Holdings: The path to a Soviet nation

The path to a Soviet nation: the policy of Belarusization

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Marková, Alena ca. 20./21. Jh.- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Paderborn, Germany Brill Schöningh [2022]
Subjects:	Geschichte 1920-1930 Nationenbildung Minderheitenpolitik Weißrussische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik Sowjetunion nationality policy national identity BSSR Soviet culture national culture Belarusian language Belarusian national identity
Online Access:	Inhaltstext https://www.brill.com/abstract/title/60367 Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register
Physical Description:	XVIII, 295 Seiten 23.5 cm x 15.5 cm, 1 g
ISBN:	9783506791818 3506791818

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adam_text	TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . IX NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION, TRANSLATION, AND NAMES . XI PREFACE . XNI 1. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE AND SOURCES . I 2. DEBATE ON THE ESSENCE OF BELARUSIZATION: TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS . 20 3. SOVIET BELARUS ON THE THRESHOLD OF BELARUSIZATION . 28 3.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORIC CONTEXT . 28 3.2 THE FIRST AND SECOND ENLARGEMENTS OF THE BSSR: THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE BELARUSIAN LANDS . 34 4. COMMUNIST OR NATIONAL? IDEOLOGY AND THE NATIONALITY POLICY . 39 4.1 POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL DEBATES: WHY DO WE NEED NATIONALIZATION? THE NATIONALITY POLICY ' S GOALS AND OBJECTIVES . 39 4.2 BELARUSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA AND THE COMMUNIST PARTY: DISCIPLINE. CATEGORIZE. SUPERVISE . 56 5. BELARUSIZATION IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION . 68 5.1 STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS OF THE CHAPTER . 68 5.2 BELARUSIZATION AT SECONDARY COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS. ADVOCATING FOR THE BELARUSIAN SCHOOL . 69 5.3 COLLEGES AND HIGHER EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS. THE INSTITUTE OF BELARUSIAN CULTURE . 97 5.4 DOWN WITH ILLITERACY! BELARUSIZATION AT ILLITERACY ERADICATION CENTERS . 122 5.5 TEACHERS AS " WORKERS ON THE EDUCATION FRONTLINE " . THEIR ROLE IN THE PROMOTION OF BELARUSIZATION . 127 6. HISTORY AND NATIONAL IDENTITY ON TEXTBOOK PAGES . 138 7. LANGUAGE AND BUREAUCRACY: BELARUSIZATION IN THE STATE SECTOR AND PARTY APPARATUS . 169 7.1 BELARUSIAN AS A LANGUAGE OF THE STATE ADMINISTRATION AND PARTY APPARATUS . 170 7.2 BELARUSIZATION AT TRADE UNIONS . 181 7.3 REPORT, EVALUATE, AND DISCIPLINE: ACTIVITIES OF INSPECTORS AND INSPECTION COMMISSIONS . 184 7.4 BELARUSIZATION OF THE RED ARMY . 206 7.5 INDIGENIZATION AT THE STATE APPARATUS AND THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES . 217 8. BELARUSIZATION: FROM " NATIONAL CONSTRUCTION " TO " NATIONALISTIC BOURGEOIS COUNTER-REVOLUTION " . 224 CONCLUSION. A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR BELARUSIZATION . 245 TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . 262 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 264 INDEX . 284 Bibliography i. Archival Sources State Archives of Vitebsk Region (DAW), Vitebsk (Viciebsk) Fond 10050. Viciebski hubiernski kamitet Rasijskaj Kamunistyčnaj partyji (balšavikoü) (Viciebski hubkam RKP(b), 1917-1924 hh.; vop. i, spr. 22. National Archives of the Republic of Belarus (NARB), Minsk a) State Archives Fond 6. Centralny vykanaūčy kamitet BSSR, 1920-1937 hh.; vop. 1, spr. 947. Fond 42. Narodny kamisaryjat asviety BSSR; vop. 1, spr. 60,63,65,85,253,275,288-290,301,317-318,1584,1664,1679,1897. Fond 101. Narodny kamisaryjat raboča-sialianskaj inspiekcyji (NK RKI) BSSR, h. Minsk; vop. 1, spr. 2178. Fond 205. Bielaruski dziaržaúny üniviersitet Ministerstva narodnaj adukacyji Respubliki Bielaruś / Ministerstva asviety Respubliki Bielaruś (10.01.1992-23.09.1994) / Minis terstva asviety i navuki Respubliki Bielaruś (23.09.1994-29.08.1996) / pry Saviecie Ministraü Respubliki Bielaruś, h. Minsk (z 29.08.1996); vop. 1, spr. 114,207. Fond 500. Bielaruski respublikanski kamitet (BRK) prafsajuza sieískahaspadarčych i liasnych rabočych; vop. 1, spr. 225. Fond 701. Centralny vykanaūčy kamitet (TsVK) BSSR, 1925-1931 hh.; vop. 1, spr. 2,4-7,11-13,16-19,20, 22-26,56,97,275,1584. b) Party Archives Fond 4֊P. CK Kamunistyčnaj partyji Bielarusi (KPB), h. Minsk; vop. 1, spr. 70. vop. 2, spr. 21. Fond 60-P. Instytut historyji partyji i Kastryčnickaj revaljucyji pry CK KP(b)B, h. Minsk; vop. 3, spr. 5-6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 2. 265 Newspapers and Journals Asvieta. Vydannie Narodnaha kamisaryjatu asviety i Sajuzu ргасайпікай asviety BSSR, Minsk 1924-1929 (later: Kamunistyčnaje vychavannie). Baíšavik Bielorusi. Tearetyčny i palityčny časopis CK KP(b)B. Hazieta CK KP(b)B, Minsk 1927-1941. Čyrvony šliach, Pietrahrad 1918. Dziannica. Viesnik Bielaruskaha Nacyjanaínaha kamisaryjata i Maskouskaj Bielaruskaj siekcyji RKP(b), Maskva 1918-1919. Izvestiia TSB KP(b) Belorussii, Minsk 1921-1922. Kamunistyčnaje vychavannie. Orhan Narodnaha kamisaryjatu asviety i CK Sajuza pačatkovych i siarednich škol BSSR, Minsk 1930-1936 (former Asvieta). Kresťianskaiagazeta. Organ TSK VKP(b), Moskva 1923-1936. Maladniak. Litaraturna-mastacki i hramadska-palityčny časopis. Orhan arhanizacyjnaha komitetu Sajuzu savieckich pišmiennikau BSSR, Miensk 1923-1932. Naš kraj. Vydannie Centralnaha biuro krajaznaüstva pry Bielaruskaj Akademii navuk, Miensk 1925-1930. Nas ргасайпік. Orhan Kalininskaha akruhkoma KP(b)B Bielorusi i akrvykankoma, Klimavičy 1924-1927. Naša Dalia, Vilnia 1906. Naša Niva, Vilnia 1906-1915. Polymia. Litaraturna-mastacki i hramadska-palityčny časopis, Minsk 1922-1931. Pravda. Organ TSK RSDRP(b), RKPlb), TSK VKP{b) i KPSS (1917-1918: Organ TSK і Peterburgskogo komiteta RSDRP(b), organ TSK RSDRP(b); 1918 -1991 organ RKP(b), Tsentral’nogo komiteta i MK VKP(b), KPSS), Moskva 1918. Prosveshchenienatsional’nostei.Obshchestvenno-politicheskiiinauchno-pedagogicheskii zhurnal. 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Vialiki, A., “‘Čyrvonaja’ bielarusizacyja,” Spadčyna, no. 3,2001,50-68. Viarhiej, V S., Archiealahičnaja navuka й Bielaruskcj SSR 1919-1941 hh., Minsk 1992. BIBLIOGRAPHY 283 Wexler, P., “Belorussification, Russification and Polonization Trends in the Belorussian Language 1890-1982,” in: E. Kreindler (ed.), Sociolingüístic Perspectives on Soviet National Languages. Their Past, Present and Future Berlin, New York, Amsterdam ’985. 37-56· Zaremskii, V. K., “Belorusizatsiia v chastiakh mogilevskogo garnizona (na primere 33-i territorialnoi strelkovoi divizii),” in: A. M. Makarevič (eds.), Kuliašoňskija ëytanni: materyjaly Miznarodnaj navukova-praktyčnaj kanfierencyji, 26-27 krasavika 2007 h., Mahilioü 2007,208-222. Index Academic Terminology Commission 119-120 Adamovič, Alies 63,232-233 ADPU. See Joint State Political Directorate (ADPU) advocacy activities 91,132 See also advocacy campaign(s) advocacy campaign(s) xvi, 55,85-86,131, 47, 249 and illiteracy eradication centers and peasants 54,87,90,92 125 and teachers 87,91-94,131 for Belarusian school xvi, 83,87-88,92 for Belarusian language 54,97,135,256 See also advocacy activities See also likpunkts Ahniacviet, Edzi (Kahan, Edzi) 174 Alieksandrovič, Andrej 228 Alieíkavičs 155 Andrejeva, Jefrasinnia assimilation и 106,126 linguistic 167,237 Soviet 168 Asvieta 17,18,85,87,111,123,141,146,240 See also Kamunistyčnąje Vychavannie Azbukin, Mikalaj 166 Babarykin, Piotr 64,121,144,155,162-163, 64 Bahuševič, Francišak Bajkoü, Mikola 125 159,225 Balicki, Anton 1,51, 62,78,101,113-114, 232-234 Baíšavik Bielorusi 18 Belarusian Academy of Sciences 233-234 Belarusian language advocacy campaign(s) for 18, 54,97,135, 256 and Joseph Stalin 44-45,257 and reform of Belarusian orthography (19ЗЗ) 236-238 codification of xiv, 73,176,184,251-253 deadline(s) for transition/transfer to 112-113,122, 124 169-170,173,175, 185-187,191,199,203-204,206,250 dialects of 73,77,157,184 in public sphere xiii-xv, 20,30,33,50, 70,84,185 knowledge of 32,53,55,80,88,92,94. 99-103,105,107-110,112,117,122,126, 132-І34,137,172-173 175,177,189.198, 201-202,209-211,214-215, 218,222,255 social status of xiv, xvi, 52,185,202,204, 223.253.255.258 See also advocacy campaign(s) See ako Belarusization See also national language Belarusian National Commissariat (Bieinackam) 33,35 Belarusian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) 60,63-64,218 See also esers Belarusian People’s Republic (BNR) xiii, 6-7,12,24,57,59,228 Belarusian Revolutionary Committee (Bielreükam) 35 Belarusian Socialist Hramada 66 Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) enlargement of (1924 and 1926) xvii, 11-12,34-38, 75-76, 86,126,145 population of 29-30,34,37,75,81,117, 145,155,220-222,256 proclaiming of 28,34 Belarusian State Publishing House 111 Belarusian State Theater 128 Belarusian State Veterinary Institute 68, 104,112-116 Belarusian State University (BSU) 32,68, 71,98,101-109,112,114,116,118-119,122, 138,232,235 Belarusian studies (bielarusaznaůstva) 3, 72,128,248 9- and ю-month courses of 71 and Central Belarusian Course (RSFSR) 129 course(s) 122,171,187,189 Higher Course of 32,72,128-130 short-term courses of 52,71,75,141 subjects 98,104,110,124,128-129 teachers of 72 Belarusization activities 26,33,44-46,51,70-76,83, 87,92,97,99,105, u3,117-118,120,122, INDEX 126-127, 134-137, 169-172,177,18ο, 184« 186-187, 214 239, 249 25θ and deadline(s) for 112-113,122 ւշ4 169-170,173,175,185-187,191,199, 203-204, 2θ6, 250 and knowledge of Belarusian language 53,80,88,92,103,108,110, 173-174 and local lore activities 135-137 and local lore emphasis (orientation) 113,117,122,128,135 and national identity xiv-xvi, 15,27,142, 165,167,245-247,251-261 and party apparatus xvi-xvii, 60,86, 169-181,205-206,223,250,252 and peasantry 25-26,32,45-46,51, 54-57. 67, θ9. 81, 83-92,97,114-117, 123-127,133,176,181,185,194-195, 201-202, 205, 253-256,259 and so-called “hard line” 86,170 and so-called persuasion methods 86, 170 and state apparatus xv-xvii, 22,47, 53,62,67, 97,134,169-175,184-206, 217-223,229 235, շ44, 250, 259-260 and textbooks 31, 69,71,73-75,77,80, 87-88,93, 97,108,119,121,125-126,135, 137-168,184,217,239-240,246,248 and Belarusian language xiv-xvli, 24-շ7,33-34,44-5θ, 68-137,169-223, 236-240,245-261 at higher educational establishments 52,55,68-69,72,80, 97-119,122,127-128,137-139,196,222, 232,235-236,243-244,248-250, շ55, 260 at medical institutions 194 at pedagogical colleges 52,68-69,72, 80,97-101,103,105,108,116-117,122, 124,127,129,131,133,138-139,196, շ35-շ36,249 at the 10th Congress of the RKP(b) (1921) 28,42-47,49, 70,170 at Belarusian State University 97-98, 101-102,104-109,111,118-119,122 232 at trade-unions 131,170,172,181-184, 187-188,196,199,201,221 closure (cessation) of 117,193,205,222, 225,229,231,235-236,241,244,255, 258-261 285 implementation of xiv-xvii, 2,7-8,24, 39,46,48,51,53,59,66,68,78,81,97, 110,112,118,127,130-131,133-134,137, 168-169,173,178,180,184,187,190,193, 202,204-206,214,216,223,230,233, 241,246,248-250,255,257-259 inspections of 53,80,86,109,134,170, 172-175,177,182,185-186,192,195, 198-200,223,225 of military division(s) 206-217 of schools 30-33,68-97,127-135, 238-240,244,248-250,255,260 of the education system xvi-xvii, 30-33, 68-137,230-240,243-244,246-250, 255, շ6օ schedule of 52-53,69,108,113,170,172, 206,214 See also Belarusian language See also nationality policy See also National Commission Berlin 140 Beyrau, Dietrich 13 Biadulia, Źmitrok (Plaünik, Samuil) 174,243 Bialystok 38,143,155 Biassonaü, Piotr 160 Bibila, Julija 64 BNR. See Belarusian People’s Republic (BNR) Bobruisk (Bel: Babrujsk) 64-65,76,94-96, 207 Bolsheviks 4-5,8-10,24,28,40,42-44,47, 56,222,243 and proletarian internationalism xvi, 39,41,245,256 and national question 39-42,46,49,60, 118,149,188,205,208,230,241,246,255 and right to self-determination 39-43, 252 and nationality policy 44,47,55,233 and intelligentsia 56-67 See also Russian Communist Party (of the Bolsheviks) (RKP(b)) Borisov (Bel: Barysau) 76,189,191-192,207 Brest 143,145 Bryansk 38,130,143 BSSR. See Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) BSU. See Belarusian State University (BSU) Bukharin, Nikolai 39,41 Bund (General Jewish Labour Bund) 66,218 60, 286 See also Zionist organizations Burbis, Alies 45 Catherine II 156 Catholic religion 82,165 See also Catholics Catholicism 157-158,165 Catholics 81-83,155 and identity-formation processes xv and schools for Catholic children 81-83 and Belarusian language 81 Belarusian xv, 81,83 population of 81 See also Catholic religion censorship 2,15 of textbooks 240 Central Bureau of Local Lore 121,135 See also local lore activities See also local lore movement {krajanaūčy ruch) See also Naš Kraj Central Control Commission KP(b)B 176, 238 activities monitored by 176,222 Central Control Commission VKP(b) 224-226,230,233,255 and Belarusian intelligentsia 227 conclusions of 229 Central Committee (TsK) KP(b)B 15-16,95, 49-51,53,55-58,81,94-95,97,no, u2, 115,117-118,137,175,177,180,184,188, 199-200,205,214,219,224,235,237,242 and adding eastern Belarusian districts 36 Agitation and Propaganda Department 109-110,123 resolution(s) of 177 Central Executive Committee (TsVK) BSSR 2,25,35,37,5o֊5i, 53,59,69-70,132, 169, 173, 177, 2O3 220 and interconnection between the state and the party apparatus 177 See also Commission for Nationality Policy Implementation See also National Commission centralization 225 Chackievič, Aliaksandr 53,221 chata-iytalnla 65,87,88,90,122-126,131 INDEX See also likpunkt See also illiteracy eradication centers chauvinism 2,36,39,42,45,49,60,62,67, 118,159 Belarusian 62,67,230 Great Russian 11,43-44,49,66,179-180, 191,227,231,249 See also nationalism Chernigov 143 Chocina, Ala 21 Ciapinski, Vasil 150 class struggle 39,41,168,226,230,240-241, 245,249 and Belarusization 230,241 collectivization 225,235 Commission for Nationality Policy Implementation. See National Commission Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania 156-157,159,247 communism 9-10,47,49,139,196,246 military 225 policy of War 28,34 Communist Party (of the Bolsheviks) of Belarus (KP(b)B) and cleansing (of intelligentsia) 51, 63-66 and implementation of Belarusization 49,54-55,85,111-112, 167,205 and indigenization (korenizatsiya) 39, 42,47-48,55,114,176,178,196,217-218, 222-223,246 and interconnection between the state and the party apparatus 177 and national democratism 118,227, 230-244 and national intelligentsia xv-xvii, 4-5, 43-45,47-50,55-67, m, 115,117-118, 130,134,168,176,196,227-234,240, 242-246,248,256,260-261 and teachers 60,94-96,127,130-135,137 and Belarusian language 25-27,45,55, 97,175,177 Central Bureau (TsB) of 35,65,71 See also Bolsheviks See also Russian Communist Party (of the Bolsheviks) (RKP(b)) 287 INDEX Communist University 68,109,111,115,117 See also Vladimir Lenin Communist University communists 12,25,44,47,50,6o, 87,175, 179, 192, շշ6 Belarusian 35,180,229 nationally-oriented 21,35,44,51 Russian 43-44 Council of People’s Commissars (SNK) 31, 35-36,50,57,115,120,140,169,171,173, 186-187, Ц)1» 204-205, 219,236-237,241 Cvikievič, Aliaksandr 57,59 See also Belarusian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) Estonia 40 ethnogenesis 160,162,247 according to Usievalad Ihnatoiiski 160-161 according to Uladzimir Pičeta 161 40 Finland 40-41 Fishman, Joshua federalism 251 Gediminas (Bel: Hiedymin) Čačotjan 159 Čajankova, Halina 204 Čarnuševič, Dzmitry 53 Čarviakoū, Aliaksandr 1,25,50-51,177,196, 233-234.243 and consolidation of Belarusian lands 35-36 Čyhrynaū, Piotr 21 Čyrvony Šliach 33 251,258-259.261 ethnic 143,251 historical 26-27,167,225,251,258-260 linguistic xiii, 167,237,247,258,261 national 23,43,142,158,162-163,166, 227,234,240,244,247,258,260 104 Dreizin, Julian 174 Dribin 192,198 Duchy of Moscow 149-150 See also Moscovia Dunin-Marcinkievič, Vincent 39,111 150-151.238 as a Lithuanian-Belarusian state 147-149.151-153, 247 ethnically Belarusian lands of xiii, 29, i52-i53 See also Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1529,1588) Great Break (1929) 2,224-225,237,244 See also Stalin, Joseph Grunwald, Battle of (1410) 152-153 Haladzied, Mikalaj 237,241 Harecki, Hauryla 103,118 Harecki, Maksim 91,121,150-151,160-161, 165.233 Herder, Johann Gottfried Hirsh, Francine 23 259 history and right of Belarusian nation to 159 Dzerzhynskiy, Feliks 39 Dziannica 33 Dziaržynski, Uladzislau 150,166 Engels, Friedrich esers 118,233 111,126,128-129,207,235-236 Grand Duchy of Lithuania xiii, 29,147-149, 151՜153 155,166,238, 247 and Lithuanians 147,149,153-154 and Belarusian language 147-148, distinctness 114,143,161,167-168,227,234, 237,247,258 Belarusian 143,157,161-162,234,244, 247,260-261 cultural xiii, 4,157,166-168,225,247, See also identity Dönninghaus, Victor 8 Doünar-Zapoíski, Mitrafan 152 Germany 140,240 Głogowska, Helena 7,21 Gołąbek, Józef 1 Gomel (Bel: Homieí) 35-37,83-87,89-92, distinctness 247 Belarusian xiv-xv, 4,28,91,121,128,130, 145,152,155,166,174,234,245.247.261 concept of 142,152,156,247. 260 Golden Age of 150,166,226,247 national xiv, 49,153,167,246-247 remarkable figures of 155 INDEX 288 and party apparatus 176-178 and state apparatus 217-223 and quotas (for students) 114-115 as component of Belarusization 20,22, Soviet xvii, 224,245,261 symbolic center of 145-160 See also distinctness See also identity Hlybinny, Uladzimier 5,23 Hramyka, Michajla 240 Hroch, Miroslav 252,257 identity adoption of 253,255-256,258 Belarusian 10,135,138,252,259 ethnic 254 model of xiv, xvi-xvii, 27,138-139, 141-142,165,167,258,260-261 national xiv-xvii, 10,15,22,27,83, 138-140,165,167,245-247,249,251-261 national language and 254,258 Soviet 9,144,261 See also distinctness Ihnatoüski, Usievalad 1,45,49,51,65,71,91, 104,121,136,145-148,152,156,158-160, 164,196,226,228,233-234,242 and Belarusian language 45,51,136,196 illiteracy 84,122-123, 13Ն іЗЗ, 2O7 218 “Belarusian” 127,133 eradication of 79,123,126,131,137,212, 255 “political” 95-96,127,194,249 illiteracy eradication centers 65,68, 122-123,125-126,131,256 and Main Committee of Political Education 123 See also likpunkt líjučonak, Piotr 71 Inbielkuít 18,52,59,68,97,106,118-122,130, 135-136, 197, 233 and Central Bureau of Local Lore 121, 135 commission at 120-121 dictionary commissions and 120,136 Jewish department at 121 section(s) of 120-121,125 teachers and 120,136 terminology and 106,119-122 textbooks published by 119,121 See also Institute of Belarusian Culture indigenization xv, xvii, 8-9,11,22-23,27,39, 47-48,55,170,243-246,251-252 27,43,114 at higher educational establishments 113-117,119,196 at the 10th Congress of the RKP(b) (1921) 42-44,4θ at the 12th Congress of the RKP(b) (1923) 36,39,46-47 ideological aspect of 217 result of 119,222 See also korenizatsiya See also nationality policy industrialization 29,225,257 Institute of Belarusian Culture. See Inbielkuít intelligentsia xv-xvii, 5,7,21-22,29,35, 43-45,47'50,55-64,66-67,84,103, iu, 115,117-118,130,134,148,150,154, 158,160,162,168,176,196,227-234,240, 242-246,248,253-256,260-261 amnesty for 59 and Central Control Commission VKP(b) 227-229,233 and “cultural construction” 56,58 and Statement ofthe 32 35 and Belarusian “national cause” 58 Belarusian/national xv-xvii, 4-5,7, 21-22,43,47,50,55-56,62-63,67,84, 158,168,227-230,234,243,245-246, 248,256 classification of 61,227-228,246 cleansing of 63-64 cooperation with xv-xvii, 4,9,43,48, 55-59, θ։, 63,67,230,245-24θ decree related to 61-62 disagreements between communist party and 58 “higher” 229,246 Jewish 62 leftist or “grassroots“/“bottom-level” 60, 227-228,246 local 48,154 national-democratic 118 “petty bourgeois” 56,59-61,63,227 proletarian 56 sovietization of 229,246 INDEX 289 TsK KP(b)B Commission on 118 with no party affiliation 58-60, ш, 118 See also nacdemy See also national democratism internationalism 39,42,195,238 communist proletarian Ivan III 151 Ivan IV 156 Iwanow, Mikołaj Jews 144,180 xvi, 39,41,245,256-257 14,23 25,29,61-62,73,78,83,101-103, 106, no, 114,116-117, 146, 154 164, 174 178-179,182,191,194,210, 218-221,244, 250, 255,257 and Belarusian language 114,174,210,218 and national composition of KP(b)B ’78-179, 219 as part of urban population 29,78,117, 154, 248 at BSU 101-103,106, no, 114,116-117 in textbooks 146,154,164,166 in Vilno 154 See also national minorities See also Yiddish Joint State Political Directorate (ADPU) 129-130,155,160,233,243 Komsomol 90,115,130,136,206-208,211, 220 members 220 organizations 90,115,130,136 See also Lenin Communist Union of the Youth of Belarus (LKSMB) korenizatsiya. See indigenization See also nationality policy Kopys (Bel: Kopyś) 190 KP(b)B. See Communist Party (of the Bolsheviks) of Belarus (KP(b)B) Kraskoüski, Ivan 57,59 Krynicky, Aliaksandr 1,24-25,57-60,63, 86,196,217-218,227-228,234 classification of Belarusian intelligentsia by 57-60,63,227-228 kulak 67,227,231 Kupala, Janka 77,130,233,237,243 Lastoüski, Vaclaii 57,59,196,233,248 Latvia 40,143-144 Latvians 178 Le Foil, Claire 13 57, 233 Lenin, Vladimir 35-36,39,41֊43 95-123. 125 and national question Kaiser, Robert J. 8,22-23 Kaliada, Ina 204 Kalinin 77-78,85,90,132,186,188-189,196 Kalinoüski, Kanstancin (Kastuś) (Pol: Konstanty Kalinowski) 157-159 Usievalad Ihnatoüski’s analysis of 157-158 Kamenev, Lev 48 Kamunistyčnaje Vychavannie See also Asvieta Kappeler, Andreas 22 Karói, Aliaksiej 6,20 Karski, Jaüchim Kolas, Jakub (Mickievič, Kanstancin) 17,240-241 71 36,39,41 and right of nations to self-determination 39-42 concept of nationality policy by 42 Lenin Communist Union of the Youth of Belarus (LKSMB) 220 Leningrad 229,235 Liber, George 8,23 likpunkt 68,122-123,125-127 and Main Committee of Political Education 123 Belarusization of 122-127 See also illiteracy eradication centers See also chata-čytalnia Kasciuk, Michaś 21,204 Kirkor, Adam 160 Klimah, Ihar 7,21 Lindner, Rainer 12-13,21 linguistic policy 7,255 See Belarusization Knorin, Vilgelm 1,70,168,180,196,226 and intra-party conflict 234 Liosik, Anton 80 Liosik, Jazep 1,64-65,71,104,111,129,140, 160,196,227,233,237,248 and national language 70,180,196 290 INDEX LìtBel 34 Lithuania 29,38,40,143,145,147-15Յ, 155-157 159,166,238,247,256 Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. See LitBel Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic 34 Lithuanians 30,147,149,153-154,161,167 in textbooks 147,149,153-154,161,167 LKSMB. See Lenin Communist Union of the Youth of Belarus (LKSMB) See abo Komsomol local lore activities 135-136 See also Central Bureau of Local Lore local lore associations 135-136 local lore emphasis (orientation) 113,117, 122,128,135 local lore hobby-groups 26,121 local lore movement (krajanaiičy ruch.) 136, 255 See also Central Bureau of Local Lore local lore studies (krajanaustva) 18,130 and regional studies 18,128-129,234 See also Central Bureau of Local Lore See also Naš Kraj local lore subjects 73 Luxemburg, Rosa 41 Lye, Lieanid 6-7,20,106,126,204 Magdeburg Law 149,155-156,166 miastecka 25,29,78,127,179,196-197,218, 220-222,248 Main Committee of Political Education 123 Maladniak 18,60,85 Maliszewski, Edward 1 Marples, David 13 Martin, Terry 8,10,22-23 Marx, Karl 111 Marxism 66,72,139,234 Marxists 47,234 Mensheviks 63,118 Mickievič, Adam (Pol: Adam Mickiewicz) 155,16° 34,71-72,74, 76,78-80,84,98,100, 103,106,109,126,128-129,136,140,145, 154-155,172,183,191, 202,2°7 as the capital 154-155 modernization 23,257 Mogilev (Bel: Mahilieü) 34,77,83,99,111, Minsk 136,195,235 Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact 37 Moscovia 143,151-152,164 See also Duchy of Moscow Moscow 12,35,40,57,60-61,65,81,109, 112,125,135,146,149-150,152,221,224, 227-229,233,235-236 Mozyr 76,188,197,207 nacdem 227 See also nacdemaůščyna See also national democrat See also national democratism nacdemaůščyna 238 See also national democratism Nasovič, Ivan 160 Naš Kraj 18,121,136 See ako local lore studies (krajanaustva) See also Central Bureau of Local Lore Naša Niva 82,160,225 nation xiv-xv, vxiii, 1,8-10,18,20,22-25,27, 38-42,46-47,73,83,112,129-130,144, 148-149,152,154,161,163,165-168,171, 222,226,234-235,239,245-248,250, 25Յ-255,257-259 as a stateformation 259 Belarusian xiv-xv, 1,9-10,20,23-25,27, 38,129-130,149,161,166-167,171,217, 226,234-235,246-247,250,253,257, 259 civic 258-259 ethnic 259 formation of xiv, 1,10,27,234,245-246, 250,255,259 Lithuanian 148-149 modern vxiii, 250 non-Russian 8,40,42 right to self-determination of 40-42 so-called „small“ 39 Soviet 239 Vladimir Lenin’s opinion about 39, 41-42 Ukrainian 161 See also nation-building See also national agitation nation-building 1,10,27,234,245-246,255, 259 See ako nation national agitation 252-253,256-258,260 Belarusization as 253,257 See ako nation “national area” 43,142-144 INDEX national character 142,162-163 National Commission 1,25-26,53,55, 82-83,132,170,172-173,176-177,180, 183,185,187,189-192,195-204,206,217, 221-223,250 and inspection commissions 184-189 and its inspectors xvi-xvii, 74-76,82,84, 93, i33 177,182-191,193,198-199 and schedule of Belarusization 53,108, 170 inspection of knowledge of Belarusian language 53,172-175,177 inspections by 53,80,86,109,134,170, 172-175,177,182,185-186,192,195,198, 200,223 reports of xvii, 18,54,82,94,105,111,123, 126,132-133,136,173,185,188-194,200, 202,205,208 resolution(s) of 172,199 See also Commission for Nationality Policy Implementation See also Belarusian language See also nationality policy national composition 49,55,81,105,114, 116-117,119,145,178-179,182,220-221, 235,249 of division 235 of KP(b)B 178-179 of students 114,116-117,249 of teaching staff 105,119 of white-collar workers 220 See ako indigenization national democrat 227,231-234,236-238, 244 bullying of 231 See also nacdem national democratism 2,230-237,240-244 and intelligentsia 230-232,237,240 and SVB case 233 as pretext for cessation of Belarusization 244 as the main threat 230-235 change of essence of 44,230 struggle against 232,234-236,238,243 See also nacdemaūščyna national language 10,22-23,25,27,30, 33- 46-50,70,73,136,165,197,245, 251-254,259 and Joseph Stalin 46,48,257 See also National Commission 291 See also Belarusization national minority 10,12,14,25,43,67,70, 73,76,80,83,99,105,121,147,164,173, 178,198 Jewish 25,73,83,173 pedagogical colleges for 98-99 Polish 25,173 schools 70,76,80,105 See also Jews See also Poles See also Polish language national movement xiv, 6,20,24,42,142, 154,156,158-160,163,245,252,254, 256-258 Belarusian 6,20,24,142,154,156, 158-160 demands of 252 European 163,252,258 mass xiv, 257 nationalism 8-9,24,42-44,49,66,180,195, 225-228,231,244,260 Belarusian 225,227 bourgeois 44,49,231,244 bourgeois-democratic 44,49,226 local 24,43-44,66,180,244 petty-bourgeois 44 See also chauvinism nationality policy xv-xvii, 1-3,7-10,12,18, 20,22-25,39-40,42-52, 54-5θ 60, 62-63,66,70,78,85-86,91,95-97, 103,109-111,114-115,122,128,130,132, 134,136-137,144,169,172,176,179-180, 187,192-196,203-205,208,214,217, 223-225,229,227,231,341,244-246, 248-251,256-257 and cooperation with intelligentsia xv-xvii, 4,9,43,45,48,55,59,61-63, 67,227,230,245-246 and Stalin’s “link” (smychka) 25,46 at the 8th Congress of the RKP(b) (1919) 40,179 at the 10th Congress of the RKP(b) (1921) 28,42-47,49,70 at the 12th Congress of the RKP(b) (1923) 39,44,46-47,50,168 closure of 144,193,205,222,225,229 concept of 7,42,46-47,50,52 Lenin’s concept of 42 Zatonsky’s criticism of 224-229 See also Belarusization INDEX 292 See also Nacional Commission nationalization 23,39,46,48,245 See also indigenization NEP. See New Economic Policy New Economic Policy 2,28 Nicholas I 154 Niekraševič, Sciapan i, 118,125,140,227, 233,237 Nikicina, Tacciana 22 NKA. See People’s Commissariat of Education (NKA) Novozybkov 86,89-92 Ochota, Jan 1 Orsha (Bel: Vorša) 77,82,131,133,190,192 Orthodox Belarusians xv, 165 and identity-formation processes xv Orthodox religion 165 Orthodoxy 158 People’s Commissariat of Education (NKA) 30-31,33,49,51,62,64-65, 69, 7Ն 73-74,76, 81, 87,91-93,95-96, ios, u3,118-120,123-124,126,129-130, 140-141,169-173,186,188,191,204,232, 238,243-244,250 and teachers’ conference 73 Belarusian chapter of 64,71,74-75,140, 170 Belarusian subchapters of 64 Gomel Guberniya Chapter of 87,92 Main Committee of Political Education of 123 reports of 64-65,74,80-81,93,105,113, 123,126,141,171,189,243 People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs 169,187,191 People’s Commissariat of Land Cultivation ιθ9 173,186-187,201,231 Peter I 146 Petersburg 146,154 Piatuchovič, Michail 129 Pičeta, Uladzimir 71,104,109,121,145-147, 149-152,155,161,166,240,252 Platonaü, Rascislaü 17,21,23 Poland 12,34-35,38,51,105,143-144, 151-152,157,159,162,167,247-248 Belarus as a part of 12 Belarusian territories were transferred to 34 claims by 157,247 ethnically Belarusian parts of 37-38 Poles 30,116,144,154,161,163,167,178-179, 218,220-221,254-255 See also national minority Polish language 81-83,203 and social status 203 in schools 81-83 See also national minority See also Poles See also polonization polonization 30,69,83,156,158,165,247 and Belarusian language 30, 69-70,83 and russification 30,69,83,156,158, 165,247 See also russification Polotsk (Bel: Polack) 77,82-83,98,105, 132-13Յ, 145-146,148,152-153,159,166, 183,202,247 Prague 148 Prakulievlč, Uladzimir 57 primordialism 142 Principality of Polotsk 146,166,247 Principality of Smolensk 146-147 See abo Smolensk proletariat 41,46,58,62-63,67,139,226, 238,257 dictatorship of 41,46,58,62,67 formation of 257 Pryščepaū, Dzmitry 227,231,233 Pskov 130 Pyatakov, Georgiy 39,41-42 rabfak 100,106 Radek, Karl 39 Radzik, Ryszard 205,254 Radzivils (Pol: Radziwiłł) 155 Rahnieda 146 Ramanaü, Jeudakim 160 Rechitsa (Bel: Rečyca) 37,86,88,128,207 Red Army 27,37,64,173,206-213,235 2nd Belarusian Division of 55,206-207, 212,235 Belarusization of 206-217 Belarusian servicemen 209,212-213 Jewish servicemen 210 INDEX Reformation 148,166,247 repression 15,67,232-235,237,243 against Belarusian intelligentsia 67, 232-234,237,243 See also nacdemaůšcyna See also national democratism RKP(b). See Russian Communist Party (of the Bolsheviks) (RKP(b)) RSDRP(b). See Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party (Bolsheviks) (RSDRP(b)) RSFSR. See Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) Rudling, Anders Per 9-12,23 Russia xiii, 30,34,38,40-44,47,129,143, 14g, 154-159,164,166,192,218,221, 234-235,248,256-257 Belarusian paviets and guberniyas added to 34 border regions of 42-43,47 ethnically Belarusian parts of 37-38,129 Tsarist xiii, 30,40-41,44,156-157,159, 218,256-257 See also Russian Empire Russian Communist Party (of the Bolsheviks) (RKP(b)) 28,34,36,39-40,42-51,55, 60,65,70,168,180,245 See also Bolsheviks See also Communist Party (of the Bolsheviks) of Belarus (KP(b)B) Russian Empire 43,156-157,247,253-254 Belarusians in 253 See also Russia Russian language xiii, 30,33,44,46, 73-74,78-80,83-84,89,95,105,108, 111,119,123,127,133-135,144,179, ։8i, 183,185-188,190,192,198-200,202, 205,235-239,244,249,251,253-255, 257-261 and russification 44,179 in the city environment 78-79,185 schooling in 30,78-80,83-84,95, 111, 119,134-135,238-239,249,260 Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party (Bolsheviks) (RSDRP(b)) 4-5,8-10,15, 24,28,35-36,39-40,42,44,47,56 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) 35-37,40,56,76,86,129-130, 144,193 293 Belarusian paviets and guberniyas acquired by 35 ethnically Belarusian lands of 35-36, 86,144 Russians 29,42,114,116,154,160,163, 166-167,178-179,182,194,218-221,244, 250,254-255 See also national minority russification xiii, 30,44,69,149,156, 158-160,165,179,182,187,222-223,232, 247,256-258,260-261 and Belarusian language 30,69-70, 83, 223 and polonization 30,69,83,156,158, 165,247 and Sovietization 256-257 of city environment 182, 223, 258 of state apparatus 187,222 of tsarist Russia 44,256 See also polonization Sajuz vyzvaliennia Bielarusi (SVB) 223 Sapieha, Lieu 150 Savieckaja Bielaruś 18,33,45,58,77,99, 141,232 Senno (Bel: Sianno) 77,93 sielsaviet 76 See also village soviets Skaryna, Francysk 146,150,155,225 Skrypnyk, Mykola 44,49 Slezkine, Yuri 8,22-23 Slootsk (Bel: Sluck) 26,64,72 -74,76,192, 194,197,207,236 Smaliacič, Klimient 146 Smalienski, Aůraam 146 Smirnov, Aleksandr 60-61 Smith, Jeremy 8,23 Smolensk 34-38,129-130,143,145-147, 152-153,159 See also Principality of Smolensk Smolič, Arkadź 104,117-118,121,142-146, 153-155,161-165,196,233,248 Belarusian ethnogenesis by 161-162 Belarusian national character by 163 concept of a “national area” by 143-144 interpretation of Vilno by 145,153-154 SNK. See Council of People’s Commissars (SNK) social mobility 84,218,253-255 INDEX 294 of Belarusians 218,253,255 social structure 29,217,222,245 250-253 tutejšyja 258-259 complete 29,217,222,245 251-252 incomplete 222,250,253,258 Socialist Soviet Republic of Belarus (SSRB) 28,33-34,64,7Ն 73 sovietization 4,22,42-43,56, ։68,229,236, 246,248,256-257 See also russification SRs. See Belarusian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) SSRB. See Socialist Soviet Republic of Belarus (SSRB) St. Jeüfrasinnia (Euphrosyne) 146,155 Stalin, Joseph 2,25,42-48,167-168,224, 229,244,248,257,260 and Belarusian question 44-45 and national question 42,46,48 “link” between workers and peasants by 25,46 Stalin’s Great Break 2,224,244 Stankievič, Stanislaü 24 Staravojtaü, Michail 22 Stariye Dorogi (Bel: Staryja Darohi) 82,171 statehood xiv, 39,62,185,247,258-259 Belarusian 247 formation of xiv, 259 Jewish 62 Statute of the Grand Duchy ofLithuania (1529, 1588) 150-151,156 and Belarusian language 150-151,156 See also Grand Duchy of Lithuania Suny, Ronald G. 22-23 SVB. See Sajuz vyzvaliennia Bielarusi (SVB) Ukraine 8,38 Ukrainization 8,22,39,46 Union of Lublin (1569) 152,156 urbanization 29 Usiaslau the Sorcerer (Bel: Usiaslaü Čaradziej) 146,153,155 Ščakacichin, Mikalaj Šybieka, Zachar 24 Šypila Ivan 58,228 129 Taraškievič, Branislaü 140,237 Teutonic Order 152-153 Treaty of Riga (1921) 34 Trotsky, Lev 46-47 TsK KP(b)B. See Central Committee (TsK) KP(b)B TsVK BSSR. See Central Executive Committee (TsVK) BSSR Turauski, Kiryla 146 85 Vakar, Nicholas P. 4,24 Valison, Siamion 2 Vialiki, Anatol 178-180 village soviets 8,76,83,105,131,190,192,195, 202,219-220 See also sieisaviet Vilnius 30,34,38,143,145 and consolidation of Belarusian lands 37-38 and "national area” 143 See also Vilno Vilno (Bel: Vilna) 143,145,148,153-156 and Belarusian population 153-155 as cultural center 145,153-154 Belarusian 153-155 Belarusian culture in 154 See also Vilnius Vilno University 154,158 Vitebsk (Bel: Viciebsk) 34-37,77, 79,99, 111-112,131-132,145,183,207,235 Vladimir Lenin Communist University. See Communist University Vytautas (Bel: Vitaut) 152 West Belarus 12,37,51,144 adding to BSSR 37 Yiddish 11,25,33,52,69,78-79,99,119,169, 173,181-182,191,197-198, 203,257 and social status 203 as official state language (1921) 25,69 eradication of illiteracy in 79 periodicals in 33,197-198 teaching in 11,99,119 transfer to 52 See aho national minority See also Jews zapadnorusizm 157 Zarecki, Michaś 228 INDEX Zatonsky, Vladimir 224-229,241,255 and cessation of Belarusization 224-225,255 and classification of intelligentsia 227-229 See also Central Control Commission VKP(b) Zhlobin (Bel: Žlobin) 94-97 295 Zionist organizations 218 See also Bund (General Jewish Labour Bund) Žižka, Jan 152 Žylka, Uladzimir 229 Žylunovič, Zmicier (Hartny, Ciška) 70,130, 140,227-228,233-234,242-243
adam_txt	TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . IX NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION, TRANSLATION, AND NAMES . XI PREFACE . XNI 1. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE AND SOURCES . I 2. DEBATE ON THE ESSENCE OF BELARUSIZATION: TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS . 20 3. SOVIET BELARUS ON THE THRESHOLD OF BELARUSIZATION . 28 3.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORIC CONTEXT . 28 3.2 THE FIRST AND SECOND ENLARGEMENTS OF THE BSSR: THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE BELARUSIAN LANDS . 34 4. COMMUNIST OR NATIONAL? IDEOLOGY AND THE NATIONALITY POLICY . 39 4.1 POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL DEBATES: WHY DO WE NEED NATIONALIZATION? THE NATIONALITY POLICY ' S GOALS AND OBJECTIVES . 39 4.2 BELARUSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA AND THE COMMUNIST PARTY: DISCIPLINE. CATEGORIZE. SUPERVISE . 56 5. BELARUSIZATION IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION . 68 5.1 STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS OF THE CHAPTER . 68 5.2 BELARUSIZATION AT SECONDARY COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS. ADVOCATING FOR THE BELARUSIAN SCHOOL . 69 5.3 COLLEGES AND HIGHER EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS. THE INSTITUTE OF BELARUSIAN CULTURE . 97 5.4 DOWN WITH ILLITERACY! BELARUSIZATION AT ILLITERACY ERADICATION CENTERS . 122 5.5 TEACHERS AS " WORKERS ON THE EDUCATION FRONTLINE " . THEIR ROLE IN THE PROMOTION OF BELARUSIZATION . 127 6. HISTORY AND NATIONAL IDENTITY ON TEXTBOOK PAGES . 138 7. LANGUAGE AND BUREAUCRACY: BELARUSIZATION IN THE STATE SECTOR AND PARTY APPARATUS . 169 7.1 BELARUSIAN AS A LANGUAGE OF THE STATE ADMINISTRATION AND PARTY APPARATUS . 170 7.2 BELARUSIZATION AT TRADE UNIONS . 181 7.3 REPORT, EVALUATE, AND DISCIPLINE: ACTIVITIES OF INSPECTORS AND INSPECTION COMMISSIONS . 184 7.4 BELARUSIZATION OF THE RED ARMY . 206 7.5 INDIGENIZATION AT THE STATE APPARATUS AND THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES . 217 8. BELARUSIZATION: FROM " NATIONAL CONSTRUCTION " TO " NATIONALISTIC BOURGEOIS COUNTER-REVOLUTION " . 224 CONCLUSION. A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR BELARUSIZATION . 245 TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . 262 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 264 INDEX . 284 Bibliography i. 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See Joint State Political Directorate (ADPU) advocacy activities 91,132 See also advocacy campaign(s) advocacy campaign(s) xvi, 55,85-86,131, 47, 249 and illiteracy eradication centers and peasants 54,87,90,92 125 and teachers 87,91-94,131 for Belarusian school xvi, 83,87-88,92 for Belarusian language 54,97,135,256 See also advocacy activities See also likpunkts Ahniacviet, Edzi (Kahan, Edzi) 174 Alieksandrovič, Andrej 228 Alieíkavičs 155 Andrejeva, Jefrasinnia assimilation и 106,126 linguistic 167,237 Soviet 168 Asvieta 17,18,85,87,111,123,141,146,240 See also Kamunistyčnąje Vychavannie Azbukin, Mikalaj 166 Babarykin, Piotr 64,121,144,155,162-163, 64 Bahuševič, Francišak Bajkoü, Mikola 125 159,225 Balicki, Anton 1,51, 62,78,101,113-114, 232-234 Baíšavik Bielorusi 18 Belarusian Academy of Sciences 233-234 Belarusian language advocacy campaign(s) for 18, 54,97,135, 256 and Joseph Stalin 44-45,257 and reform of Belarusian orthography (19ЗЗ) 236-238 codification of xiv, 73,176,184,251-253 deadline(s) for transition/transfer to 112-113,122, 124 169-170,173,175, 185-187,191,199,203-204,206,250 dialects of 73,77,157,184 in public sphere xiii-xv, 20,30,33,50, 70,84,185 knowledge of 32,53,55,80,88,92,94. 99-103,105,107-110,112,117,122,126, 132-І34,137,172-173 175,177,189.198, 201-202,209-211,214-215, 218,222,255 social status of xiv, xvi, 52,185,202,204, 223.253.255.258 See also advocacy campaign(s) See ako Belarusization See also national language Belarusian National Commissariat (Bieinackam) 33,35 Belarusian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) 60,63-64,218 See also esers Belarusian People’s Republic (BNR) xiii, 6-7,12,24,57,59,228 Belarusian Revolutionary Committee (Bielreükam) 35 Belarusian Socialist Hramada 66 Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) enlargement of (1924 and 1926) xvii, 11-12,34-38, 75-76, 86,126,145 population of 29-30,34,37,75,81,117, 145,155,220-222,256 proclaiming of 28,34 Belarusian State Publishing House 111 Belarusian State Theater 128 Belarusian State Veterinary Institute 68, 104,112-116 Belarusian State University (BSU) 32,68, 71,98,101-109,112,114,116,118-119,122, 138,232,235 Belarusian studies (bielarusaznaůstva) 3, 72,128,248 9- and ю-month courses of 71 and Central Belarusian Course (RSFSR) 129 course(s) 122,171,187,189 Higher Course of 32,72,128-130 short-term courses of 52,71,75,141 subjects 98,104,110,124,128-129 teachers of 72 Belarusization activities 26,33,44-46,51,70-76,83, 87,92,97,99,105, u3,117-118,120,122, INDEX 126-127, 134-137, 169-172,177,18ο, 184« 186-187, 214 239, 249 25θ and deadline(s) for 112-113,122 ւշ4 169-170,173,175,185-187,191,199, 203-204, 2θ6, 250 and knowledge of Belarusian language 53,80,88,92,103,108,110, 173-174 and local lore activities 135-137 and local lore emphasis (orientation) 113,117,122,128,135 and national identity xiv-xvi, 15,27,142, 165,167,245-247,251-261 and party apparatus xvi-xvii, 60,86, 169-181,205-206,223,250,252 and peasantry 25-26,32,45-46,51, 54-57. 67, θ9. 81, 83-92,97,114-117, 123-127,133,176,181,185,194-195, 201-202, 205, 253-256,259 and so-called “hard line” 86,170 and so-called persuasion methods 86, 170 and state apparatus xv-xvii, 22,47, 53,62,67, 97,134,169-175,184-206, 217-223,229 235, շ44, 250, 259-260 and textbooks 31, 69,71,73-75,77,80, 87-88,93, 97,108,119,121,125-126,135, 137-168,184,217,239-240,246,248 and Belarusian language xiv-xvli, 24-շ7,33-34,44-5θ, 68-137,169-223, 236-240,245-261 at higher educational establishments 52,55,68-69,72,80, 97-119,122,127-128,137-139,196,222, 232,235-236,243-244,248-250, շ55, 260 at medical institutions 194 at pedagogical colleges 52,68-69,72, 80,97-101,103,105,108,116-117,122, 124,127,129,131,133,138-139,196, շ35-շ36,249 at the 10th Congress of the RKP(b) (1921) 28,42-47,49, 70,170 at Belarusian State University 97-98, 101-102,104-109,111,118-119,122 232 at trade-unions 131,170,172,181-184, 187-188,196,199,201,221 closure (cessation) of 117,193,205,222, 225,229,231,235-236,241,244,255, 258-261 285 implementation of xiv-xvii, 2,7-8,24, 39,46,48,51,53,59,66,68,78,81,97, 110,112,118,127,130-131,133-134,137, 168-169,173,178,180,184,187,190,193, 202,204-206,214,216,223,230,233, 241,246,248-250,255,257-259 inspections of 53,80,86,109,134,170, 172-175,177,182,185-186,192,195, 198-200,223,225 of military division(s) 206-217 of schools 30-33,68-97,127-135, 238-240,244,248-250,255,260 of the education system xvi-xvii, 30-33, 68-137,230-240,243-244,246-250, 255, շ6օ schedule of 52-53,69,108,113,170,172, 206,214 See also Belarusian language See also nationality policy See also National Commission Berlin 140 Beyrau, Dietrich 13 Biadulia, Źmitrok (Plaünik, Samuil) 174,243 Bialystok 38,143,155 Biassonaü, Piotr 160 Bibila, Julija 64 BNR. See Belarusian People’s Republic (BNR) Bobruisk (Bel: Babrujsk) 64-65,76,94-96, 207 Bolsheviks 4-5,8-10,24,28,40,42-44,47, 56,222,243 and proletarian internationalism xvi, 39,41,245,256 and national question 39-42,46,49,60, 118,149,188,205,208,230,241,246,255 and right to self-determination 39-43, 252 and nationality policy 44,47,55,233 and intelligentsia 56-67 See also Russian Communist Party (of the Bolsheviks) (RKP(b)) Borisov (Bel: Barysau) 76,189,191-192,207 Brest 143,145 Bryansk 38,130,143 BSSR. See Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) BSU. See Belarusian State University (BSU) Bukharin, Nikolai 39,41 Bund (General Jewish Labour Bund) 66,218 60, 286 See also Zionist organizations Burbis, Alies 45 Catherine II 156 Catholic religion 82,165 See also Catholics Catholicism 157-158,165 Catholics 81-83,155 and identity-formation processes xv and schools for Catholic children 81-83 and Belarusian language 81 Belarusian xv, 81,83 population of 81 See also Catholic religion censorship 2,15 of textbooks 240 Central Bureau of Local Lore 121,135 See also local lore activities See also local lore movement {krajanaūčy ruch) See also Naš Kraj Central Control Commission KP(b)B 176, 238 activities monitored by 176,222 Central Control Commission VKP(b) 224-226,230,233,255 and Belarusian intelligentsia 227 conclusions of 229 Central Committee (TsK) KP(b)B 15-16,95, 49-51,53,55-58,81,94-95,97,no, u2, 115,117-118,137,175,177,180,184,188, 199-200,205,214,219,224,235,237,242 and adding eastern Belarusian districts 36 Agitation and Propaganda Department 109-110,123 resolution(s) of 177 Central Executive Committee (TsVK) BSSR 2,25,35,37,5o֊5i, 53,59,69-70,132, 169, 173, 177, 2O3 220 and interconnection between the state and the party apparatus 177 See also Commission for Nationality Policy Implementation See also National Commission centralization 225 Chackievič, Aliaksandr 53,221 chata-iytalnla 65,87,88,90,122-126,131 INDEX See also likpunkt See also illiteracy eradication centers chauvinism 2,36,39,42,45,49,60,62,67, 118,159 Belarusian 62,67,230 Great Russian 11,43-44,49,66,179-180, 191,227,231,249 See also nationalism Chernigov 143 Chocina, Ala 21 Ciapinski, Vasil 150 class struggle 39,41,168,226,230,240-241, 245,249 and Belarusization 230,241 collectivization 225,235 Commission for Nationality Policy Implementation. See National Commission Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania 156-157,159,247 communism 9-10,47,49,139,196,246 military 225 policy of War 28,34 Communist Party (of the Bolsheviks) of Belarus (KP(b)B) and cleansing (of intelligentsia) 51, 63-66 and implementation of Belarusization 49,54-55,85,111-112, 167,205 and indigenization (korenizatsiya) 39, 42,47-48,55,114,176,178,196,217-218, 222-223,246 and interconnection between the state and the party apparatus 177 and national democratism 118,227, 230-244 and national intelligentsia xv-xvii, 4-5, 43-45,47-50,55-67, m, 115,117-118, 130,134,168,176,196,227-234,240, 242-246,248,256,260-261 and teachers 60,94-96,127,130-135,137 and Belarusian language 25-27,45,55, 97,175,177 Central Bureau (TsB) of 35,65,71 See also Bolsheviks See also Russian Communist Party (of the Bolsheviks) (RKP(b)) 287 INDEX Communist University 68,109,111,115,117 See also Vladimir Lenin Communist University communists 12,25,44,47,50,6o, 87,175, 179, 192, շշ6 Belarusian 35,180,229 nationally-oriented 21,35,44,51 Russian 43-44 Council of People’s Commissars (SNK) 31, 35-36,50,57,115,120,140,169,171,173, 186-187, Ц)1» 204-205, 219,236-237,241 Cvikievič, Aliaksandr 57,59 See also Belarusian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) Estonia 40 ethnogenesis 160,162,247 according to Usievalad Ihnatoiiski 160-161 according to Uladzimir Pičeta 161 40 Finland 40-41 Fishman, Joshua federalism 251 Gediminas (Bel: Hiedymin) Čačotjan 159 Čajankova, Halina 204 Čarnuševič, Dzmitry 53 Čarviakoū, Aliaksandr 1,25,50-51,177,196, 233-234.243 and consolidation of Belarusian lands 35-36 Čyhrynaū, Piotr 21 Čyrvony Šliach 33 251,258-259.261 ethnic 143,251 historical 26-27,167,225,251,258-260 linguistic xiii, 167,237,247,258,261 national 23,43,142,158,162-163,166, 227,234,240,244,247,258,260 104 Dreizin, Julian 174 Dribin 192,198 Duchy of Moscow 149-150 See also Moscovia Dunin-Marcinkievič, Vincent 39,111 150-151.238 as a Lithuanian-Belarusian state 147-149.151-153, 247 ethnically Belarusian lands of xiii, 29, i52-i53 See also Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1529,1588) Great Break (1929) 2,224-225,237,244 See also Stalin, Joseph Grunwald, Battle of (1410) 152-153 Haladzied, Mikalaj 237,241 Harecki, Hauryla 103,118 Harecki, Maksim 91,121,150-151,160-161, 165.233 Herder, Johann Gottfried Hirsh, Francine 23 259 history and right of Belarusian nation to 159 Dzerzhynskiy, Feliks 39 Dziannica 33 Dziaržynski, Uladzislau 150,166 Engels, Friedrich esers 118,233 111,126,128-129,207,235-236 Grand Duchy of Lithuania xiii, 29,147-149, 151՜153 155,166,238, 247 and Lithuanians 147,149,153-154 and Belarusian language 147-148, distinctness 114,143,161,167-168,227,234, 237,247,258 Belarusian 143,157,161-162,234,244, 247,260-261 cultural xiii, 4,157,166-168,225,247, See also identity Dönninghaus, Victor 8 Doünar-Zapoíski, Mitrafan 152 Germany 140,240 Głogowska, Helena 7,21 Gołąbek, Józef 1 Gomel (Bel: Homieí) 35-37,83-87,89-92, distinctness 247 Belarusian xiv-xv, 4,28,91,121,128,130, 145,152,155,166,174,234,245.247.261 concept of 142,152,156,247. 260 Golden Age of 150,166,226,247 national xiv, 49,153,167,246-247 remarkable figures of 155 INDEX 288 and party apparatus 176-178 and state apparatus 217-223 and quotas (for students) 114-115 as component of Belarusization 20,22, Soviet xvii, 224,245,261 symbolic center of 145-160 See also distinctness See also identity Hlybinny, Uladzimier 5,23 Hramyka, Michajla 240 Hroch, Miroslav 252,257 identity adoption of 253,255-256,258 Belarusian 10,135,138,252,259 ethnic 254 model of xiv, xvi-xvii, 27,138-139, 141-142,165,167,258,260-261 national xiv-xvii, 10,15,22,27,83, 138-140,165,167,245-247,249,251-261 national language and 254,258 Soviet 9,144,261 See also distinctness Ihnatoüski, Usievalad 1,45,49,51,65,71,91, 104,121,136,145-148,152,156,158-160, 164,196,226,228,233-234,242 and Belarusian language 45,51,136,196 illiteracy 84,122-123, 13Ն іЗЗ, 2O7 218 “Belarusian” 127,133 eradication of 79,123,126,131,137,212, 255 “political” 95-96,127,194,249 illiteracy eradication centers 65,68, 122-123,125-126,131,256 and Main Committee of Political Education 123 See also likpunkt líjučonak, Piotr 71 Inbielkuít 18,52,59,68,97,106,118-122,130, 135-136, 197, 233 and Central Bureau of Local Lore 121, 135 commission at 120-121 dictionary commissions and 120,136 Jewish department at 121 section(s) of 120-121,125 teachers and 120,136 terminology and 106,119-122 textbooks published by 119,121 See also Institute of Belarusian Culture indigenization xv, xvii, 8-9,11,22-23,27,39, 47-48,55,170,243-246,251-252 27,43,114 at higher educational establishments 113-117,119,196 at the 10th Congress of the RKP(b) (1921) 42-44,4θ at the 12th Congress of the RKP(b) (1923) 36,39,46-47 ideological aspect of 217 result of 119,222 See also korenizatsiya See also nationality policy industrialization 29,225,257 Institute of Belarusian Culture. See Inbielkuít intelligentsia xv-xvii, 5,7,21-22,29,35, 43-45,47'50,55-64,66-67,84,103, iu, 115,117-118,130,134,148,150,154, 158,160,162,168,176,196,227-234,240, 242-246,248,253-256,260-261 amnesty for 59 and Central Control Commission VKP(b) 227-229,233 and “cultural construction” 56,58 and Statement ofthe 32 35 and Belarusian “national cause” 58 Belarusian/national xv-xvii, 4-5,7, 21-22,43,47,50,55-56,62-63,67,84, 158,168,227-230,234,243,245-246, 248,256 classification of 61,227-228,246 cleansing of 63-64 cooperation with xv-xvii, 4,9,43,48, 55-59, θ։, 63,67,230,245-24θ decree related to 61-62 disagreements between communist party and 58 “higher” 229,246 Jewish 62 leftist or “grassroots“/“bottom-level” 60, 227-228,246 local 48,154 national-democratic 118 “petty bourgeois” 56,59-61,63,227 proletarian 56 sovietization of 229,246 INDEX 289 TsK KP(b)B Commission on 118 with no party affiliation 58-60, ш, 118 See also nacdemy See also national democratism internationalism 39,42,195,238 communist proletarian Ivan III 151 Ivan IV 156 Iwanow, Mikołaj Jews 144,180 xvi, 39,41,245,256-257 14,23 25,29,61-62,73,78,83,101-103, 106, no, 114,116-117, 146, 154 164, 174 178-179,182,191,194,210, 218-221,244, 250, 255,257 and Belarusian language 114,174,210,218 and national composition of KP(b)B ’78-179, 219 as part of urban population 29,78,117, 154, 248 at BSU 101-103,106, no, 114,116-117 in textbooks 146,154,164,166 in Vilno 154 See also national minorities See also Yiddish Joint State Political Directorate (ADPU) 129-130,155,160,233,243 Komsomol 90,115,130,136,206-208,211, 220 members 220 organizations 90,115,130,136 See also Lenin Communist Union of the Youth of Belarus (LKSMB) korenizatsiya. See indigenization See also nationality policy Kopys (Bel: Kopyś) 190 KP(b)B. See Communist Party (of the Bolsheviks) of Belarus (KP(b)B) Kraskoüski, Ivan 57,59 Krynicky, Aliaksandr 1,24-25,57-60,63, 86,196,217-218,227-228,234 classification of Belarusian intelligentsia by 57-60,63,227-228 kulak 67,227,231 Kupala, Janka 77,130,233,237,243 Lastoüski, Vaclaii 57,59,196,233,248 Latvia 40,143-144 Latvians 178 Le Foil, Claire 13 57, 233 Lenin, Vladimir 35-36,39,41֊43 95-123. 125 and national question Kaiser, Robert J. 8,22-23 Kaliada, Ina 204 Kalinin 77-78,85,90,132,186,188-189,196 Kalinoüski, Kanstancin (Kastuś) (Pol: Konstanty Kalinowski) 157-159 Usievalad Ihnatoüski’s analysis of 157-158 Kamenev, Lev 48 Kamunistyčnaje Vychavannie See also Asvieta Kappeler, Andreas 22 Karói, Aliaksiej 6,20 Karski, Jaüchim Kolas, Jakub (Mickievič, Kanstancin) 17,240-241 71 36,39,41 and right of nations to self-determination 39-42 concept of nationality policy by 42 Lenin Communist Union of the Youth of Belarus (LKSMB) 220 Leningrad 229,235 Liber, George 8,23 likpunkt 68,122-123,125-127 and Main Committee of Political Education 123 Belarusization of 122-127 See also illiteracy eradication centers See also chata-čytalnia Kasciuk, Michaś 21,204 Kirkor, Adam 160 Klimah, Ihar 7,21 Lindner, Rainer 12-13,21 linguistic policy 7,255 See Belarusization Knorin, Vilgelm 1,70,168,180,196,226 and intra-party conflict 234 Liosik, Anton 80 Liosik, Jazep 1,64-65,71,104,111,129,140, 160,196,227,233,237,248 and national language 70,180,196 290 INDEX LìtBel 34 Lithuania 29,38,40,143,145,147-15Յ, 155-157 159,166,238,247,256 Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. See LitBel Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic 34 Lithuanians 30,147,149,153-154,161,167 in textbooks 147,149,153-154,161,167 LKSMB. See Lenin Communist Union of the Youth of Belarus (LKSMB) See abo Komsomol local lore activities 135-136 See also Central Bureau of Local Lore local lore associations 135-136 local lore emphasis (orientation) 113,117, 122,128,135 local lore hobby-groups 26,121 local lore movement (krajanaiičy ruch.) 136, 255 See also Central Bureau of Local Lore local lore studies (krajanaustva) 18,130 and regional studies 18,128-129,234 See also Central Bureau of Local Lore See also Naš Kraj local lore subjects 73 Luxemburg, Rosa 41 Lye, Lieanid 6-7,20,106,126,204 Magdeburg Law 149,155-156,166 miastecka 25,29,78,127,179,196-197,218, 220-222,248 Main Committee of Political Education 123 Maladniak 18,60,85 Maliszewski, Edward 1 Marples, David 13 Martin, Terry 8,10,22-23 Marx, Karl 111 Marxism 66,72,139,234 Marxists 47,234 Mensheviks 63,118 Mickievič, Adam (Pol: Adam Mickiewicz) 155,16° 34,71-72,74, 76,78-80,84,98,100, 103,106,109,126,128-129,136,140,145, 154-155,172,183,191, 202,2°7 as the capital 154-155 modernization 23,257 Mogilev (Bel: Mahilieü) 34,77,83,99,111, Minsk 136,195,235 Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact 37 Moscovia 143,151-152,164 See also Duchy of Moscow Moscow 12,35,40,57,60-61,65,81,109, 112,125,135,146,149-150,152,221,224, 227-229,233,235-236 Mozyr 76,188,197,207 nacdem 227 See also nacdemaůščyna See also national democrat See also national democratism nacdemaůščyna 238 See also national democratism Nasovič, Ivan 160 Naš Kraj 18,121,136 See ako local lore studies (krajanaustva) See also Central Bureau of Local Lore Naša Niva 82,160,225 nation xiv-xv, vxiii, 1,8-10,18,20,22-25,27, 38-42,46-47,73,83,112,129-130,144, 148-149,152,154,161,163,165-168,171, 222,226,234-235,239,245-248,250, 25Յ-255,257-259 as a stateformation 259 Belarusian xiv-xv, 1,9-10,20,23-25,27, 38,129-130,149,161,166-167,171,217, 226,234-235,246-247,250,253,257, 259 civic 258-259 ethnic 259 formation of xiv, 1,10,27,234,245-246, 250,255,259 Lithuanian 148-149 modern vxiii, 250 non-Russian 8,40,42 right to self-determination of 40-42 so-called „small“ 39 Soviet 239 Vladimir Lenin’s opinion about 39, 41-42 Ukrainian 161 See also nation-building See also national agitation nation-building 1,10,27,234,245-246,255, 259 See ako nation national agitation 252-253,256-258,260 Belarusization as 253,257 See ako nation “national area” 43,142-144 INDEX national character 142,162-163 National Commission 1,25-26,53,55, 82-83,132,170,172-173,176-177,180, 183,185,187,189-192,195-204,206,217, 221-223,250 and inspection commissions 184-189 and its inspectors xvi-xvii, 74-76,82,84, 93, i33 177,182-191,193,198-199 and schedule of Belarusization 53,108, 170 inspection of knowledge of Belarusian language 53,172-175,177 inspections by 53,80,86,109,134,170, 172-175,177,182,185-186,192,195,198, 200,223 reports of xvii, 18,54,82,94,105,111,123, 126,132-133,136,173,185,188-194,200, 202,205,208 resolution(s) of 172,199 See also Commission for Nationality Policy Implementation See also Belarusian language See also nationality policy national composition 49,55,81,105,114, 116-117,119,145,178-179,182,220-221, 235,249 of division 235 of KP(b)B 178-179 of students 114,116-117,249 of teaching staff 105,119 of white-collar workers 220 See ako indigenization national democrat 227,231-234,236-238, 244 bullying of 231 See also nacdem national democratism 2,230-237,240-244 and intelligentsia 230-232,237,240 and SVB case 233 as pretext for cessation of Belarusization 244 as the main threat 230-235 change of essence of 44,230 struggle against 232,234-236,238,243 See also nacdemaūščyna national language 10,22-23,25,27,30, 33- 46-50,70,73,136,165,197,245, 251-254,259 and Joseph Stalin 46,48,257 See also National Commission 291 See also Belarusization national minority 10,12,14,25,43,67,70, 73,76,80,83,99,105,121,147,164,173, 178,198 Jewish 25,73,83,173 pedagogical colleges for 98-99 Polish 25,173 schools 70,76,80,105 See also Jews See also Poles See also Polish language national movement xiv, 6,20,24,42,142, 154,156,158-160,163,245,252,254, 256-258 Belarusian 6,20,24,142,154,156, 158-160 demands of 252 European 163,252,258 mass xiv, 257 nationalism 8-9,24,42-44,49,66,180,195, 225-228,231,244,260 Belarusian 225,227 bourgeois 44,49,231,244 bourgeois-democratic 44,49,226 local 24,43-44,66,180,244 petty-bourgeois 44 See also chauvinism nationality policy xv-xvii, 1-3,7-10,12,18, 20,22-25,39-40,42-52, 54-5θ 60, 62-63,66,70,78,85-86,91,95-97, 103,109-111,114-115,122,128,130,132, 134,136-137,144,169,172,176,179-180, 187,192-196,203-205,208,214,217, 223-225,229,227,231,341,244-246, 248-251,256-257 and cooperation with intelligentsia xv-xvii, 4,9,43,45,48,55,59,61-63, 67,227,230,245-246 and Stalin’s “link” (smychka) 25,46 at the 8th Congress of the RKP(b) (1919) 40,179 at the 10th Congress of the RKP(b) (1921) 28,42-47,49,70 at the 12th Congress of the RKP(b) (1923) 39,44,46-47,50,168 closure of 144,193,205,222,225,229 concept of 7,42,46-47,50,52 Lenin’s concept of 42 Zatonsky’s criticism of 224-229 See also Belarusization INDEX 292 See also Nacional Commission nationalization 23,39,46,48,245 See also indigenization NEP. See New Economic Policy New Economic Policy 2,28 Nicholas I 154 Niekraševič, Sciapan i, 118,125,140,227, 233,237 Nikicina, Tacciana 22 NKA. See People’s Commissariat of Education (NKA) Novozybkov 86,89-92 Ochota, Jan 1 Orsha (Bel: Vorša) 77,82,131,133,190,192 Orthodox Belarusians xv, 165 and identity-formation processes xv Orthodox religion 165 Orthodoxy 158 People’s Commissariat of Education (NKA) 30-31,33,49,51,62,64-65, 69, 7Ն 73-74,76, 81, 87,91-93,95-96, ios, u3,118-120,123-124,126,129-130, 140-141,169-173,186,188,191,204,232, 238,243-244,250 and teachers’ conference 73 Belarusian chapter of 64,71,74-75,140, 170 Belarusian subchapters of 64 Gomel Guberniya Chapter of 87,92 Main Committee of Political Education of 123 reports of 64-65,74,80-81,93,105,113, 123,126,141,171,189,243 People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs 169,187,191 People’s Commissariat of Land Cultivation ιθ9 173,186-187,201,231 Peter I 146 Petersburg 146,154 Piatuchovič, Michail 129 Pičeta, Uladzimir 71,104,109,121,145-147, 149-152,155,161,166,240,252 Platonaü, Rascislaü 17,21,23 Poland 12,34-35,38,51,105,143-144, 151-152,157,159,162,167,247-248 Belarus as a part of 12 Belarusian territories were transferred to 34 claims by 157,247 ethnically Belarusian parts of 37-38 Poles 30,116,144,154,161,163,167,178-179, 218,220-221,254-255 See also national minority Polish language 81-83,203 and social status 203 in schools 81-83 See also national minority See also Poles See also polonization polonization 30,69,83,156,158,165,247 and Belarusian language 30, 69-70,83 and russification 30,69,83,156,158, 165,247 See also russification Polotsk (Bel: Polack) 77,82-83,98,105, 132-13Յ, 145-146,148,152-153,159,166, 183,202,247 Prague 148 Prakulievlč, Uladzimir 57 primordialism 142 Principality of Polotsk 146,166,247 Principality of Smolensk 146-147 See abo Smolensk proletariat 41,46,58,62-63,67,139,226, 238,257 dictatorship of 41,46,58,62,67 formation of 257 Pryščepaū, Dzmitry 227,231,233 Pskov 130 Pyatakov, Georgiy 39,41-42 rabfak 100,106 Radek, Karl 39 Radzik, Ryszard 205,254 Radzivils (Pol: Radziwiłł) 155 Rahnieda 146 Ramanaü, Jeudakim 160 Rechitsa (Bel: Rečyca) 37,86,88,128,207 Red Army 27,37,64,173,206-213,235 2nd Belarusian Division of 55,206-207, 212,235 Belarusization of 206-217 Belarusian servicemen 209,212-213 Jewish servicemen 210 INDEX Reformation 148,166,247 repression 15,67,232-235,237,243 against Belarusian intelligentsia 67, 232-234,237,243 See also nacdemaůšcyna See also national democratism RKP(b). See Russian Communist Party (of the Bolsheviks) (RKP(b)) RSDRP(b). See Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party (Bolsheviks) (RSDRP(b)) RSFSR. See Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) Rudling, Anders Per 9-12,23 Russia xiii, 30,34,38,40-44,47,129,143, 14g, 154-159,164,166,192,218,221, 234-235,248,256-257 Belarusian paviets and guberniyas added to 34 border regions of 42-43,47 ethnically Belarusian parts of 37-38,129 Tsarist xiii, 30,40-41,44,156-157,159, 218,256-257 See also Russian Empire Russian Communist Party (of the Bolsheviks) (RKP(b)) 28,34,36,39-40,42-51,55, 60,65,70,168,180,245 See also Bolsheviks See also Communist Party (of the Bolsheviks) of Belarus (KP(b)B) Russian Empire 43,156-157,247,253-254 Belarusians in 253 See also Russia Russian language xiii, 30,33,44,46, 73-74,78-80,83-84,89,95,105,108, 111,119,123,127,133-135,144,179, ։8i, 183,185-188,190,192,198-200,202, 205,235-239,244,249,251,253-255, 257-261 and russification 44,179 in the city environment 78-79,185 schooling in 30,78-80,83-84,95, 111, 119,134-135,238-239,249,260 Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party (Bolsheviks) (RSDRP(b)) 4-5,8-10,15, 24,28,35-36,39-40,42,44,47,56 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) 35-37,40,56,76,86,129-130, 144,193 293 Belarusian paviets and guberniyas acquired by 35 ethnically Belarusian lands of 35-36, 86,144 Russians 29,42,114,116,154,160,163, 166-167,178-179,182,194,218-221,244, 250,254-255 See also national minority russification xiii, 30,44,69,149,156, 158-160,165,179,182,187,222-223,232, 247,256-258,260-261 and Belarusian language 30,69-70, 83, 223 and polonization 30,69,83,156,158, 165,247 and Sovietization 256-257 of city environment 182, 223, 258 of state apparatus 187,222 of tsarist Russia 44,256 See also polonization Sajuz vyzvaliennia Bielarusi (SVB) 223 Sapieha, Lieu 150 Savieckaja Bielaruś 18,33,45,58,77,99, 141,232 Senno (Bel: Sianno) 77,93 sielsaviet 76 See also village soviets Skaryna, Francysk 146,150,155,225 Skrypnyk, Mykola 44,49 Slezkine, Yuri 8,22-23 Slootsk (Bel: Sluck) 26,64,72 -74,76,192, 194,197,207,236 Smaliacič, Klimient 146 Smalienski, Aůraam 146 Smirnov, Aleksandr 60-61 Smith, Jeremy 8,23 Smolensk 34-38,129-130,143,145-147, 152-153,159 See also Principality of Smolensk Smolič, Arkadź 104,117-118,121,142-146, 153-155,161-165,196,233,248 Belarusian ethnogenesis by 161-162 Belarusian national character by 163 concept of a “national area” by 143-144 interpretation of Vilno by 145,153-154 SNK. See Council of People’s Commissars (SNK) social mobility 84,218,253-255 INDEX 294 of Belarusians 218,253,255 social structure 29,217,222,245 250-253 tutejšyja 258-259 complete 29,217,222,245 251-252 incomplete 222,250,253,258 Socialist Soviet Republic of Belarus (SSRB) 28,33-34,64,7Ն 73 sovietization 4,22,42-43,56, ։68,229,236, 246,248,256-257 See also russification SRs. See Belarusian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) SSRB. See Socialist Soviet Republic of Belarus (SSRB) St. Jeüfrasinnia (Euphrosyne) 146,155 Stalin, Joseph 2,25,42-48,167-168,224, 229,244,248,257,260 and Belarusian question 44-45 and national question 42,46,48 “link” between workers and peasants by 25,46 Stalin’s Great Break 2,224,244 Stankievič, Stanislaü 24 Staravojtaü, Michail 22 Stariye Dorogi (Bel: Staryja Darohi) 82,171 statehood xiv, 39,62,185,247,258-259 Belarusian 247 formation of xiv, 259 Jewish 62 Statute of the Grand Duchy ofLithuania (1529, 1588) 150-151,156 and Belarusian language 150-151,156 See also Grand Duchy of Lithuania Suny, Ronald G. 22-23 SVB. See Sajuz vyzvaliennia Bielarusi (SVB) Ukraine 8,38 Ukrainization 8,22,39,46 Union of Lublin (1569) 152,156 urbanization 29 Usiaslau the Sorcerer (Bel: Usiaslaü Čaradziej) 146,153,155 Ščakacichin, Mikalaj Šybieka, Zachar 24 Šypila Ivan 58,228 129 Taraškievič, Branislaü 140,237 Teutonic Order 152-153 Treaty of Riga (1921) 34 Trotsky, Lev 46-47 TsK KP(b)B. See Central Committee (TsK) KP(b)B TsVK BSSR. See Central Executive Committee (TsVK) BSSR Turauski, Kiryla 146 85 Vakar, Nicholas P. 4,24 Valison, Siamion 2 Vialiki, Anatol 178-180 village soviets 8,76,83,105,131,190,192,195, 202,219-220 See also sieisaviet Vilnius 30,34,38,143,145 and consolidation of Belarusian lands 37-38 and "national area” 143 See also Vilno Vilno (Bel: Vilna) 143,145,148,153-156 and Belarusian population 153-155 as cultural center 145,153-154 Belarusian 153-155 Belarusian culture in 154 See also Vilnius Vilno University 154,158 Vitebsk (Bel: Viciebsk) 34-37,77, 79,99, 111-112,131-132,145,183,207,235 Vladimir Lenin Communist University. See Communist University Vytautas (Bel: Vitaut) 152 West Belarus 12,37,51,144 adding to BSSR 37 Yiddish 11,25,33,52,69,78-79,99,119,169, 173,181-182,191,197-198, 203,257 and social status 203 as official state language (1921) 25,69 eradication of illiteracy in 79 periodicals in 33,197-198 teaching in 11,99,119 transfer to 52 See aho national minority See also Jews zapadnorusizm 157 Zarecki, Michaś 228 INDEX Zatonsky, Vladimir 224-229,241,255 and cessation of Belarusization 224-225,255 and classification of intelligentsia 227-229 See also Central Control Commission VKP(b) Zhlobin (Bel: Žlobin) 94-97 295 Zionist organizations 218 See also Bund (General Jewish Labour Bund) Žižka, Jan 152 Žylka, Uladzimir 229 Žylunovič, Zmicier (Hartny, Ciška) 70,130, 140,227-228,233-234,242-243
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author	Marková, Alena ca. 20./21. Jh.-
author_GND	(DE-588)1137966025
author_facet	Marková, Alena ca. 20./21. Jh.-
author_role	aut
author_sort	Marková, Alena ca. 20./21. Jh.-
author_variant	a m am
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV047507390
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ctrlnum	(OCoLC)1289762910 (DE-599)DNB1232581372
discipline	Geschichte
discipline_str_mv	Geschichte
era	Geschichte 1920-1930 gnd
era_facet	Geschichte 1920-1930
format	Book
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geographic	Weißrussische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik (DE-588)1009143-9 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd
geographic_facet	Weißrussische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik Sowjetunion
id	DE-604.BV047507390
illustrated	Not Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-03T18:20:47Z
indexdate	2024-11-25T11:12:00Z
institution	BVB
institution_GND	(DE-588)2178840-6
isbn	9783506791818 3506791818
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032908325
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physical	XVIII, 295 Seiten 23.5 cm x 15.5 cm, 1 g
psigel	BSB_NED_20220627
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publisher	Brill Schöningh
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spelling	Marková, Alena ca. 20./21. Jh.- Verfasser (DE-588)1137966025 aut The path to a Soviet nation the policy of Belarusization Alena Marková Paderborn, Germany Brill Schöningh [2022] © 2022 XVIII, 295 Seiten 23.5 cm x 15.5 cm, 1 g txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1920-1930 gnd rswk-swf Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 gnd rswk-swf Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 gnd rswk-swf Weißrussische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik (DE-588)1009143-9 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf nationality policy national identity BSSR Soviet culture national culture Belarusian language Belarusian national identity Weißrussische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik (DE-588)1009143-9 g Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 s Geschichte 1920-1930 z DE-604 Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 s Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh (DE-588)2178840-6 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-657-79181-1 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=ec735f1391d54ea98d6a7f877878472a&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext X:MVB https://www.brill.com/abstract/title/60367 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032908325&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032908325&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032908325&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register 1\p dnb 20210426 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#dnb
spellingShingle	Marková, Alena ca. 20./21. Jh.- The path to a Soviet nation the policy of Belarusization Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 gnd Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4075230-6 (DE-588)4170001-6 (DE-588)1009143-9 (DE-588)4077548-3
title	The path to a Soviet nation the policy of Belarusization
title_auth	The path to a Soviet nation the policy of Belarusization
title_exact_search	The path to a Soviet nation the policy of Belarusization
title_exact_search_txtP	The path to a Soviet nation the policy of Belarusization
title_full	The path to a Soviet nation the policy of Belarusization Alena Marková
title_fullStr	The path to a Soviet nation the policy of Belarusization Alena Marková
title_full_unstemmed	The path to a Soviet nation the policy of Belarusization Alena Marková
title_short	The path to a Soviet nation
title_sort	the path to a soviet nation the policy of belarusization
title_sub	the policy of Belarusization
topic	Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 gnd Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 gnd
topic_facet	Nationenbildung Minderheitenpolitik Weißrussische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik Sowjetunion
url	http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=ec735f1391d54ea98d6a7f877878472a&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm https://www.brill.com/abstract/title/60367 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032908325&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032908325&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032908325&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT markovaalena thepathtoasovietnationthepolicyofbelarusization AT verlagferdinandschoningh thepathtoasovietnationthepolicyofbelarusization

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