To break Russia's chains: Boris Savinkov and his wars against the Tsar and the Bolsheviks
"A brilliant examination of the enigmatic Russian revolutionary about whom Winston Churchill said "few men tried more, gave more, dared more and suffered more for the Russian people," and who remains a legendary and controversial figure in his homeland today. Although now largely forg...
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| Zusammenfassung: | "A brilliant examination of the enigmatic Russian revolutionary about whom Winston Churchill said "few men tried more, gave more, dared more and suffered more for the Russian people," and who remains a legendary and controversial figure in his homeland today. Although now largely forgotten outside Russia, Boris Savinkov was famous, and notorious, both at home and abroad during his lifetime, which spans the end of the Russian Empire and the establishment of the Soviet Union. A complex and conflicted individual, he was a paradoxically moral revolutionary terrorist, a scandalous novelist, a friend of epoch-defining artists like Modigliani and Diego Rivera, a government minister, a tireless fighter against Lenin and the Bolsheviks, and an advisor to Churchill. At the end of his life, Savinkov conspired to be captured by the Soviet secret police, and as the country's most prized political prisoner made headlines around the world when he claimed that he accepted the Bolshevik state. But as this book argues, this was Savinkov's final play as a gambler and he had staked his life on a secret plan to strike one last blow against the tyrannical regime. Neither a "Red" nor a "White," Savinkov lived an epic life that challenges many popular myths about the Russian Revolution, which was arguably the most important catalyst of twentieth-century world history. All of Savinkov's efforts were directed at transforming his homeland into a uniquely democratic, humane and enlightened state. There are aspects of his violent legacy that will, and should, remain frozen in the past as part of the historical record. But the support he received from many of his countrymen suggests that the paths Russia took during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries -- the tyranny of communism, the authoritarianism of Putin's regime -- were not the only ones written in her historical destiny. Savinkov's goals remain a poignant reminder of how things in Russia could have been, and how, perhaps, they may still become someday. Written with novelistic verve and filled with the triumphs, disasters, dramatic twists and contradictions that defined Savinkov's life, this book shines a light on an extraordinary man who tried to change Russian and world history." -- |
| Beschreibung: | Maps on lining papers |
| Beschreibung: | xiv, 562 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781643137186 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a To break Russia's chains |b Boris Savinkov and his wars against the Tsar and the Bolsheviks |c Vladimir Alexandrov |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Boris Savinkov and his wars against the Tsar and the Bolsheviks |
| 246 | 1 | 0 | |a Boris Savinkov and his wars against the Tsar and the Bolsheviks |
| 250 | |a First Pegasus Books edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York |b Pegasus Books |c 2021 | |
| 264 | 2 | |a [New York, New York] |b Distributed by Simon & Schuster |c 2021 | |
| 300 | |a xiv, 562 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln |b Illustrationen, Karten |c 24 cm | ||
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| 500 | |a Maps on lining papers | ||
| 505 | 8 | |a The personal is always political in Russia -- The minister -- The Grand Duke -- Catastrophes -- Crossroads -- Behind the lines -- Defending the revolution -- The war against the Bolsheviks in Russia -- The war against the Bolsheviks from abroad -- End game -- The gambler's last throw -- Epilogue -- Personae | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "A brilliant examination of the enigmatic Russian revolutionary about whom Winston Churchill said "few men tried more, gave more, dared more and suffered more for the Russian people," and who remains a legendary and controversial figure in his homeland today. Although now largely forgotten outside Russia, Boris Savinkov was famous, and notorious, both at home and abroad during his lifetime, which spans the end of the Russian Empire and the establishment of the Soviet Union. A complex and conflicted individual, he was a paradoxically moral revolutionary terrorist, a scandalous novelist, a friend of epoch-defining artists like Modigliani and Diego Rivera, a government minister, a tireless fighter against Lenin and the Bolsheviks, and an advisor to Churchill. At the end of his life, Savinkov conspired to be captured by the Soviet secret police, and as the country's most prized political prisoner made headlines around the world when he claimed that he accepted the Bolshevik state. | |
| 520 | 3 | |a But as this book argues, this was Savinkov's final play as a gambler and he had staked his life on a secret plan to strike one last blow against the tyrannical regime. Neither a "Red" nor a "White," Savinkov lived an epic life that challenges many popular myths about the Russian Revolution, which was arguably the most important catalyst of twentieth-century world history. All of Savinkov's efforts were directed at transforming his homeland into a uniquely democratic, humane and enlightened state. There are aspects of his violent legacy that will, and should, remain frozen in the past as part of the historical record. But the support he received from many of his countrymen suggests that the paths Russia took during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries -- the tyranny of communism, the authoritarianism of Putin's regime -- | |
| 520 | 3 | |a were not the only ones written in her historical destiny. Savinkov's goals remain a poignant reminder of how things in Russia could have been, and how, perhaps, they may still become someday. Written with novelistic verve and filled with the triumphs, disasters, dramatic twists and contradictions that defined Savinkov's life, this book shines a light on an extraordinary man who tried to change Russian and world history." -- | |
| 600 | 1 | 7 | |a Savinkov, Boris V. |d 1879-1925 |0 (DE-588)118804855 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 653 | 1 | |a Savinkov, B. V. / (Boris Viktorovich) / 1879-1925 | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Revolutionaries / Russia / Biography | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Russia / Politics and government / 1894-1917 | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Soviet Union / History / Revolution, 1917-1921 | |
| 653 | 1 | |a Savinkov, B. V. / (Boris Viktorovich) / 1879-1925 | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Soviet Union | |
| 653 | 4 | |a 1917-1921 | |
| 653 | 6 | |a History | |
| 653 | 6 | |a Biographies | |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4006804-3 |a Biografie |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Savinkov, Boris V. |d 1879-1925 |0 (DE-588)118804855 |D p |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Conventions Author s Note Chapter One: The Personal Is Always Political in Russia XI xm i Chapter Two: The Minister чв Chapter Three: The Grand Duke be Chapter Four: Catastrophes ne Chapter Five: Crossroads іча Chapter Six: Behind the Lines 197 Chapter Seven: Defending the Revolution гэв Chapter Eight: The War against the Bolsheviks in Russia эаг Chapter Nine: The War against the Bolsheviks from Abroad эвэ Chapter Ten: End Game чіа Chapter Eleven: The Gambler’s Last Throw чѕв Epilogue 497 Personae sas Acknowledgments s 11 Sources S19 Notes 5В7 Index SSI
INDEX A agrarian question, 29, 40 airplanes, 159-161 Alexander Citadel, 3 Alexander I, 381 Alexander II, 13, 20, 49, 52, 87, 100-101,155 Alexander III, 20, 87 Alexandra (tsaritsa), 20,47, 81,105, 218, 335 Alexeyev, Mikhail, 295,306, 307, 308,310, 317, 319 Allies: Ambassadors’ Plot by, 336-339; antiBolsheviks and, 350,352-354,358-368, 382; Brest-Litovsk Treaty and, 313; Czechs and, 341; help from, 318, 320; recognition of Kolchak’s government by, 364-365, 367—368; stance toward “Russian problem,” 362-363; victory by, 351, 366-367; Volga uprisings and, 332. See also specific countries All-Russian Constituent Assembly. See Komuch All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combatting Counter-Revolution and Sabo tage (Cheka). See Cheka All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, 497 Ambassadors’ Plot, 336-339, 429 Amfiteatrov, Alexander, 438, 442—443, 445, 475 anarchy, 121, 177, 231 Andreyev, Leonid, 27-28,193 Annenkov, Yury, 233 Anti-Bolshevik Congress, 395 anti-Fascist International Brigade, 499 antireligious campaign, 430 anti-Semitism, 10,18, 48—49, 63, 66,245, 374, 377, 388, 399-400,416 Antonov peasant rebellion, 402, 405 “April Theses” (Lenin), 236 Arbore-Ralli, Zamfir, 147 Armenia, 49, 371 Artsybashev, Mikhail, 453—455, 475, 480, 483 Artuzov, Artur, 428-429, 433-435, 439-440, 445-449, 455, 483,488,489, 493,500 assassinations/plots: of Alexander II, 13, 20, 49, 52; of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, 210; of Balmashov, 34; against Chicherin, 422-427; by Combat Organization, 33, 335-336; kill ing of innocents and, 97-98, 109-110, 140, 157; Marxists views on,
31-32; by People’s Will Party, 13,29, 49; of Plehve, 34, 48-85; of Sergey Alexandrovich, 87-111; ofSipyagin, 34; as SR tactic, 31, 32—33, 86 Assault Battalion of Death, 253-254 Auschwitz, 499 Austria, 3 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 210,218 authoritarianism, 261-262, 363, 417 Avksentyev, Nikolay, 348, 349 Azef, Evno Fishelevich: assassination of Grand Duke Sergey and, 87; background of, 17-20, 63; Burtsev’s exposure of, 176-181, 182-188, 451,472,473; Combat Organization and, 38, 41-47,49, 66-67, 111, 122-123,132-138, 152; as double agent, 45—46,49, 55, 61-63, 66,86-87, 111, 123-124,133-138,140, 161-162,164-165,175; escape by, 183-184; impact of scandal of, 185-188; imperial police and, 16-17,19, 80, 86,135-138; imprison ment of, 184; Kalyaev and, 111; motivations of, 62-63; Nicholas II assassination plot and, 174-176; on October Manifesto, 127-128; Plehve assassination and, 44-46, 51, 58-59, 63-69, 73, 74, 80; Savinkov and, 54-55, 65-67, 84-87, 111, 123-124,138-139, 141-142,152,156,159,161-162,177-178, 180-188,283; Socialist Revolutionaries and, 151,162,182-188; suspicions about, 85, 123-125,134-135,162,164-165 Azef, Lyubov, 84,183-184 Azef, Vladimir, 63, 83 Azerbaijan, 371 В Babushka. See Breshko-Breshkovskaya, Ekaterina Bakay, Mikhail, 163-165,179 Bakhmetev, Boris, 358, 398 Balakhovsky, Daniil, 304 Balmashov, Stepan, 34, 48 Balmont, Konstantin, 72 bank seizures, by Bolsheviks, 312 Bargration-Imeretinsky, Alexander, 11 Bay of Pigs, 385 Beaulieu-sur-Mer, 154 beauty, 157,158 Belarus, 394-400, 404 Belarusian Political Committee, 397 Belgium, 210 Belkovich, Leonid, 242 Beloff,
Angelina, 226 Bely, Andrey, 27, 206 Beneš, Edvard, 426 Benevskaya, Maria, 134 Berdyaev, Nikolay, 28-29
552 Birkenhead, Baron, 371, 413 Black Hand, 210 The Black Horse (Savinkov), 436-439, 485 Black Hundreds, 129, 131, 179 Blériot, Louis, 159 Blok, Alexander, 72 Bloody Sunday, 93-94,107, 111, 135,166 Bogayevsky, Afrikan, 307 Boldyrev, Vasily, 349, 350, 353 Bolshevik Military Organization, 284 Bolsheviks: arming of, 284-285; Belarus campaign against, 394-400; brutality of, 302, 303, 336,402,430-431; Churchill and, 369-370,410-414; coups by, 256-259, 275-276,291-301; execution of imperial family by, 109, 334-335; executions by, 332,336; foreign attempts to oust, 317-322,336-339, 358-368; Germany and, 319; Great War and, 211,218, 312—313; guerilla warfare against, 396,408; influence of, in army, 243-245; instability among, 441-442; internal struggle against, 302-352, 396,402; Kerensky and, 287; policies of the, 310,402,403,406-407,430; political police of, 109-110,303, 309,311,323, 329—330,338-339,429; Provisional Govern ment and, 260,272,291; revolutionary Russia and, 235—236; rise of, 23,30,31; Savinkov and, 288,290,302-303,323,333,346,407-408, 429-431; seize of power by, 248-249; Socialist Revolutionaries and, 31-32,333-336; spies for, 322-323; support for, 307; tyranny by, 309-310; use of power by, 291-292; Volga uprisings against, 325—333. See also Lenin, Vladimir; Russian Civil War; Russian Revolution Bolshevism, 415 bomb making, 83-84, 89-90, 112, 133-134 border controls, 36 Borishansky, David, 58-62, 64, 74, 77-78 bourgeoisie, 30, 31, 323 Breshko-Breshkovskaya, Ekaterina (Babushka), 33-34, 39, 175 Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 312-313, 318, 321, 325, 333,335,337, 342,
348,360,423 Briand, Aristide, 414 Brigade 2506, 385 Brilliant, Dora, 83,121,122,127; arrest of, 131; assassination of Grand Duke Sergey and, 87, 89-90, 94-95, 98-99,102,110; background of, 67-68; death of, 131; dissolution of Com bat Organization and, 128; Plehve plot and, 69, 71-73 Bristol Hotel, 112 Britain: Ambassadors’ Plot and, 336-339; antiBolsheviks and, 319-321, 368-376; Great War INDEX and, 210,215,232; Russia and, 267; Savinkov and, 369-376,378,381-382,410-414 British soldiers, 215 Broido, Eva, 22 The Bronze Horseman, 52, 230 “The Bronze Horseman” (Pushkin), 52-53 The Brothers Karamazov (Dostoyevsky), 190,202 Brusilov, Alexey, 263, 264 Bryusov, Valery, 72, 193 Buchanan, Sir George, 267 Budyonny, Semyon, 404 Bukhalo, Sergey, 159-161 Bukharin, Nikolay, 420 Bulak-Balakhovich, Stanislav, 387-389,393-400 Bulygin, Alexander, 111 Bund, 143 Burtsev, Vladimir Lvovich, 162-165,176-181, 185, 361,451-453,472-473, 479-480 C Cadet Party, 382 capitalism, 31, 352, 406 Casino of Monte-Carlo, 207 Castro, Fidel, 385 Catherine II, 491 Catherine the Great, 74 Caucasus Mountains, 9 Central Committee, 37, 46,124,127,131-132, 142,151-152,162,164-165,177,178,182, 185,187,191,194,287 Central Powers, 210, 212, 229, 232, 234, 247, 248,312-313, 318,350, 361 central terror, 31 Chaikovsky, Nikolay, 308, 310, 358, 359, 377, 379, 381-383 Chaliapin, Fyodor, 94 Cheka, 109-110, 309, 311,323, 329-330, 338-339, 398,404,429 Cheremisov, Vladimir, 293, 300 Chernov, Victor Mikhailovich, 54, 204, 212, 232, 382; Azef accusations and, 178-181, 183,187; Constituent Assembly and, 310; Kolchak and, 355; as
ministry of agricul ture, 266; return home of, after revolution, 232-233; revolutionary Russia and, 234, 249, 284; Savinkov and, 39—40,287; Závety (Testaments), 200 Chicherin, Georgy, 419, 420, 422-427 childhood, 5-9 child mortality, 31 cholera, 340 Christ, 82, 169, 219 Christianity, 169 Chukhnin, Admiral, 139
553 INDEX Churchill, Winston, 235,362, 368-378, 381-382,410-414,481 church weddings, 15—16 clandestine operations, 22 class warfare, 30, 31 Clemenceau, Georges, 359 Cohen, Israel, 142-143, 143 collateral damage, 97-98 colonial troops, in Great War, 216 Combat Organization: airplane of, 159-161; arrests, 114,139-140,179; assassination of Grand Duke Sergey and, 87-111; Azef and, 38,41-47, 49, 66-67, 111, 122,123,132-138, 152; Bolsheviks and, 335—336; code of regu lations, 83; coordinated attack planned by, 111-112; disbanding of, 127-128,187; dona tions to, 91; founding of, 33, 37; Gershuni and, 34; Gots and, 37; members of, 56-58; provokators in, 122—125,164—165; recruits to, 119-121; resurrection of, 131-134,191, 193-196; Savinkov and, 54-58, 83, 84-85, 118-124, 132-134,152,191, 193-196; use of assassination by, 33; women in, 67, 327 Comintern, 442 Committee of Members of the All-Russia Con stituent Assembly (Komuch), 342 communism, 352, 393, 418. See aho Marxism Constituent Assembly, 291, 307, 310, 335, 342 Constitutional Democratic Party, 81 constitutional monarchy, 127, 150 Cossacks, 49, 88,125,229,258,283,288,290, 292-296, 302-310,404 Council of Four, 364-366 The Courier, 27—28 “court of honor,” against Burtsev, 177-181 crime, 231, 269-270, 311-312,401 Crime and Punishment (Dostoyevsky), 28,53,190 Cromie, Francis, 337-338, 339 Czech Legion, 318, 325, 341, 342, 347, 381 Czechoslovakia, 318, 410 Czechoslovaks, 341—342 D death penalty, 260-263, 273-274, 277, 343 decadents, 72 de Gaulle, Charles, 382 Degayev, Sergey, 49 democracy, 216,246, 307, 364 Denikin, Anton, 264,
359, 365-368, 373-375, 377-378, 382-384 dictatorship, 246-247, 261-262, 282 dictatorship of the proletariat, 30, 311, 407 Dikgof, Lyubov Efimovna, 315-316, 339-340, 347, 349, 351, 379, 473; after release from prison, 497; arrest of, 461-464; imprison ment of, 464-467, 497; relationship between Savinkov and, 355, 389-390, 405, 415, 444; release from prison of, 489; return to Moscow by, 449, 450, 453, 455-460; in Rybinsk, 327; Savinkov’s suicide and, 493-494; suspicions about complicity of, 483—484; in Warsaw, 392 Dikgof-Derental, Alexander Arkadyevich, 315-316, 347, 352, 367, 419,444, 473, 480, 483, 489; after release from prison, 497; execution of, 497; in Omsk, 349; in Poland, 379, 385, 392,408; in prison, 463, 464; re turn to Moscow by, 449, 453, 455, 456, 460; in Rybinsk, 326; typhus fever of, 340 dirty money, 19 Dmitry, Grand Duke, 97 Don Army Oblast, 304-310 Don Civilian Soviet, 307, 308, 310, 314 Don Cossacks, 302-309, 404 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 28, 53,190, 202, 427 The Double (Dostoyevsky), 427 double agents, 49, 122-124, 133-138. See also Azef, Evno Fishelevich; informants Dragomirov, Abram, 368 Dubasov, Fyodor, 131,133 Dulebov, Yegor, 68-69, 72, 74, 77 Duma, 125,126,132,150, 152,163,185, 217, 218,229 Duranty, Walter, 468—469, 471 Durnovo, Pyotr, 111, 131, 133, 135,151 dvoyevlastiye, 230 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 412, 428, 441, 466, 467, 472,473, 484,488, 490-491,493, 500 E Eastern Front, 215, 216-220, 250-251, 313, 337, 341 economy: of Russian Empire, 21; of Soviet Rus sia, 412, 478 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 221-222,225, 269-270, 499 Eighth Army, 245-248,250,259-260 Eisenstein,
Sergey, 295 Elizaveta Fyodorovna (Ella), Grand Duchess, 94,101,104-110, 335 Elvengren, Georgy, 419 Engels, Friedrich, 177 Ethiopia, 417 Europe: Russian revolutionaries in, 16-17. See also specific countries Evreinov, Nikolay, 295 F factory workers, 22, 430 family background, 5-9
554 famines, 406, 407, 430, 479 Fascism, 415-419, 442-443, 475-476 fatalism, 203 February Revolution, 229-232,236,241,246, 247,255, 256,272,288,300, 307 Figner, Vera, 155-158,162,170,173,177-179, 185,191,283 fileurs, 45,122,123,133,135-136,138,173, 198-199,207-209,226,343 Filonenko, Maximilian, 271 Filosofov, Dmitry, 166—170, 385, 391-392, 438-439,479,480,483 financial issues, of Savinkov, 205-207, 227, 269, 350, 485 Finland, 49,122, 368, 373, 375 First Gymnasium, 7 First Partition, 3 Foch, Ferdinand, 362 Fomichyov, Ivan, 439,440,443-444,446,449, 453,455,456,458,459,462 Fondaminsky, Ilya, 167,171, 195,221 Ford, Henry, 431 Foreign Agency of the Okhrana, 45 Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 5 France, 16-17,153-154,197-199; after Great War, 356-358; Great War and, 210-216, 220, 228; Poland and, 389; Savinkov and, 220-227, 320, 355-356,436; Savinkov’s mis sion to, 349-354, 358-368, 381-383; Volga uprisings and, 331, 332 France, Anatole, 155 Franz Ferdinand (archduke), 210 Freedom, 386 French Revolution, 275 From the Active Army (Savinkov), 251—253 Fyodorov, Andrey Pavlovich, 434, 500 G gambling, 195, 206—207 Gapon, Gregory, 111, 135 Gatchina Palace, 298, 299 Gendarmes, 10-11,19, 36 Geneva, 37,54 Genoa Economic and Financial Conference, 421-427,475 Georgia, 371 Gerasimov, Alexander, 136-138,140, 176,181, 186,194 Gerhs, Isaac, 34 Germany, 16; Bolsheviks and, 319; Great War and, 210,211,212,232,275,312-313,351; Nazi, 417,499; Russia and, 234-236,312-313,360 Gershuni, Grigory, 34, 67, 82,162 INDEX Gippius, Zinaida, 165-172,189,192-193, 204-206,209,212,238,242,270,272,285,
390-392,394,438,449 Glazenap, Pyotr, 387, 388 God, 82 Gogol, Nikolay, 53 Gorbunov, Mark, 13-14 Gorky, Maxim, 27,28,498 Gots, Mikhail (Moishe) Rafailovich, 37-38, 43, 54, 83,114,123,124,127,148,149 GPU {Gosudarstvennoepoliticheskoe ufravlenie), 419,422-423,425-429,433-435,439-441, 447,452 Great Bell Tower, 89 Great Britain. See Britain Great Famine, 479 “great man” theory of history, 202-203 Great Terror, 468,479,497 Great War, 184,198,209-220; Armistice in, 351; Bolsheviks and, 211,218, 312-313; cause of, 210; consequences of, 210; Eastern Front, 212,215,216-220,250-251, 313; France and, 210-216,220,228; Paris Peace Confer ence, 359, 361-362, 365, 366; Russia and, 216-220,229, 232,234-255, 361; Savinkov and, 211-220; Treaty of Versailles, 366; Western Front, 213-217,228,239,313 Greens, 396,412,414 Grigoryev, Nikolay, 316, 326, 331 Guchkov, Alexander, 237-238 guerilla warfare, 396, 408 Gutor, Alexey, 259 Gvozdyov-Gulenko, Ilya (Elia), 424-427 H Hedy de Hero, 183-184 Hitler, Adolf, 417, 499 Hoover, Herbert, 339, 406, 417 House of Unions, 468 I Ice March, 310 imperial bureaucracy, 20,21, 29 imperialism, 4 imperial police. See Okhrana (imperial police) imperial regime, 3, 9,13-15; reforms by, 126-130, ISO; social unrest and, 129-130; terrorism against, 31; treatment of political prisoners by, 25—26. See also Russian Empire industrialization, 22 industrial proletariat class, 30, 31, 311-312, 407 informants, 17—20, 43, 49, 61—63,122—124, 133—138, 404. See also double agents
INDEX Information Bureau, 403 In France during the War (Savinkov), 213-216 innocents, killing of, 97-98,109-110,140,157 Institute for Well-Born Young Women, 6 internationalists, 212 “In Twilight. A Sketch” (Savinkov), 41 Italy, 210, 415-419, 442-443, 475 Ivan IV, 341 Ivanovksy, Vladimir, 349 Ivanovskaya, Praskovya, 68, 70—72, 80, 85, 94, 111-112 J Jabotinsky, Ze’ev, 417 Japan: Great War and, 210; Port Arthur attack by, 55—56; war between Russia and, 6, 55—56, 93,120,125,166,247, 314,354 Jewish Self-Defense League, 245 Jews: anti-Semitism against, 10,18, 63, 66,245, 374, 377, 388, 399-400, 416; Bolsheviks and, 377; in Combat Organization, 119; expulsion from Moscow, 87; Plehve’s dislike for, 48-49; pogroms against, 49, 66, 119,129, 374, 399-400; Polish, 17-18; revolutionaries, 63; Russian, in France, 220-221; social unrest and, 129; in Warsaw, 10 July Days, 257-259 justice, desire for, 3 К Kalamatiano, Xenophon, 338, 339 Kaledin, Alexey, 302, 306, 310 Kalinin, Mikhail, 448 Kalyaev, Ivan Platonovich, 13, 59; assassina tion of Grand Duke Sergey and, 87, 89, 93, 95-100, 102-103; Azef and, 43, 111; back ground of, 7-8; Combat Organization and, 33, 38-39, 42, 54-55; grand duchess’s visit to, 106-109; Plehve assassination and, 60-61, 72, 74, 75, 77-78; trial and execution of, 109 Kamenev, Lev, 478 Kaplan, Fanny, 335-336, 441 Kappel, Vladimir, 344 Karpovich, Pavel, 175 Kazan, 317, 320, 325, 331, 340-344, 347, 364 Kazan Cathedral, 12,15 Kerensky, Alexander: Bolsheviks and, 291-292, 293—294, 297-298, 300; defense of Petrograd by, 284—285; Kornilov affair and, 272-281, 286—287, 292;
as minister of war, 249—251; as prime minister, 258-259, 262, 264-266, 274—281; Savinkov and, 269, 297-298 Kerensky Offensive, 250-251 555 KGB, nighttime raids by, 1 Kharkov, 5 Khodynka tragedy, 87 Khvostov, Alexey, 121 Kiev, 53-54, 304 Kishinyov pogrom, 66 Klepikov, Flegont, 296-297,299, 308, 326-327, 340,347 ‘ Kleygels, Nikolay, 64, 65, 111, 119 Knox, Alfred, 349 Kościuszko, Tadeusz, 3—4 Kolchak, Alexander Vasilyevich, 353-355, 359-360,363-368,373,381 Komuch, 342, 343, 347-348 Komuch Army, 343—347 Kornilov, Lavr Georgievich: arrest of, 286; as commander-in-chief, 266,267; death of, 319; death penalty and, 261-262,264; Eighth Army and, 247-248,250,259-260; exoneration of, 286; Volunteer Army and, 306,307, 310 Kornilov affair, 271-281; defense of Petrograd and, 284-285; as hoax, 277-278; Kerensky and, 272-281, 286-287,292; Savinkov’s role in, 284-287; as tragicomedy, 278-281 Krasin, Leonid, 411-412, 414, 420 Krasnov, Pyotr, 294, 296, 297 Kremlin, 301, 318 Krikman, Ivan, 457 KRO (Kontrrazvédyvatelny otdél), 427-429, 440-441, 444-446, 461 Kronstadt rebellion, 405 Kropotkin, Pyotr, 177—178 Krymov, General, 285, 294 Kulikovsky, Pyotr, 90, 93, 98, 99,110 Kutaysov, Pavel, 81 Kutepov, Alexander, 429 L labor movement, 22,125 land rights, 396 La Rotonde, 222-227 Latvian Rifles, 324, 337-339 Lavergne, Jean Guillaume, 331, 332 Lebedev, Vladimir, 269 Left Bank, 222-227 legendirovaniye, 428-429, 498 Lenin, Vladimir, 30,149, 412, 468; anti-Bolsheviks and, 337, 364, 381, 403; antireligious campaign of, 430; assassination plot against, 325, 335-336; on assassinations, 31-32; Bolshevik coup
and, 256-258,279, 291, 292,294; death of, 448; declining health of, 441; execution of Romanovs by, 335; exile
556 to Siberia of, 26; Great War and, 312-313; Manifesto of 1915 and, 211; in Moscow, 311; New Economic Policy of, 406—407, 430; Poland and, 393; revolutionary Russia and, 235-236, 248-249; robbery of, 312; Russian Revolution and, 232; Savinkov and, 22, 23, 204,238,268, 290; Socialist Revolutionaries and, 32, 334 Leontyeva, Tatyana, 111, 151 Liberal Democrats, 433-435, 439-441,443-449 Life Is Everywhere (Yaroshenko), 8 Lithuania, 4 Lloyd George, David, 319, 362, 369, 371, 381, 382,411,413, 414, 421,422 Lockhart, Robert Hamilton Bruce, 319, 338, 339 Lockhart Plot, 336-339 Lopatin, German, 177,180 Lopukhin, Alexey, 13, 61-62, 81,179-181,183, 186 Loucheur, Louis, 414 Lubyanka Prison, 463-464, 481, 488 Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 324, 502 Lurye, Rachel, 139 Lvov, Georgy, 358, 359, 382 Lvov, Vladimir, 281 M Machine Gun Regiment, 257 Maidel, Roman von, 415 Makarov, Nikolay, 140-141, 148 Makhno, Nestor (Batka), 374, 402 Maklakov, Vasily, 358, 359, 366, 382, 398 Manchuria, 55 Manifesto of 1915, 211 Mannerheim, Carl, 368, 373 Maria, Grand Duchess, 97, 103-104 Mariinsky Palace, 237 Martha and Mary Convent of Mercy, 109 martial law, 273, 276 Martov, Yuly, 30 Marx, Karl, 177 Marxism, 22, 23, 412-415 Marxists, 29-32 Masaryk, Tomáš, 318, 410 Masons, 180,270-271 materialism, 16 Matseyevsky, Ignaty, 50 Matseyevsky, Iosif, 50, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 72 Maugham, William Somerset, 288-291, 502 Maximalists, 151-152 Memoirs ofa Terrorist (Savinkov), 110,188, 228 Mendeleyev, Dmitrty, 9 Mensheviks, 30, 291, 315, 348, 407, 470 INDEX Menzhinsky, Vyacheslav, 324, 428-429, 466,500 Merezhkovsky, Dmitry,
165-172,192-193,270, 385,449 military dictatorship, 261 military tribunals, 273-274 militias, 284, 396-397 Millerand, Prime Minister, 381 Ministry of War, 266-274 Miracle on the Vistula, 393 Mirbach, Wilhelm von, 333-334, 335 Modigliani, Amedeo, 223 Moiseyenko, Boris, 114; arrest of, 114,116; assassination of Grand Duke Sergey and, 87, 89, 93, 95, 99-100,102,110; Combat Orga nization and, 34,38-39,42,44,127,132 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 478 monarchists, 129,267, 359, 429 monarchy, 20 money issues, 205-207,227, 269, 350, 485 morality, 157 moral terrorists, 32-33 Moscow, 12, 87, 89, 91-92, 230; Bolshevik control of, 311-312; growth of, 21; October Revolution in, 301 Moscow Art Theater, 69-70 Mukhin, Andrey Pavlovich, 435, 439-440, 443-450,452,454-462,476,500 Muravyov, Nikolay, 79 Muravyov-Vilensky, Mikhail, 4-5 Murmansk, 320-321 Mussolini, Benito, 415-419, 427, 442-444,448, 475,499 mysticism, 169-170 N Nabokoff, Constantine, 233 Nabokov, Vladimir, 112, 206, 292 Nabokov, Vladimir, Sr., 302 Napoleon, 4, 385 Natanson, Mark, 174,178,180,204,287 national police, 49 national sovereignty, 375 National Union for the Defense of the Mother land and Freedom, 431-433, 439-441,445 Native Americans, 4 Native Division, 287-288 natural resources, 363, 371 Nazi Germany, 417, 499 Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vladimir, 69-70 Neplyuev, Lieutenant General, 140-141, 148 Nepmen, 478 New Economic Policy (NEP), 406-407,411, 430,478
INDEX New Style (NS) calendar, 311 Nicholas I, 52 Nicholas II, 20, 34, 48, 74, 88, 125,150, 186; coronation of, 33; death penalty and, 81-82; execution of, 109, 335; Great War and, 217-218,229-234; October Manifesto and, 126—129; plot to assassinate, 86, 111, 174-176,194; Rasputin and, 47; Russian Revolution and, 229-230 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 158 “The Night” (Savinkov), 27-28 nihilists, 371-372 Nikolaevich, Nikolay, 125-126 1905 Revolution, 82 NKVD, 500 Norway, escape to, 35—36 Nosovich, Anatoly, 425 Noulens, Joseph, 267, 320, 326, 331 Novocherkassk, 305-310, 343 О October Manifesto, 126-129, 163 October Revolution, 291-301 Odessa, 362 Odintsov, Alexey, 349 О GPU {Obyedinyonnoe gosudarstvennoe politicheskoe upravlenieJ, 452, 455, 459, 463-464, 466, 472-476, 479 oil resources, 363, 371 Okhrana (imperial police), 91, 163; Azef and, 16-17, 19, 43, 45, 86,135-138; dissolution of, 231; Foreign Agency of, 45; headquarters of, 49; provokators of, 122-123,127,180, 194-195; raid on Savinkov family by, 10-13; surveillance of Savinkov by, 16-17, 23-24, 29, 171,197-199 Omsk, 341, 342 Omsk Directory, 348-349, 354 Opperput-Staunits, Alexander, 404 Order No. 1, 234,238, 239,246,273 Orlov, Vladimir, 420 Orthodox Church, 15, 407, 430 Ostrovsky, Vladimir, 440 Ottoman Empire, 210, 217 P The Pale Horse (Savinkov), 189-193,199, 202, 206,240, 318, 369, 436-437,438 Pale of Settlement, 17, 63,120,143, 399 Paris, 83-84,153-154,167-168,197-199, 220; after Great War, 356-358; Left Bank, 222-227 Paris Peace Conference, 359, 361-363, 365, 366 557 Parvus, Alexander, 235 The Past (Byloe), 163 Pavlovsky,
Sergey, 395, 432—433, 444—449, 462, 465 peasants, 20; Bolsheviks and, 340-341, 402, 406-407; character of, 255; conditions for, 30-31; demonstrations by, 49, 94; militias of, 396-397; needs of, 396; October Manifesto and, 129; rebellions by, 402, 403, 405,407; reforms for, 150; soldiers, 252-255; in Soviet Russia, 478 People’s Will Party, 13-14,29,49, 52,155,177 Pereverzev, Pavel, 257-258 Perkhurov, Alexander, 314, 317, 319, 324, 326, 328-332, 343 Permykin, Boris, 388, 393, 394, 400, 401 Peter and Paul Fortress, 52 Peters, Yakov, 323, 324 Petersburg (Bely), 206 “Petersburg Tales” (Gogol), 53 Peter the Great, 12, 52, 230 Petit, Eugene, 358 Petit, Sofia, 172, 304, 358 Petlyura, Simon, 374 Petrograd, 229,230, 236-237, 248, 288-289; Bolshevik control of, 302, 340; defense of, from Third Corps, 284-285; Savinkov as governor-general of, 281-283 Petrograd Soviet (or Council) of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 230, 234, 238, 249, 257, 258, 266 Petrovich, Andrey, 457, 458, 459, 461 petty bourgeoisie, 30 Picasso, Pablo, 225 Piłsudski, Józef, 376, 378-381, 383-387, 389, 393, 401,408,412 Pilyar, Roman, 455, 500 Plehve, Vyacheslav von: aftermath of death of, 81-83; anti-Semitism of, 48-49; assassination of, 75-78; background of, 48-49; brutality of, 48-49; as director of police, 49; plot to assassinate, 41-42, 44-46, 48-85; problems with plot against, 50-53, 59-61, 64-65, 74; reaction to death of, 81; security of, 49—50 Plekhanov, Georgy, 265, 308, 310 poetry, 40-41,166,199-200 pogroms, 49, 66,119,129, 374, 399-400 Pokotilov, Alexey, 56-57, 59, 60, 63-64 Poland, 10, 17-18; independence
for, 375; Jews in, 17-18; loss of territory of, 3-4; relations between Russia and, 3-5,10, 378-381, 383-387, 393-394, 408; Russian Army in, 385-387, 400-401; Savinkov and, 378-389,
558 400-401,403-404,408, 431; student protests in, 5; suppression of religion in, 4; Warsaw, 9-10, 379-380,393,4S3-4S4; White Russians and, 376-377 police: German, 16; national, 49; nighttime raids by, 1; political, 109-110, 303, 309, 311, 323, 329-330, 338-339,429. See also imperial police; secret police police brutality, 6,15 Polish language, 7 Polish-Soviet War, 383-384,393-394 political exiles, 25-29 political freedom, 478 political police, 109-110,303, 309, 311,323, 329-330, 338-339,429 political prisoners, treatment of, 25-26 Poltava, 67 Port Arthur attack, 55-56 Potyomkin (Battleship), 94 Prague, 410 Presidium of the Central Executive Commit tee, 471 Princip, Gavrilo, 210 Prinkipo proposal, 363 prison, Saint Petersburg, 24-25 The Prisoner (Yaroshenko), 8 private wealth, 311-312 prodrazvyorstka, 402 Prokofyeva, Maria, 208-209 proletariat, 30, 31, 311-312,407 propaganda campaign, by Savinkov, 359-361,403 Provisional All-Russian Government, 348,349,353 Provisional Government, 230-238,279; Bolshe viks and, 248-249,256-258,260,291; criticism of, 264,267,269; defense of, 293; Kerensky as head of, 258-259,262,264-266,274-281; principles of, 263; reform of, 271-272 Provisional Government of Siberia, 342, 347-348 provokators, 122, 124,131, 162-163, 177-180, 183,185,194,201-202, 454 Prussia, 3-4 Przybyszewski, Stanislaw, 158 Pushkin, Alexander, 52-53 Puzitsky, Sergey, 446, 455, 457, 464, 465, 491-492,500 R Rachkovsky, Pyotr, 135-137 Radek, Karl, 420, 471, 502 railroads, 273, 325 Rapallo Treaty, 423 rape, 49 Rasputin, Grigory, 47, 218 INDEX Rataev, Leonid, 45,46,55, 61, 66,
86,137 Red Army, 305,373; in Belarus, 398-399; Czech Legion and, 325, 347; defections from, 328, 397-398; desertions and rebellions in, 403; in Rybinsk, 326, 331; Trotsky and, 343; victory by, in Russian Civil War, 409; Volga uprising and, 344-346 Red Guards, 284,292,293,295,302,310 Red Terror, 336,339 reforms, 20,31,82,120-121,125-129,150, 163,264 Reilly, Sidney George, 321-322,338,339,369,395, 402,444-446,450-451,453,479-481,498 religion, 4,15,169,407,430 Remizov, Alexey, 28,139,270,494 Reswick, William, 481-483 revolutionary movement, 22-23 Revolution of 1905,128-131,135,199,221 Riga Peace Treaty, 408 Rivera, Diego, 223, 226 Romanovs, execution of, 109, 334-335 Romanovsky, Ivan, 306 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 417 Roosevelt, Theodore, 125 Rudinkm, Andrey, 95 Russia: Germany and, 312-313, 360; Great War and, 210,211,215-220,229,232,234-255, 275, 312-313, 361; hardships in, 269-270; relations between Poland and, 3-5,10, 378-381, 383-387, 393-394, 408. See also Russian Empire; Soviet Russia Russian Army: death penalty and, 260-261, 262-263,273-274, 277; discipline in, 263-264; Great War and, 218, 234-235, 246, 250-252,260; Kolchak as head of, 365; mutinies in, 262-263; peasant soldiers in, 252-255; in Poland, 385-387,394,400-401; reform of, 271-272,273. See also Red Army; Volunteer Army; White Army Russian Civil War, 309,374; Allies and, 350, 353-368,382; anti-Bolsheviks in, 302-352, 396,402; Belarus campaign in, 394-400; brutalities in, 345-347; end of, 409; foreign in tervention in, 336—339,352—354,358—368,382, 396,410-414; Kolchak and, 354-355; Makhno and, 374; outbreak of,
354; peasant militias in, 396-397; Red Army victory in, 409; role of Czech Legion in, 318; Russian diaspora during, 477; Volga uprising sin, 325-333 Russian Empire, 1, 3, 5,10,12; border controls, 36; collapse of, 218, 229,230; decline of, 20-21,120-121; dismantling of, 311, 313; postrevolutionary chaos in, 387; reforms
INDEX in, 125-129, 150; social unrest in, 93-94, 125-126,129-130; strengths of, 21; terrorist attacks in, 34; war between Japan and, 6, 55-56, 93, 120,125,166,247, 314, 354. See also imperial regime Russian Evacuation Committee, 401, 403-404 Russian exiles: return home of, after revolution, 232-234; revolutionaries, 25-26 Russian Freemasonry, 180,270-271 Russian Jewish émigrés, 220-221 Russian literature, 52-53 Russian People’s Volunteer Army, 388, 394-400 Russian poetry, 40-41 Russian Political Committee, 358-359, 361-366, 385-386, 388,391-392,398,400 Russian Revolution, 219; Bolshevik coup of 1917, 256-259, 291-301; February Revolu tion, 229-238,241,246,247,255,256, 272, 288, 300, 307; ideals of, 246; October Revolution, 291-301 Russian revolutionaries, 20-21; in 1905, 129—131; in Europe, 16-17; exile of, 25-26; in Geneva, 37-41; Great War and, 211, 212; Marxists, 29-32; monitoring of, 45; in Paris, 167; personal ties among, 58, 71, 84-85. See also Socialist Revolutionaries Russian Social Democrats, 30-32 Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party. See Socialist Revolutionary Party Russian soldiers, 219, 252-255; desertion by, 260; rebellions among, 243-245. See also Russian Army Russian Thought, 192-193 Russian Wealth, 27 Russo-Japanese War, 6, 55-56, 93,120,125, 166,247, 314, 354 Rybinsk, 326-332 Ryurik, 175-176,177 S Saint Isaac’s Cathedral, 12 Saint Petersburg, 1, 12; Bloody Sunday in, 93-94, 111; climate of, 51; compared with Moscow, 91—92; Savinkov in, 51-53; student protests in, 5. See also Petrograd Saint Petersburg University, 13,15 Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail, 9,
14-16 Samara, 341—342 Santos-Dumont, Alberto, 159 Savinkov, Alexander, 1—3,24; arrest of, 3, 10—11; exile to Siberia of, 29, 36,115,117; imprisonment of, 11-13, 25, 29; student protests by, 5 559 Savinkov, Boris, 319; after Plehve’s death, 80-81; airplane project and, 159-161; ap pearance of, 39, 90,240-241,268,270,289; arrest of, 3,10-11, 23-24, 139-140, 426-427, 461—464; assassination of Grand Duke Sergey and, 87-111; Azef and, 54-55, 63-67, 84-87, 111, 123-124,138-139,141-142,152, 156,159,161-162,177-188, 283; Belarus campaign and, 394-400; Berlin attack and, 419-421; Bolsheviks and, 288, 290, 292-301, 323, 333, 346, 402, 407-408, 429-431; Brilliant and, 67-68; British and, 369-376, 378, 381-382, 410-414; change in attitude of, 466-467; Chernov and, 39-40, 287; child hood of, 5-9; as civilian, 287-288; Combat Organization and, 41-46, 54-58, 83—85, 118-124,132-134, 152, 191,193-196; as Commissar of Southwestern Front, 250-255, 259-261, 263-264; as Commissar of the Seventh Army, 237-250; conditions for, in prison, 481-488, 489; Cossacks and, 288, 290,292-293,295,296, 303-309; critics of, 204-205; deal made by, with Soviets, 472477; on death penalty, 260-261; Denikin and, 377-378; on dictatorial leadership, 246-247, 261-262; on disbanding of Combat Orga nization, 127-128; in Don Army Oblast, 304-309; education of, 7-8,16; enemies of, 287, 343-344, 349, 368, 388; escape from prison by, 142-148; escape from Vologda by, 35-37; in Europe, 149-154,197-199; exile to Siberia of, 35; exile to Vologda, 25-29; failed plots by, 59-61, 64-65, 74,118-121,133, 152; family of, 1-9, 22,
24-25, 35,115-118, 149-150,152-153,172-173,187-188,220, 227-228,255-256, 308-309, 355-356, 405-406, 414-415, 449-450, 485-487; feel ings of purposelessness of, 228-229; Figner and, 155-158; foreign support for, 317-321, 338; in France, 220-227, 349-368, 381-383, 436; gambling by, 195, 206-207; in Geneva, 37-41, 54, 83; Genoa attacks and, 422-427, 475; Gippius and, 390-392; Gots and, 149; as governor-general of Petrogad, 281-287; GPU and, 427-429, 433-435; Great War and, 209-220, 236-238; imprisonment of, 23-25, 142-143, 464-467, 481-492; individualism of, 39,269; influences on, 8-9; interrogation of, 473-474, 476; investigation into death of, 492-493; joining of Socialist Revolutionaries by, 33-35; in Kazan, 341-344; Kerensky and, 249-251, 263-266, 269,272-273,275-278, 282, 286-287, 297-298; in Kiev, 53-54;
560 Kleygels assassination plot and, 119-121; Kolchak and, 353-354, 363-368; Kornilov and, 247-248,259-261,266-267,271-283, 286, 306; legacy of, 501-503; Lenin and, 22, 23, 204,238,268, 290; loneliness of, 389-390; love affair of, 171-174, 208; mar riage to Vera of, 15-16, 24-25,117-118, 149-150,152-154,170-174,187-188, 227-228; Marxism and, 22; Maugham and, 289-291; at Ministry of War, 266-274; money issues of, 205-207, 227—228, 269, 350, 485; in Moscow, 311-313; Mukhin and, 443-445; Mussolini and, 415-419, 475; National Union and, 431-433; news of arrest and trial of, 476-477; Nicholas II assassina tion plot and, 174-176; on October Mani festo, 126; Omsk Directory and, 348-349; personal style of, 56; Plehve assassination and, 44-46, 48-85; Poland and, 376-389, 400-401, 403-404, 408, 431; police raid on family of, 1-3, 115; propaganda writing by, 477-480;.release from prison, 25; resistance to Bolshevik regime by, 302-352; return home of, after revolution, 232-234; return to Moscow by, 448-463; as revolutionary, 20, 22-23; Revolution of 1905 and, 130-131; Russian Evacuation Committee and, 403-404; Russian Revolution and, 231-234, 236-238; sentencing of, 471, 476; setbacks for, 404-405; on Shveytser, 114; Sindikat-2 operation and, 439-463; skepticism over death of, 493-494; Socialist Revolutionaries and, 33-35,195,204-205,287, 343-344; Special Military Mission of the Provisional All-Russian Government and, 349-352; student protests by, 5, 13—15; suicide of, 490-493, 495, 500-501; surveillance of, by Okhrana, 16-17,23-24,29,171, 197-199; as terrorist, 29, 127-128;
theatrical nature of, 14; trial of, 140-143, 467-471, 473-476; Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom and, 313-319, 322—333, 340, 343, 404; Volga uprisings and, 325-333; as war correspondent, 212-213; writings of, 22-23,27-28, 41,165,188-193,199-205, 251-253,436-439,485 Savinkov, Lev (Lyovochka), 208, 228, 256, 355-356, 405, 415, 450, 485-487, 498-499 Savinkov, Nadezhda, 5, 415 Savinkov, Tatyana, 22,228,255, 308-309, 485-486,498 Savinkov, Vera, 2, 5, 6, 406, 449-450, 485—487, 494, 498 INDEX Savinkov, Victor, 5,188,206,231,256, 305, 394,395,399,408,498 Savinkov, Victor Mikhailovich, 2, 5-7,11, 24, 36,115-117 Savinkov, Victor (Vitya), 25,255,497-498 Savinkova, Sofìa Alexandrovna, 2-8,11-13, 24, 29,35, 81,141,188,255,415,449; hardships of, 153; police raids on, 115-117; in Saint Petersburg, 116; surveillance of, by Okhrana, 198-199 Savior on the Spilled Blood, 52 Sazonov, Sergey, 359, 368, 376 Sazonov, Yegor, 208,209; exile to Siberia of, 82-83; Plehve assassination and, 57-61, 68, 71, 75, 76, 78-80; suicide of, 83; trial of, 82 Second Partition, 3 The Second Symphony (Bely), 27 Second World War, 371,385 secret police, 419, 422-423, 425—429, 433—435, 439-441,447,452 self-determination, 348, 355, 364, 365, 368, 396,417-418 selflessness, 157—158 Semyonovsky Lifeguard Regiment, 130 Serbia, 210 Sergey Alexandrovich, Grand Duke, 299; aftermath of death of, 103-104,110—111; background of, 87; brutality of, 87-88; death of, 102-103; family of, 105-106; funeral of, 109-110; plot to assassinate, 87-111; reaction to death of, 104-105; surveillance of, 89-91, 92-93 Seventh
Army, 237—238; rebellions in, 243—245; Savinkov as Commisar of, 237-255 Shalamov, Varlam, 494 Shcheglovitov, Ivan, 194 Sheshenya, Leonid, 429, 434-435,446, 459, 460, 500 Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, Yury, 499 Shkolnik, Maria (Manya), 119,120,121 show trials, 467—471 Shpayzman, Aron, 119,120,121 Shveytser, Maximilian, 57, 59, 61, 63, 67, 74, 75, 83-84,111-114 Siberia, 26, 35; anti-Bolsheviks in, 348; Sazonov’s exile to, 82—83 Sikorsky, Shimel-Leyba Vulfovich, 73-74, 78, 82,83 Sindikat-2 operation, 428-429, 432-435, 439-463,483,499-500 Sipyagin, Dmitry, 34, 48 Slovaks, 318 Smith-Cumming, Mansfield George, 321-322
INDEX Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), 29-32, 34; assassination of Grand Duke Sergey and, 87-111; attacks on Bolsheviks by, 333-334; Azef and, 41-43; in Geneva, 37-38, 83; Kolchak and, 354; leadership of, 37-38, 43, 83; return home of, after revolution, 232-234; Russo-Japanese War and, 56; as terrorists, 32-33, 41-43. See also Combat Organization Socialist Revolutionary Party: Azef and, 162, 176-181; Bolsheviks and, 335-336; Central Committee of, 46, 94,124,127,131-132, 142,151-152,162,164-165,167,182,185, 187,191, 287; Constituent Assembly and, 310; Great War and, 211; Maximalists and, 151; principles of, 124; renewal of terror ism by, 131-134, 152; Savinkov and, 33-35, 195, 204-205, 287, 343—344; soul searching by, 193; structure of, 46; traitors in, 131, 134-135, 163-164; turn against terrorism by, 195 social unrest, 93-94,129-130 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 494 Somova, Evgeniya, 171-174 Sosnkowski, Kazimierz, 394 Southwestern Front, 250-251,259, 261, 262 Soviet delegation: attack on, in Berlin, 419-421; to Genoa Economic and Financial Confer ence, 421-427 Soviet of Soldiers’ and Workers’ Deputies, 230, 234,238,284, 287 Soviet Russia, 404—405; brutality of, 430-431; conditions in, 406, 430, 478—479; diplomatic relations with, 411; economy of, 412, 478; instability of, 441-442; political freedom in, 478; Savinkov’s change of attitude toward, 466-467, 470-471, 481; victory by, in Rus sian Civil War, 409 Sovnarkom (Council of People’s Commissars), 393-394 Spanish Civil War, 499, 500 Spanish influenza, 379 Special Military Mission of the Provisional AllRussian Government,
349-351 Speransky, Valentin, 490, 491-492 Spiridovich, Alexander, 82 SS Paul Lecat, 351-352, 353 Ståhlberg, Karl, 145-148 Stalin, Joseph, 26, 221, 291, 406, 448, 467, 468, 478, 479, 493, 498, 499 Stanislavsky, Konstantin, 69-70 Stepun, Fyodor, 239-242, 244, 249,268, 282, 287-288 The Stoker (Yaroshenko), 8 561 Stolypin, Pyotr, 150-152,185-186 strikes, 125,129,218,229,430 student protests, 2, 3, 5,13-15,125 suicide attacks, 160 Sukhotin-Tolstoy, Sofìa, 81 Sulyatitsky, Vasily, 143-148 Summer Gardens, 52 Svyatopolk-Mirsky, Pyotr, 82, 83 Switzerland, 36-37 symbolists, 72,166 Syroezhkin, Grigory, 491,499, 500 T tails, 45 Tatarov, Nikolay, 123-125,127,134 technological innovation, 138,159, 194 Tenth Pavilion, 3 Tereshchenko, Mikhail, 263 terrorism, 34; by Combat Organization, 41-46; at Genoa conference, 422-427; killing of innocents and, 97-98,109-110,140,157; reform movement and, 125-128; renewal of, 131-134,152; Savinkov and, 127-128; Soviet delegation attack, 419-421; Stolypin attack, 151; stopping of use of, 127-128. See also as sassinations/plots terrorists, 29, 31; female, 67-68, 73; moral, 32-33; in Socialist Revolutionaries, 41—43 Third Corps, 283-286 Third Partition, 4 Tolstoy, Leo, 202-204,253 Torgprom (Russian Trade-Commerce and Financial Union), 420, 449 Tower of Syuyumbike, 341 Transcaucasia, 371 Trans-Siberian Railroad, 325 Treaty of Portsmouth, 125 Treaty of Riga, 393 Treaty of Versailles, 366 Trepov, Dmitry, 110-111,119 Trepov, Fyodor, 8-9, 67 Trest, 429 Triple Entente, 210, 267 Trotsky, Lev, 26,291,296, 325, 331, 335, 337, 343, 344, 347, 373, 394,412,441
Trusevich, Maximilian, 15, 24, 498 Trust, 429 Tsarkoye Selo, 74 tsars, 20. See also specific tsars Tsetlin, Mikhail, 221 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 393, 405 Tumarkin, Samuil, 303 typhus fever, 339-340
562 INDEX U Ufa Conference, 347-348 Ufa Directory, 348 Ukraine, S, 374,383-385,400,402 Ukrainian People’s Republic, 304 Ulrikh, Vasily, 468-471,474, 476 Union agency, 361, 363 Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom, 313-319, 322-333, 340,342, 343, 360,404 Union of Socialist Revolutionary Maximalists, 151 United States, 39,54,210 University of Berlin, 16 University of Heidelberg, 16 Unterberger, Pavel, 122 upper class, 10 uprisings: peasant, 402, 403, 405, 407; Polish, 4-5; Volga, 325-355,381 Uritsky, Moisey, 336 Uspenskaya, Vera Glebovna, 485-486; after death of Savinkov, 497-498; Azef and, 85; difficult relations between Savinkov and, 170-174,187-188,227-228,255; marriage to Boris, 22,24-25, 35,117-118,141,142, 149-150,152-154; student protests and, 14-15 Uspensky, Gleb, 9,171 Utgof, Colonel, 2, 3 V Valentinov-Volsky, Nikolay, 40-41 Victor Emmanuel III, 416 vigilantism, 231 Vilnius, 4-5 violence, rejection of, 23 Vladimir, Grand Duke, 111, 119 Volga uprisings, 325-333, 381 Volodarsky, Vladimir, 335 Vologda, exile to, 25-29 Voloshin, Maximilian, 221-224,228 Volunteer Army, 305-307,310,314,317,343,349, 359, 365, 374, 375,378. See also White Army Vorobyova-Stebelskaya, Maria Bronislavovna (Marevna), 223-227 Vyrypaev, Vasily, 346-347 W Wanderers group, 8 War and Peace (Tolstoy), 202-203, 253 War Communism, 402, 403 Warsaw, Poland, 9-10, 379-380, 393, 453-454 Warsaw University, 5 Wçdziagolski, Karol, 245-246, 299, 302-306, 308,357, 376, 378-379 Western Front, 213-217, 228,239,313 What Never Happened (Three Brothers) (Sav inkov), 200-205, 206, 326 White Army, 286,
305-306, 342,347, 389, 398-399. See also Volunteer Army White Russians, 259, 360-369, 371-373, 376-387, 409 “Why I Recognized the Soviet Regime” (Savinkov), 477-478 Wilson, Woodrow, 354, 362, 363 Winter Palace, 52, 58,277-278,293-296 Witte, Sergey, 34, 81,125,130 Women’s Death Battalion, 254, 293,295,296 working class, 22, 30, 31, 311-312,430 World War I. See Great War World War II, 210 Worthington-Evans, Worthington Laming, 413-414 Wrangel, Pyotr Nikolayevich, 384-386, 389, 394, 398-401 Wright brothers, 159 Y Yagoda, Genrikh, 428, 482-484, 500 Yaroshenko, Nikolay, 8-9 Yaroslavl, 326,328-332 Yar restaurant, 56,57 Yudenich, Nikolay, 372-375, 388 Yugoslavia, 381 Z Zadkine, Ossip, 225 Zasulich, Vera, 8,67,110 Závety (Testaments), 200-201, 205 Zekunov, Mikhail, 434, 435, 439 Zemel, Alexander, 141 zemstvo, 82 Zenzinov, Vladimir, 187, 349 Zilberberg (Somova), Evgeniya, 171-174, 208, 220,226,256, 309,355-356,389-390, 405, 414-415,486-487, 494, 498-499 Zilberberg, Lev, 119-120,122,127,141-142, 145-148,164-165,171 Zimmerwald Movement, 211 Zinovyev, Grigory, 336, 448 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
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CONTENTS Conventions Author's Note Chapter One: The Personal Is Always Political in Russia XI xm i Chapter Two: The Minister чв Chapter Three: The Grand Duke be Chapter Four: Catastrophes ne Chapter Five: Crossroads іча Chapter Six: Behind the Lines 197 Chapter Seven: Defending the Revolution гэв Chapter Eight: The War against the Bolsheviks in Russia эаг Chapter Nine: The War against the Bolsheviks from Abroad эвэ Chapter Ten: End Game чіа Chapter Eleven: The Gambler’s Last Throw чѕв Epilogue 497 Personae sas Acknowledgments s 11 Sources S19 Notes 5В7 Index SSI
INDEX A agrarian question, 29, 40 airplanes, 159-161 Alexander Citadel, 3 Alexander I, 381 Alexander II, 13, 20, 49, 52, 87, 100-101,155 Alexander III, 20, 87 Alexandra (tsaritsa), 20,47, 81,105, 218, 335 Alexeyev, Mikhail, 295,306, 307, 308,310, 317, 319 Allies: Ambassadors’ Plot by, 336-339; antiBolsheviks and, 350,352-354,358-368, 382; Brest-Litovsk Treaty and, 313; Czechs and, 341; help from, 318, 320; recognition of Kolchak’s government by, 364-365, 367—368; stance toward “Russian problem,” 362-363; victory by, 351, 366-367; Volga uprisings and, 332. See also specific countries All-Russian Constituent Assembly. See Komuch All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combatting Counter-Revolution and Sabo tage (Cheka). See Cheka All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, 497 Ambassadors’ Plot, 336-339, 429 Amfiteatrov, Alexander, 438, 442—443, 445, 475 anarchy, 121, 177, 231 Andreyev, Leonid, 27-28,193 Annenkov, Yury, 233 Anti-Bolshevik Congress, 395 anti-Fascist International Brigade, 499 antireligious campaign, 430 anti-Semitism, 10,18, 48—49, 63, 66,245, 374, 377, 388, 399-400,416 Antonov peasant rebellion, 402, 405 “April Theses” (Lenin), 236 Arbore-Ralli, Zamfir, 147 Armenia, 49, 371 Artsybashev, Mikhail, 453—455, 475, 480, 483 Artuzov, Artur, 428-429, 433-435, 439-440, 445-449, 455, 483,488,489, 493,500 assassinations/plots: of Alexander II, 13, 20, 49, 52; of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, 210; of Balmashov, 34; against Chicherin, 422-427; by Combat Organization, 33, 335-336; kill ing of innocents and, 97-98, 109-110, 140, 157; Marxists views on,
31-32; by People’s Will Party, 13,29, 49; of Plehve, 34, 48-85; of Sergey Alexandrovich, 87-111; ofSipyagin, 34; as SR tactic, 31, 32—33, 86 Assault Battalion of Death, 253-254 Auschwitz, 499 Austria, 3 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 210,218 authoritarianism, 261-262, 363, 417 Avksentyev, Nikolay, 348, 349 Azef, Evno Fishelevich: assassination of Grand Duke Sergey and, 87; background of, 17-20, 63; Burtsev’s exposure of, 176-181, 182-188, 451,472,473; Combat Organization and, 38, 41-47,49, 66-67, 111, 122-123,132-138, 152; as double agent, 45—46,49, 55, 61-63, 66,86-87, 111, 123-124,133-138,140, 161-162,164-165,175; escape by, 183-184; impact of scandal of, 185-188; imperial police and, 16-17,19, 80, 86,135-138; imprison ment of, 184; Kalyaev and, 111; motivations of, 62-63; Nicholas II assassination plot and, 174-176; on October Manifesto, 127-128; Plehve assassination and, 44-46, 51, 58-59, 63-69, 73, 74, 80; Savinkov and, 54-55, 65-67, 84-87, 111, 123-124,138-139, 141-142,152,156,159,161-162,177-178, 180-188,283; Socialist Revolutionaries and, 151,162,182-188; suspicions about, 85, 123-125,134-135,162,164-165 Azef, Lyubov, 84,183-184 Azef, Vladimir, 63, 83 Azerbaijan, 371 В Babushka. See Breshko-Breshkovskaya, Ekaterina Bakay, Mikhail, 163-165,179 Bakhmetev, Boris, 358, 398 Balakhovsky, Daniil, 304 Balmashov, Stepan, 34, 48 Balmont, Konstantin, 72 bank seizures, by Bolsheviks, 312 Bargration-Imeretinsky, Alexander, 11 Bay of Pigs, 385 Beaulieu-sur-Mer, 154 beauty, 157,158 Belarus, 394-400, 404 Belarusian Political Committee, 397 Belgium, 210 Belkovich, Leonid, 242 Beloff,
Angelina, 226 Bely, Andrey, 27, 206 Beneš, Edvard, 426 Benevskaya, Maria, 134 Berdyaev, Nikolay, 28-29
552 Birkenhead, Baron, 371, 413 Black Hand, 210 The Black Horse (Savinkov), 436-439, 485 Black Hundreds, 129, 131, 179 Blériot, Louis, 159 Blok, Alexander, 72 Bloody Sunday, 93-94,107, 111, 135,166 Bogayevsky, Afrikan, 307 Boldyrev, Vasily, 349, 350, 353 Bolshevik Military Organization, 284 Bolsheviks: arming of, 284-285; Belarus campaign against, 394-400; brutality of, 302, 303, 336,402,430-431; Churchill and, 369-370,410-414; coups by, 256-259, 275-276,291-301; execution of imperial family by, 109, 334-335; executions by, 332,336; foreign attempts to oust, 317-322,336-339, 358-368; Germany and, 319; Great War and, 211,218, 312—313; guerilla warfare against, 396,408; influence of, in army, 243-245; instability among, 441-442; internal struggle against, 302-352, 396,402; Kerensky and, 287; policies of the, 310,402,403,406-407,430; political police of, 109-110,303, 309,311,323, 329—330,338-339,429; Provisional Govern ment and, 260,272,291; revolutionary Russia and, 235—236; rise of, 23,30,31; Savinkov and, 288,290,302-303,323,333,346,407-408, 429-431; seize of power by, 248-249; Socialist Revolutionaries and, 31-32,333-336; spies for, 322-323; support for, 307; tyranny by, 309-310; use of power by, 291-292; Volga uprisings against, 325—333. See also Lenin, Vladimir; Russian Civil War; Russian Revolution Bolshevism, 415 bomb making, 83-84, 89-90, 112, 133-134 border controls, 36 Borishansky, David, 58-62, 64, 74, 77-78 bourgeoisie, 30, 31, 323 Breshko-Breshkovskaya, Ekaterina (Babushka), 33-34, 39, 175 Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 312-313, 318, 321, 325, 333,335,337, 342,
348,360,423 Briand, Aristide, 414 Brigade 2506, 385 Brilliant, Dora, 83,121,122,127; arrest of, 131; assassination of Grand Duke Sergey and, 87, 89-90, 94-95, 98-99,102,110; background of, 67-68; death of, 131; dissolution of Com bat Organization and, 128; Plehve plot and, 69, 71-73 Bristol Hotel, 112 Britain: Ambassadors’ Plot and, 336-339; antiBolsheviks and, 319-321, 368-376; Great War INDEX and, 210,215,232; Russia and, 267; Savinkov and, 369-376,378,381-382,410-414 British soldiers, 215 Broido, Eva, 22 The Bronze Horseman, 52, 230 “The Bronze Horseman” (Pushkin), 52-53 The Brothers Karamazov (Dostoyevsky), 190,202 Brusilov, Alexey, 263, 264 Bryusov, Valery, 72, 193 Buchanan, Sir George, 267 Budyonny, Semyon, 404 Bukhalo, Sergey, 159-161 Bukharin, Nikolay, 420 Bulak-Balakhovich, Stanislav, 387-389,393-400 Bulygin, Alexander, 111 Bund, 143 Burtsev, Vladimir Lvovich, 162-165,176-181, 185, 361,451-453,472-473, 479-480 C Cadet Party, 382 capitalism, 31, 352, 406 Casino of Monte-Carlo, 207 Castro, Fidel, 385 Catherine II, 491 Catherine the Great, 74 Caucasus Mountains, 9 Central Committee, 37, 46,124,127,131-132, 142,151-152,162,164-165,177,178,182, 185,187,191,194,287 Central Powers, 210, 212, 229, 232, 234, 247, 248,312-313, 318,350, 361 central terror, 31 Chaikovsky, Nikolay, 308, 310, 358, 359, 377, 379, 381-383 Chaliapin, Fyodor, 94 Cheka, 109-110, 309, 311,323, 329-330, 338-339, 398,404,429 Cheremisov, Vladimir, 293, 300 Chernov, Victor Mikhailovich, 54, 204, 212, 232, 382; Azef accusations and, 178-181, 183,187; Constituent Assembly and, 310; Kolchak and, 355; as
ministry of agricul ture, 266; return home of, after revolution, 232-233; revolutionary Russia and, 234, 249, 284; Savinkov and, 39—40,287; Závety (Testaments), 200 Chicherin, Georgy, 419, 420, 422-427 childhood, 5-9 child mortality, 31 cholera, 340 Christ, 82, 169, 219 Christianity, 169 Chukhnin, Admiral, 139
553 INDEX Churchill, Winston, 235,362, 368-378, 381-382,410-414,481 church weddings, 15—16 clandestine operations, 22 class warfare, 30, 31 Clemenceau, Georges, 359 Cohen, Israel, 142-143, 143 collateral damage, 97-98 colonial troops, in Great War, 216 Combat Organization: airplane of, 159-161; arrests, 114,139-140,179; assassination of Grand Duke Sergey and, 87-111; Azef and, 38,41-47, 49, 66-67, 111, 122,123,132-138, 152; Bolsheviks and, 335—336; code of regu lations, 83; coordinated attack planned by, 111-112; disbanding of, 127-128,187; dona tions to, 91; founding of, 33, 37; Gershuni and, 34; Gots and, 37; members of, 56-58; provokators in, 122—125,164—165; recruits to, 119-121; resurrection of, 131-134,191, 193-196; Savinkov and, 54-58, 83, 84-85, 118-124, 132-134,152,191, 193-196; use of assassination by, 33; women in, 67, 327 Comintern, 442 Committee of Members of the All-Russia Con stituent Assembly (Komuch), 342 communism, 352, 393, 418. See aho Marxism Constituent Assembly, 291, 307, 310, 335, 342 Constitutional Democratic Party, 81 constitutional monarchy, 127, 150 Cossacks, 49, 88,125,229,258,283,288,290, 292-296, 302-310,404 Council of Four, 364-366 The Courier, 27—28 “court of honor,” against Burtsev, 177-181 crime, 231, 269-270, 311-312,401 Crime and Punishment (Dostoyevsky), 28,53,190 Cromie, Francis, 337-338, 339 Czech Legion, 318, 325, 341, 342, 347, 381 Czechoslovakia, 318, 410 Czechoslovaks, 341—342 D death penalty, 260-263, 273-274, 277, 343 decadents, 72 de Gaulle, Charles, 382 Degayev, Sergey, 49 democracy, 216,246, 307, 364 Denikin, Anton, 264,
359, 365-368, 373-375, 377-378, 382-384 dictatorship, 246-247, 261-262, 282 dictatorship of the proletariat, 30, 311, 407 Dikgof, Lyubov Efimovna, 315-316, 339-340, 347, 349, 351, 379, 473; after release from prison, 497; arrest of, 461-464; imprison ment of, 464-467, 497; relationship between Savinkov and, 355, 389-390, 405, 415, 444; release from prison of, 489; return to Moscow by, 449, 450, 453, 455-460; in Rybinsk, 327; Savinkov’s suicide and, 493-494; suspicions about complicity of, 483—484; in Warsaw, 392 Dikgof-Derental, Alexander Arkadyevich, 315-316, 347, 352, 367, 419,444, 473, 480, 483, 489; after release from prison, 497; execution of, 497; in Omsk, 349; in Poland, 379, 385, 392,408; in prison, 463, 464; re turn to Moscow by, 449, 453, 455, 456, 460; in Rybinsk, 326; typhus fever of, 340 dirty money, 19 Dmitry, Grand Duke, 97 Don Army Oblast, 304-310 Don Civilian Soviet, 307, 308, 310, 314 Don Cossacks, 302-309, 404 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 28, 53,190, 202, 427 The Double (Dostoyevsky), 427 double agents, 49, 122-124, 133-138. See also Azef, Evno Fishelevich; informants Dragomirov, Abram, 368 Dubasov, Fyodor, 131,133 Dulebov, Yegor, 68-69, 72, 74, 77 Duma, 125,126,132,150, 152,163,185, 217, 218,229 Duranty, Walter, 468—469, 471 Durnovo, Pyotr, 111, 131, 133, 135,151 dvoyevlastiye, 230 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 412, 428, 441, 466, 467, 472,473, 484,488, 490-491,493, 500 E Eastern Front, 215, 216-220, 250-251, 313, 337, 341 economy: of Russian Empire, 21; of Soviet Rus sia, 412, 478 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 221-222,225, 269-270, 499 Eighth Army, 245-248,250,259-260 Eisenstein,
Sergey, 295 Elizaveta Fyodorovna (Ella), Grand Duchess, 94,101,104-110, 335 Elvengren, Georgy, 419 Engels, Friedrich, 177 Ethiopia, 417 Europe: Russian revolutionaries in, 16-17. See also specific countries Evreinov, Nikolay, 295 F factory workers, 22, 430 family background, 5-9
554 famines, 406, 407, 430, 479 Fascism, 415-419, 442-443, 475-476 fatalism, 203 February Revolution, 229-232,236,241,246, 247,255, 256,272,288,300, 307 Figner, Vera, 155-158,162,170,173,177-179, 185,191,283 fileurs, 45,122,123,133,135-136,138,173, 198-199,207-209,226,343 Filonenko, Maximilian, 271 Filosofov, Dmitry, 166—170, 385, 391-392, 438-439,479,480,483 financial issues, of Savinkov, 205-207, 227, 269, 350, 485 Finland, 49,122, 368, 373, 375 First Gymnasium, 7 First Partition, 3 Foch, Ferdinand, 362 Fomichyov, Ivan, 439,440,443-444,446,449, 453,455,456,458,459,462 Fondaminsky, Ilya, 167,171, 195,221 Ford, Henry, 431 Foreign Agency of the Okhrana, 45 Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 5 France, 16-17,153-154,197-199; after Great War, 356-358; Great War and, 210-216, 220, 228; Poland and, 389; Savinkov and, 220-227, 320, 355-356,436; Savinkov’s mis sion to, 349-354, 358-368, 381-383; Volga uprisings and, 331, 332 France, Anatole, 155 Franz Ferdinand (archduke), 210 Freedom, 386 French Revolution, 275 From the Active Army (Savinkov), 251—253 Fyodorov, Andrey Pavlovich, 434, 500 G gambling, 195, 206—207 Gapon, Gregory, 111, 135 Gatchina Palace, 298, 299 Gendarmes, 10-11,19, 36 Geneva, 37,54 Genoa Economic and Financial Conference, 421-427,475 Georgia, 371 Gerasimov, Alexander, 136-138,140, 176,181, 186,194 Gerhs, Isaac, 34 Germany, 16; Bolsheviks and, 319; Great War and, 210,211,212,232,275,312-313,351; Nazi, 417,499; Russia and, 234-236,312-313,360 Gershuni, Grigory, 34, 67, 82,162 INDEX Gippius, Zinaida, 165-172,189,192-193, 204-206,209,212,238,242,270,272,285,
390-392,394,438,449 Glazenap, Pyotr, 387, 388 God, 82 Gogol, Nikolay, 53 Gorbunov, Mark, 13-14 Gorky, Maxim, 27,28,498 Gots, Mikhail (Moishe) Rafailovich, 37-38, 43, 54, 83,114,123,124,127,148,149 GPU {Gosudarstvennoepoliticheskoe ufravlenie), 419,422-423,425-429,433-435,439-441, 447,452 Great Bell Tower, 89 Great Britain. See Britain Great Famine, 479 “great man” theory of history, 202-203 Great Terror, 468,479,497 Great War, 184,198,209-220; Armistice in, 351; Bolsheviks and, 211,218, 312-313; cause of, 210; consequences of, 210; Eastern Front, 212,215,216-220,250-251, 313; France and, 210-216,220,228; Paris Peace Confer ence, 359, 361-362, 365, 366; Russia and, 216-220,229, 232,234-255, 361; Savinkov and, 211-220; Treaty of Versailles, 366; Western Front, 213-217,228,239,313 Greens, 396,412,414 Grigoryev, Nikolay, 316, 326, 331 Guchkov, Alexander, 237-238 guerilla warfare, 396, 408 Gutor, Alexey, 259 Gvozdyov-Gulenko, Ilya (Elia), 424-427 H Hedy de Hero, 183-184 Hitler, Adolf, 417, 499 Hoover, Herbert, 339, 406, 417 House of Unions, 468 I Ice March, 310 imperial bureaucracy, 20,21, 29 imperialism, 4 imperial police. See Okhrana (imperial police) imperial regime, 3, 9,13-15; reforms by, 126-130, ISO; social unrest and, 129-130; terrorism against, 31; treatment of political prisoners by, 25—26. See also Russian Empire industrialization, 22 industrial proletariat class, 30, 31, 311-312, 407 informants, 17—20, 43, 49, 61—63,122—124, 133—138, 404. See also double agents
INDEX Information Bureau, 403 In France during the War (Savinkov), 213-216 innocents, killing of, 97-98,109-110,140,157 Institute for Well-Born Young Women, 6 internationalists, 212 “In Twilight. A Sketch” (Savinkov), 41 Italy, 210, 415-419, 442-443, 475 Ivan IV, 341 Ivanovksy, Vladimir, 349 Ivanovskaya, Praskovya, 68, 70—72, 80, 85, 94, 111-112 J Jabotinsky, Ze’ev, 417 Japan: Great War and, 210; Port Arthur attack by, 55—56; war between Russia and, 6, 55—56, 93,120,125,166,247, 314,354 Jewish Self-Defense League, 245 Jews: anti-Semitism against, 10,18, 63, 66,245, 374, 377, 388, 399-400, 416; Bolsheviks and, 377; in Combat Organization, 119; expulsion from Moscow, 87; Plehve’s dislike for, 48-49; pogroms against, 49, 66, 119,129, 374, 399-400; Polish, 17-18; revolutionaries, 63; Russian, in France, 220-221; social unrest and, 129; in Warsaw, 10 July Days, 257-259 justice, desire for, 3 К Kalamatiano, Xenophon, 338, 339 Kaledin, Alexey, 302, 306, 310 Kalinin, Mikhail, 448 Kalyaev, Ivan Platonovich, 13, 59; assassina tion of Grand Duke Sergey and, 87, 89, 93, 95-100, 102-103; Azef and, 43, 111; back ground of, 7-8; Combat Organization and, 33, 38-39, 42, 54-55; grand duchess’s visit to, 106-109; Plehve assassination and, 60-61, 72, 74, 75, 77-78; trial and execution of, 109 Kamenev, Lev, 478 Kaplan, Fanny, 335-336, 441 Kappel, Vladimir, 344 Karpovich, Pavel, 175 Kazan, 317, 320, 325, 331, 340-344, 347, 364 Kazan Cathedral, 12,15 Kerensky, Alexander: Bolsheviks and, 291-292, 293—294, 297-298, 300; defense of Petrograd by, 284—285; Kornilov affair and, 272-281, 286—287, 292;
as minister of war, 249—251; as prime minister, 258-259, 262, 264-266, 274—281; Savinkov and, 269, 297-298 Kerensky Offensive, 250-251 555 KGB, nighttime raids by, 1 Kharkov, 5 Khodynka tragedy, 87 Khvostov, Alexey, 121 Kiev, 53-54, 304 Kishinyov pogrom, 66 Klepikov, Flegont, 296-297,299, 308, 326-327, 340,347 ‘ Kleygels, Nikolay, 64, 65, 111, 119 Knox, Alfred, 349 Kościuszko, Tadeusz, 3—4 Kolchak, Alexander Vasilyevich, 353-355, 359-360,363-368,373,381 Komuch, 342, 343, 347-348 Komuch Army, 343—347 Kornilov, Lavr Georgievich: arrest of, 286; as commander-in-chief, 266,267; death of, 319; death penalty and, 261-262,264; Eighth Army and, 247-248,250,259-260; exoneration of, 286; Volunteer Army and, 306,307, 310 Kornilov affair, 271-281; defense of Petrograd and, 284-285; as hoax, 277-278; Kerensky and, 272-281, 286-287,292; Savinkov’s role in, 284-287; as tragicomedy, 278-281 Krasin, Leonid, 411-412, 414, 420 Krasnov, Pyotr, 294, 296, 297 Kremlin, 301, 318 Krikman, Ivan, 457 KRO (Kontrrazvédyvatelny otdél), 427-429, 440-441, 444-446, 461 Kronstadt rebellion, 405 Kropotkin, Pyotr, 177—178 Krymov, General, 285, 294 Kulikovsky, Pyotr, 90, 93, 98, 99,110 Kutaysov, Pavel, 81 Kutepov, Alexander, 429 L labor movement, 22,125 land rights, 396 La Rotonde, 222-227 Latvian Rifles, 324, 337-339 Lavergne, Jean Guillaume, 331, 332 Lebedev, Vladimir, 269 Left Bank, 222-227 legendirovaniye, 428-429, 498 Lenin, Vladimir, 30,149, 412, 468; anti-Bolsheviks and, 337, 364, 381, 403; antireligious campaign of, 430; assassination plot against, 325, 335-336; on assassinations, 31-32; Bolshevik coup
and, 256-258,279, 291, 292,294; death of, 448; declining health of, 441; execution of Romanovs by, 335; exile
556 to Siberia of, 26; Great War and, 312-313; Manifesto of 1915 and, 211; in Moscow, 311; New Economic Policy of, 406—407, 430; Poland and, 393; revolutionary Russia and, 235-236, 248-249; robbery of, 312; Russian Revolution and, 232; Savinkov and, 22, 23, 204,238,268, 290; Socialist Revolutionaries and, 32, 334 Leontyeva, Tatyana, 111, 151 Liberal Democrats, 433-435, 439-441,443-449 Life Is Everywhere (Yaroshenko), 8 Lithuania, 4 Lloyd George, David, 319, 362, 369, 371, 381, 382,411,413, 414, 421,422 Lockhart, Robert Hamilton Bruce, 319, 338, 339 Lockhart Plot, 336-339 Lopatin, German, 177,180 Lopukhin, Alexey, 13, 61-62, 81,179-181,183, 186 Loucheur, Louis, 414 Lubyanka Prison, 463-464, 481, 488 Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 324, 502 Lurye, Rachel, 139 Lvov, Georgy, 358, 359, 382 Lvov, Vladimir, 281 M Machine Gun Regiment, 257 Maidel, Roman von, 415 Makarov, Nikolay, 140-141, 148 Makhno, Nestor (Batka), 374, 402 Maklakov, Vasily, 358, 359, 366, 382, 398 Manchuria, 55 Manifesto of 1915, 211 Mannerheim, Carl, 368, 373 Maria, Grand Duchess, 97, 103-104 Mariinsky Palace, 237 Martha and Mary Convent of Mercy, 109 martial law, 273, 276 Martov, Yuly, 30 Marx, Karl, 177 Marxism, 22, 23, 412-415 Marxists, 29-32 Masaryk, Tomáš, 318, 410 Masons, 180,270-271 materialism, 16 Matseyevsky, Ignaty, 50 Matseyevsky, Iosif, 50, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 72 Maugham, William Somerset, 288-291, 502 Maximalists, 151-152 Memoirs ofa Terrorist (Savinkov), 110,188, 228 Mendeleyev, Dmitrty, 9 Mensheviks, 30, 291, 315, 348, 407, 470 INDEX Menzhinsky, Vyacheslav, 324, 428-429, 466,500 Merezhkovsky, Dmitry,
165-172,192-193,270, 385,449 military dictatorship, 261 military tribunals, 273-274 militias, 284, 396-397 Millerand, Prime Minister, 381 Ministry of War, 266-274 Miracle on the Vistula, 393 Mirbach, Wilhelm von, 333-334, 335 Modigliani, Amedeo, 223 Moiseyenko, Boris, 114; arrest of, 114,116; assassination of Grand Duke Sergey and, 87, 89, 93, 95, 99-100,102,110; Combat Orga nization and, 34,38-39,42,44,127,132 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 478 monarchists, 129,267, 359, 429 monarchy, 20 money issues, 205-207,227, 269, 350, 485 morality, 157 moral terrorists, 32-33 Moscow, 12, 87, 89, 91-92, 230; Bolshevik control of, 311-312; growth of, 21; October Revolution in, 301 Moscow Art Theater, 69-70 Mukhin, Andrey Pavlovich, 435, 439-440, 443-450,452,454-462,476,500 Muravyov, Nikolay, 79 Muravyov-Vilensky, Mikhail, 4-5 Murmansk, 320-321 Mussolini, Benito, 415-419, 427, 442-444,448, 475,499 mysticism, 169-170 N Nabokoff, Constantine, 233 Nabokov, Vladimir, 112, 206, 292 Nabokov, Vladimir, Sr., 302 Napoleon, 4, 385 Natanson, Mark, 174,178,180,204,287 national police, 49 national sovereignty, 375 National Union for the Defense of the Mother land and Freedom, 431-433, 439-441,445 Native Americans, 4 Native Division, 287-288 natural resources, 363, 371 Nazi Germany, 417, 499 Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vladimir, 69-70 Neplyuev, Lieutenant General, 140-141, 148 Nepmen, 478 New Economic Policy (NEP), 406-407,411, 430,478
INDEX New Style (NS) calendar, 311 Nicholas I, 52 Nicholas II, 20, 34, 48, 74, 88, 125,150, 186; coronation of, 33; death penalty and, 81-82; execution of, 109, 335; Great War and, 217-218,229-234; October Manifesto and, 126—129; plot to assassinate, 86, 111, 174-176,194; Rasputin and, 47; Russian Revolution and, 229-230 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 158 “The Night” (Savinkov), 27-28 nihilists, 371-372 Nikolaevich, Nikolay, 125-126 1905 Revolution, 82 NKVD, 500 Norway, escape to, 35—36 Nosovich, Anatoly, 425 Noulens, Joseph, 267, 320, 326, 331 Novocherkassk, 305-310, 343 О October Manifesto, 126-129, 163 October Revolution, 291-301 Odessa, 362 Odintsov, Alexey, 349 О GPU {Obyedinyonnoe gosudarstvennoe politicheskoe upravlenieJ, 452, 455, 459, 463-464, 466, 472-476, 479 oil resources, 363, 371 Okhrana (imperial police), 91, 163; Azef and, 16-17, 19, 43, 45, 86,135-138; dissolution of, 231; Foreign Agency of, 45; headquarters of, 49; provokators of, 122-123,127,180, 194-195; raid on Savinkov family by, 10-13; surveillance of Savinkov by, 16-17, 23-24, 29, 171,197-199 Omsk, 341, 342 Omsk Directory, 348-349, 354 Opperput-Staunits, Alexander, 404 Order No. 1, 234,238, 239,246,273 Orlov, Vladimir, 420 Orthodox Church, 15, 407, 430 Ostrovsky, Vladimir, 440 Ottoman Empire, 210, 217 P The Pale Horse (Savinkov), 189-193,199, 202, 206,240, 318, 369, 436-437,438 Pale of Settlement, 17, 63,120,143, 399 Paris, 83-84,153-154,167-168,197-199, 220; after Great War, 356-358; Left Bank, 222-227 Paris Peace Conference, 359, 361-363, 365, 366 557 Parvus, Alexander, 235 The Past (Byloe), 163 Pavlovsky,
Sergey, 395, 432—433, 444—449, 462, 465 peasants, 20; Bolsheviks and, 340-341, 402, 406-407; character of, 255; conditions for, 30-31; demonstrations by, 49, 94; militias of, 396-397; needs of, 396; October Manifesto and, 129; rebellions by, 402, 403, 405,407; reforms for, 150; soldiers, 252-255; in Soviet Russia, 478 People’s Will Party, 13-14,29,49, 52,155,177 Pereverzev, Pavel, 257-258 Perkhurov, Alexander, 314, 317, 319, 324, 326, 328-332, 343 Permykin, Boris, 388, 393, 394, 400, 401 Peter and Paul Fortress, 52 Peters, Yakov, 323, 324 Petersburg (Bely), 206 “Petersburg Tales” (Gogol), 53 Peter the Great, 12, 52, 230 Petit, Eugene, 358 Petit, Sofia, 172, 304, 358 Petlyura, Simon, 374 Petrograd, 229,230, 236-237, 248, 288-289; Bolshevik control of, 302, 340; defense of, from Third Corps, 284-285; Savinkov as governor-general of, 281-283 Petrograd Soviet (or Council) of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 230, 234, 238, 249, 257, 258, 266 Petrovich, Andrey, 457, 458, 459, 461 petty bourgeoisie, 30 Picasso, Pablo, 225 Piłsudski, Józef, 376, 378-381, 383-387, 389, 393, 401,408,412 Pilyar, Roman, 455, 500 Plehve, Vyacheslav von: aftermath of death of, 81-83; anti-Semitism of, 48-49; assassination of, 75-78; background of, 48-49; brutality of, 48-49; as director of police, 49; plot to assassinate, 41-42, 44-46, 48-85; problems with plot against, 50-53, 59-61, 64-65, 74; reaction to death of, 81; security of, 49—50 Plekhanov, Georgy, 265, 308, 310 poetry, 40-41,166,199-200 pogroms, 49, 66,119,129, 374, 399-400 Pokotilov, Alexey, 56-57, 59, 60, 63-64 Poland, 10, 17-18; independence
for, 375; Jews in, 17-18; loss of territory of, 3-4; relations between Russia and, 3-5,10, 378-381, 383-387, 393-394, 408; Russian Army in, 385-387, 400-401; Savinkov and, 378-389,
558 400-401,403-404,408, 431; student protests in, 5; suppression of religion in, 4; Warsaw, 9-10, 379-380,393,4S3-4S4; White Russians and, 376-377 police: German, 16; national, 49; nighttime raids by, 1; political, 109-110, 303, 309, 311, 323, 329-330, 338-339,429. See also imperial police; secret police police brutality, 6,15 Polish language, 7 Polish-Soviet War, 383-384,393-394 political exiles, 25-29 political freedom, 478 political police, 109-110,303, 309, 311,323, 329-330, 338-339,429 political prisoners, treatment of, 25-26 Poltava, 67 Port Arthur attack, 55-56 Potyomkin (Battleship), 94 Prague, 410 Presidium of the Central Executive Commit tee, 471 Princip, Gavrilo, 210 Prinkipo proposal, 363 prison, Saint Petersburg, 24-25 The Prisoner (Yaroshenko), 8 private wealth, 311-312 prodrazvyorstka, 402 Prokofyeva, Maria, 208-209 proletariat, 30, 31, 311-312,407 propaganda campaign, by Savinkov, 359-361,403 Provisional All-Russian Government, 348,349,353 Provisional Government, 230-238,279; Bolshe viks and, 248-249,256-258,260,291; criticism of, 264,267,269; defense of, 293; Kerensky as head of, 258-259,262,264-266,274-281; principles of, 263; reform of, 271-272 Provisional Government of Siberia, 342, 347-348 provokators, 122, 124,131, 162-163, 177-180, 183,185,194,201-202, 454 Prussia, 3-4 Przybyszewski, Stanislaw, 158 Pushkin, Alexander, 52-53 Puzitsky, Sergey, 446, 455, 457, 464, 465, 491-492,500 R Rachkovsky, Pyotr, 135-137 Radek, Karl, 420, 471, 502 railroads, 273, 325 Rapallo Treaty, 423 rape, 49 Rasputin, Grigory, 47, 218 INDEX Rataev, Leonid, 45,46,55, 61, 66,
86,137 Red Army, 305,373; in Belarus, 398-399; Czech Legion and, 325, 347; defections from, 328, 397-398; desertions and rebellions in, 403; in Rybinsk, 326, 331; Trotsky and, 343; victory by, in Russian Civil War, 409; Volga uprising and, 344-346 Red Guards, 284,292,293,295,302,310 Red Terror, 336,339 reforms, 20,31,82,120-121,125-129,150, 163,264 Reilly, Sidney George, 321-322,338,339,369,395, 402,444-446,450-451,453,479-481,498 religion, 4,15,169,407,430 Remizov, Alexey, 28,139,270,494 Reswick, William, 481-483 revolutionary movement, 22-23 Revolution of 1905,128-131,135,199,221 Riga Peace Treaty, 408 Rivera, Diego, 223, 226 Romanovs, execution of, 109, 334-335 Romanovsky, Ivan, 306 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 417 Roosevelt, Theodore, 125 Rudinkm, Andrey, 95 Russia: Germany and, 312-313, 360; Great War and, 210,211,215-220,229,232,234-255, 275, 312-313, 361; hardships in, 269-270; relations between Poland and, 3-5,10, 378-381, 383-387, 393-394, 408. See also Russian Empire; Soviet Russia Russian Army: death penalty and, 260-261, 262-263,273-274, 277; discipline in, 263-264; Great War and, 218, 234-235, 246, 250-252,260; Kolchak as head of, 365; mutinies in, 262-263; peasant soldiers in, 252-255; in Poland, 385-387,394,400-401; reform of, 271-272,273. See also Red Army; Volunteer Army; White Army Russian Civil War, 309,374; Allies and, 350, 353-368,382; anti-Bolsheviks in, 302-352, 396,402; Belarus campaign in, 394-400; brutalities in, 345-347; end of, 409; foreign in tervention in, 336—339,352—354,358—368,382, 396,410-414; Kolchak and, 354-355; Makhno and, 374; outbreak of,
354; peasant militias in, 396-397; Red Army victory in, 409; role of Czech Legion in, 318; Russian diaspora during, 477; Volga uprising sin, 325-333 Russian Empire, 1, 3, 5,10,12; border controls, 36; collapse of, 218, 229,230; decline of, 20-21,120-121; dismantling of, 311, 313; postrevolutionary chaos in, 387; reforms
INDEX in, 125-129, 150; social unrest in, 93-94, 125-126,129-130; strengths of, 21; terrorist attacks in, 34; war between Japan and, 6, 55-56, 93, 120,125,166,247, 314, 354. See also imperial regime Russian Evacuation Committee, 401, 403-404 Russian exiles: return home of, after revolution, 232-234; revolutionaries, 25-26 Russian Freemasonry, 180,270-271 Russian Jewish émigrés, 220-221 Russian literature, 52-53 Russian People’s Volunteer Army, 388, 394-400 Russian poetry, 40-41 Russian Political Committee, 358-359, 361-366, 385-386, 388,391-392,398,400 Russian Revolution, 219; Bolshevik coup of 1917, 256-259, 291-301; February Revolu tion, 229-238,241,246,247,255,256, 272, 288, 300, 307; ideals of, 246; October Revolution, 291-301 Russian revolutionaries, 20-21; in 1905, 129—131; in Europe, 16-17; exile of, 25-26; in Geneva, 37-41; Great War and, 211, 212; Marxists, 29-32; monitoring of, 45; in Paris, 167; personal ties among, 58, 71, 84-85. See also Socialist Revolutionaries Russian Social Democrats, 30-32 Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party. See Socialist Revolutionary Party Russian soldiers, 219, 252-255; desertion by, 260; rebellions among, 243-245. See also Russian Army Russian Thought, 192-193 Russian Wealth, 27 Russo-Japanese War, 6, 55-56, 93,120,125, 166,247, 314, 354 Rybinsk, 326-332 Ryurik, 175-176,177 S Saint Isaac’s Cathedral, 12 Saint Petersburg, 1, 12; Bloody Sunday in, 93-94, 111; climate of, 51; compared with Moscow, 91—92; Savinkov in, 51-53; student protests in, 5. See also Petrograd Saint Petersburg University, 13,15 Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail, 9,
14-16 Samara, 341—342 Santos-Dumont, Alberto, 159 Savinkov, Alexander, 1—3,24; arrest of, 3, 10—11; exile to Siberia of, 29, 36,115,117; imprisonment of, 11-13, 25, 29; student protests by, 5 559 Savinkov, Boris, 319; after Plehve’s death, 80-81; airplane project and, 159-161; ap pearance of, 39, 90,240-241,268,270,289; arrest of, 3,10-11, 23-24, 139-140, 426-427, 461—464; assassination of Grand Duke Sergey and, 87-111; Azef and, 54-55, 63-67, 84-87, 111, 123-124,138-139,141-142,152, 156,159,161-162,177-188, 283; Belarus campaign and, 394-400; Berlin attack and, 419-421; Bolsheviks and, 288, 290, 292-301, 323, 333, 346, 402, 407-408, 429-431; Brilliant and, 67-68; British and, 369-376, 378, 381-382, 410-414; change in attitude of, 466-467; Chernov and, 39-40, 287; child hood of, 5-9; as civilian, 287-288; Combat Organization and, 41-46, 54-58, 83—85, 118-124,132-134, 152, 191,193-196; as Commissar of Southwestern Front, 250-255, 259-261, 263-264; as Commissar of the Seventh Army, 237-250; conditions for, in prison, 481-488, 489; Cossacks and, 288, 290,292-293,295,296, 303-309; critics of, 204-205; deal made by, with Soviets, 472477; on death penalty, 260-261; Denikin and, 377-378; on dictatorial leadership, 246-247, 261-262; on disbanding of Combat Orga nization, 127-128; in Don Army Oblast, 304-309; education of, 7-8,16; enemies of, 287, 343-344, 349, 368, 388; escape from prison by, 142-148; escape from Vologda by, 35-37; in Europe, 149-154,197-199; exile to Siberia of, 35; exile to Vologda, 25-29; failed plots by, 59-61, 64-65, 74,118-121,133, 152; family of, 1-9, 22,
24-25, 35,115-118, 149-150,152-153,172-173,187-188,220, 227-228,255-256, 308-309, 355-356, 405-406, 414-415, 449-450, 485-487; feel ings of purposelessness of, 228-229; Figner and, 155-158; foreign support for, 317-321, 338; in France, 220-227, 349-368, 381-383, 436; gambling by, 195, 206-207; in Geneva, 37-41, 54, 83; Genoa attacks and, 422-427, 475; Gippius and, 390-392; Gots and, 149; as governor-general of Petrogad, 281-287; GPU and, 427-429, 433-435; Great War and, 209-220, 236-238; imprisonment of, 23-25, 142-143, 464-467, 481-492; individualism of, 39,269; influences on, 8-9; interrogation of, 473-474, 476; investigation into death of, 492-493; joining of Socialist Revolutionaries by, 33-35; in Kazan, 341-344; Kerensky and, 249-251, 263-266, 269,272-273,275-278, 282, 286-287, 297-298; in Kiev, 53-54;
560 Kleygels assassination plot and, 119-121; Kolchak and, 353-354, 363-368; Kornilov and, 247-248,259-261,266-267,271-283, 286, 306; legacy of, 501-503; Lenin and, 22, 23, 204,238,268, 290; loneliness of, 389-390; love affair of, 171-174, 208; mar riage to Vera of, 15-16, 24-25,117-118, 149-150,152-154,170-174,187-188, 227-228; Marxism and, 22; Maugham and, 289-291; at Ministry of War, 266-274; money issues of, 205-207, 227—228, 269, 350, 485; in Moscow, 311-313; Mukhin and, 443-445; Mussolini and, 415-419, 475; National Union and, 431-433; news of arrest and trial of, 476-477; Nicholas II assassina tion plot and, 174-176; on October Mani festo, 126; Omsk Directory and, 348-349; personal style of, 56; Plehve assassination and, 44-46, 48-85; Poland and, 376-389, 400-401, 403-404, 408, 431; police raid on family of, 1-3, 115; propaganda writing by, 477-480;.release from prison, 25; resistance to Bolshevik regime by, 302-352; return home of, after revolution, 232-234; return to Moscow by, 448-463; as revolutionary, 20, 22-23; Revolution of 1905 and, 130-131; Russian Evacuation Committee and, 403-404; Russian Revolution and, 231-234, 236-238; sentencing of, 471, 476; setbacks for, 404-405; on Shveytser, 114; Sindikat-2 operation and, 439-463; skepticism over death of, 493-494; Socialist Revolutionaries and, 33-35,195,204-205,287, 343-344; Special Military Mission of the Provisional All-Russian Government and, 349-352; student protests by, 5, 13—15; suicide of, 490-493, 495, 500-501; surveillance of, by Okhrana, 16-17,23-24,29,171, 197-199; as terrorist, 29, 127-128;
theatrical nature of, 14; trial of, 140-143, 467-471, 473-476; Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom and, 313-319, 322—333, 340, 343, 404; Volga uprisings and, 325-333; as war correspondent, 212-213; writings of, 22-23,27-28, 41,165,188-193,199-205, 251-253,436-439,485 Savinkov, Lev (Lyovochka), 208, 228, 256, 355-356, 405, 415, 450, 485-487, 498-499 Savinkov, Nadezhda, 5, 415 Savinkov, Tatyana, 22,228,255, 308-309, 485-486,498 Savinkov, Vera, 2, 5, 6, 406, 449-450, 485—487, 494, 498 INDEX Savinkov, Victor, 5,188,206,231,256, 305, 394,395,399,408,498 Savinkov, Victor Mikhailovich, 2, 5-7,11, 24, 36,115-117 Savinkov, Victor (Vitya), 25,255,497-498 Savinkova, Sofìa Alexandrovna, 2-8,11-13, 24, 29,35, 81,141,188,255,415,449; hardships of, 153; police raids on, 115-117; in Saint Petersburg, 116; surveillance of, by Okhrana, 198-199 Savior on the Spilled Blood, 52 Sazonov, Sergey, 359, 368, 376 Sazonov, Yegor, 208,209; exile to Siberia of, 82-83; Plehve assassination and, 57-61, 68, 71, 75, 76, 78-80; suicide of, 83; trial of, 82 Second Partition, 3 The Second Symphony (Bely), 27 Second World War, 371,385 secret police, 419, 422-423, 425—429, 433—435, 439-441,447,452 self-determination, 348, 355, 364, 365, 368, 396,417-418 selflessness, 157—158 Semyonovsky Lifeguard Regiment, 130 Serbia, 210 Sergey Alexandrovich, Grand Duke, 299; aftermath of death of, 103-104,110—111; background of, 87; brutality of, 87-88; death of, 102-103; family of, 105-106; funeral of, 109-110; plot to assassinate, 87-111; reaction to death of, 104-105; surveillance of, 89-91, 92-93 Seventh
Army, 237—238; rebellions in, 243—245; Savinkov as Commisar of, 237-255 Shalamov, Varlam, 494 Shcheglovitov, Ivan, 194 Sheshenya, Leonid, 429, 434-435,446, 459, 460, 500 Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, Yury, 499 Shkolnik, Maria (Manya), 119,120,121 show trials, 467—471 Shpayzman, Aron, 119,120,121 Shveytser, Maximilian, 57, 59, 61, 63, 67, 74, 75, 83-84,111-114 Siberia, 26, 35; anti-Bolsheviks in, 348; Sazonov’s exile to, 82—83 Sikorsky, Shimel-Leyba Vulfovich, 73-74, 78, 82,83 Sindikat-2 operation, 428-429, 432-435, 439-463,483,499-500 Sipyagin, Dmitry, 34, 48 Slovaks, 318 Smith-Cumming, Mansfield George, 321-322
INDEX Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), 29-32, 34; assassination of Grand Duke Sergey and, 87-111; attacks on Bolsheviks by, 333-334; Azef and, 41-43; in Geneva, 37-38, 83; Kolchak and, 354; leadership of, 37-38, 43, 83; return home of, after revolution, 232-234; Russo-Japanese War and, 56; as terrorists, 32-33, 41-43. See also Combat Organization Socialist Revolutionary Party: Azef and, 162, 176-181; Bolsheviks and, 335-336; Central Committee of, 46, 94,124,127,131-132, 142,151-152,162,164-165,167,182,185, 187,191, 287; Constituent Assembly and, 310; Great War and, 211; Maximalists and, 151; principles of, 124; renewal of terror ism by, 131-134, 152; Savinkov and, 33-35, 195, 204-205, 287, 343—344; soul searching by, 193; structure of, 46; traitors in, 131, 134-135, 163-164; turn against terrorism by, 195 social unrest, 93-94,129-130 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 494 Somova, Evgeniya, 171-174 Sosnkowski, Kazimierz, 394 Southwestern Front, 250-251,259, 261, 262 Soviet delegation: attack on, in Berlin, 419-421; to Genoa Economic and Financial Confer ence, 421-427 Soviet of Soldiers’ and Workers’ Deputies, 230, 234,238,284, 287 Soviet Russia, 404—405; brutality of, 430-431; conditions in, 406, 430, 478—479; diplomatic relations with, 411; economy of, 412, 478; instability of, 441-442; political freedom in, 478; Savinkov’s change of attitude toward, 466-467, 470-471, 481; victory by, in Rus sian Civil War, 409 Sovnarkom (Council of People’s Commissars), 393-394 Spanish Civil War, 499, 500 Spanish influenza, 379 Special Military Mission of the Provisional AllRussian Government,
349-351 Speransky, Valentin, 490, 491-492 Spiridovich, Alexander, 82 SS Paul Lecat, 351-352, 353 Ståhlberg, Karl, 145-148 Stalin, Joseph, 26, 221, 291, 406, 448, 467, 468, 478, 479, 493, 498, 499 Stanislavsky, Konstantin, 69-70 Stepun, Fyodor, 239-242, 244, 249,268, 282, 287-288 The Stoker (Yaroshenko), 8 561 Stolypin, Pyotr, 150-152,185-186 strikes, 125,129,218,229,430 student protests, 2, 3, 5,13-15,125 suicide attacks, 160 Sukhotin-Tolstoy, Sofìa, 81 Sulyatitsky, Vasily, 143-148 Summer Gardens, 52 Svyatopolk-Mirsky, Pyotr, 82, 83 Switzerland, 36-37 symbolists, 72,166 Syroezhkin, Grigory, 491,499, 500 T tails, 45 Tatarov, Nikolay, 123-125,127,134 technological innovation, 138,159, 194 Tenth Pavilion, 3 Tereshchenko, Mikhail, 263 terrorism, 34; by Combat Organization, 41-46; at Genoa conference, 422-427; killing of innocents and, 97-98,109-110,140,157; reform movement and, 125-128; renewal of, 131-134,152; Savinkov and, 127-128; Soviet delegation attack, 419-421; Stolypin attack, 151; stopping of use of, 127-128. See also as sassinations/plots terrorists, 29, 31; female, 67-68, 73; moral, 32-33; in Socialist Revolutionaries, 41—43 Third Corps, 283-286 Third Partition, 4 Tolstoy, Leo, 202-204,253 Torgprom (Russian Trade-Commerce and Financial Union), 420, 449 Tower of Syuyumbike, 341 Transcaucasia, 371 Trans-Siberian Railroad, 325 Treaty of Portsmouth, 125 Treaty of Riga, 393 Treaty of Versailles, 366 Trepov, Dmitry, 110-111,119 Trepov, Fyodor, 8-9, 67 Trest, 429 Triple Entente, 210, 267 Trotsky, Lev, 26,291,296, 325, 331, 335, 337, 343, 344, 347, 373, 394,412,441
Trusevich, Maximilian, 15, 24, 498 Trust, 429 Tsarkoye Selo, 74 tsars, 20. See also specific tsars Tsetlin, Mikhail, 221 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 393, 405 Tumarkin, Samuil, 303 typhus fever, 339-340
562 INDEX U Ufa Conference, 347-348 Ufa Directory, 348 Ukraine, S, 374,383-385,400,402 Ukrainian People’s Republic, 304 Ulrikh, Vasily, 468-471,474, 476 Union agency, 361, 363 Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom, 313-319, 322-333, 340,342, 343, 360,404 Union of Socialist Revolutionary Maximalists, 151 United States, 39,54,210 University of Berlin, 16 University of Heidelberg, 16 Unterberger, Pavel, 122 upper class, 10 uprisings: peasant, 402, 403, 405, 407; Polish, 4-5; Volga, 325-355,381 Uritsky, Moisey, 336 Uspenskaya, Vera Glebovna, 485-486; after death of Savinkov, 497-498; Azef and, 85; difficult relations between Savinkov and, 170-174,187-188,227-228,255; marriage to Boris, 22,24-25, 35,117-118,141,142, 149-150,152-154; student protests and, 14-15 Uspensky, Gleb, 9,171 Utgof, Colonel, 2, 3 V Valentinov-Volsky, Nikolay, 40-41 Victor Emmanuel III, 416 vigilantism, 231 Vilnius, 4-5 violence, rejection of, 23 Vladimir, Grand Duke, 111, 119 Volga uprisings, 325-333, 381 Volodarsky, Vladimir, 335 Vologda, exile to, 25-29 Voloshin, Maximilian, 221-224,228 Volunteer Army, 305-307,310,314,317,343,349, 359, 365, 374, 375,378. See also White Army Vorobyova-Stebelskaya, Maria Bronislavovna (Marevna), 223-227 Vyrypaev, Vasily, 346-347 W Wanderers group, 8 War and Peace (Tolstoy), 202-203, 253 War Communism, 402, 403 Warsaw, Poland, 9-10, 379-380, 393, 453-454 Warsaw University, 5 Wçdziagolski, Karol, 245-246, 299, 302-306, 308,357, 376, 378-379 Western Front, 213-217, 228,239,313 What Never Happened (Three Brothers) (Sav inkov), 200-205, 206, 326 White Army, 286,
305-306, 342,347, 389, 398-399. See also Volunteer Army White Russians, 259, 360-369, 371-373, 376-387, 409 “Why I Recognized the Soviet Regime” (Savinkov), 477-478 Wilson, Woodrow, 354, 362, 363 Winter Palace, 52, 58,277-278,293-296 Witte, Sergey, 34, 81,125,130 Women’s Death Battalion, 254, 293,295,296 working class, 22, 30, 31, 311-312,430 World War I. See Great War World War II, 210 Worthington-Evans, Worthington Laming, 413-414 Wrangel, Pyotr Nikolayevich, 384-386, 389, 394, 398-401 Wright brothers, 159 Y Yagoda, Genrikh, 428, 482-484, 500 Yaroshenko, Nikolay, 8-9 Yaroslavl, 326,328-332 Yar restaurant, 56,57 Yudenich, Nikolay, 372-375, 388 Yugoslavia, 381 Z Zadkine, Ossip, 225 Zasulich, Vera, 8,67,110 Závety (Testaments), 200-201, 205 Zekunov, Mikhail, 434, 435, 439 Zemel, Alexander, 141 zemstvo, 82 Zenzinov, Vladimir, 187, 349 Zilberberg (Somova), Evgeniya, 171-174, 208, 220,226,256, 309,355-356,389-390, 405, 414-415,486-487, 494, 498-499 Zilberberg, Lev, 119-120,122,127,141-142, 145-148,164-165,171 Zimmerwald Movement, 211 Zinovyev, Grigory, 336, 448 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek |
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| author | Alexandrov, Vladimir E. 1947- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)130277606 |
| author_facet | Alexandrov, Vladimir E. 1947- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Alexandrov, Vladimir E. 1947- |
| author_variant | v e a ve vea |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047556556 |
| contents | The personal is always political in Russia -- The minister -- The Grand Duke -- Catastrophes -- Crossroads -- Behind the lines -- Defending the revolution -- The war against the Bolsheviks in Russia -- The war against the Bolsheviks from abroad -- End game -- The gambler's last throw -- Epilogue -- Personae |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1286878254 (DE-599)BVBBV047556556 |
| edition | First Pegasus Books edition |
| format | Book |
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Written with novelistic verve and filled with the triumphs, disasters, dramatic twists and contradictions that defined Savinkov's life, this book shines a light on an extraordinary man who tried to change Russian and world history." --</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="600" ind1="1" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Savinkov, Boris V.</subfield><subfield code="d">1879-1925</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)118804855</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Savinkov, B. 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| genre | (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Biografie |
| id | DE-604.BV047556556 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:26:03Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:14:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781643137186 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032932102 |
| oclc_num | 1286878254 |
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| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xiv, 562 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20211203 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Pegasus Books |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Alexandrov, Vladimir E. 1947- Verfasser (DE-588)130277606 aut To break Russia's chains Boris Savinkov and his wars against the Tsar and the Bolsheviks Vladimir Alexandrov Boris Savinkov and his wars against the Tsar and the Bolsheviks First Pegasus Books edition New York Pegasus Books 2021 [New York, New York] Distributed by Simon & Schuster 2021 xiv, 562 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm txt rdacontent sti rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Maps on lining papers The personal is always political in Russia -- The minister -- The Grand Duke -- Catastrophes -- Crossroads -- Behind the lines -- Defending the revolution -- The war against the Bolsheviks in Russia -- The war against the Bolsheviks from abroad -- End game -- The gambler's last throw -- Epilogue -- Personae "A brilliant examination of the enigmatic Russian revolutionary about whom Winston Churchill said "few men tried more, gave more, dared more and suffered more for the Russian people," and who remains a legendary and controversial figure in his homeland today. Although now largely forgotten outside Russia, Boris Savinkov was famous, and notorious, both at home and abroad during his lifetime, which spans the end of the Russian Empire and the establishment of the Soviet Union. A complex and conflicted individual, he was a paradoxically moral revolutionary terrorist, a scandalous novelist, a friend of epoch-defining artists like Modigliani and Diego Rivera, a government minister, a tireless fighter against Lenin and the Bolsheviks, and an advisor to Churchill. At the end of his life, Savinkov conspired to be captured by the Soviet secret police, and as the country's most prized political prisoner made headlines around the world when he claimed that he accepted the Bolshevik state. But as this book argues, this was Savinkov's final play as a gambler and he had staked his life on a secret plan to strike one last blow against the tyrannical regime. Neither a "Red" nor a "White," Savinkov lived an epic life that challenges many popular myths about the Russian Revolution, which was arguably the most important catalyst of twentieth-century world history. All of Savinkov's efforts were directed at transforming his homeland into a uniquely democratic, humane and enlightened state. There are aspects of his violent legacy that will, and should, remain frozen in the past as part of the historical record. But the support he received from many of his countrymen suggests that the paths Russia took during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries -- the tyranny of communism, the authoritarianism of Putin's regime -- were not the only ones written in her historical destiny. Savinkov's goals remain a poignant reminder of how things in Russia could have been, and how, perhaps, they may still become someday. Written with novelistic verve and filled with the triumphs, disasters, dramatic twists and contradictions that defined Savinkov's life, this book shines a light on an extraordinary man who tried to change Russian and world history." -- Savinkov, Boris V. 1879-1925 (DE-588)118804855 gnd rswk-swf Savinkov, B. V. / (Boris Viktorovich) / 1879-1925 Revolutionaries / Russia / Biography Russia / Politics and government / 1894-1917 Soviet Union / History / Revolution, 1917-1921 Soviet Union 1917-1921 History Biographies (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content Savinkov, Boris V. 1879-1925 (DE-588)118804855 p DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032932102&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032932102&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Alexandrov, Vladimir E. 1947- To break Russia's chains Boris Savinkov and his wars against the Tsar and the Bolsheviks The personal is always political in Russia -- The minister -- The Grand Duke -- Catastrophes -- Crossroads -- Behind the lines -- Defending the revolution -- The war against the Bolsheviks in Russia -- The war against the Bolsheviks from abroad -- End game -- The gambler's last throw -- Epilogue -- Personae Savinkov, Boris V. 1879-1925 (DE-588)118804855 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118804855 (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | To break Russia's chains Boris Savinkov and his wars against the Tsar and the Bolsheviks |
| title_alt | Boris Savinkov and his wars against the Tsar and the Bolsheviks |
| title_auth | To break Russia's chains Boris Savinkov and his wars against the Tsar and the Bolsheviks |
| title_exact_search | To break Russia's chains Boris Savinkov and his wars against the Tsar and the Bolsheviks |
| title_exact_search_txtP | To break Russia's chains Boris Savinkov and his wars against the Tsar and the Bolsheviks |
| title_full | To break Russia's chains Boris Savinkov and his wars against the Tsar and the Bolsheviks Vladimir Alexandrov |
| title_fullStr | To break Russia's chains Boris Savinkov and his wars against the Tsar and the Bolsheviks Vladimir Alexandrov |
| title_full_unstemmed | To break Russia's chains Boris Savinkov and his wars against the Tsar and the Bolsheviks Vladimir Alexandrov |
| title_short | To break Russia's chains |
| title_sort | to break russia s chains boris savinkov and his wars against the tsar and the bolsheviks |
| title_sub | Boris Savinkov and his wars against the Tsar and the Bolsheviks |
| topic | Savinkov, Boris V. 1879-1925 (DE-588)118804855 gnd |
| topic_facet | Savinkov, Boris V. 1879-1925 Biografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032932102&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032932102&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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