservoirs (Solina and Myczkowce), 156-57, 160-61, 178, 180; highway loops, 156-57, 161; road development, 161, 180; State Agricultural Farms, 146, 155, 180, 162, 189, 251n8; Ustianowa lumber mill, 180-81, 194; workers on projects/ working conditions, 156, 160-61; zagospodarowanie/reclaiming, 168-69, 176, 187. See aho "Bieszczady-40” “Bieszczady-40”, 182-83, 188, 258n8 Bieszczady National Park, 171, 181, 191-92 Bieszczady Society, 170-71, 174, 176, 190-91, 193 Bohosiewicz, Bohdan, 75-76 Boikos, 6,9,122,139,198,200, 245n3; as Poles, 141; resetdement from Bieszczady, 142-44, 163,202; in Ukrainian Insurgent Army, 143; as Ukrainians, 106,123,141,143 borderlands/border, 7; Bieszczady, 144, 146, 150, 155, 245n4; Carpathian region, 6-7, 10, 35, 122-23, 197, 200; contestation/ challenges in, 6-7, 48; Hutsul region, 100, 108, 113, 120, 134, 139, 201; Polish ehte visions of, 37-38; security of, 8, 120, 136, 147, 160, 198; Tatras, 7, 13, 15, 19, 22, 34-35, 37-38, 42 263
264 INDEX Bremer, Bronisław, 160-61, 260ո4ճ Bremer (Misiak-Bremer) Miśka (Elżbieta), 160-61 brigandage/brigands, 247ո23; in the Tatras, 18, 26-27, 29, 31, 43, 21Ш61; in the Hutsul region, 66, 70. See ako Jánošík, Juraj; Dovbush, Oleksa Burkut, 68-69, 71, 108, 223n9 Chabówka, 39, 48, 52, 57 Chałubiński, Tytus, ЗО, 52, 173, 21Ш52, 21 lnî9, 220Ո69; brigandage and, 26; climatic health resort initiative of, 39; commemoration of, 50, 136; early visits to Tatras of, 209n29; "excursion without a program” of, 22-27, 32, 35-36, 213n5; as legend, 36; as physician in Zakopane, 20-21, 209ՈՈ32-33; Polish nation and, 26, 37; popularization of Tatras by, 20-21, 27, 37, 70, 73, 99; relationship with highlanders, 20, 25, 28-29; salons of, 40; Tatra Society and, 27-29, 69; as Tatras discoverer, 3, 19, 21, 30, 35, 44, 175, 196, 210n39; views on highlanders of, 23, 213n7 CHBC (wild men, "zakapiorze”), 163-64 Chmielowski, Janusz, 55 Chochołów uprising, 44 Chramiec, Andrzej, 57-58, 90, 214ո23, 231ո53; in dispute over vision for Zakopane sanatorium, 58-60, 222n26 Congress of Podhalans, 61 Council of Ministers, 171, 184-85, 192, 259n20 Czarnohora Branch of the Tatra Society, 136, 234n2, 238Ո74; creation, 71-72; ethnographic exhibition of, 73-75, 77, 225Ո42, 226ՈՈ45-46, 226n48, 227Ո65; infrastructural changes in the Hutsul region by, 72-73, 80; initiatives, 80-81, 87; membership, 72, 80; popularization of the Hutsul region by, 72 Czarnohora (Chornohora). See Hutsul region Czarnohora National Park, 102, 235nl2 Dembowska, Maria, 40, 42-43, 216nl0 Dembowski, Bronislaw, 40, 42-43, 216nl0 Deotyma, 17,
208Ш4 Dewdiuk, Mikołaj and Wasyl, 110, 131 discoverers, of the Carpathians, 1, 3-5, 9, 197, 199-201. Seeaho Chałubiński, Tytus discovery, Bieszczady, 9, 147, 177, 186, 188, 194-96, 201, 255ո24; Student Club of Beskid Guides and, 149; "We Are Discovering the Bieszczady for a Third Time" campaign, 188-90, 195, 196; "We Are Rediscovering the Bieszczady” campaign, 169-75, 179, 188 discovery, Carpathians, 1, 3-7, 9, 70, 196-97, 200-203; center versus periphery, 4-5, 7, 197, 199; repeated, 199 discovery, Hutsul region, 8-9, 65, 79, 124, 198, 201-2, 234nnl-2; comparison to Tatras discovery, 99; of Hutsuls, 66, 80, 93, 94, 98, 113, 198, 201; railway and, 66; (re)discovery during interwar period, 100, 108-9, 113,124, 234n2; Ukrainians and, 94, 100; before World War I by Galicians, 99. See also Karpiński, Franciszek; Vincenz, Stanisław; Witwicki, Sofron discovery, Tatras, 3, 8, 38, 60, 62,197, 201; comparison to Hutsul region discovery, 99; of highlanders, 7, 42, 44, 197; nation/ national space and, 15, 49; Slovaks and, 50; Zakopane, 17, 42, 60,197. See also Chałubiński, Tytus; Witkiewicz, Stanisław Dispute over the Bieszczady, The, 186-88, 190, 194-95 Dłuski, Kazimierz, 58 Dobosz (Dowboszczuk, Dovbush), Oleksa, 66, 70, 97 Dora: relationship to hamlet of Jaremcze,, 85, 88-89, 229n32; Ukrainian tourists in, 89, 198 Doskoczyriski, Kazimierz, 184, 186, 190 Dovbush (Dobosz, Dowboszczuk), Oleksa, 66, 70, 97 Dowie, Menie Muriel, 226n54 Dulęba, Maria, 148 Eastern Beskid Area of Protected Landscape, 169, 179, 189 Eastern Carpathians. See Hutsul region East Slavs. See Boikos; Lemkos Eichhorn,
Ludwig, 18, 27, 46 Eljasz, Walery, 19, 43, 50, 62, 212Ո64; Tatras guidebook of, 19, 39, 212Ո70; Tatras images of, 53; Tatra Society and, 29; trail improvement by, 49; views on mountain climbing, 26 Englisch, Karol, 55 "excursion without a program”, 22-27, 32, 35-36, 213n5
INDEX Fischer, Adam, 105-7 Franz Joseph, 47, 69; Hutsui region agricultural exhibition and, 77-78; Hutsui region ethnographic exhibition and, 73-80, 82, 226n44, 226n48, 227n58 frontier, 7, 9; Carpathians as, 6-7, 15, 35; contestation on the, 48; "frontier thesis", 207nl; Hutsui region as, 66, 100, 112, 136; Tatras as, 13, 62 Gąsiorowski, Henryk, 80, 104, 107-8, 119, 234n2, 236Ո34 Gerhard, Jan, 152, 186 Germans, 26, 71-72, 76, 107, 224nl9; Zipser, 27, 50, 219Ո59 Germer, Lejzor/Eliezer, 103, 132, 135 Gierek, Edward, 167, 175, 184, 194-95, 202 Goetel, Walery, 102, 122 Goldfinger, Jakub, 47 Górale, 6, 8, 15, 45, 50, 61, 108, 198; brigands and, 66, 211ո61; lowlanders and, 42, 79; On the Mountain Pass and, 31; popularization of, 73. See also highlanders, Tatras guidebooks: Bieszczady, 119, 147; by Eljasz, Walery (Tatras), 19, 39, 212ո70; Hutsui region, 80-81, 119; by Witkiewicz, Stanislaw (Tatras, On the Mountain Pass), 27-28, 30-35, 51, 60, 62, 132, 214-15ՈՈ guides, 32; Chałubiński, Tytus and, 20, 23-24; Hutsui, 72, 80, 101,105; Stolarczyk, Father Józef and, 18, 211n54; Tatras highlanders as, 26-27,29, 35, 39,44, 52, 55-56. See also Student Club of Beskid Guides Habsburg Empire: Hutsui region and the, 65-66, 68, 79, 201; Tatras and the, 15, 17 Hacquet, Balthasar, 17, 68, 223n6 Highland Congress (Sanok), 122-23 Highland Holiday (Święto Gór), 121-22 Highland Week, 136, 245n81 highlanders (general): attempts to connect to Polish state, 121-23, 240ПІ0; brotherhood among, 122; importance to discovery, 199-200; Ukrainians and, 123; "unity in diversity”, 123,198. See abo Boikos;
Górale; highlanders, Tatras; Hutsuis; Lemkos highlanders, Tatras: art and architecture of 45-46; conflict with neonatives, 58-60; garb, 23; Highland Holiday and, 121; Polish nation and, 35, 38, 44, 61, 79, 197; relationship with lowlanders, 3-4, 6-7, 265 23, 31, 35, 42, 202 (seeabo "excursion without a program”); in salons, 40, 42; as ur-Poles, 43, 46, 57, 200; work, pre-tourist industry, 18; work, tourist industry, 18, 29, 39, 57 (see abo guides, Tatras highlanders). See aho Górale; intelligentsia/elites, Tatras hiking: in the Bieszczady, 145, 147-49, 159, 174, 189, 194 (see abo rajdy); in the Hutsui region, 72, 80-81; in the Tatras, 56 Hnatiuk, Volodymyr, 94 Hoffbauer, Henryk, 80-81 Hohenlohe, Christian Kraft zu HohenloheÖhringen, 48, 53, 219ո52 Holovats’kyi, lakiv, 70 Homolacs family, 17-18, 208nl2 Huculszczyzna. See Hutsui region Hungarian Carpathian Society, 3, 27, 21Ш54 Hunting, 47, 258ПІ7, 258nl9; communist leaders and, 184-85, 191 Hutsui Holiday (1933), 113; failure of 109-10, 113, 132; lessons from, 112-13; promotion of Hutsui culture, 110; purpose/plans, 109, 134, 236n45; Ukrainian perceptions of 110-11, 127 Hutsui Holiday (1934), 118-20, 124, 127 Hutsui Museum, 124, 128, 132 Hutsui region: alcoholism, 107; art, 80; comparisons to Tatras, 65, 70, 80, 90, 120,135; demographics, 65, 68; location/ physical description, 65-66, 69; loss of for Poles, 139,144,147; industry, 77,102; natural resources, 68-69; 1931 survey conference, 101-9, 111, 236n34; 1932 survey conference, 109; popularization of 66, 70-76,109, 131-33; settlements in, 82-84; transportation to/in, 82,
103, 107-8, 232Ո72 (see aho railway, development: Hutsui region) Hutsui region, tensions between Polish state/Poles and Ukrainians/Ruthenes, 116-17, 120, 125, 134, 223n2; Hutsui Holiday and, 110-11; injaremcze, 88-89; "Polish” ethnographic exhibition versus "Ruthenian” agricultural exhibition, 77-78; Polish-Ukrainian War of 1918-19 and, 111, 116. See abo Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists; Ukrainian Insurgent Army Hutsui Route March, 117-18, 128, 239Ո94
266 INDEX Hutsul Theater, 94-98, 198, 202; comparison to Tatra Panorama, 95; Ukrainians and the, 96-97, 98 Hutsuls, 6, 8, 65-66, 76; artistry/ handicrafts of, 75-76,105-6,110, 226n54; comparisons to Tatras highlanders, 230n35; Highland Holiday and, 121-22; misfortunes/impoverishment of, 70, 107-8; nationhood/nation budding and, 65-66, 80, 98; origins, 68, 223n8; as tourist attraction, 105; tourist industry work, 105 Hutsuls, relationship with Polish state/ Poles, 198; cooperation with Polish state, 112, 116-17, 128, 130-31, 133, 202; Hutsul Museum, 124; Polish state building and, 79, 127-29, 133-35; punishment of Hutsuls during Second Polish Republic, 111; Second Brigade of the Polish Legions, 115-16. See abo Hutsul region, 1931 survey conference Hutsuls, relationship with Ukrainians/ Ruthenes, 130, 198; Hutsul Holiday, 110; Hutsul Theater, 96-97, 98; identification as Ukrainian, 106, 112, 123, 127, 135; Ukrainian independence and, 111; Ukrainian national cause and, 127-29, 198; in Polish-Ukrainian War, 111, 116 Hutsul'shchyna. See Hutsul region intelligentsia/elites, Tatras: encounters with/perceptions of highlanders, 41-44, 79, 88; in "excursion without a program”, 25; interest in local folk culture, 42-43; as neonatives, 37-38, 61; neonatives' conflict with highlanders, 58-60; Polish nation/nation building and, 6, 16, 38; salons, 40, 42, 92, 216nl0; Tatra Society and, 27-28; Tatras highlanders and, 60, 197, 202, 210n40; as visitors to Zakopane, 40-41. See abo Staszic, Stanisław; Witkiewicz, Stanislaw Jabłonka, 118, 129, 236ո45 Jabłonki, 143, 152, 171 jacquerie of 1846,
44 Janiszewski, Tomasz, 58-60 Jánošík, Juraj, 26, 31, 66, 211ո61 Janota, Eugeniusz, 209n26, 212n72 Jaremcze, 103, 108, 198; comparison to Zakopane, 87-89; Czarnohora Branch of the Tatra Society in, 87; demographics, 89, 230Ո41, 230Ո46; destruction during World War I, 100; entrepreneurship in, 85-86; folk celebration in, 109; growth of tourism in, 85-89; Jews in, 230nn45-46; numbers of tourists in, 86-87, 89; railway/railway bridge and, 83, 85, 100; relationship to village of Dora, 85, 88-89, 229n32; spa/health resort in, 85-89, 98, 229n32 Jaremcze Club, 86—88 Jaroszewicz, Piotr, 182, 184-85 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 193 Jelínek, Edvard, 50 Jews: in the Bieszczady, 139, 141, 142; highlanders and, 34; in the Hutsul region, 68, 78, 83, 88, 97, 107, 131, 200; in Jaremcze, 85, 89, 230nn45-46, 229n26; in Kosów, 23ІПП60-61; lowlanders and, 33-34; Polish nation/nation building and, 34, 35; in the Tatras, 32-35, 214n23; in Żabie, 70, 103, 132 John Paul II (pope), 147-48, 248n36 Kachkovs'kyi Society, 77 Karpiński, Franciszek, 70 Kasprzycki, Tadeusz, 113, 126, 133, 198, 202, 238ո70; Highland Holiday and, 121-22; Hutsul Museum and, 124; Hutsul Route March and, 119; Polonization plans in Hutsul region of, 125; Society of Friends of the Hutsul Region and, 113, 119; as Union of Mountain Lands head, 122 Kazimierzowo. See tourism, secret Communist Party: Muczne Khotkevych, Hnat, 94-97, 198, 200 Kitleruk, Jan (vel Ivan), 117, 242n44 Kneipp, Sebastian, 91, 23ІП55 Kolberg, Oskar, 73, 75 Kołomyja (Kolomyia), 82; agricultural exhibition in, 77; ceramics school in, 76; ethnographic exhibition in, 69,
73-75, 77-78; Franz Joseph’s visit to, 69, 73-74, 78-89, 82, 227Ո58; transportation to Hutsul region from, 84-85, 93; visitors to Hutsul region from, 72, 86-89 Kosiv. See Kosów Kosów, 108, 198, 24ІПІ2; Hutsul Holiday and, 110; sanatorium, 90-93, 98, 23ІП61, 232Ո66 Kotsiubyns’kyi, Mykhailo, 94 Kraków: tourists in the Tatras from, 19, 20; transportation to Zakopane from, 22, 39, 52; Hutsul Theater in, 95 Krosno Province, 186-88, 191
INDEX Krygowski, Władysław, 174, 193, 255ո27; response to tourist preserve, 174, 176; review of The Dispute over the Bieszczady, 195; views on tourism in Bieszczady, 145-47, 154, 193, 255n27 Kryvorivnia, 94, 97-98 Krzyworównia, 94, 97-98 Kukuczka, Jerzy, 202-3 Kulczycki, Zbigniew, 154-55 Kuźnice, 16-18 Łaska, Beata née Kościełecka, 2-3 Legions, 115-16; Hutsuls in the, 116; Legionnaires’ Clubs, 115, 117, 120, 125; Second Brigade, 115-16, 117 Lemkos, 6, 9,122,139, 141, 179, 198, 200, 245n3; as Poles, 141; resettlement from Bieszczady of, 142-44, 163, 202; as Ukrainians, 123,141,143; in the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, 143 Lgocki, Henryk, 51, 53 Lipszyc, Jan Bazyl, 193 Liptāks, 50 Łotoczko, Olgierd, 179, 200 Martial Law, 193-95,199 Matlakowski, Władysław, 43 Mazur, Jacek, 170-71 Mazurka, 49 Michałowski, Witold St., 175, 186-88, 190-91,195 Mickiewicz, Adam, 33, 47, 50 Midowicz, Władysław, 127 Młynarski, Wojciech, 158,162 Modjeska, Helena, 29, 40, 213n78 Modrzejewska, Helena, 29, 40, 213Ո78 Morskie Oko (Eye of the Sea) Lake, 23, 38, 50, 51, 208ПІ2; dispute over rights to, 48-50, 53, 55, 219n52; in On the Mountain Pass in tale of the Jew, 32-33, 35; as Polish icon, 48, 49, 53, 218n50; transport to, 57 mountain climbing, 2, 3, 96, 202-3; in the Bieszczady, 145; decline of group, 55-56; in the Hutsul region, 80, 87, 135; priests and, 17, 147-48 (see aho Stolarczyk, Father Józef); solo, 55; in the Tatras, 19, 33, 52, 145; technical, 55-56; women and, 32, 160; youth/ students and, 56. See aho “excursion without a program” Mountain Holiday. See Highland Holiday Muczne. See under tourism,
secret Communist Party 267 “Nad Tatrou sa blýska", 50 Nadobta, Władek (Majster Bieda), 163-64 Nowicki, Maksymilian, 71, 212n72 observatory. See State Meteorological Institute Obshchestvo im. Mykhaila Kachkovs’koho, 77 Operation Vistula, 143-44, 164, 246nl6 Orbis, 103, 155, 250n6 Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, 110, 126, 128, 141. See aho Ukrainian Insurgent Army Orłowicz, Mieczysław, 56, 81, 109, 114, 136, 144, 148 OUN. See Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists Paderewski, Ignacyjan, 40, 58, 218n50, 222n22 Peltz, Magnus, 46-47 Piłsudski, Marshal Józef, 113,123,151, 198, 238Ո70; Hutsul Route March of, 117; Sanacja, government of, 100, 112 Plawicki, Feliks, 47 Podhalans. See Górale Pol, Wincenty, 16, 28, 50, 68-69, 119 Poland, partitions of, 7, 15, 16, 21, 37 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 7, 15, 78-79 PoUsh Society of Tourism and Local Studies, 146, 150, 161, 193, 252n28 Polish United Workers’ Party, 150, 167, 178-79, 183, 191 Politechnik, 169, 188; end of during Martial Law, 193, 195; during Solidarity, 190; “We Are Discovering the Bieszczady for a Third Time” campaign, 188-90, 195, 196; “We Are Rediscovering the Bieszczady” campaign, 169-74, 179 Połoniny (vel Połonina), 174-75, 200, 202 Positivism, 21, 26, 36, 41, 44, 62, 92, 216nl9 preservation, culture; in Bieszczady, 179, 200, 257Ո58; Hutsul, 71, 104-7, 114-15, 129, 133-34, 200 (see aho Hutsul Theater; Hutsul Museum); Tatras highlander, 42-43, 61 preservation, nature, 199, 202; in the Bieszczady, 168-69, 179-81, 188-89, 191-93, 195, 202 (see aho tourist preserve); global, 166-67, 188; in the Hutsul region,
101-7; in Poland (general), 166, 188; Tatra Society and, 28
268 INDEX Prut River Valley/Prut River, 89, 103, 105, 119; development, 86, 90; flooding, 87; Habsburgs and, 68; railway in, 83, 85, 97, 107-8; settlements in, 82-83, 97; visitors to, 87. See abo Jaremcze PTTK. See Polish Society of Tourism and Local Studies PZPR. See Polish United Workers’ Party Raczyńska, Róża née Potocka (primo voto Krasińska), 40, 43 railway, development; Hutsul region, 66, 82-85, 93, 97, 108; Hutsul region, impact on settlements, 84-90; Tatras, 39, 48, 52, 56-57, 215n4 rajdy, 150-51, 193, 249nn51֊52, 249ո54; Friendship Rajd, 150-51, 164 Rancho Texas, 146, 161 Rautenstrauchowa, Łucja, 17 Reinfuss, Roman, 245n3 Rettinger, 47 Rural Solidarity, 191-93 Russian Empire: Hutsul Theater in the, 96; Polish tourists to Tatras from, 21, 33, 35, 41-42, 51, 56, 97; tourists to Hutsul region from, 80, 94, 97, 197 Rybkowski, Tadeusz, 80 Rygielski, Janusz, 195, 256ո40, 261ո62; The Dispute over the Bieszczady and, 186-88, 190; tourist preserve proposal of, 170-75, 190, 199; views on nature preservation/ tourism in the Bieszczady, 170, 178-79, 188-91, 193-94 Słowacki, Juliusz, 50 Society of Bieszczady Development, 176-77, 188, 256Ո44 Society of Friends of the Bieszczady. See Bieszczady Society Society of Friends of the Hutsul Region, 113, 120, 129-32, 134-135, 198, 237n67; aims, 114; as conspiratorial government organization, 125-26, 134-35; discovery of Hutsul region and, 234n2, 113; Highland Holiday and, 121-22; Hutsul Holiday (1934) and, 118-20; Hutsul Museum of, 124; Hutsul Polish cooperation and, 116-17; Hutsul Route March and, 117; military connections, 113, 126,
135, 238Ո72, 243n62; origins/ development, 124-25, 134; preservation of Hutsul culture by, 114-15; projects, 123, 24ІПІ2; structure, 114, 124, 238n74, 238ՈՈ76-77 Solidarity, 9, 190-92, 194-95, 199, 261n59 Soviet Union, 199; Bieszczady and, 9, 141, 144; Hutsul region and, 9, 139; invasion of Poland by, 136, 139; Soviet-style industry, 146, 180 Stanislavsky, Constantine, 96 Staszic, Stanisław, 15-16, 50, 248ո35 State Council of Nature Preservation, 102 State Meteorological Institute, 126-27, 135, 24ІП23, 241ՈՈ26-27, 242n28 Steczkowska, Maria, 17 Stephen, Leslie, 26, 205n6 Stolarczyk, Father Józef, 18-20, 23-24, 52, 71, 21ІП54, 220n69, 248n35 Sabała (Krzeptowski-Sabała), Jan, 25, 31, 36, 50, 52, 21ІП59, 220ո69 Sanacja, 100, 112, 117 sanatoria/spas/resorts, 92, 103, 231ո55; in the Hutsul region, 8, 97, 104, 114; in Jaremcze/Prut River Valley, 85-89, 98, 229Ո32; in Kosów, 90-93, 98, 231ՈՈ60-61, 232n66; in Zakopane, 39, 48-49, 58-59, 22ІПІ9 Sawicka, Jadwiga, 101 Scouts, 115, 182-83, 185, 188, 194, 232Ո66, 258n8 Shekeryk-Donykiv, Petro, 130, 243n48; almanacs of, 133-35; cooperation with Poles, 130; as Hutsul Theater actor, 96; as Żabie mayor, 110, 126, 129-30, 239n93 Shkribliak, Jurko, 75-76 Shukhevych, Volodymyr, 94 Sienkiewicz, Henryk, 40, 43-44, 54, 56, 162, 217n26 SKPB. See Student Club of Beskid Guides Student Club of Beskid Guides, 149, 160, 169, 174-75, 186, 248n43 Świerczewski, Karol ("Walter”), 143, 151-52, 249Ո64; death of, 143, 151-52; commemorations of, 152, 164, 171, 180; as communist martyr, 151-53, 249n63; monument to, 152, 250n69, 250n71 Święto Huculszczyzny. See
Hutsul Holiday Świętochowski, Aleksander, 36, 41-42 Szerauc, Edward, 116 Tarnawska, Romualda, 91-92 Tarnawski, Apolinary, 90-93, 103, 23ІП53, 231ՈՈ60-61 Tarnowski, Stanisław, 75-76 taternictwo. See mountain climbing taternik, 23, 32-34, 201 Tatra National Park, 9, 145, 163, 174, 247n22 Tatra Society/Polish Tatra Society, 48, 55, 247Ո27; aims/initiatives, 28-29, 38-39, 69-70, 218Ո44; birth, 27-28, 69; casino/
INDEX Tatra Manor of, 54, 214ո23; climatic health resort initiative of, 39, 49; Czarnohora branch creation, 71; Galician Tatra Society, 27-28; in the Hutsul region, 69, 71-72, 80-81,103, 109-10,113; infrastructural improvements by, 39, 49, 72-73; Kosów Branch, 136; membership, 38, 39, 72; Polonization of, 49; schools founded by, 29; Tourist (Mountaineering) Section of, 55-56. See aho Czarnohora Branch of the Tatra Society Tatras: early inhabitants of, 13, 15; early visitors to, 17-18; industrial development, 16-17; location/physical description, 7, 13; nation building/ nation and, 15, 35, 37-38, 44, 49, 62, 197; as national pilgrimage site, 20—21; panorama in Warsaw of, 51-53; in partitioned Poland, 15, 37, 46, 197; Polish names in, 49-50; Polonization of, 49-50; postcards of, 53; road development, 17; Slovaks and, 50-51, 219n60; as symbol of Polish nation, 7, 16; trail development, 17, 38, 49. See aho Zakopane Tetmajer (Przerwa-Tetmajer), Kazimierz, 30, 51-52, 55, 61 tourism, domestic, 21, 23, 252n32 tourism, mass, 149, 154, 159, 164, 168, 170, 176, 250n3; alcoholism and, 158-59; automobile and, 158-59; camping and, 159; company-sponsored, 158 tourism, national, 21, 210n43 tourism, qualified (individual), 149, 159, 168, 190-91, 194, 201; benefits, 149; Martial Law and, 195; Politechnik and, 170; problems, 154-55; socialism and, 149-50; tourist preserve and, 171, 173, 176, 178, 186-87. See oho rajdy tourism, secret Communist Party, 191, 195; Arłamów, 184-85, 191-92, 194-95; hunting, 184-85, 258ПІ7; Muczne, ("W3") 184-85, 189, 191-92, 194-95, 258Ш4; Trójca, 184, 192 tourism,
unqualified, 150, 155, 168 tourist preserve, 170-73, 199; connections to regime, 179, 188, 190; The Dispute over the Bieszczady and, 186-88, 190, 194; failure of, 195, 199; international connections, 173; location, 171-72; responses from central authorities, 180; responses from hiking activists, 174, 176; responses from locals, 177-78; responses in Warsaw press, 175-77 Towarzystwo Bieszczadzkie. See Bieszczady Society 269 Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Huculszczyzny. See Society of Friends of the Hutsul Region Towarzystwo Rozwoju Bieszczadów. See Society of Bieszczady Development Townson, Robert, 16, 205n5 Trójca. See under tourism, secret Communist Party Turner, Frederick Jackson, 35, 207nl Ukrainian Insurgent Army, 141-43, 145, 152, 246nl6; conflict with Polish communists, 143, 246nll. See aho Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists Ukrainian Sich Sharpshooters, 111, 116 Union of Highlanders, 60-61 Union of Highlands. See Union of Mountain Lands Union of Mountain Lands, 122-23 UPA. See Ukrainian Insurgent Army Ursedzuk, Athanasyj, 72 Vahylevych, Ivan, 70, 224ПІ7 Verkhovyna. See Żabie Victorini, Henryk, 161 Vincenz, Stanisław, 130, 131, 135, 198, 200; involvement in the Society of Friends of the Hutsul Region, 132-33, 244n64; On the High Uplands by, 130-32, 200; popularization of Hutsul culture/region by, 131-33; views on Ukrainians, 132, 243n62, 244Ո68 Wałęsa, Lech, 194 Warsaw: dispute/discussion about Bieszczady in Warsaw/Warsaw press, 169, 175-176, 180, 187-88, 190-91 (see aho Politechnik); Society of the Friends of the Hutsul Region and, 113; Tatra Panorama in, 51-53; tourists
to the Bieszczady from, 149,161,248n40; tourists to the Tatras from, 20,21,33,41,44,79 Witkiewicz, Stanisław, 30, 36, 50, 61,173,202, 256Ո37; depiction of Jews in the Tatras of, 32-35, 214-15ՈՈ27-28; discovery of Tatras and, 21, 35, 197, 213n5; in dispute over Zakopane sanatorium, 58-60; highland art and architecture interest/ promotion, 34, 44-45; interest in local folk culture, 43; On the Mountain Pass by, 30-35, 51, 60, 62,132, 214-15ՈՈ, 27-28; views on highlanders, 31, 57, 59-60, 200, 213n7, 213nll; views on visitors to Zakopane, 41; "Zakopane Style” and, 45-46, 59, 60, 91, 200, 222n26 Witwicki, Sofron, 70-72, 80, 224n22
270 INDEX Wojtyła, Karol. See John Paul II (pope) Wolna Grupa Bukowina, 164 women: Bieszczady infrastructure projects and, 160-61; in Czarnohora Branch of the Tatra Society, 80; demographics in Bieszczady, 162, 247n24; as discoverers oil travelers to the Carpathians/Tatras, 5, 17; Friendship Rajd and, 150; in the Tarnawskis’ sanatorium, 92; as tatemiks/ hikers, 32, 148, 160, 221n9; as tourist industry workers, 105; in Zakopane Higher Vacation Courses, 56 Workers' Vacation Fund, 176, 15Ш22 Worochta, 103, 109; alpine base camp in, 80 Wschodniobeskidzki Obszar Chronionego Krajobrazu. See Eastern Beskid Area of Protected Landscape Yaremche. Seejaremcze Young Poland (Młoda Polska), 54-55 Żabie, 71, 109, 130, 224n21; agricultural military school in, 126; alpine base camp in, 73, 80; as capital of Hutsul region, 70, 94; Hutsul Holiday and, 110; Hutsul Theater performance in, 95; improvements in, 236n37, 24ІПІ2; murder of policemen/ judicial functionary in, 111; as tourist destination, 103, 136; transportation to, 103 Zakopane, 8, 17, 18, 61; artistic/intellectual life in, 54-55; as climatic health resort, 39, 41, 48-49, 59; demesne, 17-18, 46-47; Higher Vacation Courses in, 56; invention as tourist destination, 19; numbers/kinds of visitors to, 19, 20, 39, 41, 61, 89, 178; as "Polish Athens", 38, 54, 221n3; Polonization of, 49; popularization by Chałubiński, Tytus of, 20-21; public meeting spaces in, 54; saions in, 40,42, 216nl0; sanatorium in, 57-61; Tatra Society and, 39; transportation to, 22, 39, 48, 52, 56-57 Zamoyski, Władysław, 47-49, 52, 57, 59 Zapolska, Gabriela, 92,
229ո30 Zawrat, 32, 214nl6, 215n28 Zejszner, Ludwik, 16, 18, 50 Ziemski, Andrzej, 170, 188, 259n37 Związek Górali, 60-61 Związek Ziem Górskich, 122-23 Zyblikiewicz, Mikołaj, 40 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München . |
any_adam_object | 1 |
any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
author | Dabrowski, Patrice M. 1960- |
author_GND | (DE-588)1049620364 |
author_facet | Dabrowski, Patrice M. 1960- |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Dabrowski, Patrice M. 1960- |
author_variant | p m d pm pmd |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV047556557 |
classification_rvk | RQ 30528 KO 1045 |
contents | Where Freedom Awaits -- On the Mountain Pass -- Transforming the Tatras -- Turn-of-the Century Innovations -- The Hutsul Region and the Hand of Civilization -- The Advent of the Railway -- A Novel Alpine Club -- A Poland of Regions -- A Novel Wilderness -- Tourism for the Masses -- Battling for the Soul of the Bieszczady -- Power, Ecology, and the Public Sphere |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1269194254 (DE-599)BVBBV047556557 |
discipline | Slavistik Geographie |
discipline_str_mv | Slavistik Geographie |
era | Geschichte 1860-1980 gnd |
era_facet | Geschichte 1860-1980 |
format | Book |
fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>04571nam a2200817 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV047556557</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20230901 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">211024s2021 a||| b||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781501759673</subfield><subfield code="c">hbk.</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-5017-5967-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1269194254</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV047556557</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-384</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-521</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-Re13</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">RQ 30528</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)142414:12764</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">KO 1045</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)80041:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Dabrowski, Patrice M.</subfield><subfield code="d">1960-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1049620364</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The Carpathians</subfield><subfield code="b">discovering the highlands of Poland and Ukraine</subfield><subfield code="c">Patrice M. Dabrowski</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Ithaca, New York</subfield><subfield code="b">Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2021</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XVI, 270 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Karten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Where Freedom Awaits -- On the Mountain Pass -- Transforming the Tatras -- Turn-of-the Century Innovations -- The Hutsul Region and the Hand of Civilization -- The Advent of the Railway -- A Novel Alpine Club -- A Poland of Regions -- A Novel Wilderness -- Tourism for the Masses -- Battling for the Soul of the Bieszczady -- Power, Ecology, and the Public Sphere</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"A study of how three discrete mountain ranges within the Carpathian Mountain system -- the Tatras, Eastern Carpathians, and Bieszczady Mountains, together with their indigenous highlanders (Górale, Hutsuls, Boikos, and Lemkos)--were discovered and turned into popular tourist destinations by Poles and Ukrainians in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries" --</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1860-1980</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Indigenes Volk</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4187207-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Erschließung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4152886-4</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Tourismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4018406-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Ostkarpaten</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4075749-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Karpaten</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4029760-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Bieszczady</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4006552-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Tatra</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4059114-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Carpathian Mountains / Discovery and exploration</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Tatra Mountains (Slovakia and Poland) / Discovery and exploration</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Beshchady Mountains (Poland and Ukraine) / Discovery and exploration</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Carpathian Mountains / History / 19th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Carpathian Mountains / History / 20th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Tatra Mountains (Slovakia and Poland) / History / 19th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Tatra Mountains (Slovakia and Poland) / History / 20th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Beshchady Mountains (Poland and Ukraine) / History / 19th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Beshchady Mountains (Poland and Ukraine) / History / 20th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Discoveries in geography</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Europe / Beshchady Mountains</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Europe / Carpathian Mountains</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Europe / Tatra Mountains</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">1800-1999</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Karpaten</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4029760-3</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Tatra</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4059114-1</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Ostkarpaten</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4075749-3</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Bieszczady</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4006552-2</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Indigenes Volk</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4187207-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="5"><subfield code="a">Erschließung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4152886-4</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="6"><subfield code="a">Tourismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4018406-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1860-1980</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="z">978-1-5017-5968-0</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe, PDF</subfield><subfield code="z">978-1-5017-5969-7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032932103&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032932103&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Register // Gemischte Register</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">BSB_NED_20220218</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032932103</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">306.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09034</subfield><subfield code="g">437</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">306.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09034</subfield><subfield code="g">477</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">306.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">0904</subfield><subfield code="g">437</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">306.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">0904</subfield><subfield code="g">477</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
geographic | Ostkarpaten (DE-588)4075749-3 gnd Karpaten (DE-588)4029760-3 gnd Bieszczady (DE-588)4006552-2 gnd Tatra (DE-588)4059114-1 gnd |
geographic_facet | Ostkarpaten Karpaten Bieszczady Tatra |
id | DE-604.BV047556557 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
index_date | 2024-07-03T18:26:03Z |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:14:35Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9781501759673 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032932103 |
oclc_num | 1269194254 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 DE-188 DE-384 DE-521 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
owner_facet | DE-12 DE-188 DE-384 DE-521 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
physical | XVI, 270 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
psigel | BSB_NED_20220218 |
publishDate | 2021 |
publishDateSearch | 2021 |
publishDateSort | 2021 |
publisher | Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press |
record_format | marc |
series2 | NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies |
spelling | Dabrowski, Patrice M. 1960- Verfasser (DE-588)1049620364 aut The Carpathians discovering the highlands of Poland and Ukraine Patrice M. Dabrowski Ithaca, New York Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press 2021 XVI, 270 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies Where Freedom Awaits -- On the Mountain Pass -- Transforming the Tatras -- Turn-of-the Century Innovations -- The Hutsul Region and the Hand of Civilization -- The Advent of the Railway -- A Novel Alpine Club -- A Poland of Regions -- A Novel Wilderness -- Tourism for the Masses -- Battling for the Soul of the Bieszczady -- Power, Ecology, and the Public Sphere "A study of how three discrete mountain ranges within the Carpathian Mountain system -- the Tatras, Eastern Carpathians, and Bieszczady Mountains, together with their indigenous highlanders (Górale, Hutsuls, Boikos, and Lemkos)--were discovered and turned into popular tourist destinations by Poles and Ukrainians in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries" -- Geschichte 1860-1980 gnd rswk-swf Indigenes Volk (DE-588)4187207-1 gnd rswk-swf Erschließung (DE-588)4152886-4 gnd rswk-swf Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 gnd rswk-swf Ostkarpaten (DE-588)4075749-3 gnd rswk-swf Karpaten (DE-588)4029760-3 gnd rswk-swf Bieszczady (DE-588)4006552-2 gnd rswk-swf Tatra (DE-588)4059114-1 gnd rswk-swf Carpathian Mountains / Discovery and exploration Tatra Mountains (Slovakia and Poland) / Discovery and exploration Beshchady Mountains (Poland and Ukraine) / Discovery and exploration Carpathian Mountains / History / 19th century Carpathian Mountains / History / 20th century Tatra Mountains (Slovakia and Poland) / History / 19th century Tatra Mountains (Slovakia and Poland) / History / 20th century Beshchady Mountains (Poland and Ukraine) / History / 19th century Beshchady Mountains (Poland and Ukraine) / History / 20th century Discoveries in geography Europe / Beshchady Mountains Europe / Carpathian Mountains Europe / Tatra Mountains 1800-1999 Karpaten (DE-588)4029760-3 g Tatra (DE-588)4059114-1 g Ostkarpaten (DE-588)4075749-3 g Bieszczady (DE-588)4006552-2 g Indigenes Volk (DE-588)4187207-1 s Erschließung (DE-588)4152886-4 s Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 s Geschichte 1860-1980 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-5017-5968-0 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-5017-5969-7 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032932103&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032932103&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
spellingShingle | Dabrowski, Patrice M. 1960- The Carpathians discovering the highlands of Poland and Ukraine Where Freedom Awaits -- On the Mountain Pass -- Transforming the Tatras -- Turn-of-the Century Innovations -- The Hutsul Region and the Hand of Civilization -- The Advent of the Railway -- A Novel Alpine Club -- A Poland of Regions -- A Novel Wilderness -- Tourism for the Masses -- Battling for the Soul of the Bieszczady -- Power, Ecology, and the Public Sphere Indigenes Volk (DE-588)4187207-1 gnd Erschließung (DE-588)4152886-4 gnd Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4187207-1 (DE-588)4152886-4 (DE-588)4018406-7 (DE-588)4075749-3 (DE-588)4029760-3 (DE-588)4006552-2 (DE-588)4059114-1 |
title | The Carpathians discovering the highlands of Poland and Ukraine |
title_auth | The Carpathians discovering the highlands of Poland and Ukraine |
title_exact_search | The Carpathians discovering the highlands of Poland and Ukraine |
title_exact_search_txtP | The Carpathians discovering the highlands of Poland and Ukraine |
title_full | The Carpathians discovering the highlands of Poland and Ukraine Patrice M. Dabrowski |
title_fullStr | The Carpathians discovering the highlands of Poland and Ukraine Patrice M. Dabrowski |
title_full_unstemmed | The Carpathians discovering the highlands of Poland and Ukraine Patrice M. Dabrowski |
title_short | The Carpathians |
title_sort | the carpathians discovering the highlands of poland and ukraine |
title_sub | discovering the highlands of Poland and Ukraine |
topic | Indigenes Volk (DE-588)4187207-1 gnd Erschließung (DE-588)4152886-4 gnd Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 gnd |
topic_facet | Indigenes Volk Erschließung Tourismus Ostkarpaten Karpaten Bieszczady Tatra |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032932103&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032932103&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT dabrowskipatricem thecarpathiansdiscoveringthehighlandsofpolandandukraine |