Russia: a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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New York ; London
Routledge
2021
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| Ausgabe: | Ninth edition |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | xiii, 384 Seiten genealogische Tafel, Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780367858889 |
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Contents List of illustrations Acknowledgments Preface to the Ninth Edition Preface to the First Edition 1 Introduction: Ancient Russia and Kievan Rus’ vii ix x xi 1 2 Kievan Rus’ in Crisis and the Mongol Contact, 1054-1462 19 3 The Rise of Moscow, 1328—1533 35 4 The Russian Empire and the Time of Troubles, 1533-1618 51 5 The Formation of Imperial Russian Society, 1613-1689 69 6 Peter the Great and the Conundrum of Westernization, 1689-1725 86 7 Change and Continuity, 1725-1801 101 8 Autocracy, Dissent, and Ferment, 1801-1855 122 9 Reform, Reaction, and Modernization, 1855-1904 141 10 Conflict, Revolution, and War, 1904—1917 164 11 Revolution, Civil War, and the Founding of the Soviet State, 1917-1928 184 12 The Stalin Revolution and World War II, 1928—1946 209 13 Stability and Stagnation during the Cold War, 1946-1984 235 14 The Collapse of the Soviet Union, 1985—1991 271
vi Contents 15 Russia in a Post-Soviet World, 1991-2000 295 16 Russia under Putin 320 Index 352
Index 9—11 see September 11 attacks 1998 financial crisis 299, 309, 324 2014 Winter Olympics 329 abdication 185—186, 344 Abkhazia 337, 344 Abkhaz people 314 abortion 265 absenteeism 265 absolute monarchy 56, 160, 174 absolute rule 46, 59; see also absolutism absolutism: 30, 37, 75-76; Alexander I 126; Ivan the Terrible 56, 59, 65-66; Nicholas II 165; Peter the Great 94 abuse 53, 331, 336; see also child abuse Academy of Sciences see Russian Academy of Sciences Adashev 54 addiction 301 Adrian 96 Adriatic Sea 23 aestheticism 175 Afghanistan: British-Russian competi tion 158; border with Tajikistan 314; Islamic fundamentalism 314; Soviet invasion 262-263; Soviet rule 310, 346; Soviet withdrawal 278, 280, 291; United States invasion 335, 339; war 277 Afghan people 262-263 Afghan War see Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) Africa: 74, 229, 249, 279, 346; autocracy in 346 agriculture: Alexander I 126; Catherine the Great 111-112, 119; Civil War 199; climate 3; collectivization 209, 212-214, 218-220, 227, 254, 272, 276, 282, 285, 299, 325; CPSU 212; disruption 150, 214; Duma Period 170, 172; early Slavs 17n4; exports 213, 325; Five-Year Plans 213-214; geography 3; Great Reforms 143, 152, 160; industrialization 126; Ivan the Terrible 62, 72; Kievan Rus’ 9, 19; Leonid Brezhnev 256, 258; Marxism 155-156; Mikhail Gorbachev 272, 276, 282, 285—286; modernization 150; Mongols 29; Moscow 37, 41; New Economic Policy 201, 211; Nikita Khrushchev 254; nobility 125, 152; northeastern Russia 22; Novgorod 21; obshchina 7, 124, 151; peasantry 211, 213; Peter the Great 83, 87, 95, 103; Peter Stolypin
172-173; prices 166, 178, 187, 325; privatization 299; reforms 172-173; requisitioning 199-200, 213; Russian nobility 125; role of women 265; serfdom 73-74, 108; serf emancipation 146; Sergei Witte 150; southwestern Russia 20; Stalin 210; Time of Troubles 60; Vladimir Putin 325; wages 166; World War II 226; yields 254; see also collectivization; see also serfdom Akhmadulina, Bella 282 Akhmatova, Anna 222, 282 Alaska 3, 17nl, 136 Albania 242, 266nl, 266n2, 313 Albanians 316, 343 alcohol 265 alcoholism: Boris Yeltsin 297—298, 308; crime 265; glasnost’ 283; life expectancy 301, 347; Mikhail Gorba chev 275; peasantry 151; women 302 Alexander I: 127 (fig.); Catherine the Great 118, 138; dissent 129; foreign
Index 353 policy 128, 134-136; reforms 123, 126—128, 170; succession 122, 129 Alexander II: 144 (fig.); assassination 141-142, 148; foreign policy 136-137, 158; reforms 143, 147, 160; serf emane pation 147; see also Great Reforms Alexander III 148-150, 160 Alexandra 178, 184 Alexei 178 Alexis (son of Peter the Great) 98 Alexis (Tsar) 69-70, 74-79, 82-83, 89 alliance: Catherine the Great 108; China 251; Cold War 237; Czechoslovakia 259; NATO 313; Paul I 119; Peter the Great 90; Stalin 223; Time of Troubles 64; Warsaw Pact 240; World War I 176-177; World War II 224-225 Allied intervention 194—199 Allies (Cold War) 239, 287, 311 Allies (First World War) 177, 187-188, 190, 195-196, 199 Allies (Second World War) 227, 229, 236-238 All-Russia Popular Front 333 Al-Qaeda 335 Alsace 177 ambassadors 82, 105, 341 America 133; see also United States Americans 153, 196, 229 American Revolution 157 American South 113 Americas 74 Amsterdam 345 Amur River 80, 160, 258, 261 Anastasia 54, 58, 65 Andreyeva, Nina 285 Andropov, Yuri 266, 272 Anglo-Soviet Agreement 226 Angola 262, 279 Anhalt-Zerbst 105 Animal Farm 282 Anna (Empress) 103—104, 114 annexation: 188; Austria 224; Catherine the Great 111; Caucasus 134; Crimea 111, 313, 321, 337, 345; Kazan 57; Iran 240; Ivan the Terrible 57; Moscow 79; Nicholas I 134; Novgorod 46; Poland 110-111; Soviet 225; Vasilii III 46 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 338 anti-Bolsheviks 186, 195-196, 198-200; see also Whites Antichrist 88 anti-communists 237, 261—262, 279 anti-foreignism 64; see also xenophobia anti-Georgians 314 anti-government activity 167, 346
Anti-Party Group 255 anti-Russians 310 anti-Semitism 149, 170, 243, 303 anti-Soviets 246, 254, 262 anti-Ukrainian forces 345 anti-Western rhetoric 321, 335, 338 appanage system 36; see also udel April Theses 189 Arab League 340 Arabs 10, 12, 17n4 Arab Spring 346 Arakcheyev, Aleksey 128 Aral Sea 264 archbishop 21, 66, 102 archeology 6, 17n4 architecture 12—13, 39, 83, 116, 304, 324 archives 220, 242 Arctic Ocean 1, 3-4, 22, 123, 328 aristocracy 20-21, 35—36, 54, 56, 59, 150, 152; see also boyars; see also nobility armed forces: imperial 141; in Syria 346; Leonid Brezhnev 257, 278; Mikhail Gorbachev 284; modernization 172; Peter the Great 94—95; Russian Fed eration 347; Stalin 243; Ukrainian 313; unrest in 169; Vladimir Putin 331; see also Imperial Russian Army (1721-1917); see also Red Army (1918-1946); see also Russian Army (Russian Federation); see also Russian Navy (1696-1917); see also Russian Navy (1992-); see also Soviet Navy (1918-1992) Armenia 17nl, 17n3, 136, 226, 287, 288, 314, 336, 345 Armenians 45, 157, 196 arms control 260, 278, 280, 309 arms race 260, 263, 277, 291 army see Imperial Russian Army (1721-1917) see Red Army (1918-1946) see Russian Army (Russian Federation) artisans 4, 10, 13, 21, 29, 83, 95, 113, 123, 130 artists 13, 131-132, 174-176, 220-222, 243, 248, 264, 282, 304 arts 11, 116, 123, 216, 221, 249, 282, 304 Asia: autocracy in 346; colonization of 110, 133; Cossacks in 62; exploration
354 Index of 91, 110; geography of 3; Mongols 23, 27; relation of Kievan Rus’ with 7, 9, 10, 16; revolutions in 210-211; Russian annexation of 134; Russian expansion in 91, 110, 123; Russian exports to 153; Russian foreign affairs in 93; Russian peasantry in 151; Russian relationship with 316, 342; socialism in 279; Soviet ties with 249; tensions in 279 al-Assad, Bashar 346 assassination: 167-168, 177; Akhmad Kadyrov 336; Alexander II vii, 141-142, 142 (fig.), 147֊ 148, 161, 18ІПІ; attempted of Alexander III 156; possibility of Peter III 105; Peter Stolypin 174 Astrakhan 32, 80, 97—98 Astrakhan, Khanate of 32, 57, 80 atheism 213 atheists 264 Atlantic Charter 237 Atlantic Ocean 1, 3-4, 281 Austerlitz 134 Austria 110-111, 134-135, 137, 198, 224, 249 Austrian (Habsburg) Empire 90, 110, 135-137 Austrians 177 Austria-Hungary 158, 173, 176-178, 195, 343 authority: absolutist 65; abuse of 284; administrative 149; Alexander I 128; Alexander III 149; autocratic 102; Bolshevik 193-194; Boris Yeltsin 306; boyar 47; Catherine the Great 106—107; central 330; challenges to 165, 194, 329; constitutional 289; CPSU 291; defiance of 76, 321; fiscal 307; Golden Horde 27—28; grand prince 59; Iaroslav the Wise 15; imperial 9; Ivan the Terrible 56, 58; judicial 149; Kievan Rus’ 14, 19; Lenin 195; Mikhail Gorbachev 284, 289-290; Mikheil Saakashvili 337; Mongol 30, 32; Moscow 22, 42, 46; Nicholas I 130; Nicholas II 185; Novgorod 15; Ottoman 136; papal 82; Patriarch Nikon 77; Peter the Great 89, 91, 103; Petrograd Soviet 187; presidential 329; Provisional Government 186; rebellion against 79;
regional 306; religious 49; resistance to 70, 166; restoration of 65; Revolution of 1905 165; Romanov 74; Russian Empire 9; Russian Orthodox Church 48, 77; secret police 218; secular 77; serf 124; Time of Troubles 63; traditional 147; Tsar Alexis 75; tsarist 56—57, 66, 76, 171; Vladimir the Great 15; Vladimir Putin 321, 330; weakening of 63; workers’ 190 autocracy: 46, 119, 153, 161nl, 205n2, 205n4; abolition of 157; Alexander I 128; Alexander II 142-143; Alexander III 148-150; Anna (Empress) 104; Byzantine models of 30, 56; Catherine the Great 102, 106, 109, 120; collapse of 185-187; development of 65; Fundamental Laws 170; Great Reforms 146; Konstantin Pobedonostsev 149; in Africa and Asia 346; Mongol impact on 28; Moscow 35, 61; Nicholas I 129-131, 148; Nicholas II 165; October Manifesto 165; opposition to 188; Orthodox Church 66, 76-77; overthrow of 297; Peter the Great 94; preservation of 160; resurrection of 75; revolution against 184; Time of Troubles 74; tsarist rule 66, 123; tsarist society 70, 126; Unofficial Committee 127 “Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and Nationality” 130 autonomy: Chechen 310, 336, 338; Cossacks 82, 108; cultural 217; ethnic 160, 187, 201, 236, 264; Finland 150, 157, 188; minority 160, 187, 201, 236; Mongols 32; Moscow 31; non- Russian 305; Novgorod 14, 21; oprichnina 58; Poland 130, 157; regional 316, 330, 337; religious 264; Russian 288; territorial 236; Ukraine 82, 112, 288 authoritarianism: 5, 123; Arab 346; Belarusian 314, 342; Bolshevik 195, 214, 217; Boris Yeltsin 295; Nicholas I 130; Soviet 194, 256, 258, 305, 316; Stalinist 221; Vladimir Putin
321, 329, 331, 334-335, 346 Avvakum 77-78 Axis powers 223-227, 229; see also Rome-Berlin Axis Azerbaijan 17nl, 17n3, 226, 287, 290, 314, 326 Azerbaijanis 287 Azeris see Azerbaijanis Azov 86-87, 91
Index Baikal see Lake Baikal Baikal-Amur Mainline Railway (ВАМ) 258 Bakunin, Michael 133 Balakirev, Milii 132 Balkans: Austria 137, 176-177; Eastern Orthodox Church 11; Germany 225; languages 17n4; Lithuania 43; Mongols 24, 26; Orthodox Christians 158; Ottoman Empire 136—137, 158; Russian Empire 134, 158, 176—177 Balkan Slavs 343 Balkan Wars 177 ballet 174, 176, 264, 304 Ballets Russes 176 Baltic languages 312-313 Baltic Sea: 1, 4, 166; Kievan Rus’ 7, 11, 15; Ivan the Terrible 59, 91; Lithuania 22, 43; Moscow 57; Novgorod 21, 46; Peter the Great 92-93; Teutonic Knights 22, 31; Time of Troubles 64 Baltic peoples 6, 80, 93, 123, 157, 196; see also Estonians; see also Latvians; see also Lithuanians Baltic provinces (Russian Empire) 104, 127, 169 Baltic republics (Soviet Union) 284, 301 Baltic states 225, 239, 312-313, 337-338, 341; see also Estonia; see also Latvia; see also Lithuania Balts see Baltic peoples banking 152, 173 banks 76, 192, 200, 325 Bashkirs 5, 98, 108 Batu Khan 24, 26—27, 32 Bazarov 132 Beijing 280 beggars’ allotments 146 Belarus 4, 11, 17nl, 17n3, 17n4, 20, 278; Chernobyl disaster 281; Eurasian Economic Union 345; independence of 290; Jewish population in 149; Mongols 31; nuclear weapons in 312, 315; Orthodox Church 17; Pale of Settlement 149; proposed union with Russia 314; Vladimir Putin 342 Belarusian language 12, 43 Belarusians 17n4, 31, 111-112, 123; nationalism 177; October Revolution 194; Provisional Government 188; self-determination 191 Belgium 136, 225 Belinsky, Vissarion 146 Benois, Alexandre 176 355 Beria, Lavrentiy 244, 255 Bering Strait 80
Berlin 227, 239, 252-253, 261; see also West Berlin Berlin Airlift 239 Berlin, Battle of 227 Berlin Wall 253, 287 Beslan 320-321, 336 Beslan massacre 321, 330 Bessarabia 134, 143, 225, 239; see also Moldova biological weapons 264 billionaires 326-327 Biron, Count 104 birth control 265 bishops 256 Bismarck, Otto von 158 Black Earth Region 151 Black Hundreds 170 black market 258 Black Sea: 4, 17n4, 123, 289, 329; Catherine the Great 110-112; Kievan Rus’ 7, 15-16; Lithuania 43; Mongols 23; Moscow 41; Ottoman Empire 136; Peter the Great 91; Varangians 6 Black Sea Fleet 91, 313 blockade 134, 239, 253 bloggers 334 Blok, Alexander 175 Bloody Sunday 167-168 Bogoliubskii, Andrei 16 Bolotnaya Square protests 333-334, 347; see also Snow Revolution Bolotnikov, Ivan 63, 108 Bolshevik Party: 116, 156; creation of the Soviet Union 291; Leon Trotsky 204; Nikita Khrushchev 245; regulation of 201; Stalin 202, 247; see also Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Bolshevik Revolution: 16, 51, 297; see also October Revolution Bolsheviks: collectivization 213; Kronstadt Rebellion 200; land policy 205; Leon Trotsky 169, 211; New Economic Policy 199; opposition to 186, 196; Petrograd Soviet 189; relationship with Germany 188; rise to power 190-194; role in Russian Civil War 194- 196, 198-200; use of terror 218; Vladimir Lenin 185, 188; War Communism 209 Bolshevism 195, 214, 217; see also Bolshevik Party
356 Index Bolshoi Theater 304 boomtowns 324 borderlands 62, 83, 112, 160 Boris Godunov (opera) 60 Borodin, Aleksandr 132 Borodino 135 Bosnia 177, 316 Bosnian Serbs 316 Bosporus Straits 136 bourgeois 188, 210, 243 bourgeoisie 130 boxing 322 boyars: 76; duma 15, 115; Kievan Rus’ 9-10; Ivan the Terrible 53-58, 66; Michael Romanov 74; Mongols 20-21, 26, 39; Moscow 35-36, 47, 49; Novgorod 22, 46; Peter the Great 95-98; Time of Troubles 60-66, 75; see also aristocracy; see also nobility boycott 171 brainwashing 220 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of 195-196 Brezhnev, Leonid: 257 (fig.); agricultural policies 258; Cold War 259; death 263, 266; détente 259, 263; dissidents 264; economic policies 257; ethnic policies 266; foreign policy 263; human rights 262; Khrushchev 235, 256; legacy 291; Mikhail Gorbachev 272; military policy 278; repression in Czechoslovakia 260; Richard Nixon 262; Sino-Soviet split 261; social contract 286; social problems 265; Stalin 220; years in power 256 Brezhnev Doctrine 260, 286 bribery 326, 334, 338, 347 Britain see Great Britain British India 158; see also India British Petroleum 328 The Brothers Karamazov 132; see also Fyodor Dostoyevsky Broz, Josip 240 Buddhism 303 budget 95, 108, 128, 146, 151, 171, 244, 262, 278, 299, 304, 310, 315, 336 budget deficit 298 budget surplus 324 Bukharin, Nikolai 204, 211, 218, 220 Bulavin, Kondratii 98 Bulgaria: 266nl, 266n2, 287; revolt against Ottoman Empire 158 Bulgarians 158 Bulgars 6 bureaucracy: Alexander III 149; Boris Yeltsin 297; Crimean War 144; corruption in 328; criticism of 282, 347; imperial 123; intelligentsia
131; interference of 300; Kazakhstan 287; lack of independence 103; Leonid Brezhnev 259; Mikhail Gorbachev 277, 285; Nicholas I 130; Nikita Khrushchev 255—256; opposition within 144; Paul I 119; Peter the Great 94, 96, 99, 103; red tape 326; reform of 298; Revolution of 1905 173; role of nobility 114, 152; Sergei Witte 150; seventeenth century 84; Slavophiles 133; Soviet 218-219, 281; Stalin 246; tsarist 76, 160; Vladimir Dudintsev 248; Vladimir Putin 323 bureaucrats 76, 130, 132, 246, 256, 283-284, 298 Bush, George H. W. 280 Bush, George W. 315, 337-340 Byzantine Empire: 6—7, 12, 17n4; architecture 13, 40; autocracy in 30, 56; borrowing from 46, 65; culture 17; decline of 45; iconography 39; influence of 14; Kievan Rus’ 11, 13; trade 7, 9; 20; weakening of 16 Byzantine Christianity 4, 11-12, 77; see also Orthodox Christianity Byzantines 14 Byzantium 10, 13-16 caliphate 346 Cambodia 279-280 Camp David 261 camps see forced labor see gulag Cam Ranh Bay 314 Canada 3, 78 canals 125 cancer 301 cannibalism 61 capitalism: 299, 328; Boris Yeltsin 297; Communist opposition to 305; Karl Marx 155—156; Mikhail Gorbachev 278; Nikita Khrushchev 248, 255; Vladimir Lenin 188, 200; Stalin 224, 243; transition to 300; “Wild East” 302 Caribbean 242 Carpathian Mountains 20 Carter, Jimmy 262 cash 71, 73, 301, 325 Caspian Sea 3, 26, 41, 93, 196, 314 Castro, Fidel 249, 279
Index Catherine I 103—104 Catherine II (the Great): 97, 101—102, 104—120, 107(fig.); Alexander I 126, 138; enlightened despotism 129; guberniia 109; influence of Peter the Great 97; legacy 119—120; Legislative Commission 108-109; nationalities policy 111-112; Paul I 107, 118; role in death of Peter III 101-102, 105; successors 109; territorial expansion 110; Yemelyan Pugachev 108, 113 Catholicism see Roman Catholic Church Catholic Church see Roman Catholic Church Catholics see Roman Catholics Caucasians 80, 136, 236 Caucasus: 287, 295, 303, 306, 320, 335-336; Batu Khan 24; Beslan 320; Islamic fundamentalism in 311, 338; new states in 314; nationalism in 157; Nicholas I 136; Russian annexation of 134, 143; Russian influence in 337; Russian relationship with 314; Stalin 202, 236; terrorism in 310; war in 310-311; World War II 226 Caucasus Mountains 320; see also Caucasus Ceausescu, Nicolai 287 censors 347 censorship 117, 119, 123, 130-131, 146, 174 Central Asia 3, 24, 62, 80, 93, 111, 158, 196, 227, 236, 264; deportation of Chechens to 310; Eurasian Economic Union 345; new states in 314; Russian intervention in 314; Russian relationship with 314, 342 Central Asians 266, 303 Central Committee 218, 220, 243, 255-256, 265, 273 (fig.), 285 Central Europe 9, 24, 26, 57, 123, 126, 154-155, 261, 281 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 310, 315 centralization 35, 65, 77, 84, 112, 130, 209, 275, 329 centralized economy 214, 297 centralized government 5, 19, 22, 73, 83, 94, 157, 217 centralized planning 214 Central Powers 177-178, 187, 195-196 centrists 285, 307, 310 Chagall, Marc 176,
221 357 Chancellor, Richard 55 Charles XII 91-92, 111 Charter of the Nobility 109, 114 chauvinism 215, 308 Chechen War see First Chechen War see Second Chechen War Chechens: Boris Yeltsin 295; independence demands 336; rebellion of 320; resistance of 297, 310; Stalin 236; terrorism 336 “Chechenization” 336 Chechnya 306, 336 Cheka 198 Chekhov, Anton 175 Chernenko, Konstantin 266, 272 Chernigov 43 Chernobyl disaster 281 Chernomyrdin, Viktor 306, 309 The Cherry Orchard 175; see also Anton Chekhov chess 331 Chiang Kai-shek 222, 242, 250 child abuse 265 child care 302 childhood 52, 89, 126 children 53, 57, 64, 69, 96, 105, 124, 138, 167, 174, 186, 249, 301, 320-321, 336 Children of the Arbat 282 China: 80, 262-263, 300, 311, 328; Boris Yeltsin 314; civil war in 242; control in Korea 160; control in Manchuria 160; Cultural Revolution 261; Mikhail Gorbachev 277, 279-280, 291; Mongols 23—24; Peter the Great 93; reforms 285; revolution in 209; role in Korean War 242, 249; role in United Nations 237; Vladimir Putin 342-343; see also People’s Republic of China (PRC) Chinese 24, 327 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 209, 222, 242, 251 Chosen Council 54, 57 Christianity: 74, 77-78, 135; adoption of in Kievan Rus’ 11-12, 15-16, 49; Georgia 134; holy places 136; minorities 136; role of in Russian history 30; theology 66; see also Orthodox Church; see also Roman Catholic Church Chronicle of Current Events 264 The Chronicle of Novgorod 22 Churchill, Winston 236-237, 239 Church of the Savior’s Blood 142
358 Index church-state separation 49 CIA see Central Intelligence Agency cities 7, 24, 58, 114, 116, 123, 125, 142, 150, 153, 160, 178, 180, 187, 193, 199-200, 216, 263, 324, 326, 334-335; see also Kiev; see also Moscow; see also Saint Petersburg city-states 20, 83 civil war 10, 15, 37, 42, 51, 60, 111, 240, 242, 249, 259, 279, 314, 329, 340, 346; see also Time of Troubles Civil War see Russian Civil War class struggle 255 clergy 39, 45, 60, 69, 75, 77-78, 83, 114, 123, 131, 171, 256 climate 3, 80, 216 Clinton, Bill 309, 315 codification 55, 108, 130 Cold War: 237-266, 346; end of 278, 291; nuclear weapons 312; resumption of 344; see also Second Cold War collective farm 8, 173, 212-213, 218, 227, 254, 272, 276, 325 collective leadership 244 collective security 223—224 collective spirit 12 collectivization 212-214, 219-220, 282, 285; see also agriculture collectivism 9, 12 colonization: 39, 74, 325; Asia 110; Catherine the Great 112; French 259; imperial 111, 188; Ivan the Great 46; Moscow 37; North America 134; Novgorod 22; Siberia 80, 111 Cominform 240 Comintern 240; see also Communist International command economy 298 “commanding heights” 200 commerce: 5 (fig.), 73-74; Bolshevik policies toward 199; Crimean Tatars 111; European 29, 33; Kievan Rus’ 6—7, 9—10, 14—16; in Central Asia 314; in Moscow 37, 41, 43, 47-48; in the northwest 21; in the southwest 20; Mongol impact on 30; NEP 201; Peter the Great 94, 96; revolutions in 83; Vladimir the Great 11; Western 303; Western European 76; see also trade Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 290, 305, 312, 345 communal farm
see obshchina communes see obshchina communication 125, 135, 151, 174, 187, 191, 199, 254, 326, 340 communism: achievement by 1980 254; ashes of 296; Boris Yeltsin 309; collapse of 295; Karl Marx 155; Nazi opposition to 223; Orthodox Church 303; Nazi-Soviet Pact 224; reimposi tion of 243; spread of 198, 246; threat of 240; see also Leninism; see also Marxism; see also Marxism-Leninism Communist International 198, 202, 240; see also Comintern Communist Party of Germany see German Communist Party Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU): 209; alliances with 223; authoritarianism in 214; Boris Yeltsin 285; demise of 290-291; discipline within 235; glasnost’ 281; indepen dence from 288; industrialization 216; Leon Trotsky 212; Mikhail Gorbachev 272, 273 (fig.), 275, 284; opposition to 285; opposition within 211; organization 217֊ 218; purges within 220; Stalin 210, 215; reorgani zation of 256; struggle against Axis 229; see also Bolshevik Party communists: 224; Chinese 242, 250-251; Eastern European 240; former 298, 303, 307, 324; German 222; Polish 286; post-Soviet 305, 308, 330; Russian 202; Soviet 223, 238, 240; Spanish 223; Vietnamese 259; Western 250; Yugoslav 240, 249 community: Eastern Slavs 12; imperial 130; intellectual 265; international 328; Jewish 170; Muscovite 49; peasant 73; world 346 competition: between Catholic Church and Orthodox Church 83; for profit 297; media 304; Ottoman Empire 184; peaceful 249; political 248; religious 303; superpower 263; Vladimir Putin 322; with Great Britain 136; with United States 136, 229 concentration camps see forced labor;
see gulag conflict: between Moscow and Lithuania 43; Boris Yeltsin 306; Chechen 311; civil 272; ethnic 103; Germany 221; Ivan Turgenev 132; Ivan the Terrible 54; Karl Marx 155; Ottoman Empire 134, 136; Poland 111; political 316; Revolution of 1905 143; Russian Civil
Index War 194; social 51, 77; Vietnam War 279; within Russia 305; World War I 177; World War II 225 Congress of Berlin 158 Congress of Deputies 305 Congress of People’s Deputies 284 Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party see Second Congress (1903) Congress of Soviets see Second Congress (1924) Congress of Vienna 135 Congress (United States) 239 Connecticut 42 conquest: imperial 112; Ivan the Great 46; Ivan the Terrible 57; Mongol 1, 11, 26, 29-32; Moscow 37 conscription 108, 146, 331; see also draft; see also recruitment conservation 301 conservatism: 74; Alexander I 128; Alexander II 143, 147-148; Alexander III 149; Boris Yeltsin 305-307, 316; Greece 240; KGB 244; Lavr Kornilov 191; Mikhail Gorbachev 271-272, 284-285, 287, 289; Nicholas I 123, 130-131; Nicholas II 165, 174, 186; Nikolai Gogol 132; noble 145; Old Believers 79; opposition 88; Orthodox Church 303; Paul I 119; Peter the Great 89, 97-98; Revolution of 1905 168-173; Spanish Civil War 223; Stalinism 221; United States 337; Yugoslavia 240; World War II 224 Constantine (brother of Alexander I Nicholas I) 118, 122 Constantinople: Kievan Rus’ 6, 9-13, 15, 39; Mongols 30; Ottoman Empire 45-46, 48, 136-137, 177, 190; Russian Empire 111 Constituent Assembly 168, 186, 188, 190, 193, 195 constitution: 1936 Soviet 217-218; 1977 Soviet 258, 284; 1993 Russian 307-308, 316, 323-324, 332-333, 336; Alexander I 128; Decembrist revolt 122; Fundamental Laws 170; Poland 130 Constitutional Democratic Party 157, 168; see also Kadets constitutional convention 306 constitutional government 133, 147, 157, 165
constitutionalism 170 359 constitutional monarchy 129 consumer goods 214, 244, 255, 298—300 consumer industry see industry consumerism 297, 303 consumers 10, 258, 276, 286, 301, 328 containment policy 238 Contarini, Ambrogio 47 Continental System 134 contract 9, 47, 276, 323, 328 Contras 279 conversion 11, 48, 78 cooperatives 174, 276 corruption: Brezhnev 259; in the Caucasus 338; in Poland 263; Gorbachev’s attacks on 274, 281, 284, 291; local 321; Tsar Alexis 69; under the Romanovs 76; under Boris Yeltsin 295, 297, 300, 309, 316, 331; under Vladimir Putin 321, 326, 329, 331, 334, 336, 347 Cossacks: 62; anti-Bolshevik tendencies of 196; in Astrakhan 97; in Chechnya 310; escape to 72; Kondratii Bulavin 98; in Ukraine 82, 92; Paul I 119; social revolution among 61, 184; Stenka Razin 70; Yemelyan Pugachev 108 Council of the Hundred Chapters 55 Council of Ministers see USSR Council of Ministers Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) 242, 266n2 Council of People’s Commissars 192 coup d’état: against Ivan VI 104; against Paul I 119, 126; against Peter III 102; rumors of 179; see also putsch counterintelligence 323; see also Federal Security Bureau counterreform 148-149 counterrevolution 191, 194, 250 CPSU see Communist Party of the Soviet Union creativity 116, 123, 130, 170, 174, 221, 235, 248, 281, 286, 291, 300, 304, 316 crime 154, 220-221, 265, 282, 289, 295, 297, 300-303, 307, 316, 336; see also mafia Crime and Punishment 132; see also Fyodor Dostoyevsky Crimea see Crimean Peninsula Crimean Khanate 57 Crimean Peninsula: 23, 32, 91, 137; annexation of 111; Axis
occupation of 226; Gorbachev vacation on 289;
360 Index Russian annexation of 321, 337, 345; transfer from Russian Soviet Republic to Ukrainian Soviet Republic 313 Crimean Tatars: 59, 89, 91, 110-111, 236, 313; deportation of 236 Crimean War: 134, 137—138, 157; Russian defeat in 143—144 crisis: agricultural 72; Alexis 69, 76, 79; Boris Yeltsin 321; Bosnia 177; capitalism 155; Chechen 321, 335; Cuban Missile 253-254, 259; Czechoslovakia 224, 259; demographic 301; economic 51, 290, 328; financial 309; fiscal 299; foreign policy 157; health 347; HIV/AIDS 301; imperial 160; infrastructure 326; Ivan the Terrible 60; Karl Marx 155; Lenin 193; Mikhail Gorbachev 289; Nikita Khrushchev 254; political 160, 306; Provisional Government 190; revolutionary 179; Sino-Soviet 261; succession 89; Time of Troubles 65, 89 crony capitalism 299 cronyism 259, 295, 307, 309 crop failure 214 crops 7, 23, 29, 71, 124, 151, 172, 211, 214; see also agriculture cruise missiles 261 Cuba 249, 266n2, 277-279 Cuban Missile Crisis 253-254, 259 Cui, César 132 culture: 3-4, 7; Byzantine influence 14, 17; commercial 303; destruction of 108; during the Enlightenment 115; during the nineteenth century 103; during the Silver Age 174—176; elite 119; European 138, 347; French 105; imperial 116, 124; in Kievan Rus 12—13, 15; Lithuanian 43; local 266; minority 266; Mongol impact on 32; Moscow 35-36, 83; national 120; non-Russian 31; Novgorod 21; Polish 130; popular 119; role of Orthodox Church in 39; rural 263; Russian 303-305, 344; Russification 123; Soviet 217, 221, 248, 303; spread of 117; traditional 264; Ukrainian 82; under the Bolsheviks 199; under
Catherine the Great 109, 119-120; under Peter the Great 88, 93, 97, 99; Western 131, 236, 286; world 116, 133, 174, 176 Cultural Revolution 261 Cumans 9, 16, 20 currency 328 cyber espionage 341 cyberwarfare 341 Cyril 11-12 Cyrillic alphabet 12 Czechoslovakia: 313; communist takeover in 239; Council of Mutual Economic Assistance 266n2; German occupation of 224; impact of Helsinki Accords on 261; rejection of socialism 287; Soviet invasion of 259-260; Soviet treaty with 223; Velvet Revolution 287; Warsaw Pact 266nl; see also Czech Republic; see also Slovakia Czechoslovak Legion 196 Czech Republic: 287, 340; NATO membership 313; see also Czechoslovakia dacha 289, 299 Dagestan 311, 338 Dardanelles 240 Dead Souls 132 debt: 10, 47, 71-72, 114, 125, 146, 237, 280; external 299; foreign 195, 324 Decembrist Revolt 103, 123, 138, 138nl, 165 Decembrists 122-123, 129, 165 decentralization 22, 275-276 Deep Purple 332 defense 3-A, 64-65, 110, 214, 226, 238, 243-244, 274, 278, 299, 328, 338 democracy: Boris Yeltsin 305, 307, 316; during Duma Period 172; in Georgia 337; Mikhail Gorbachev 275, 285; Vladimir Putin 329, 331, 346 Democratic National Committee 341 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea see North Korea democratization 283-285, 288, 291 demography 5, 301 de-Nazification 239 denationalization 200 denuclearization 309 department stores 324 deportation 236, 239 desert 1, 158 desertion 87, 108, 178, 331 despotism 119 despots 259 de֊Stalinization 244, 247-249, 251, 255-256, 258
Index détente 259—263, 280 devaluation 299, 324 “developed socialism” 258 developing world 279, 291 deviance 282 Diaghilev, Sergei 176 dialectical materialism 155 dialectic method 155 dictatorship: Bolshevik 193; Iraqi 339; Karl Marx 155; Libyan 340; military 191; Nazi Germany 225; Nicholas I 130; one-party 205; Stalinist 201, 204, 219, 236, 238, 243-244, 258 “dictatorship of law” 334 dictatorship of the proletariat 255 diet 151 diplomacy: 177; Cold War 237; Mikhail Gorbachev 277-278; Moscow 38; Nikita Khrushchev 249; Lenin 199; partitions of Poland 110; Peter the Great 90; Stalin 223, 240; Vasilii III 46; with China 251; with France 153; with Georgia 337; with Germany 224; with Japan 166; with North Korea 342; World War I 177, 229 diplomats 47, 202 disarmament see nuclear disarmament discipline: Alexander I 128; Bolshevik 188; factory 154; labor 216, 266; Mongol 23—24; Paul I 119; Russian Imperial Army 178, 191; Soviet 235 disease 22, 37, 52, 124, 135, 200, 265, 301 disorder: agricultural 150; Chechnya 311; civil 64—65, 169; Duma Period 168; military 170; nationalist 169; Nicholas II 184; peasant 151, 157, 167, 170; Russian Empire 164; social 54; see also riots dissidents: Alexander I 129; Decembrists 122; Leonid Brezhnev 235, 260, 262, 264; Mikhail Gorbachev 281, 284; Vladimir Putin 322 dissident movement 260, 264 diversity 35, 57, 59, 108, 123, 178, 304 diversification 300, 325, 328 divorce 265, 301, 316 “Dizzy with Success” 213 Dmitrii Donskoi 42-43, 45 Dmitrii (son of Ivan the Terrible) 57, 60-61, 64 Dnieper Cossacks 82, 98 Dnieper River 5-7, 11, 15, 21, 41, 82, 111
Dniester River 111 Doctors’ Plot 243 361 Doctor Zhivago 282 doctrine: Leninist 202; Mikhail Gorbachev 278; Nikita Khrushchev 248, 252-253; Old Believers 78; Orthodox Church 38; socialist 157; Soviet 248; Stalinist 211 Donbas 329, 337 Donbas War see War in Donbas Don Cossacks 97, 119 Donetsk 345 Don River 70, 86-87 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor 132 draft 94, 108, 331; see also conscription; see also recruitment draft evasion 271 Dresden 323 drugs 220, 282, 301, 316, 335 drunkenness see alcoholism Dubček, Alexander 259 Dudintsev, Vladimir 248 Duma Era 170, 174 duma (Kievan Rus’): boyar 15, 20, 54, 56, 96, 115 Duma (Russian Empire): 168, 170-174, 186; see also First Duma (1906); see also Second Duma (1907); see also Third Duma (1907-1912); see also Fourth Duma (1912—1917) Duma (Russian Federation) 290, 302-303, 307-309; 324, 327, 330-335 Dutch 90 dynasty 59-60, 63, 65, 185; see also Romanov dynasty Dzhugashvili, Joseph see Joseph Stalin Earth 1, 3 East Asia 4, 158, 166, 169, 196, 242, 251, 280, 328, 342; financial crisis in 299 East Germany 239, 242, 252, 261, 266nl, 266n2, 287, 323; see also German Democratic Republic Eastern Europe: coalition governments in 239; communism in 240, 242; de֊Stalinization in 255; disagreements over 239; German influence in 225, 282; German retreat in 227; Mikhail Gorbachev 286-288, 291; NATO expansion in 338; Nikita Khrushchev 249; nuclear weapons in 340; political alignment of 238; political conces sions in 239; Red Army in 240, 279; Russian competition with Poland in 93; Russian Empire in 70; Russian influence in 315; security of 314;
362 Index Slavic languages in 17n4; Slavs in 147; socialism in 279, 286—287; Soviet dominance in 209, 238; Soviet hegemony in 240; Soviet influence in 238; Soviet occupation of 236; Soviet position in 261; Vladimir Putin 338; Western allies in 223 Eastern Front (World War I) 178 Eastern Front (World War II) 227, 228 (fig.) Eastern Orthodox Church see Orthodox Church Eastern Question 136 Eastern Slavs 12, 26, 33, 80; see also Slavs ecology 283 economism 156 economy: 1998 financial crisis 324; agricultural 130, 143, 172; Alexander III 149; backwardness of 119; Belarusian 314; Boris Yeltsin 297; capital 153; changes in 256; Civil War 199; collapse of 180, 286, 289; cronyism 307; difficulty 329; disrup tion of 169; diversification 325, 328; domestic 178, 328; during the Duma Era 174; export 134, 343; German 239; growth of 274, 299, 316, 324, 326; imperial 173; industrialization 126; innovation 332; in Soviet Russia 194; Ivan the Terrible 59, 74; Kievan Rus’ 9-10, 16, 29; Lenin 200; market 286, 309; Mikhail Gorbachev 274—275, 290-291; mismanagement of 279; modernization 160, 332; Mongol impact on 33; Moscow 41, 47, 65, 255; Nicholas II 150; Nikita Khrushchev 266; pensions 302; Peter the Great 93-95; Polish 286; privatization of 285, 287, 298; reform of 290; role of Wes tern aid 315; role of energy 300; rural 276; second 258; serf 113, 123—125; seventeenth century 84; socialist 297; Soviet 201, 214, 246, 254-255, 257, 276, 278; Stalinism 235; state control of 213, 218, 297, 327, 331; Ukrainian 313; Vladimir Putin 327; Western influence on 344; World War I 194 education: 347;
Alexander I 126-128; Alexander II 143, 146-148; Alexis 77-78, 83; Bolsheviks 199; Boris Yeltsin 296, 316; Catherine the Great 106, 109, 116—117, 120; Christianity 11-12; Decembrists 123; dissidents 264; Dmitry Medvedev 332; Duma Period 168-169, 172, 174, 176; elite 124, 144; health 301; intelligentsia 154; Ivan the Terrible 52, 54; Kievan Rus’ 11—13; Leonid Brezhnev 235, 263, 265—266; Mikhail Gorbachev 272, 281- 282, 285, 291; Mongols 31, 39; Moscow 59; Nicholas I 130, 138; Nicholas II 150; Nikita Khrushchev 245; nineteenth century 137; Novgorod 21; Orthodox Church 39; Pan- Slavism 158; Paul I 119; Peter the Great 89-90, 94, 96-97, 113-115; Provisional Government 187, 190; Soviet 216-218, 220-221, 326; Stalin 202; Vladimir Putin 322, 325-326, 330-331, 333, 337; Western 131; Westernizers 133; women 302; World War I 178 egalitarianism 9, 286, 303 Egypt 261 Ehrenburg, Ilya 248 Eisenstein, Sergei 53, 221 elections: Boris Yeltsin 299, 307-309, 316; Constituent Assembly 188, 193; Duma 170, 309, 324, 330, 332-333; First Duma 171; free 297; Georgia 288; local 306; Michael Romanov 51; parliamentary 307—308; Petrograd Soviet 187; Poland 239, 286; popular 285; Provisional Government 190; rigged 347; Soviet 217, 284; Ukraine 342, 344; United States 262, 341; Vladimir Putin 323-324, 327, 330-336 elite: 170; Alexis 83-84; Bolshevik 188; Boris Yeltsin 298; boyar 55, 75; conservative 173; CPSU 272; educated 97, 124, 128, 138, 178, 282; enlightened 116; Europeanization of 119; imperial 74, 97, 106, 137, 144, 194; Kievan Rus’ 13; non-Russian 266; Novgorod 46; party 218, 244, 255, 259, 272;
postSoviet 298,316; privileged 114—115,124, 145, 173, 190; ruling 160; Soviet 220; Westernization of 116 Elizabeth (Empress) 103—106 emancipation see serf emancipation emigration: artist 176; ethnic Russian 314; Jewish 262, 264, 281, 283, 291; opponent 218; peasant 151 enclave 236, 316, 337 energy sector 299-300, 313, 324—325, 327-328, 332, 342-343, 347; see also natural gas; see also nuclear energy; see also oil (petroleum)
Index England 55-56, 90, 102, 113, 177; see also Great Britain; see also United Kingdom English 55, 134 English language 281, 332 enlightened despotism 106 enlightened despot 106, 115 enlightened ruler 105 Enlightenment 106, 108, 115, 117—119, 124, 126, 128, 130, 138, 157 entrepreneur 83, 88, 102, 113, 125, 152, 300, 326 environment 3, 5, 264, 283, 302, 330 environmental degradation 217, 256, 283, 301, 313, 316, 326, 329, 347 environmentalism 264, 280, 301 espionage 253, 322, 341 Estonia: 17nl, 17n3, 91; communism in 243; ethnic Russians in 312; European Union membership 345; independence movements in 288; independence of 290; Ivan the Terrible 57; nationalism in 288; NATO membership 313, 337; Peter the Great 92-93; relationship with Russian Federation 341; Russian speakers in 312; Russian troops in 313; Soviet control of 225, 239; withdrawal of Russian troops from 313 Estonians: 157; demands for indep endence 287 Ethiopia 223, 262, 278-279 ethnic groups 70, 150, 266 ethnicity 4 ethnic minorities 190, 196, 264 ethnic rights 108 ethnic tensions 283 ethnic violence 305 Eugene Onegin 131 Eurasia 1, 3, 24, 32, 80, 93 Eurasian Economic Union 345 Euromaidan 344 Europe see Central Europe see Eastern Europe see Northern Europe; see Western Europe European Enlightenment see Enlightenment European Russia 4—5, 41, 110 Europeanization 93-94, 102, 119 European Union (EU) 301, 312, 321, 328, 343-344, 346 “evil empire” 263 exile 58, 70, 77, 98, 113, 127, 133, 149, 155-156, 171, 188, 203-204, 218-220, 243, 264, 282, 327 363 expansionism 28, 160, 240 exploration 55, 80, 91, 93, 110, 280,
300 exports 95, 125-126, 134, 150-151, 153, 211, 213, 279, 299-300, 325, 328, 343, 347 extortion 300-301, 310, 335 Eylau 134 factories 108, 146, 150, 152-156, 169, 173, 179, 190, 200, 211, 215-216, 239, 275, 297-300, 326 False Dmitrii I 61—62, 63 (fig.) False Dmitrii II 63-64 Far East see East Asia famine 22, 37, 60, 62, 72, 124, 151, 199-200, 213, 220, 235; see also hunger fascism 223, 226, 229, 237 Fascists 223-224 Fathers and Sons 132 Fatherland (political party) 324 February Revolution 185-188, 190, 192, 203 Federal Republic of Germany 239; see also West Germany federal system 190, 201, 217, 290-291, 305, 330 Federal Security Bureau 323 Federation Council 306, 330 feminists 302 Feodor I 59-60, 63 Feodor III 70, 89 fertility 95, 301 feudalism 9, 19, 83, 155-156, 188 Filaret 65, 74, 76 film 53, 221, 282, 304 finance 72, 96, 130, 150-151, 309 Finland 17nl, 93, 134, 143, 150, 157, 225, 237, 242, 255, 261, 311 Finno-Ugric groups 80 Finns 6, 93, 123, 157, 188, 196, 225 First Chechen War 303, 308, 310-311, 321, 323, 329, 335-336 First Duma (1906) 170-171 First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932) 212-214 First World War see World War I fiscal crisis 299 fiscal policy 37, 95, 108, 146, 149-150, 153, 158, 172 fish 264 fishing 17n4, 314 Five-Year Plan 214, 217; see also First Five-Year Plan (1928—1932); see also
364 Index Second Five Year-Plan (1932—1937); see also Fourth Five-Year Plan (1946-1953) Fonvizin, Denis 116 forbidden year 72 forced labor 213, 216, 218, 220, 236, 243, 246, 248; see also gulag foreign intervention see Allied intervention foreign investment 153, 276, 300, 323, 326-327 foreigners 64-65, 89-90, 153 forest 1, 9, 19, 21-22, 39, 43, 49 Fourth Duma (1912-1917) 171-172, 179 Fourth Five-Year Plan (1946-1953) 237 Franco, Francisco 223 Franco-Russian Alliance 177 France; 123; Alexander I 134-135; communists in 238, 240, 242; German invasion of 225; involvement in Vietnam 259; loans to Russia 153, 169, 176; Napoleon 128; Ottoman Empire 137; Paul I 119; revolutions in 136; role in Russian Civil War 196; Russian alliances with 135, 176-177; Soviet diplomacy with 223—225, 238; “war scare” of 1927 222; United Nations 237 Fredericks, Vladimir 164 Frederick the Great 101, 105 freedom of the press 281, 307 Free France 226 free speech 307 freedom of the press 281, 307 French Revolution 106, 117, 154, 155, 188, 210, 297 Friedland 134 “frightful collision” 202, 248 Fundamental Laws 170 furs 4, 6-7, 21, 72, 80 Gaddafi, Muammar 340 Gaidar, Yegor 298, 306 Galicia 20-21, 31 gambling 301 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad 288 gangs 170, 301; see also mafia Gapon, George 167 gas see natural gas “gathering of the Russian lands” 49 Gazprom 332, 343 Geneva 280 General Secretary 202, 204, 273 (fig.), 275 Genghis (Chingiz) Khan 24, 26 (fig.), 30, 32; see also Temuchin gentry 55-56, 60֊61, 73, 75-76, 95, 171; see also aristocracy; see also boyars; see also nobility geography 1, 5, 12, 14, 41, 93, 97,
110, 123 Georgia: 17nl, 17n3, 226; civil war in 312; Eurasian Economic Union 345; nationalism in 288; opposition to Bolsheviks in 196; Orthodox Church in 45; Russian annexation of 134; Russian military presence in 313; Russian relationship with 336; Russian struggle with Persia over 134; separatism in 314; Soviet incorporation of 203; Stalin 202; war with Russia 335, 337, 341, 344 Georgians 134, 157, 196 Gergiev, Valery 304 German Communist Party 222 German Democratic Republic 239, 252—253; see also East Germany German Empire 158, 176-178, 195-196 German Party 104 German states 13, 135 Germany: defeat of 250, 341; division of 238-239, 260; reparations 237, 239; reunification 287, 291, 323; Soviet occupation of 236-237, 242; unification 158; see also East Germany; see also Federal Republic of Germany; see also German Democratic Republic; see also Nazi Germany; see also West Germany gerontocracy 272 Ginzburg, Yevgenia 219 glasnosť 281—283, 286, 288 Glinka, Michael 132 globalization 325 Godunov, Boris 60-62 Gogol, Nikolai 132 gold 27, 328 Golden Horde 27—28, 31—32; see also Mongols gold standard 150 Gomułka, Władysław 249 Goncharova, Natalia 176 goods 4, 7, 9-10, 16, 29, 48, 83, 153, 155, 200, 211, 214, 239, 258, 275-276, 324, 342; see also consumer goods; see also luxury goods
Index Gorbachev, Mikhail 235, 254, 256, 265-266, 271-291, 273 (fig.), 280, 297, 305, 311, 315, 347 Gorbachova, Raisa 272 Gorky 264, 282; see also Nizhnii Novgorod Gorky, Maxim 175 Gosplan 212 Goths 17n4 governor 55, 63, 76, 98, 109, 146, 306, 330, 334 Grachev, Pavel 310 graft 331 grain 21, 126, 150-151, 166, 178, 187, 199-200, 211, 213, 254, 286, 325; see also agriculture Grand Alliance 226, 229, 235, 237, 243 Grand Army 134—135 Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich 186 Grand Duke Nikolai 164 Grand Embassy 90 grand prince 16, 27, 32, 36, 38, 43, 46, 48, 56, 59, 71, 74 Great Britain 110, 113, 123, 134-137, 177, 196, 222-226, 229, 237-238; see also United Kingdom Great Leap Forward 297 Great Northern War 91, 93, 97, 111 Great Patriotic War see World War II Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution see Cultural Revolution Great Recession 324 Great Reforms 143-149, 152, 160; see also Alexander II Great War see World War I Greece 137, 225, 240, 242 Greek language 11, 83 Greek Orthodox Church 4, 6, 11, 45, 78—79; see also Eastern Orthodox Church Greeks 137, 240 Griboyedov Canal 141 Group of Eight (G8) 338 Grozny 310-311 Guards Regiment 89, 101-102, 104—105, 129, 184 guberniia 109 guerrillas 135, 243, 246, 336 guerrilla warfare 79, 240, 262, 310, 336 Guggenheim Museum 304 gulag 216, 218, 220, 243, 246, 248; see also forced labor Gulf of Finland 283 365 Gulf War (1990-1991) 281, 339; see also Iraq War (2003-2011) hackers 341 Hagia Sophia see Saint Sophia Hamas 339 harvest 23, 47, 71-72, 125, 150 health 112, 146, 151, 265-266, 283, 289, 295, 298, 308-309, 323, 330-331 health care 174, 265,
297, 301-302, 316, 326, 332, 347 heavy industry see industry Hellenic Empire see Byzantium Helsinki Accords 261 hemophilia 178 Henry VIII of England 56 Hermitage Museum 304 Hermogen 64—65 heroin 301 A Hero of Our Times 132 Herzen, Alexander 133 Hezbollah 339 historians: 9, 12, 37, 41, 43, 51, 54, 77, 109, 126, 151, 170, 174, 180, 185, 213, 218, 237, 239; Ukrainian 82 historical materialism 155 Hitler, Adolf 210, 222-227, 229, 282 HIV/AIDS 301, 316, 347 Hõ Chi Minh 249, 259 Holland 90; see also Netherlands hooligans 250 hooliganism 322 Holy Alliance 135 Holy Roman Emperor 46 Holy Synod 96, 149 homogeneity 19 honey 7, 21 hospitals 96, 178, 264, 301 hostages 320-321, 336 hotline 254 human rights 261-262, 281, 303, 334 human rights abuses 264 human rights violations 335 Hungarians 20, 249-250 Hungary 20, 136, 198, 225, 236-237, 249-251, 266nl, 266n2, 287, 313; see also Austria-Hungary hunger 173; see also famine Huns 23 hunter-gatherer society 155 hunters 7 hunting 17n4, 23 Hussein, Saddam 280, 339
366 Index Jaroslav the Wise 14—15, 20 Internet 329, 333 Iceland 280 intervention 103, 138, 223, 259—260, 329, icons: 41 (fig.); 12-13, 39, 167 337, 340, 342, 346; see also Allied idealism 133, 156 intervention ideology 94, 130, 156, 176, 217, 227, 238, investment 125, 152—153, 254, 276, 300, 255, 297 323, 326—328; see also foreign imperialism 188, 237, 243, 252—253, 316 investment Imperial Russia see Russian Empire Iran 24, 93, 134, 240, 262, 314-315, Imperial Russian Army (1721—1917) 340-341, 344; see also Persia 89-95, 99, 103, 105, 118, 135-136, Iranians 340 158, 166, 178, 196 Iraq 280, 315, 337-339, 346 imports 10, 298-299, 303-304, 313, 316 Iraq War (2003-2011) 337-339; see also India 24, 93, 119, 158, 252, 314 Gulf War (1990-1991) indigenous peoples 16, 80, 266, 310 Iron Curtain 236 industrialization: 274; imperial era 102, irrigation 3 125-126, 138, 143, 147, 149-155, 160, Islam 12, 24, 26, 43, 262, 303, 310, 339; 179; rapid 209֊ 217, 219, 275; Soviet see also Muslims 185, 209-225, 230, 247, 264; Western Islamic civilization 3, 10, 31 Europe 194 Islamic fundamentalism 310-311,314,338 Industrial Revolution 84, 103, 113, 154 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) 346 industry: 1, 113, 125, 145-146, 150, Islamic terrorism 339 152-153, 167, 169, 173, 179; Islamism 346 denationalization of 200; loss of 195; Israel 261-262, 283, 340 light 276; nationalization of 198; Italy 90, 135, 177, 223-226, 229, privatization of 285; Soviet 199-201, 237-238, 240, 242, 260 209-225, 237, 244, 254-256, 299-301; Italians 40, 47, 83 Vladimir Putin 327-328, 338 Ivan I Kalita 37, 42-43
infants 104, 301, 320 Ivan III (the Great): 42, 45-46, 48-49, infant mortality 42, 265, 301 56; defeat of Novgorod 46, 57 inflation 298-299, 325 Ivan IV (the Terrible): 51-60, 53 (fig.), infrastructure 237, 297, 300, 321, 326 62—66, 72, 74—75, 89, 91; conflict with Ingush 236 aristocracy 56-59; reforms 54—55; Ingushetia 338 Time of Troubles, 59-62, 75-76; see injustice 154, 166, 180, 185, 194 also Fivonian War; see also Inner Asia 23 oprichnina innovation 48,113,174, 281, 300, 328,332 Ivan V 89, 104 The Inspector General 132 Ivan VI 104, 106-107 instability 117, 190, 299 Ivan the Terrible (film) 53 intellectuals: 36, 103, 117, 133, 149, 156, 176; dissident 235, 262: Hungarian Japan: 147, 166, 273; aid to Russia 315; 249; non-Russian 266; post-Soviet attack on Pearl Harbor 226; indus 330; repression of 282; Soviet 243, trialization 152, 274; intervention in 246, 248, 260, 300 Russian Civil War 196, 198; Kuril intelligence gathering 225, 253, 331, Islands 280, 314; militarism in 223; 335, 339 North Korea 343; reparations 237; intelligentsia: 115, 131-132, 138, 147, surrender of 229; technology 276; war 154; revolutionary 154, 187; Soviet with Russia 157, 160, 164, 166, 218, 248, 264 168-169, 177; war with Soviet interest groups 109, 130, 160, 195, 214 Union 224, 250; see also Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Russo-Japanese War Treaty 278 Japanese Empire: 143, 226, 229, 237; international community 328 defeat of 242; expansion in Man International Monetary Fund 315, 337 churia 214; invasion of China 250; internationalism 211 occupation of Vietnam 259
Index Jaruzelski, Wojciech 263 Jerusalem 136 jewelry 10 Jewish community 170 Jews: 4, 123; Alexander III 149; Catherine the Great 112; Doctors’ Plot 243; emigration of 170, 262, 281, 283, 291; immigration of 112; Pale of Settlement 149-150; pogroms 150, 170; refuseniks 264; restrictions against 188; Soviet attacks on 243; xenophobia 303; see also anti-Semitism; see also Judaism Job (metropolitan) 60 Jordan 261 journalism 133, 146, 264, 282, 329, 334 journalists 264, 282, 329, 334 journals 172, 176 Journey from Petersburg to Moscow 117 Journey into the Whirlwind 219 Judaism 12, 303 judges 146 judiciary 297, 330 judo 322 July Days 190 Juneau 3 justice 62, 96, 188, 254-255 Kadets 157, 168, 171, 186; see also Constitutional Democratic Party Kadyrov, Akhmad 336 Kadyrov, Ražman 336 Kamenev, Lev 204, 219 Kandinsky, Wassily 176 Kankrin, Egor 130 Kantemir, Antiokh 116 Karamzin, Nicholas 116 Kasparov, Gary 331 Kasyanov, Mikhail 331 Katyn Massacre 229, 342 Kazakhs 287 Kazakhstan 17nl, 17n3, 254, 278, 287, 312, 314-315, 342-343, 345 Kazan Cathedral 102 Kennedy, John F. 253 Kerensky, Alexander 191-192 KGB 244, 266, 282, 289, 303, 322-323 Khanate of the Golden Horde see Golden Horde Khanate of Kazan 32, 46, 57, 80 Kharkov 227 Khazars 12 Khmelnitsky, Bogdan 82 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail 327, 330 367 Khrushchev, Nikita: 220, 245 (fig.); Cold War 248-254; Cuban Missile Crisis 253-254, 259; de-Stalinization 244—248, 251-255; ethnic policy 310; foreign policy 278-279; legacy 256- 258, 272; opposition to 255; peaceful coexistence 248—254; reforms 254—256, 266, 278; removal from power 257; Sino-
Soviet Split 250—252; Stalinism 235, 246-248, 255-256 kidnapping 335 Kiev: 5, 7, 14, 23, 42-43, 80, 82-83, 342, 344-345 Kievan Rus’: 8 (fig.), 46, 84, 110; collapse of 31-33; conversion of 78; culture 39, 49, 124; decline 16-17; economy 7-10; formation 5; heirs of 35, 43; legacy of 38, 59, 66, 133; Mongol impact 19, 23—25, 28—33, 229; Moscow 36, 40-41; politics 14—16, 46; rivals 19- 22; society 10—13, 71; succession in 42; Varangians 7 Kim Il-sung 280 Kim Jong-un 343 Kirov Opera and Ballet see Mariinsky Opera and Ballet Kirov, Sergei 219 Korea 160, 166, 242, 280; see also North Korea; see also South Korea Korean Peninsula 242 Korean War 242, 249, 251 Kornilov, Lavr 191 Kosovo 316, 337, 343-344 Kremlin: 41 (fig.), 323; cathedral 46; censorship 347; Doctors’ Plot 243; Vladimir Putin 330- 332, 334, 341 Kronstadt 200 Kronstadt Rebellion 200, 218 Kuala Lumpur 345 Kublai Khan 24 kulak 212 Kulikovo, Battle of 45 Kuril Islands 280, 314 Kursk, Battle of 227 Kursk (submarine) 331 Kutuzov, Michael 135 Kuwait 339 Kyrgyzstan 17nl, 17n3, 345 labor: 173; discipline 216, 266; free 125, 145—146; Kievan Rus’ 7-9; legislation 149; market 200; organization 156; peasant 150, 152; relationship with serfdom 72-73; safety 172; serf 113,
368 Index 145; shortage 178; unrest 173; urban 123; see also forced labor; see also gulag Lake Baikal 258, 264 landed nobility 56, 142; see also nobility landowners 21-22, 72-73, 80, 125, 151, 168, 171-172 landed peasantry 146 landlords 47, 63, 66, 73, 108, 111, 132, 145 landowning 285 language: 70, 175; Baltic 312-313; Belarusian 43; common 17n4; Cyrillic 12; European 108, 115; indigenous 266; literary 11; Lithuanian 43; minority 217; Slavic 11, 17n4, 82; Tatar 5; written 11, 13; see also Russian language Larionov, Mikhail 176 Latin 11, 46, 83 Latin America 249, 279 Latin Christianity see Roman Catholicism Latin Church see Roman Catholic Church Latinization 35 Latvia: 17nl, 57, 92-93; communism in 243; European Union membership 345; ethnic Russians in 312; independence of 290; nationalism in 288; NATO membership 313, 337, 345; Pale of Settlement 149; Soviet control of 225, 239 Latvians: 17n3, 104, 157; demands for independence 287; desire for autonomy 157 law: Christian 11, 17; codification 108, 130; contract 328; Dmitry Medvedev 332; Duma 303; electoral 171, 330; Iaroslav the Wise 15; Ivan the Terrible 55; Karl Marx 155; Kievan Rus’ 10, 14; martial 146, 263; Mikhail Gorbachev 272; natural 106; Peter Stolypin 172; primogeniture 96; property 328; rule of 264, 291; succession 18; Vladimir Putin 322-323 law code: Kievan Rus’ 10, 14—15, 72; see also Ulozbenie law and order 148, 309, 334 lawlessness 62, 338, 347 Law on the State Enterprise 275 lawyers 167 League of Nations 223, 237 Lebanon 353 Lebed, Alexander 308-309, 311 Left Opposition 204, 211-212 Left Socialist
Revolutionaries 193 legacy: autocracy 165; intervention 198; Kievan Rus’ 16; Leonid Brezhnev 291; Soviet 301; Stalinism 246 legislation: 170, 172, 302, 306; labor 149 Legislative Commission 108-109 legislature 307, 316; see also Duma (Russian Empire); see also Duma (Russian Federation) Lend-Lease 227, 237 Leningrad: 276, 283, 285, 289; party organization 219; renaming 205nl; siege of 226; Vladimir Putin 321-323; see also St. Petersburg Leningrad City Council 323 Leningrad State University 322, 332 Leninism 246, 248, 252, 266, 283; see also Marxism-Leninism Leninists 205 Lenin, Vladimir: 189 (fig.); Asia 210; Bolshevik Party 116, 188, 193, 196, 205; Civil War 195- 198; death 204, 211; early life 156; exile 156, 188; health 202; incapacitation 204; Kronstadt Rebellion 200; mausoleum 247; Maxim Gorky 12; New Economic Policy 199-201; October Revolution 185, 192-195; Old Bolsheviks 219; peaceful coexistence 202; Peter Stolypin 172; Petrograd Soviet 189; Provisional Government 189, 192; revolutionary philosophy 246; return from exile 188; Revolution of 1905 166; Social Democrats 177; Stalin 203, 211-212; succession 201; use of terror 218; World War I 188 Lenin’s Testament 204 Lermontov, Michael 132 LGBTQ 329 liberalism 122, 127-128, 154, 157 liberals 157, 166-168, 186, 189-191, 289, 307-309, 323, 330-331 Libya 340 life expectancy 265, 301 light industry see industry literature: eighteenth century 116; elite 138; flowering of 123; indigenous 266; Kievan Rus’ 11, 13; Marxist 245; Mikhail Gorbachev 282; national 103; Orthodox Church 31, 39; political
Index impact 132; secular 13, 83, 131; Silver Age 174; Soviet 221; Ukrainian 82 Lithuania: 17nl, 17n3, 46, 56, 290; Catholicism 43; communism in 243; demands for independence 271, 287; ethnic Russians in 312; European Union membership 345; expansion 21, 31, 33; independence of 290; Ivan the Terrible 58; Kievan Rus’ 20; Livonian War 57; Moscow 37-38, 41, 43, 46, 49; nationalism in 288; NATO membership 313, 337; Pale of Settlement 149; Poland-Lithuania 35, 43, 57, 82; Russia- Lithuania 43; Sąjūdis 288; separatism 157; Soviet control of 225, 239; Union of Lublin 43; Vasilii III 46 Lithuanian Communist Party 271 Lithuanian language 43 Lithuanians: 43; demands for independence 287; Kievan Rus’ 11, 20; Mongols 32; Novgorod 22 Lithuania-Russia 43 Litvinov, Maxim 224 livestock 151, 211-213, 276, 325; see also agriculture Livonia 92; see also Latvia Livonian Order 57; see also Teutonic Knights Livonian War 57-59, 74 loans 47, 153, 169 Lomonosov, Michael 116 London 105, 137 Lorraine 177 Low Countries 225 The Lower Depths 175 Loyalists 223 loyalty: Alexis 70; Communist 224; Cossack 62; Decembrist 122; Mikhail Gorbachev 272; party 216; Peter the Great 102; Soviet 200; Stalin 203, 230; tsarist 75, 124; Ukrainian 92 luck: Ivan the Terrible 55; Moscow 42 Luhansk 345 Lutherans 123 Luxembourg 225 luxury goods 6 Lysenko, Trofim 222 Macarius 54 magazines 282 mafia 301, 326 Maidan Square 344 Main Committee 145 369 Malaysian Airlines 345 Malenkov, Georgi 244, 254 Malevich, Kazimir 176 management 37, 153—154, 275, 280 Manchuria 160, 214, 224, 229, 250 manufacturing 21, 83, 95, 108, 125, 153,
173, 211, 276 Mao Zedong 250-251, 261 Mariinsky Opera and Ballet 304 Mariinsky Theater 304 Marshall Plan 240 Marx, Karl: 238; dialectical materialism 155; Industrial Revolution 154 Marxism: Afghanistan 262; Boris Yeltsin 297; capitalism 224; Germany 222; industrialization 210; intelligentsia 154; Lenin 156, 198, 212; Mao Zedong 251; Mensheviks 188; Mikhail Gorbachev 285; Nikita Khrushchev 245; orthodoxy 252; revisionism 252; revolution 238; revolutionaries 155; Russian Social Democratic Labor Party 156; Social Democrats 168; socialism 205; socia lists 191; Stalinism 218; workers 154 Marxism-Leninism: capitalism 238, 243; developing world 279; Fidel Castro 249; socialism 243; Soviet Union 286; see also Leninism Masaryk, Jan 239 Mass 11-12, 39, 77-79, 82, 116 Massachusetts 42 massacre 229, 321, 330, 342 Mayakovsky, Vladimir 175, 221 McCain, John 337 “McDachas” 324 means of production 218 media: Boris Yeltsin 327; independent 329; Kremlin 341; pro-government 333; Russian Federation 308; Russian language 305; Soviet 213, 250, 282, 284; traditional 329; Vladimir Putin 329, 331—332, 344; see also social media medical care 218, 265, 301, 326 Medical Chancery 96 medicine 55, 178 medieval period 22, 37, 43; see also Middle Ages Mediterranean Sea 136, 300 Medvedev, Dmitry 328, 330, 332-333, 335 Meiji Restoration 160 Mein Kampf 225 Memorial (human rights organization) 303
370 Index Mennonites 112 Menshevik Party 156 Mensheviks 188, 192-193 Menshikov, Alexander 95 mental illness 59, 219, 264 mercantilism 94 merchants: Alexis 69; Asian 4; Catherine the Great 109, 113; European 13, 73; Ivan the Terrible 60; Kievan Rus’ 910, 14-15, 74; Moscow 37, 41, 49; Nicholas I 130; Novgorod 21—22, 46; Ottoman Empire 136; Peter the Great 88; Russian Empire 123; Time of Troubles 61, 66; Western 56 Methodius 11 metropolis 324 metropolitan (Russian Orthodox Church official): 22, 66; Filaret 65; Job 60; Macarius 54; of Kiev 21; of Moscow 42, 48; Peter 43; Peter Mogiła 83; Seraphim 122 Mexico 204 Meyerhold, Vsevolod 221 Middle Ages 19, 31, 73 Middle East 3, 11, 134, 136-137, 176, 261, 339, 344, 346; see also West Asia “militant communism” 198 militarism 117, 129, 176-177, 223 military: French 134—135, 177; German 227; Ivan the Terrible 55, 57; Kievan Rus’ 7, 9-Ю, 14֊ 15; Mongol 24; Moscow 37-38; seventeenth century 70, 73, 76, 78, 89; Swedish 91; Time of Troubles 55; United States 240, 259, 315; Western 83, 240, 260; see also Imperial Russian Army (1721-1917); see also Red Army (1918-1946); see also Russian Army (Russian Federation); see also Russian Navy (1696—1917); see also Russian Navy (1992- ); see also Soviet Navy (1918-1992) military governor see governor Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC) 192| Miloslavskaya, Maria 89 minerals 4, 226, 296, 300; see also resources Minin, Kuzma 65 mining 83, 96, 173, 216 Ministry of Culture 304 Ministry of Internal Affairs 167, 220 minorities: 217; Catherine the Great 109; Christian 136; Crimean 313; culture 266; ethnic
190, 264, 295, 314; national 166, 168, 171, 187-188, 199, 201, 203, 236; non-Russian 103, 160, 166, 191, 196; religious 190; Russian 313, 341; see also Baltic peoples; see also Belarusians; see also Chechens; see also Crimean Tatars; see also ethnic minorities; see also Finns; see also Jews; see also Poles; see also Ukrainians mismanagement 178, 180, 263, 279, 329 missiles 253, 257, 260-261, 278, 315, 338, 340—341, 345; see also nuclear weapons missionaries 303 moderates 129, 186, 307-308, 323 modernization: Alexander II 142; Alexander III 149; Chinese 328; Dmitry Medvedev 332; Duma Period 170, 172; European 138; Great Reforms 147; Japan 160; Mikhail Gorbachev 272; Nicholas II 150; Peter the Great 87-88, 90-91, 96, 98-99, 102; revolutionary 185; Russian Federation 328; Stalinist 230; World War I 165, 179 Mogiła, Peter 83 Moldavia 288, 290 Moldova: 17nl, 17n3, 134, 225, 239, 288, 290, 342, 345; Pale of Settlement 149; see also Bessarabia money 47, 71,113-114,125, 143,158, 188, 198, 200, 202, 262, 299, 308-309, 327 Mongol Empire 25 (fig.), 26 (fig.) Mongolia 24, 93, 266n2, 311 Mongols: 25 (fig.); arrival in Russia 23—28; conquest of Russia 1, 11, 26, 29-32, 71, 84; Crimean Tatars 91; decline 31—32; impact 28-33; Kievan Rus’ 16, 19-28, 229; Moscow 35-39, 41, 43, 45-46, 49-50, 57, 65-66, 74; see also Tatars Montenegro 313 Moscow: 3, 44 (fig.), 82, 114, 123, 276; Afghanistan 262; Alexander II 143; Alexis 69-71; Andrei Sakharov 282; ascent 42-50; advantages 37; Bol sheviks 186, 191; Boris Yeltsin 285, 295, 305-307, 310, 316; Civil War 200; commerce 41; Cuban Missile Crisis 254;
diplomacy 38; Dmitry Medvedev 332; ethnic minorities 264; ethnic Russians 217, 266; expansion 35, 79; Germany 252;
Index industrialization 153, 173; intellectuals 133; Ivan the Terrible 54—59; Kievan Rus’ 19—20, 22; Korean War 242; Kosovo 343; location 41; luck 42; odds against 36; organization 37-38; Mao Zedong 251; Mikhail Gorbachev 271, 277, 288-290; Mon gols 30; Napoleon 135; NATO 345; Nikita Khrushchev 245—246, 249, 255—256; Novgorod 21; Orthodox Church 38^10, 48; Peter the Great 86-87, 89-92, 95֊ 96; Poland 263; post-Soviet 302, 304; protests 331, 333-334; Revolution of 1905 169; riots 77; schools 83; security 37; Stalin 209, 251; terrorism 311, 336, 338; Time of Troubles 60-66; Trans-Siberian Railroad 160; Ukraine 342, 345; unification of Russia 51; United States 254, 259, 281; Vietnam War 259; Vladimir Putin 323-326, 330, 335; Yemelyan Pugachev 108; youth 341; World War II 226 Moscow Art Theater 175 Moscow Conservatory 304 Moscow Kremlin see Kremlin Moscow metro system 245, 338 Moscow River 41-M2 Moscow Soviet 169, 191 Moscow University 116 Mother 175 Motherland (political party) 331; see also Rodina Mother Russia 215 mountains 1, 3, 336; see also Carpathian Mountains; see also Caucasus Mountains; see also Ural Mountains Munich Conference 224 murder 53, 58, 61, 89, 98, 102, 126, 148, 186, 204, 219, 229, 247, 303, 329, 331, 335, 338, 342- 343 Muscovite state see Moscow Muscovy 9, 47, 51, 55, 62, 64-66, 74, 80, 81 (fig.), 84, 97; see also Moscow music 13, 116, 131-132, 138, 174, 176, 221, 264, 289, 332 musicians 132, 264 Muslims 26, 57, 80, 123, 136, 196, 310, 316, 338; see also Islam Mussolini, Benito 223, 226 Mussorgsky, Modest 60, 132 mutiny 123, 166, 168-169, 184 mutual
assistance 240 371 mutual defense 223 mutuality 9 Nagorno-Karabakh 287 Nagy, Imre 250 Namibia 279 Napoleon: Alexander I 128, 134—135; defeat of 128, 134-135, 138, 229; invasion of Russia 1, 134—135; Paul I 119; Russian alliance against 128; Tilsit agreement 134; war against Russia 132 Napoleonic Wars 128 narod 74 Narva 91 Naryshkina, Natalia 89 national consciousness 103, 117 “National in Form, Socialist in Content” 217 nationalism: Afghan 263; Caucasian 236; non-Russian 157, 266, 287; Slavic 147; Ukrainian 157, 236; see also Russian nationalism Nationalist China see Taiwan nationalists: Chechen 310-311; Georgian 288; Lithuanian 271, 288; non-Russian 288; romantic 133; Ukrainian 82; Vietnamese 259 Nationalists (China) 242, 250-251 nationality 130 nationalization 193, 195, 212 National Socialism see Nazism NATO see North Atlantic Treaty Organization natural gas 4, 300, 314, 324, 342-343 natural resources see resources nature 116, 124 Navalny, Alexei 347 navy 87, 94-96, 128, 166, 331; see also Russian Navy (1696-1917); see also Russian Navy (1992֊ ) Nazarbayev, Nursultan 314 Nazi Germany: 215, 237; annexation of Austria 224; defeat of 227, 229; Grand Alliance against 226; invasion of Soviet Union 214, 220, 225; non-aggression treaty with Soviet Union 224; occupation of Europe 227; threat from 223; see also Germany Nazi Party: 227, 303 Nazis: 210, 219, 222—223; campaign in North Africa 229; Estonia 341; Katyn Massacre 342; siege of Leningrad 226 Nazism: 222-223, 229; propaganda 224
372 Index Nazi-Soviet Pact 224-225, 246, 282 “near abroad” 311-312, 315, 337, 341 NEP see New Economic Policy Nerchinsk, Treaty of 80 Netherlands 90, 225 Neva River 92, 122 Nevskii, Alexander 27, 27 (fig.) Nevsky Prospect 184 New Economic Policy (NEP) 199—201, 210-211 newspapers 97, 116, 172, 282, 307, 329 “New Russians” 300, 304 New START 339 “new thinking” 277-278, 280 New York 339 nexus 7, 125, 211 Nicaragua 262, 278—279 Nicholas I: Alexander II 143; Alexander III 148; Decembrist Revolt 122—123; foreign policy 136—137; Michael Speransky 128; personality 129; reforms 126, 138; repression 131; Russification 130; territorial annexa tion 134 Nicholas II: 179 (fig.); abdication 185-186; Alexander III 150; autocracy 160; Duma 171, 174; February Revolution 184; Fundamental Laws 170; Gregory Rasputin 178; murder 186; October Manifesto 165; personality 150; repression 157; Revolution of 1905 164, 167֊ 168; World War I 180 nihilism 132, 147 Nikon 77-78 Nixon, Richard Nijinsky, Vaslav 176 Nineteenth Party Congress (1952) 243 Nizhnii Novgorod 264; see also Gorky nobility: Catherine the Great 106, 108-109, 120, 116; conservative 145; decline 151; eighteenth century 104, 113-115; European 56; industrialization 143; landed 142; Moscow 143; nineteenth century 125; opposition 144; Paul I 119; Peter the Great 99; Polish 111; reform 157; Russian 43; serfs 102; upper 103, 112, 130, 171; see also aristocracy; see also boyars; see also landed nobility nobles see nobility nomads 9, 14, 16, 19, 23—24, 62, 80; see also Mongols non-Russians: Bolsheviks 191; Boris Yeltsin 305, 312; Civil War 196;
cultures 264; dissidents 264; Legislative Commission 108; Leonid Brezhnev 266; Mikhail Gorbachev 287—288, 291; Moscow 63; national ism 157, 288; Nikita Khrushchev 256; Provisional Government 190; Revolu tion of 1905 166; Russian Empire 103; Russification 112, 150, 160; serfs 113; Stalinism 217, 236; World War II 227 non-Slavs 19, 35, 57, 80, 99, 120 Normandy 229 North Africa 229, 346 North America 134 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Cold War 240; enlargement 313, 337-338, 341, 344; Eurasian Economic Union 345; European Union 343; German unification 287; Libya 340; Mikhail Gorbachev 277; missile shield 341; Serbia 316; Vladimir Putin 321; Warsaw Pact 278, 281 North Caucasus 310, 335, 338; see also Caucasus North Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) 242, 280, 315, 342-344 Northern Europe 9, 12, 134 North Ossetia 338 Northern Society 129 North Vietnam 249, 252, 259, 277 Norway 225 Not by Bread Alone 248 Novgorod: Alexander Nevskii 27; Catherine the Great 102; Ivan the Great 46, 57; Kievan Rus’ 5, 14, 20; Mongols 21; Moscow 21, 35, 38, 41, 46, 49, 82; Varangians 15; veche 15, 22 Novocherkassk 256 NTV 329 nuclear arms see nuclear weapons nuclear deterrent 340 nuclear disarmament 315, 339 nuclear energy 281, 340; see also Chernobyl nuclear parity 263 nuclear proliferation 261 nuclear security 315 nuclear stalemate 260, 262 nuclear states 315 nuclear technology 252
Index nuclear war 235, 291 nuclear weapons: 246, 248, 264, 312, 315, 339, 341; Cuban Missile Crisis 254; Iran 341, 344; Leonid Brezhnev 257, 278; North Korea 342-344; reduction 278—279; Ukraine 313; United States 253, 260, 277 Nystad, Peace of 93 Obama, Barack 339—340 obshchina 7—9, 12, 71, 73, 124—125, 145, 151 occupation: German 195; Mongol 22, 27, 39; of Austria 249: of Berlin 252; of Germany 236- 239; of Korea 242; Red Army 227; Swedish 31; Teutonic 31; Tiananmen Square 280; October Manifesto 165, 168, 170 October Revolution 185, 187, 190-194, 202, 220-221; see also Bolshevik Revolution Octobrists 168, 186 Odessa 196 Ogoniok 282 oil 4, 226, 300, 314, 324-325, 327-329, 347; see also petroleum; see also resources Old Believers 78-79, 88, 95, 97, 104, 108 Old Bolsheviks 219 Old Church Slavonic 13, 97 Old Regime 185 Old Sarai see Sarai Oleg 15 Olga 11 oligarchs 299, 327, 329, 331 oligarchy 20-21, 258, 272, 297-298 Olympics 304, 329 One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich 248 opera 60, 131-132 Operation Barbarossa 225 Operation Overlord 229 oppression: imperial 185, 194; Ivan the Terrible 51, 58; Mongol 38; petty 77; social 129, 174; Stalin 283 oprichnina 58, 60, 62, 72; see also Ivan the Terrible Orange Revolution 342 Order Number 1 187 Orlov, Alexei 101-102 Orthodox Christianity: Catherine the Great 106; Kievan Rus’ 11, 12, 16-17; Mikhail Gorbachev 283; Moscow 35; Nicholas I 130-131; Russian Empire 3 73 116; Russian Federation 303; Stalinism 213 Orthodox Christians: Balkans 158; Catholic Church 20; Cossacks 82; Duma Period 174; Mongols 30; Peter the Great 96; Russian Empire
80, 111; Serbians 316; Ukrainians 82; Vladimir Putin 330 Orthodox Church: Bolsheviks 199; Catholic Church 83; clergy 171; February Revolution 186; Holy Synod 149; Ivan the Terrible 54-55; Kievan Rus’: 12, 16-17, 21-22; Mongols 26, 28, 31; Moscow 36, 38-40, 42-43, 45, 48—49; Old Believers 108; Peter III 105; Russian Empire 70, 73, 76-77; Schism 84; Soviet Union 216; Time of Troubles 60, 65-66; see also religion; see also Russian Orthodox Church Orthodoxy: Kievan Rus’ 78; Mikhail Gorbachev 286; Mongols 32; Russian Empire 136; Stalinism 235; World War II 229 Orwell, George 282 Ossetia see North Ossetia see South Ossetia Other Russia 331 Ottoman Empire: Balkans 158; Catherine the Great 111; Central Powers 177; Christian minorities 136; Crimean War 134; Eastern Question 136; Greek independence 137; Greek rebellion 137; Peter the Great 86, 90-91, 93-94, 110; Tatars 91; Ukraine 82; World War I 190; see also Turkey Ottoman Turks 57, 110 outer space 280; see also space program overseas trade 83; see also trade Pacific Ocean 1, 4, 70, 80, 93, 123, 136, 160, 229, 258, 280, 314, 328 Pakistan 252, 262 Palace Square 122 Palaiologina, Zoe 46 Pale of Settlement 149 Palestine 339 Pan-Slavism 147, 158, 343 papacy 46, 82; see also Roman Catholic Church Paris 135, 137, 177 Paris, Treaty of 137 parliament see Duma (Russian Federation) Partition of Vietnam 249, 259
374 Index 212-213, 216; Time of Troubles 55, Partitions of Poland 110-111 61-62; World War I 178, 180; Party Congress of the Communist Party zemstvo 167; see also serfs of the Soviet Union see Nineteenth Pechenegs 9, 15 Party Congress (1952) see Seventeenth pensioners 255, 298, 300, 302, 324, Party Congress (1934) see Tenth Party Congress (1921) see Twelfth 326, 331 People’s Republic of China (PRC): Party Congress (1923) see Twentieth 262—263, 346; Boris Yeltsin 314; Party Congress (1956) see TwentyCultural Revolution 261; Mikhail Second Party Congress (1961) Pasternak, Boris 222, 282 Gorbachev 277, 279-280, 291; paternalism 272 reforms 285; revolution 209; ro!e in patriarchs: Kievan Rus’ 9; Schism 77-78; Korean War 242, 249; Sino-Soviet Time of Troubles 60, 66; see also Split 250-252; Syria 340; Vladimir Filaret; see also Nikon Putin 342—343; see also China patriarchate: Moscow 60; Peter the People’s Will 141, 148 Great 96 perestroika 275—277, 283, 285-286, 300 patriarchy 124, 265, 302, 347 Perovskaia, Sophia 141 patriotism 135, 143, 177, 180, 187, 215, persecution 58—59, 64, 78, 97, 104, 108, 111, 131, 199, 213, 220, 236, 249 221, 226, 229, 303 patriots 195 Persia 24, 47, 93, 134; see also Iran Paul I: 104, 117-119, 118 (fig.); Persian Gulf 23—24 Alexander I 126—127; Catherine the Persians 158 Great 107, 117—118; coup d’état 119; Peter I (the Great): 51, 86—99, 88 (fig.); Peter III 119 Catherine the Great 102—103; coming Pavlova, Anna 176 of age 89; diplomacy 91-93; Great Pavlovskii Guards Regiment 184 Northern War 91-93; legacy 119-120; peaceful coexistence 202, 248—249,
252, nobility 113; Orthodox Church 77; 255, 259 personality 89-90; reforms 93-97; “Peace, Land, and Bread” 191 resistance 97—98; Senate 127; St. Pearl Harbor 226 Petersburg 93; successors 103-105, peasant communes see communes 109-110; Table of Ranks 95, 115; war peasant revolution 169; see also 91—93; Westernization 79, 83; revolution Westernizers 133 peasant socialism 154, 156; see also Peter II 104 socialism Peter III 101-109, 114, 119 peasantry: Alexander II 148; Bolsheviks Peterhof 101, 164 191, 193, 200, 205, 211; Catherine the Peter (metropolitan) 43 Great 108; Civil War 199; disorder Petersburg see Saint Petersburg Petrograd: Civil War 200; February 150-151, 157, 167, 170; Duma Period 172-174; emigration 151; February Revolution 184-187; Lenin 188; Revolution 187; First Duma 171; Leningrad 205nl, 219; October Great Reforms 145—146; indus Revolution 190-191; Provisional trialization 150; intelligentsia 131; Government 186, 192; St. Petersburg Kievan Rus’ 9-10, 71; Leninism 172; 179, 205nl Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Marxism 156; Mongols 71; Moscow 39, 47, 49; NEP 210; Nicholas I 130; Soldiers’ Deputies 187-192 petroleum 153, 296, 300, 347; see also Peter the Great 95, 97; Poland 111; Provisional Government 190; radicals oil; see also resources 148; revolutionary 160, 194; Revolu plant life 264 tion of 1905 166-169; Revolution of pluralism 49, 130 1917 173; Russian Empire 72—73, 80, Pobedonostsev, Konstantin 149 84, 112-114, 123-125, 151; serfdom poetry 131, 174, 176, 282, 304 124; socialism 157; Socialist Revolu poets 116, 132, 175, 222 tionaries 156; Soviet
211; Stalin 209, pogroms 150, 170
Index Poland: 17nl; Alexander I 128; Alexander Ш 149; Alexis 69; annexation 110; Bolsheviks 196; Catherine the Great 112, 120; civil war 111; COMECON 266n2; France 134; German invasion 224; Great Northern War 91-93, 111; Helsinki Accords 261; independence movement 157; Ivan the Terrible 51, 54, 59; Kievan Rus’ 11, 20, 33; Lithuania 31; Livonian War 59; Mikhail Gorbachev 286; Mongols 21; Napoleon 135; nationalism 147; NATO 313; Nicholas I 130; nobility 61, 111; Pale of Settlement 149; Peter the Great 87; Provisional Government 188; revolution 147; Roman Catholicism 20; Russian Civil War 199; Russian Empire 80, 110-111; Russian Federation 342; serfdom 113; socialism 287; Soviet Union 223, 225, 246, 249, 251, 282; Time of Troubles 60, 62, 64-65, 75, 80; Ukraine 82; United States 340; Warsaw 227; Warsaw Pact 266nl; Władysław Gomułka 249; World War I 178; World War II 229, 239, 342; see also Katyn Massacre; see also Partitions of Poland; see also Solidarity Poland-Lithuania 31, 35, 43, 57, 82 Poles see Poland Politburo 204, 218, 243-244, 253, 255, 266, 272 political parties 239, 307; see also Bolsheviks political prisoners 246-247 pollution 264, 301, 326 Polo, Marco 24 Poltava 92-93 pomestie 47, 49, 72 Popular Front 223 Portsmouth, Treaty of 164, 166 post-Soviet Russia 299-317 post-Soviet society 295 post-Soviet states 17n3, 345; see also “Near Abroad” Potsdam Conference 238 poverty 4, 169, 265, 298-299, 316, 324-325, 347 power plants 281; see also nuclear energy Pozharsky, Dmitrii 65 Presidium see Politburo 375 pretenders 61, 63-64, 66, 74, 107-108; see also False Dmitrii I;
see also False Dmitrii II The Primary Chronicle 6, 11, 14, 35-36, 45 primitive communism 155 primogeniture 36, 96 princes: Ivan the Terrible 54—56, 58; Kievan Rus’ 9-16, 19-22, 74; Mongols 19; 23, 26-27; 29- 32; Moscow 35-38, 40, 42-43, 46-49, 71; Peter III 105-106; Peter the Great 95; Time of Troubles 59, 62, 65-66; Tver 35; see also aristocracy; see also grand prince; see also senior prince prisoners 220 prisoners of war (POWs) 135, 178, 225, 226 (fig.), 236 privatization 285, 291, 295, 298-299 privilege 20, 49, 56-57, 74-75, 95, 99, 103, 108-109, 114, 124-126, 130-132, 142, 145, 173, 190, 194, 218, 259, 285 profit 29, 55, 72-73, 83, 110-111, 146, 155, 172, 200, 212, 217, 275-277, 297, 299-300, 316 profiteers 286, 289, 303 Prokofiev, Sergei 221 proletariat 153, 155-156, 160, 194—195, 210, 255; see also dictatorship of the proletariat proliferation see nuclear proliferation propaganda 148, 175, 198, 215, 221, 224, 248, 258, 303, 333 prostitution 282, 301—302 protests: Alexis 69; Arab Spring 346; Bloody Sunday 168; Bolotnaya Square 333—334, 347; China 280; dissident 264; East Germany 287; Euromaidan 344; February Revolution 184-185; Mikhail Gorbachev 284; Moscow Soviet 169; Old Believers 79; Orange Revolution 342; peasant 167; Peter III 102; Soviet 260; Syria 340; Vladimir Putin 331- 332, 334 Protestantism 12, 76 Protestant Reformation 12 Protestants 303 province 109, 127, 130, 157, 169, 330, 336, 343; see also Baltic provinces (Russian Empire) Provisional Government: Alexander Kerensky 191; Bolsheviks 191-192; Duma 186; Lenin 189, 192; Men sheviks 188, 192; October
Revolution
376 Index 190-192; Petrograd Soviet 187-188; Poland 188; Socialist Revolutionaries 192; World War I 190 Prussia 101, 105-106, 111, 119, 129, 134, 135 Pskov 20, 22, 46 public health see health care public order 112, 151 publishing 116, 304 Pugachev Revolt 108-109, 113, 173 Pugachev, Yemelyan 108 purges 209, 218-221, 229, 246-247, 255, 282 Pushkin, Alexander 131 Putilov factory 153 Putin, Vladimir: 322 (fig.); Asia 342—343; Beslan massacre 320-321; Boris Yeltsin 309, 311, 317; Dmitry Medvedev 329—335; domestic policy 335-338; economic policy 324—329; European Union 343-344; foreign policy 338-346; NATO 313; “near abroad” 341—342; rise 321—324; sig nificance 346-347; United States 315, 339-341 putsch 290, 306 Quadruple Alliance 135 Qing Dynasty 80, 160 racism 303, 338 radicalism 141, 178 radicalization 169, 245, 261 radicals 132, 141, 148, 167, 169, 171, 185-186, 191, 193, 285, 288, 298, 310, 338 radio 226, 271, 289, 320, 329 Radishchev, Alexander 117 railroads 4, 125, 150, 152, 160, 173, 192; see also transportation rape 265, 302 Rasputin, Gregory 178, 180 Rayonism 176 Razin, Stenka 70, 71 (fig.), 77 reactionaries 128, 142, 147, 149-150, 169-170, 174, 191, 199, 288, 296 Reagan, Ronald 263, 280 “reasonable sufficiency” 278 rebellion: Alexis 70; Bogdan Khmel nitsky 82; Chechen 310-311, 320; Decembrist 123, 129; Francisco Franco 223; Greek 137; Hungary 250; Ivan Bolotnikov 108; Kronstadt 200, 218; Libya 340; Nicholas I 130; Old Believers 79; peasant 166; Peter the Great 97; Poland 157; popular 185, 195; Stenka Razin 70.77; Time of Troubles 61, 66 rebels: Boris Yeltsin 307;
Chechen 308, 310-311, 335—336; communist 240; Contra 279; Ivan Bolotnikov 108; Decembrist 122; Georgian 337; Hungarian 250; Kronstadt 200; Libyan 340; Mongols 28; Peter the Great 97-98; Stenka Razin 70, 77; Ukrainian 82 reconciliation 45, 314 recruitment 9, 28, 57, 73, 94, 178, 213, 302, 323, 331; see also conscription; see also draft Red Army (1918-1946) 199-200, 220, 224-225, 227, 229, 236, 239-240, 250, 341; see also Soviet Army (1946-1992) Reds 199; see also Russian Civil War; see also Whites “Red Menace” 198 Red Square 55, 98, 247 Reformation see Protestant Reformation reform see Alexander II see Catherine II (the Great) see glasnost’ see Ivan IV (the Terrible) see Gorbachev, Mikhail see Great Reforms see Khrushchev, Nikita see Nikon see perestroika see Peter I (the Great) see Stolypin, Peter refuseniks 264 region see province religion see Christianity see Orthodox Church see Roman Catholic Church see Russian Orthodox Church Renaissance 31, 33, 130 reparations 237—239 repression 28, 63, 82, 117, 119, 123, 149, 157, 209, 217, 235, 247-248, 260, 262, 282, 303, 338, 343 republic see Baltic republics (Soviet Union) see Novgorod see Russian Republic see Soviet Union see Tatarstan Republic of China see Taiwan Republic of Korea see South Korea requisitioning 72, 199—200 resources see natural gas see oil see petroleum see timber restaurants 258, 276, 295, 299, 324, 326 restoration 22, 65, 77, 239, 304 retail 200, 265, 301-302, 324, 327; see also stores reunification 291
Index revisionism 252 revolution see February Revolution see October Revolution see Revolution of 1905 Revolution of 1905 143, 150, 153, 157, 165-166, 170, 173, 186; see also Bloody Sunday; see also Russo-Japanese War Reykjavik 280 rhetoric 83, 167, 255, 328, 332, 338 Rhineland 223 Rhode Island 42 Riazan 23-24, 36 Rice, Condoleezza 337 Right Deviation 204, 211 Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai 132 riots 54, 69-70, 77, 147, 150, 164, 168, 190, 287, 310, 341; see also disorder; see also pogroms Riurik 6, 10, 15 river 1, 4, 41, 70, 86, 125, 264; see also Amur River; see also Dnieper River; see also Dniester River; see also Don River; see also Moscow River; see also Neva River; see also Volga River robbery 202, 265 Robin Hood 70 Rodina 331 Roman Catholic Church: ban on activ ities 303; competition with Orthodox Church 83; culture 31; establishment of Uniate Church; expulsion of 65; Germans 111; influence in Lithuania-Russia 43; influence of 35; interference by 136; Lithuanians 43; missionaries 303; persecution by 111; Poland 64, 80; reconciliation with Greek Orthodox Church 45; role in Western Europe 39; Russian nobility’s relationship with 46; split with Orthodox Church 11; split with Protestantism 12; Ukraine 83; Western Europe 76 Roman Catholicism see Roman Catholic Church Roman Catholics 20, 43, 46, 64—65, 80, 111, 123 Romania 225, 236-237, 239, 266nl, 266n2, 287, 340-341 Romanov dynasty 83, 91, 185 Romanov, Michael 51, 65, 74 Romanovs 54, 76 Rome 11, 48, 82 377 Rome-Berlin Axis 223; see also Axis powers Roosevelt, Franklin D. 237, 239 Roosevelt, Theodore 166 Rose Revolution 337
Rostov 22, 41 Round Table-Free Georgia 288 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 117 RSFSR see Russian Republic see Soviet Russia ruble 152-153, 278, 298-300, 304, 324 Rublev, Andrei 39, 40 (fig.) rule of law 254, 291 rural: areas 70, 311, 326; culture 263; economy 276; life 172, 230, 316; peo ples 7, 62; population 62; poverty 325; society 132 Rus’ see Kievan Rus’ Russiagate 341 Russian Academy of Sciences 96, 116 Russian America 136 Russian Army (Russian Federation) 302, 310-311, 331, 336, 345; see also Imperial Russian Army (1721-1917) Russian Civil War 184, 186, 194-196; 197 (fig), 199-200, 203-204, 218, 245 Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) see Bolshevik Party Russian constitution 307-308, 316, 323-324, 332-333, 336 Russian Far East 258; see also East Asia Russian Federation 4, 78, 296, 311- 312, 345 Russianization 106 Russian language 78, 123, 179, 329, 345 Russian mafia see mafia Russian nationalism 148, 170, 285, 314, 344 Russian Navy (1696-1917) 87, 94—96, 128, 166 Russian Navy (1992- ) 331 Russian Orthodox Church: Great Reforms 146; Moscow 45, 48; Peter III 101; Russian Empire 77-78; Schism 79; Slavophiles 133; Time of Troubles 64; see also Orthodox Church; see also religion Russian Orthodoxy: Russian Empire 123; Slavophiles 133 Russian Republic (RSFSR) 285, 289, 306, 310 Russian Revolution see February Revo lution see October Revolution
378 Index Russians (ethnic group): annexation of lands inhabited by 79; antipathy of Poles for 111; in Russian Federation 4; rule of Russian Empire by 80 Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) 156; see also Bolshevik Party; see also Menshevik Party Russian Social Democratic Party (SD) 156, 168-169, 177, 188; see also Bol shevik Party; see also Menshevik Party Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) see Russian Republic see Soviet Russia Russia’s Choice 307 Russification 123, 130, 150, 160, 217 Russo-Japanese War 157, 160, 164, 166, 168-169, 177 Rutskoi, Alexander 306 Rybakov, Anatoli 282 Rysakov, Nicholas 141 Saakashvili, Mikheil 337 Saint Basil’s Cathedral 55 Saint George’s Day 72 Saint Peter 43, 92 Saint Petersburg: 3, 114, 160, 295, 304, 326; Alexander I 136-137; Alexander II 141-142, 146; Bloody Sunday 167—168; Catherine the Great 101, 106, 116, 118; Decembrists 123; industry 153, 173; Lenin 156; Nicholas II 164; Peter the Great 92-93; Petrograd 179; renaming 205nl, 323; Senate Square 122; Vladimir Putin 321, 331, 335; World War I 176-177 Saint Petersburg Soviet 169; see also Petrograd Soviet Saint Sophia 13, 15 Sąjūdis 288 Sakhalin Island 160, 328 Sakharov, Andrei 264, 282 samizdat 264 Sandinistas 279 salt 151 SALT see Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Saltykov, Sergei 107 sanctions 328, 340, 344 Sarai 26, 28, 29 Sarkozy, Nicolas 337 satire 132, 282 satellites 255 satellite state 252; see also Warsaw Pact Scandinavia 6, 13, 21, 46, 312 Schism 77-79, 84, 96 schools 83, 96-97, 114-116, 127, 149, 174-175, 213, 259, 263 science 87, 90, 94, 96, 147, 149,
174, 176, 216, 222 scientists 176, 222, 264, 281, 315 Scots 95 Scythians 6 (fig.), 23 SDs see Russian Social Democratic Party sea 1, 4, 86, 125, 314; see also Adriatic Sea; see also Baltic Sea; see also Black Sea; see ako Caspian Sea; see also Mediterranean Sea; see also White Sea seafaring 90 Sea of Azov 86 Sea of Japan 4 secession 287, 311, 337 Second Chechen War 335-336 Second Cold War 344 Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (1903) 188 Second Congress of Soviets (1924) 192-193 Second Duma (1907) 171 second economy 258 Second Five-Year Plan (1932-1937) 214, 219 Second World War see World War II secret police 198, 218-221, 244, 248, 271, 282, 284, 289, 322, 342; see also Cheka; see also KGB Secret Speech 247; see also Twentieth Party Congress (1956) Security Council 237; see also United Nations (UN) sects 78 sectarianism 303, 346 secularism 13, 39, 48—49, 77, 79, 83, 94, 96-97, 124, 131, 133, 346 self-censorship 329 self-determination 191, 203, 288 Senate 96, 108, 127 Senate Building 122 Senate Square 122 senior prince 14, 20, 42; see also princes separatists 311, 314, 316, 321, 329, 337, 344-345 September 11 attacks 335, 339 Seraphim 122 Serbia 177, 343—344 Serbs 316, 343—344; see also Bosnian Serbs
index serfdom: 112-115; Alexander I 123, 128-129, 138; Alexander II 141, 143-146; Alexander III 149; Alexander Radishchev 117; Catherine the Great 102-103, 106, 109, 120; economy 124—126; Great Reforms 145-146; Kievan Rus’ 20; Kondratii Bulavin 98; Mongols 28, 33; Moscow 37, 47; Nicholas I 123, 130; Peter the Great 87, 95, 99; Russian Empire 70֊ 74, 84; Time of Troubles 61, 65; Ukraine 82, 112; Unofficial Commit tee 127 serf emancipation 87, 113, 144—146, 149-151, 160, 172, 185 serfs: Alexander Radishchev 117; Astra khan 97; Kievan Rus’ 9; Paul I 119; Peter the Great 95, 97; Siberia 80; Time of Troubles 61-62; Yemelyan Pugachev 108 Sergius 39 Sevastopol 313 Seventeenth Party Congress (1934) 219-220 Seven Years’ War 105 sex education 265 sexual harassment 302 Shamil 136 sharecropping 47 Shcherbina, Tatyana 282 shipbuilding 86, 90, 94 “shock therapy” 297-298 Shostakovich, Dmitri 222 Shuisky, Vasilii 62, 64 Sibaral 264 Siberia: Alexis 70; Baikal—Amur Main line Railway 258; Civil War 196; colonization 111; deportation 236; exile 113, 149, 171, 243; imprison ment 117; Japan 224, 314; labor camps 213, 243; Lake Baikal 264; Lenin 156; Mongols 23; Nicholas II 186; peasants 151; rivers 264; Russian Empire 4, 80; Sibaral 264; Stalin 203, 213; Virgin Lands Campaign 254; World War II 226 “Sick Man of Europe” 136; see also Ottoman Empire Sigismund III 64 “Silicon Valley” 328 siloviki 331 silver 6 Silver Age 174 single mothers 326 379 Sino-Soviet Split 250-252, 261 Six-Day War 261 slaves 6-7, 10, 21, 61, 73, 95, 113, 145 slavery 26, 155 Slavic see Slavs Slavicization 10, 15 Slavonic-
Greek-Latin Academy 83 Slavophiles 98, 133 Slavs: Balkans 343; Catherine the Great 111—112; Kievan Rus’ 6—7, 10-12, 15-17, 17n4; Mongols 19, 23, 26, 28-31, 33; Moscow 36, 38; Nicholas II 186; Orthodoxy 116; Peter the Great 99, 103; Russian Empire 80, 82, 84, 123, 136, 147, 158; Russian Fed eration 316, 344; serfdom 113; Soviet Union 266; World War I 177; World War II 227; see also Eastern Slavs Slovakia 287; see also Czechoslovakia Slovenia 339 smerdy 10; see also peasantry smoking 83, 301 Smolensk 43, 46, 82 Smolny Institute 116 Snow Revolution 333, 347; see also Bolotnaya Square protests Sobchak, Anatoly 289, 323, 332 sobornosť 12, 49 Sochi 337 Sochi Olympics see 2014 Winter Olympics social contract 258 social criticism 117, 132 Social Democratic Labor Party see Rus sian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) Social Democratic Party see Russian Social Democratic Party (SD) Social Democrats (Germany) 222 Social Democrats (Russia) see Russian Social Democratic Party (SD) socialism: 154, 157, 302; Bolsheviks 211; China 252; Czechoslovakia 259—260, 287; Germany 287; international 212, 249, 251; Lenin 194, 200-202, 212; Leonid Brezhnev 258; Mikhail Gor bachev 272, 274-276, 278, 281, 283, 285-287; Nikita Khrushchev 248, 253֊ 255, 279; revolutionary 198; Romania 287; Soviet 185, 264, 272, 287, 290-291, 301,303,311, 327; Stalin 215—216, 238, 249; state 299; see also Marxism; see also peasant socialism “socialism in one country” 211
380 Index Socialist Bloc 237, 249-250, 252 “socialist legality” 254 socialist realism 221-222, 243, 282 Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) 168, 171, 192-193 social justice 198 social media 334, 347 social problems 138, 265, 281—283, 297, 329 social revolution 59, 61-62, 64, 170, 172 soil 3 Solidarity 263, 286 Solovetskii Monastery 78 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 248, 264 Somalia 262 “Song of Stalin” 209 Sophia 70, 89 Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst see Catherine the Great Sorskii, Nil 48-49 “soul tax” 95 South Asia 252 Southeast Asia 252, 299, 314 Southern Society 129 South Korea (Republic of Korea) 242, 280, 343 South Ossetia 337, 344 South Vietnam 249, 259 “sovereign democracy” 329 soviet see Moscow Soviet see Petrograd Soviet see St. Petersburg Soviet Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) 262-263, 277, 306, 346 Soviet Army (1946-1992) 260, 262, 271, 278-280; see also Red Army (1918-1946) Soviet Bloc 242 Soviet constitution 217—218, 258, 284 Soviet Far East 258; see also East Asia; see also Russian Far East Soviet Russia 185, 193-196, 198—199, 201, 205n3, 209, 221; see also Russian Republic (RSFSR) Soviet Union (USSR) 4, 17, 196, 201, 205n3; Boris Yeltsin 296—297, 305; Cold War 237-239, 246, 249, 251-252, 256, 260-262; Crimea 313; Leonid Brezhnev 260—262, 264; Mikhail Gorbachev 272, 276—278, 280-281, 284, 285-287, 291; Nikita Khrushchev 246, 249, 256; Stalin 203-204, 209, 211-212, 216, 218, 222-225, 236-237, 248; World War II 225, 227, 229; see also Armenia; see also Azerbaijan; see also Belarus; see also Estonia; see also Georgia; see also Kazakhstan; see also Kyrgyzstan; see also Latvia; see
also Lithuania; see also Moldavia; see also Russian Republic (RSFSR); see also Tajikistan; see also Turkmenistan; see also Ukraine; see also Uzbekistan Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies see Petrograd Soviet sovnarkbozy 255 space program 255 space race 277 Spain 223 Spanish Civil War 223 Speransky, Michael 128, 130 spies 253; see also espionage spousal abuse 265, 302 Sputnik 1 255 SRs see Socialist Revolutionaries stability 42, 74, 112, 151-152, 235, 238, 240, 250, 259, 263, 321, 323-324, 330, 334, 336, 347 stagnation 123, 126, 131, 235, 256, 291, 332 Stakhanov, Aleksey 216 Stakhanovism 216 Stalin, Joseph: 203 (fig.), 175, 201-204, 209-230, 235-239, 240, 242-244, 246-251, 265, 279, 283, 303, 310, 313, 342 Stalingrad 227; see also Volgograd Stalinism: 51, 209, 217, 220, 235-236, 242, 246-248, 256, 263, 272, 275, 282-283, 303, 305, 321 standard of living 151, 173, 216, 236, 255, 258, 265, 285, 324, 327, 347 Stanislavsky, Konstantin 175 START see Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty starvation 200 state capitalism 328; see also capitalism State Committee on the Emergency Situation 289 State Council 170 State Duma see Duma (Russian Federation) state farm see collective farm State Planning Commission see Gosplan State Russian Museum 304 state service 47, 49, 57, 113-115, 117 steppe 1, 158 steppe empires 16 Stolypin, Peter 171-174
Index storekeepers 258 stores 259, 298-299, 326; see also retail St. Petersburg see Saint Petersburg Straits see Turkish Straits Strategic Arras Limitation Talks (SALT) I 260 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) II 260-262 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) I 278, 280, 315 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) II 278, 315 Stravinsky, Igor 176 Streltsy 55, 89-90 strikes 154, 164, 167-169, 173, 184-185, 286 subway see Moscow metro system succession 14-15, 38, 42, 48, 60, 89, 98, 103-104, 119, 129, 244, 256 suicide 175, 220, 239, 290, 301, 331 suicide bombings 336, 338 “suitcase traders” 300 sultan 46, 137, 158 “super governors” 330 superpower 137, 229, 248, 260, 262, 263, 278, 280, 316 Suprematism 176 Supreme Privy Council 104, 114 Supreme Soviet (Lithuania) 288 Supreme Soviet (Russian Republic) 289, 305-306 Supreme Soviet (Soviet Union) 217, 284-285 Suzdal 20, 22, 41 Sviatoslav I fvl4 Sweden 22, 51, 60, 64, 87, 91, 93-94, 111, 134, 344 Swedes 1, 31, 54, 59, 64, 75, 91 Swiss 95 Switzerland 327 Sylvester 54, 58 Syria 261, 339-340, 346 Syrian civil war 329, 346 Table of Ranks 95, 115 Taiwan 242, 251 Tajikistan 17nl, 17n3, 313-314, 339 The Tale of the Host of Igor 13, 39 Tallinn 341 Tannenberg, First Battle of 43 Tatars 4, 23, 49, 54, 57, 80, 91, 108, 110, 123, 303, 305; see also Crimean Tatars; see also Mongols; see also Volga Tatars 381 Tatar language 5 Tatarstan 5 Tätiin, Vladimir 176 tax collection 37-38, 43, 76, 108 tax evasion 62, 327 taxes 7, 9, 14, 28-29, 43, 57, 69-73, 95, 97-98, 108, 112-113, 124-125, 145, 151, 160, 171-172, 200-211, 254, 276, 306, 325,
327-328 Tchaikovsky, Pyotr 131-132 technocrats 272 technology 10, 36, 55, 73-74, 83, 87, 94, 96, 99, 113, 119-120, 152, 174, 211-212, 214, 222, 258, 260, 274, 326, 328, 343 television 271, 282, 295, 304, 306-307, 309, 320, 323, 329-330, 334 Temuchin 24; see also Genghis (Chingiz) Khan Tenth Party Congress (1921) 200-201 terror 23, 33, 58-59, 198, 209, 215, 217-221, 227, 230, 243, 246, 254; see also Stalinism terrorism 141-142, 148, 167, 311, 320-321, 335-336, 338-339 Teutonic Knights 22, 27; see also Livonian Order Thaw 248 theater 83, 116, 174-176, 221, 282, 304, 336 theology 66, 83 Third Duma (1907-1912) 171 Third International Theater Olympics 304 Third Rome 48 Third Section of His Majesty’s Own Chancery 130 Third World 246, 252, 262-263, 300, 325; see also developing world Three Emperors’ League 158 Three Sisters 175; see also Anton Chekhov Tiananmen Square 280 Tilsit 134 timber 21, 86, 124, 216, 296, 300; see also resources Time of Troubles 51-66, 74—76, 80, 84, 89, 204 Tito see Josip Broz tobacco 83 Tolstoy, Leo 132 torture 51, 53, 58, 70, 90, 220, 335, 338 towns 7, 9-10, 13-16, 20-23, 26, 28-29, 31, 36-37, 42, 56, 64-65, 73-74, 76,
382 Index 80, 86, 98, 108-109, 112, 114, 116, 123, 126, 130, 151, 169, 187, 200, 211, 320, 326, 335 townspeople 55, 60, 75—76, 108, 113, 116, 130-131, 146 trade see commerce see overseas trade trade routes 7, 14—16, 237, 258 traders 4 tradition see Kievan Rus’ see Moscow see peasantry see Russian Orthodox Church see serfdom see Slavs see sobornosť “transition to communism” 255, 258 translation 46, 51, 78, 108, 281, 283 Transnistria 342 transportation 4, 94, 125, 145, 151, 174, 178, 180, 187, 200, 213, 300, 324, 326 Trans-Siberian Railroad 160 Trans-Volga Elders 48M-9 trappers 4, 7, 23 treasury 58, 310 Treasury, Department of the 341 tribute 7, 9, 14, 19-20, 22, 45 The Trinity 39, 40 (fig.) Triple Alliance 177 Triple Entente 177; see also Allies (First World War) Trotsky, Leon 169, 192, 198-199, 203-204, 211-212, 218-219, 222, 282 Truman, Harry S. 240 Truman Doctrine 240 Trump, Donald 341 “trust in cadres” 258 tsarist autocracy 66, 157, 188; see also autocracy Tsar-Liberator 141, 143, 148; see also Alexander II Tsushima, Straits of 166 tuberculosis 301 Turgenev, Ivan 132 Turkey 45, 46, 60, 82, 87, 92-93, 108, 111, 158, 225, 240, 253, 300, 314, 346; see also Ottoman Empire Turkic peoples 4—5, 23, 98, 158 Turkish Straits 190, 225, 240 Turkmenistan 17nl, 17n3, 343 Turks 1, 45, 48, 86, 90-91; see also Ottoman Turks Teutonic Knights 22, 27 Tver 35-36, 38, 42, 46 Twelfth Party Congress (1923) 203 Twentieth Party Congress (1956) 247-248 Twenty-Second Party Congress (1961) 247 tycoons 299, 315, 327 U-2 spy plane 253 udel 36; see also appanage system Ukraine: 4, 17nl, 17n3, 17n4;
Alexander I 134; Alexander II 147; Boris Yeltsin 312, 341; Crimea 313; Euromaidan 344; European Union 345; indus trialization 153; Kievan Rus’ 5, 6, 11, 16—17; Mikhail Gorbachev 281, 290; Mongols 31; nationalism 157; Nikita Khrushchev 246; NATO 337; Old Believers 78; Orthodoxy 45, 82-83; Pale of Settlement 149; Peter the Great 92, 99; Poland 82; Russian Empire 78, 80, 82, 84; serfdom 112—113; Stalin 243; United States 315; Vladimir Putin 342; War in Donbas 321, 328-329, 337, 345; World War II 225-227 Ukrainian language 12 Ukrainians: 17n4; Bolsheviks 191; Catherine the Great 111-112, 120; Civil War 196; Elizabeth 104; inde pendence 305; Kievan Rus 5; Mongols 19, 31—32, 104; October Revolution 194; Peter the Great 92, 117; Provi sional Government 188; Russian Empire 123; Stalin 236; World War I 177; World War II 227 Ukrainian Soviet Republic: 239, 288, 313; famine 213, 235 Ulyanov, Alexander 156 Ulyanov, Vladimir see Vladimir Lenin Ulozhenie 72 ultranationalism 142 Uniate Church 82, 83 unemployment 184, 300-302, 325, 338 unification 22, 49, 51, 65, 82, 158 Union of Lublin 43 Union of the Russian People 169 “Union of Sovereign Republics” 288 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR): 17n2, 201, 205n3; Boris Yelt sin 296-297, 305; Cold War 237-239, 246, 249, 251-252, 256, 260-262; Crimea 313; Leonid Brezhnev 260-262, 264; Mikhail Gorbachev 272, 276-278, 280-281, 284, 285-287, 291; Nikita Khrushchev 246, 249, 256; Stalin 203, 209, 211-212, 216, 218,
Index 222-225, 236-237, 248; World War II 225, 227, 229; see also Soviet Union Union of Unions 167 United Front 223 United Nations (UN) 237, 251, 261, 279, 312, 340 United Russia 330-333, 335-336 United States: 17nl; Afghanistan 262; Alaska 136; Boris Yeltsin 296, 309, 311-316, 338; Cold War 236, 240, 243, 246; Cuban Missile Crisis 253; détente 260; February Revolution 187; industrialization 152-153, 173, 214; Jews 170, 283; Leonid Brezhnev 263; Mikhail Gorbachev 273, 278, 280; NATO 313, 337; NEP 200; Nikita Khrushchev 253, 255; North Korea 343; nuclear weapons 261, 277; Old Believers 78; “Russiagate” 341; Russian Civil War 196; Russian Empire 123; sanctions 328; September 11 attacks 335; slavery 113, 145; Soviet Russia, 198; Soviet Union 199, 202; Syrian civil war 346; United Nations 237; Vietnam 249, 259; Vla dimir Putin 338-341, 344; War in Donbas 337; World War II 226-227, 229, 236, 238-239 Unity 324 universities 127, 149, 176 Unofficial Committee 127-128 Ural Mountains 3, 80, 108, 153, 213, 281 Urals see Ural Mountains urbanization 179 USSR see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR Council of Ministers 217 utopianism 147, 155 Uzbekistan 17nl, 17n3, 339 Varangians 6—7, 15-16; see also Vikings Vasilit I 45 Vasilit II 45 Vasilit III 45-49, 51, 53 vassal 9 vassal state 303 veche 15, 20-22, 46; see also Kievan Rus’; see also Novgorod Velvet Revolution 287 Venice 47 Versailles, Treaty of 223 veterans 200, 300, 303, 306, 326 Vienna 136 383 Vietnam: 266n2, 277; Cambodia 279, 280; Cam Ranh Bay 314; civil war 249; revolution 259; Soviet Union 278; see also North Vietnam; see
also South Vietnam Vietnamese 279 Vietnam War 262 Vikings 4, 6, 10, 15-16, 28; see also Varangians villages: Alexander I 128; Alexander II 145-146, 151, 154; Catherine the Great 116; February Revolution 187; Mikhail Gorbachev 272; Mongols 23, 28-29, 31, 71; Moscow 37; Nicholas I 130; Revolution of 1905 169; Russian Empire 124—125, 150; Stalin 213 Vilnius 271-272, 288 Virgin Lands Campaign 254 Vladimir 11-12, 15 Vladimir (city) 16, 22, 42 Vladimir-Suzdal 16, 36 Vladivostok 160 vodka 151, 211, 265, 275 Volga Germans 236 Volga River 5 (fig.), 6, 21, 26, 41, 57, 108, 112, 227, 305 Volga Tatars 297, 305 Volgodonsk 311 Volgograd 227; see also Stalingrad volost 145, 149 Voltaire 106 volunteers 251, 345 Volhynia 20-21, 31, 43 Volynskii Regiment 184 votchina 36, 47 Wałęsa, Lech 286 War and Peace 132; see also Leo Tolstoy War Communism 198, 209, 215 warfare 14, 83, 306; see also Crimean War; see also Great Northern War; see also guerrilla warfare; see also Livonian War; see also Napoleonic Wars; see also Russo-Japanese War; see also World War I; see also World War II War in Donbas 321, 328, 337, 345 warheads 253, 261, 315, 339-340; see also nuclear weapons Warsaw 227 Warsaw Pact 240, 250, 259-260, 266nl, 278-279, 281, 287 “war scare” 222
384 Index Washington 3, 252, 254, 259, 262, 281, 339 water 15, 264, 301, 326 wax 7, 21 West Asia 346; see also Middle East West Berlin 252, 261 West Germany 239, 242, 252-253, 261, 287; see also Federal Republic of Germany Western Europe 9, 11, 13, 17, 24, 29-31, 33, 39, 65, 72-73, 75-76, 82, 84, 87, 90, 93, 103, 119, 124-126, 128, 130, 143, 153, 155, 194, 211, 229, 240, 242, 260, 272-273, 280-281, 335 Western Front 190, 196 Westernization 79, 83, 87, 116 Westernizers 98, 119, 133 White House (Supreme Soviet building) 289-290, 306 Whites 196, 198—199; see also Reds; see also Russian Civil War White Sea 55 “Wild East” 302 wilderness 39, 49 Wilson, Woodrow 196 Winter Palace 102, 141, 192 Winter War 225 Witte, Sergei 150, 152, 164—166, 168-169, 172, 174 women: 265, 302; Bloody Sunday 167; childbirth 124; divorce 265; healers 116; life expectancy 301; Novgorod 21; patriarchy 347; Petrograd 185; radical 338; revolutionary 147, 166; Smolny Institute 116; young 298; workers 326; writers 282 workers: Alexander II 143; Bolsheviks 188-189, 191, 194-195; Chinese 280; Civil War 199—200; Duma Period 171, 173—174; February Revolution 184; Kievan Rus’ 10; Marxism 155֊ 156; Mikhail Gorbachev 272, 275, 277, 286; NEP 210; Nicholas I 130; Nikita Khrushchev 256; October Revolution 191; Petrograd Soviet 187; Polish 263; Provisional Government 186, 190; Revolution of 1905 166-169; Russian Empire 125, 130-131, 153- 154; Rus sian Federation 298, 302, 326; serf ՛ 124; Soviet 214-215, 218; Stalin 216, 222; Vladimir Putin 329; World War I 173, 178, 180; see also proletariat World Bank 324 World of
Art 176 world revolution 198, 202, 211, 238, 246 World Trade Organization (WTO) 316, 328, 339, 344 World War I: 153; artists 176; Bolsheviks 188; Mensheviks 188; nationalism 205; Ottoman Empire 110; Poland 111; Russian Empire 158,165,170,173-174, 176-181, 194; Stalin 203 World War II: 228 (fig.); Chechens 310; China 250; Helsinki Accords 261; Japan 280, 314; Mikhail Gorbachev 272; Poland 224; Soviet Union 209-217, 224-230, 235, 247, 263, 272, 297, 303, 312; Stalinism 220, 246; Vietnam 249, 259; Vladimir Putin 321, 341 writers 52, 106, 117, 131-132, 175, 220, 229, 243, 264, 281-282, 304 xenophobia 48, 79, 209, 237, 303, 321, 335-336 Yalta Conference 238—240 Yanukovych, Viktor 344—345 yarlyk 28 Yavlinsky, Grigory 308 Yeltsin, Boris: 296 (fig.); Russian Federation 295-299, 305-317, 321, 323-324, 327, 329-331, 338, 341, 347; Russian Republic 285, 289-290 Yevtushenko, Yevgenii 248 Young Communists 213 youth 341 Yugoslav Wars 316, 343 Yugoslavia 225, 240, 242, 249, 251, 260, 316; see also Kosovo; see also Serbia Yukos 327 zemskii sobor 55, 60, 65, 74—75, 82, 96, 115 zemstvo 146, 149, 167 Zhelyabov, Andrei 148 Zinoviev, Gregory 204, 211, 218-219 Znamenskaia Square 184 Zyuganov, Gennady 308-309, 324 .'“""Հ l svarltsks |
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Contents List of illustrations Acknowledgments Preface to the Ninth Edition Preface to the First Edition 1 Introduction: Ancient Russia and Kievan Rus’ vii ix x xi 1 2 Kievan Rus’ in Crisis and the Mongol Contact, 1054-1462 19 3 The Rise of Moscow, 1328—1533 35 4 The Russian Empire and the Time of Troubles, 1533-1618 51 5 The Formation of Imperial Russian Society, 1613-1689 69 6 Peter the Great and the Conundrum of Westernization, 1689-1725 86 7 Change and Continuity, 1725-1801 101 8 Autocracy, Dissent, and Ferment, 1801-1855 122 9 Reform, Reaction, and Modernization, 1855-1904 141 10 Conflict, Revolution, and War, 1904—1917 164 11 Revolution, Civil War, and the Founding of the Soviet State, 1917-1928 184 12 The Stalin Revolution and World War II, 1928—1946 209 13 Stability and Stagnation during the Cold War, 1946-1984 235 14 The Collapse of the Soviet Union, 1985—1991 271
vi Contents 15 Russia in a Post-Soviet World, 1991-2000 295 16 Russia under Putin 320 Index 352
Index 9—11 see September 11 attacks 1998 financial crisis 299, 309, 324 2014 Winter Olympics 329 abdication 185—186, 344 Abkhazia 337, 344 Abkhaz people 314 abortion 265 absenteeism 265 absolute monarchy 56, 160, 174 absolute rule 46, 59; see also absolutism absolutism: 30, 37, 75-76; Alexander I 126; Ivan the Terrible 56, 59, 65-66; Nicholas II 165; Peter the Great 94 abuse 53, 331, 336; see also child abuse Academy of Sciences see Russian Academy of Sciences Adashev 54 addiction 301 Adrian 96 Adriatic Sea 23 aestheticism 175 Afghanistan: British-Russian competi tion 158; border with Tajikistan 314; Islamic fundamentalism 314; Soviet invasion 262-263; Soviet rule 310, 346; Soviet withdrawal 278, 280, 291; United States invasion 335, 339; war 277 Afghan people 262-263 Afghan War see Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) Africa: 74, 229, 249, 279, 346; autocracy in 346 agriculture: Alexander I 126; Catherine the Great 111-112, 119; Civil War 199; climate 3; collectivization 209, 212-214, 218-220, 227, 254, 272, 276, 282, 285, 299, 325; CPSU 212; disruption 150, 214; Duma Period 170, 172; early Slavs 17n4; exports 213, 325; Five-Year Plans 213-214; geography 3; Great Reforms 143, 152, 160; industrialization 126; Ivan the Terrible 62, 72; Kievan Rus’ 9, 19; Leonid Brezhnev 256, 258; Marxism 155-156; Mikhail Gorbachev 272, 276, 282, 285—286; modernization 150; Mongols 29; Moscow 37, 41; New Economic Policy 201, 211; Nikita Khrushchev 254; nobility 125, 152; northeastern Russia 22; Novgorod 21; obshchina 7, 124, 151; peasantry 211, 213; Peter the Great 83, 87, 95, 103; Peter Stolypin
172-173; prices 166, 178, 187, 325; privatization 299; reforms 172-173; requisitioning 199-200, 213; Russian nobility 125; role of women 265; serfdom 73-74, 108; serf emancipation 146; Sergei Witte 150; southwestern Russia 20; Stalin 210; Time of Troubles 60; Vladimir Putin 325; wages 166; World War II 226; yields 254; see also collectivization; see also serfdom Akhmadulina, Bella 282 Akhmatova, Anna 222, 282 Alaska 3, 17nl, 136 Albania 242, 266nl, 266n2, 313 Albanians 316, 343 alcohol 265 alcoholism: Boris Yeltsin 297—298, 308; crime 265; glasnost’ 283; life expectancy 301, 347; Mikhail Gorba chev 275; peasantry 151; women 302 Alexander I: 127 (fig.); Catherine the Great 118, 138; dissent 129; foreign
Index 353 policy 128, 134-136; reforms 123, 126—128, 170; succession 122, 129 Alexander II: 144 (fig.); assassination 141-142, 148; foreign policy 136-137, 158; reforms 143, 147, 160; serf emane pation 147; see also Great Reforms Alexander III 148-150, 160 Alexandra 178, 184 Alexei 178 Alexis (son of Peter the Great) 98 Alexis (Tsar) 69-70, 74-79, 82-83, 89 alliance: Catherine the Great 108; China 251; Cold War 237; Czechoslovakia 259; NATO 313; Paul I 119; Peter the Great 90; Stalin 223; Time of Troubles 64; Warsaw Pact 240; World War I 176-177; World War II 224-225 Allied intervention 194—199 Allies (Cold War) 239, 287, 311 Allies (First World War) 177, 187-188, 190, 195-196, 199 Allies (Second World War) 227, 229, 236-238 All-Russia Popular Front 333 Al-Qaeda 335 Alsace 177 ambassadors 82, 105, 341 America 133; see also United States Americans 153, 196, 229 American Revolution 157 American South 113 Americas 74 Amsterdam 345 Amur River 80, 160, 258, 261 Anastasia 54, 58, 65 Andreyeva, Nina 285 Andropov, Yuri 266, 272 Anglo-Soviet Agreement 226 Angola 262, 279 Anhalt-Zerbst 105 Animal Farm 282 Anna (Empress) 103—104, 114 annexation: 188; Austria 224; Catherine the Great 111; Caucasus 134; Crimea 111, 313, 321, 337, 345; Kazan 57; Iran 240; Ivan the Terrible 57; Moscow 79; Nicholas I 134; Novgorod 46; Poland 110-111; Soviet 225; Vasilii III 46 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 338 anti-Bolsheviks 186, 195-196, 198-200; see also Whites Antichrist 88 anti-communists 237, 261—262, 279 anti-foreignism 64; see also xenophobia anti-Georgians 314 anti-government activity 167, 346
Anti-Party Group 255 anti-Russians 310 anti-Semitism 149, 170, 243, 303 anti-Soviets 246, 254, 262 anti-Ukrainian forces 345 anti-Western rhetoric 321, 335, 338 appanage system 36; see also udel April Theses 189 Arab League 340 Arabs 10, 12, 17n4 Arab Spring 346 Arakcheyev, Aleksey 128 Aral Sea 264 archbishop 21, 66, 102 archeology 6, 17n4 architecture 12—13, 39, 83, 116, 304, 324 archives 220, 242 Arctic Ocean 1, 3-4, 22, 123, 328 aristocracy 20-21, 35—36, 54, 56, 59, 150, 152; see also boyars; see also nobility armed forces: imperial 141; in Syria 346; Leonid Brezhnev 257, 278; Mikhail Gorbachev 284; modernization 172; Peter the Great 94—95; Russian Fed eration 347; Stalin 243; Ukrainian 313; unrest in 169; Vladimir Putin 331; see also Imperial Russian Army (1721-1917); see also Red Army (1918-1946); see also Russian Army (Russian Federation); see also Russian Navy (1696-1917); see also Russian Navy (1992-); see also Soviet Navy (1918-1992) Armenia 17nl, 17n3, 136, 226, 287, 288, 314, 336, 345 Armenians 45, 157, 196 arms control 260, 278, 280, 309 arms race 260, 263, 277, 291 army see Imperial Russian Army (1721-1917) see Red Army (1918-1946) see Russian Army (Russian Federation) artisans 4, 10, 13, 21, 29, 83, 95, 113, 123, 130 artists 13, 131-132, 174-176, 220-222, 243, 248, 264, 282, 304 arts 11, 116, 123, 216, 221, 249, 282, 304 Asia: autocracy in 346; colonization of 110, 133; Cossacks in 62; exploration
354 Index of 91, 110; geography of 3; Mongols 23, 27; relation of Kievan Rus’ with 7, 9, 10, 16; revolutions in 210-211; Russian annexation of 134; Russian expansion in 91, 110, 123; Russian exports to 153; Russian foreign affairs in 93; Russian peasantry in 151; Russian relationship with 316, 342; socialism in 279; Soviet ties with 249; tensions in 279 al-Assad, Bashar 346 assassination: 167-168, 177; Akhmad Kadyrov 336; Alexander II vii, 141-142, 142 (fig.), 147֊ 148, 161, 18ІПІ; attempted of Alexander III 156; possibility of Peter III 105; Peter Stolypin 174 Astrakhan 32, 80, 97—98 Astrakhan, Khanate of 32, 57, 80 atheism 213 atheists 264 Atlantic Charter 237 Atlantic Ocean 1, 3-4, 281 Austerlitz 134 Austria 110-111, 134-135, 137, 198, 224, 249 Austrian (Habsburg) Empire 90, 110, 135-137 Austrians 177 Austria-Hungary 158, 173, 176-178, 195, 343 authority: absolutist 65; abuse of 284; administrative 149; Alexander I 128; Alexander III 149; autocratic 102; Bolshevik 193-194; Boris Yeltsin 306; boyar 47; Catherine the Great 106—107; central 330; challenges to 165, 194, 329; constitutional 289; CPSU 291; defiance of 76, 321; fiscal 307; Golden Horde 27—28; grand prince 59; Iaroslav the Wise 15; imperial 9; Ivan the Terrible 56, 58; judicial 149; Kievan Rus’ 14, 19; Lenin 195; Mikhail Gorbachev 284, 289-290; Mikheil Saakashvili 337; Mongol 30, 32; Moscow 22, 42, 46; Nicholas I 130; Nicholas II 185; Novgorod 15; Ottoman 136; papal 82; Patriarch Nikon 77; Peter the Great 89, 91, 103; Petrograd Soviet 187; presidential 329; Provisional Government 186; rebellion against 79;
regional 306; religious 49; resistance to 70, 166; restoration of 65; Revolution of 1905 165; Romanov 74; Russian Empire 9; Russian Orthodox Church 48, 77; secret police 218; secular 77; serf 124; Time of Troubles 63; traditional 147; Tsar Alexis 75; tsarist 56—57, 66, 76, 171; Vladimir the Great 15; Vladimir Putin 321, 330; weakening of 63; workers’ 190 autocracy: 46, 119, 153, 161nl, 205n2, 205n4; abolition of 157; Alexander I 128; Alexander II 142-143; Alexander III 148-150; Anna (Empress) 104; Byzantine models of 30, 56; Catherine the Great 102, 106, 109, 120; collapse of 185-187; development of 65; Fundamental Laws 170; Great Reforms 146; Konstantin Pobedonostsev 149; in Africa and Asia 346; Mongol impact on 28; Moscow 35, 61; Nicholas I 129-131, 148; Nicholas II 165; October Manifesto 165; opposition to 188; Orthodox Church 66, 76-77; overthrow of 297; Peter the Great 94; preservation of 160; resurrection of 75; revolution against 184; Time of Troubles 74; tsarist rule 66, 123; tsarist society 70, 126; Unofficial Committee 127 “Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and Nationality” 130 autonomy: Chechen 310, 336, 338; Cossacks 82, 108; cultural 217; ethnic 160, 187, 201, 236, 264; Finland 150, 157, 188; minority 160, 187, 201, 236; Mongols 32; Moscow 31; non- Russian 305; Novgorod 14, 21; oprichnina 58; Poland 130, 157; regional 316, 330, 337; religious 264; Russian 288; territorial 236; Ukraine 82, 112, 288 authoritarianism: 5, 123; Arab 346; Belarusian 314, 342; Bolshevik 195, 214, 217; Boris Yeltsin 295; Nicholas I 130; Soviet 194, 256, 258, 305, 316; Stalinist 221; Vladimir Putin
321, 329, 331, 334-335, 346 Avvakum 77-78 Axis powers 223-227, 229; see also Rome-Berlin Axis Azerbaijan 17nl, 17n3, 226, 287, 290, 314, 326 Azerbaijanis 287 Azeris see Azerbaijanis Azov 86-87, 91
Index Baikal see Lake Baikal Baikal-Amur Mainline Railway (ВАМ) 258 Bakunin, Michael 133 Balakirev, Milii 132 Balkans: Austria 137, 176-177; Eastern Orthodox Church 11; Germany 225; languages 17n4; Lithuania 43; Mongols 24, 26; Orthodox Christians 158; Ottoman Empire 136—137, 158; Russian Empire 134, 158, 176—177 Balkan Slavs 343 Balkan Wars 177 ballet 174, 176, 264, 304 Ballets Russes 176 Baltic languages 312-313 Baltic Sea: 1, 4, 166; Kievan Rus’ 7, 11, 15; Ivan the Terrible 59, 91; Lithuania 22, 43; Moscow 57; Novgorod 21, 46; Peter the Great 92-93; Teutonic Knights 22, 31; Time of Troubles 64 Baltic peoples 6, 80, 93, 123, 157, 196; see also Estonians; see also Latvians; see also Lithuanians Baltic provinces (Russian Empire) 104, 127, 169 Baltic republics (Soviet Union) 284, 301 Baltic states 225, 239, 312-313, 337-338, 341; see also Estonia; see also Latvia; see also Lithuania Balts see Baltic peoples banking 152, 173 banks 76, 192, 200, 325 Bashkirs 5, 98, 108 Batu Khan 24, 26—27, 32 Bazarov 132 Beijing 280 beggars’ allotments 146 Belarus 4, 11, 17nl, 17n3, 17n4, 20, 278; Chernobyl disaster 281; Eurasian Economic Union 345; independence of 290; Jewish population in 149; Mongols 31; nuclear weapons in 312, 315; Orthodox Church 17; Pale of Settlement 149; proposed union with Russia 314; Vladimir Putin 342 Belarusian language 12, 43 Belarusians 17n4, 31, 111-112, 123; nationalism 177; October Revolution 194; Provisional Government 188; self-determination 191 Belgium 136, 225 Belinsky, Vissarion 146 Benois, Alexandre 176 355 Beria, Lavrentiy 244, 255 Bering Strait 80
Berlin 227, 239, 252-253, 261; see also West Berlin Berlin Airlift 239 Berlin, Battle of 227 Berlin Wall 253, 287 Beslan 320-321, 336 Beslan massacre 321, 330 Bessarabia 134, 143, 225, 239; see also Moldova biological weapons 264 billionaires 326-327 Biron, Count 104 birth control 265 bishops 256 Bismarck, Otto von 158 Black Earth Region 151 Black Hundreds 170 black market 258 Black Sea: 4, 17n4, 123, 289, 329; Catherine the Great 110-112; Kievan Rus’ 7, 15-16; Lithuania 43; Mongols 23; Moscow 41; Ottoman Empire 136; Peter the Great 91; Varangians 6 Black Sea Fleet 91, 313 blockade 134, 239, 253 bloggers 334 Blok, Alexander 175 Bloody Sunday 167-168 Bogoliubskii, Andrei 16 Bolotnaya Square protests 333-334, 347; see also Snow Revolution Bolotnikov, Ivan 63, 108 Bolshevik Party: 116, 156; creation of the Soviet Union 291; Leon Trotsky 204; Nikita Khrushchev 245; regulation of 201; Stalin 202, 247; see also Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Bolshevik Revolution: 16, 51, 297; see also October Revolution Bolsheviks: collectivization 213; Kronstadt Rebellion 200; land policy 205; Leon Trotsky 169, 211; New Economic Policy 199; opposition to 186, 196; Petrograd Soviet 189; relationship with Germany 188; rise to power 190-194; role in Russian Civil War 194- 196, 198-200; use of terror 218; Vladimir Lenin 185, 188; War Communism 209 Bolshevism 195, 214, 217; see also Bolshevik Party
356 Index Bolshoi Theater 304 boomtowns 324 borderlands 62, 83, 112, 160 Boris Godunov (opera) 60 Borodin, Aleksandr 132 Borodino 135 Bosnia 177, 316 Bosnian Serbs 316 Bosporus Straits 136 bourgeois 188, 210, 243 bourgeoisie 130 boxing 322 boyars: 76; duma 15, 115; Kievan Rus’ 9-10; Ivan the Terrible 53-58, 66; Michael Romanov 74; Mongols 20-21, 26, 39; Moscow 35-36, 47, 49; Novgorod 22, 46; Peter the Great 95-98; Time of Troubles 60-66, 75; see also aristocracy; see also nobility boycott 171 brainwashing 220 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of 195-196 Brezhnev, Leonid: 257 (fig.); agricultural policies 258; Cold War 259; death 263, 266; détente 259, 263; dissidents 264; economic policies 257; ethnic policies 266; foreign policy 263; human rights 262; Khrushchev 235, 256; legacy 291; Mikhail Gorbachev 272; military policy 278; repression in Czechoslovakia 260; Richard Nixon 262; Sino-Soviet split 261; social contract 286; social problems 265; Stalin 220; years in power 256 Brezhnev Doctrine 260, 286 bribery 326, 334, 338, 347 Britain see Great Britain British India 158; see also India British Petroleum 328 The Brothers Karamazov 132; see also Fyodor Dostoyevsky Broz, Josip 240 Buddhism 303 budget 95, 108, 128, 146, 151, 171, 244, 262, 278, 299, 304, 310, 315, 336 budget deficit 298 budget surplus 324 Bukharin, Nikolai 204, 211, 218, 220 Bulavin, Kondratii 98 Bulgaria: 266nl, 266n2, 287; revolt against Ottoman Empire 158 Bulgarians 158 Bulgars 6 bureaucracy: Alexander III 149; Boris Yeltsin 297; Crimean War 144; corruption in 328; criticism of 282, 347; imperial 123; intelligentsia
131; interference of 300; Kazakhstan 287; lack of independence 103; Leonid Brezhnev 259; Mikhail Gorbachev 277, 285; Nicholas I 130; Nikita Khrushchev 255—256; opposition within 144; Paul I 119; Peter the Great 94, 96, 99, 103; red tape 326; reform of 298; Revolution of 1905 173; role of nobility 114, 152; Sergei Witte 150; seventeenth century 84; Slavophiles 133; Soviet 218-219, 281; Stalin 246; tsarist 76, 160; Vladimir Dudintsev 248; Vladimir Putin 323 bureaucrats 76, 130, 132, 246, 256, 283-284, 298 Bush, George H. W. 280 Bush, George W. 315, 337-340 Byzantine Empire: 6—7, 12, 17n4; architecture 13, 40; autocracy in 30, 56; borrowing from 46, 65; culture 17; decline of 45; iconography 39; influence of 14; Kievan Rus’ 11, 13; trade 7, 9; 20; weakening of 16 Byzantine Christianity 4, 11-12, 77; see also Orthodox Christianity Byzantines 14 Byzantium 10, 13-16 caliphate 346 Cambodia 279-280 Camp David 261 camps see forced labor see gulag Cam Ranh Bay 314 Canada 3, 78 canals 125 cancer 301 cannibalism 61 capitalism: 299, 328; Boris Yeltsin 297; Communist opposition to 305; Karl Marx 155—156; Mikhail Gorbachev 278; Nikita Khrushchev 248, 255; Vladimir Lenin 188, 200; Stalin 224, 243; transition to 300; “Wild East” 302 Caribbean 242 Carpathian Mountains 20 Carter, Jimmy 262 cash 71, 73, 301, 325 Caspian Sea 3, 26, 41, 93, 196, 314 Castro, Fidel 249, 279
Index Catherine I 103—104 Catherine II (the Great): 97, 101—102, 104—120, 107(fig.); Alexander I 126, 138; enlightened despotism 129; guberniia 109; influence of Peter the Great 97; legacy 119—120; Legislative Commission 108-109; nationalities policy 111-112; Paul I 107, 118; role in death of Peter III 101-102, 105; successors 109; territorial expansion 110; Yemelyan Pugachev 108, 113 Catholicism see Roman Catholic Church Catholic Church see Roman Catholic Church Catholics see Roman Catholics Caucasians 80, 136, 236 Caucasus: 287, 295, 303, 306, 320, 335-336; Batu Khan 24; Beslan 320; Islamic fundamentalism in 311, 338; new states in 314; nationalism in 157; Nicholas I 136; Russian annexation of 134, 143; Russian influence in 337; Russian relationship with 314; Stalin 202, 236; terrorism in 310; war in 310-311; World War II 226 Caucasus Mountains 320; see also Caucasus Ceausescu, Nicolai 287 censors 347 censorship 117, 119, 123, 130-131, 146, 174 Central Asia 3, 24, 62, 80, 93, 111, 158, 196, 227, 236, 264; deportation of Chechens to 310; Eurasian Economic Union 345; new states in 314; Russian intervention in 314; Russian relationship with 314, 342 Central Asians 266, 303 Central Committee 218, 220, 243, 255-256, 265, 273 (fig.), 285 Central Europe 9, 24, 26, 57, 123, 126, 154-155, 261, 281 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 310, 315 centralization 35, 65, 77, 84, 112, 130, 209, 275, 329 centralized economy 214, 297 centralized government 5, 19, 22, 73, 83, 94, 157, 217 centralized planning 214 Central Powers 177-178, 187, 195-196 centrists 285, 307, 310 Chagall, Marc 176,
221 357 Chancellor, Richard 55 Charles XII 91-92, 111 Charter of the Nobility 109, 114 chauvinism 215, 308 Chechen War see First Chechen War see Second Chechen War Chechens: Boris Yeltsin 295; independence demands 336; rebellion of 320; resistance of 297, 310; Stalin 236; terrorism 336 “Chechenization” 336 Chechnya 306, 336 Cheka 198 Chekhov, Anton 175 Chernenko, Konstantin 266, 272 Chernigov 43 Chernobyl disaster 281 Chernomyrdin, Viktor 306, 309 The Cherry Orchard 175; see also Anton Chekhov chess 331 Chiang Kai-shek 222, 242, 250 child abuse 265 child care 302 childhood 52, 89, 126 children 53, 57, 64, 69, 96, 105, 124, 138, 167, 174, 186, 249, 301, 320-321, 336 Children of the Arbat 282 China: 80, 262-263, 300, 311, 328; Boris Yeltsin 314; civil war in 242; control in Korea 160; control in Manchuria 160; Cultural Revolution 261; Mikhail Gorbachev 277, 279-280, 291; Mongols 23—24; Peter the Great 93; reforms 285; revolution in 209; role in Korean War 242, 249; role in United Nations 237; Vladimir Putin 342-343; see also People’s Republic of China (PRC) Chinese 24, 327 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 209, 222, 242, 251 Chosen Council 54, 57 Christianity: 74, 77-78, 135; adoption of in Kievan Rus’ 11-12, 15-16, 49; Georgia 134; holy places 136; minorities 136; role of in Russian history 30; theology 66; see also Orthodox Church; see also Roman Catholic Church Chronicle of Current Events 264 The Chronicle of Novgorod 22 Churchill, Winston 236-237, 239 Church of the Savior’s Blood 142
358 Index church-state separation 49 CIA see Central Intelligence Agency cities 7, 24, 58, 114, 116, 123, 125, 142, 150, 153, 160, 178, 180, 187, 193, 199-200, 216, 263, 324, 326, 334-335; see also Kiev; see also Moscow; see also Saint Petersburg city-states 20, 83 civil war 10, 15, 37, 42, 51, 60, 111, 240, 242, 249, 259, 279, 314, 329, 340, 346; see also Time of Troubles Civil War see Russian Civil War class struggle 255 clergy 39, 45, 60, 69, 75, 77-78, 83, 114, 123, 131, 171, 256 climate 3, 80, 216 Clinton, Bill 309, 315 codification 55, 108, 130 Cold War: 237-266, 346; end of 278, 291; nuclear weapons 312; resumption of 344; see also Second Cold War collective farm 8, 173, 212-213, 218, 227, 254, 272, 276, 325 collective leadership 244 collective security 223—224 collective spirit 12 collectivization 212-214, 219-220, 282, 285; see also agriculture collectivism 9, 12 colonization: 39, 74, 325; Asia 110; Catherine the Great 112; French 259; imperial 111, 188; Ivan the Great 46; Moscow 37; North America 134; Novgorod 22; Siberia 80, 111 Cominform 240 Comintern 240; see also Communist International command economy 298 “commanding heights” 200 commerce: 5 (fig.), 73-74; Bolshevik policies toward 199; Crimean Tatars 111; European 29, 33; Kievan Rus’ 6—7, 9—10, 14—16; in Central Asia 314; in Moscow 37, 41, 43, 47-48; in the northwest 21; in the southwest 20; Mongol impact on 30; NEP 201; Peter the Great 94, 96; revolutions in 83; Vladimir the Great 11; Western 303; Western European 76; see also trade Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 290, 305, 312, 345 communal farm
see obshchina communes see obshchina communication 125, 135, 151, 174, 187, 191, 199, 254, 326, 340 communism: achievement by 1980 254; ashes of 296; Boris Yeltsin 309; collapse of 295; Karl Marx 155; Nazi opposition to 223; Orthodox Church 303; Nazi-Soviet Pact 224; reimposi tion of 243; spread of 198, 246; threat of 240; see also Leninism; see also Marxism; see also Marxism-Leninism Communist International 198, 202, 240; see also Comintern Communist Party of Germany see German Communist Party Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU): 209; alliances with 223; authoritarianism in 214; Boris Yeltsin 285; demise of 290-291; discipline within 235; glasnost’ 281; indepen dence from 288; industrialization 216; Leon Trotsky 212; Mikhail Gorbachev 272, 273 (fig.), 275, 284; opposition to 285; opposition within 211; organization 217֊ 218; purges within 220; Stalin 210, 215; reorgani zation of 256; struggle against Axis 229; see also Bolshevik Party communists: 224; Chinese 242, 250-251; Eastern European 240; former 298, 303, 307, 324; German 222; Polish 286; post-Soviet 305, 308, 330; Russian 202; Soviet 223, 238, 240; Spanish 223; Vietnamese 259; Western 250; Yugoslav 240, 249 community: Eastern Slavs 12; imperial 130; intellectual 265; international 328; Jewish 170; Muscovite 49; peasant 73; world 346 competition: between Catholic Church and Orthodox Church 83; for profit 297; media 304; Ottoman Empire 184; peaceful 249; political 248; religious 303; superpower 263; Vladimir Putin 322; with Great Britain 136; with United States 136, 229 concentration camps see forced labor;
see gulag conflict: between Moscow and Lithuania 43; Boris Yeltsin 306; Chechen 311; civil 272; ethnic 103; Germany 221; Ivan Turgenev 132; Ivan the Terrible 54; Karl Marx 155; Ottoman Empire 134, 136; Poland 111; political 316; Revolution of 1905 143; Russian Civil
Index War 194; social 51, 77; Vietnam War 279; within Russia 305; World War I 177; World War II 225 Congress of Berlin 158 Congress of Deputies 305 Congress of People’s Deputies 284 Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party see Second Congress (1903) Congress of Soviets see Second Congress (1924) Congress of Vienna 135 Congress (United States) 239 Connecticut 42 conquest: imperial 112; Ivan the Great 46; Ivan the Terrible 57; Mongol 1, 11, 26, 29-32; Moscow 37 conscription 108, 146, 331; see also draft; see also recruitment conservation 301 conservatism: 74; Alexander I 128; Alexander II 143, 147-148; Alexander III 149; Boris Yeltsin 305-307, 316; Greece 240; KGB 244; Lavr Kornilov 191; Mikhail Gorbachev 271-272, 284-285, 287, 289; Nicholas I 123, 130-131; Nicholas II 165, 174, 186; Nikolai Gogol 132; noble 145; Old Believers 79; opposition 88; Orthodox Church 303; Paul I 119; Peter the Great 89, 97-98; Revolution of 1905 168-173; Spanish Civil War 223; Stalinism 221; United States 337; Yugoslavia 240; World War II 224 Constantine (brother of Alexander I Nicholas I) 118, 122 Constantinople: Kievan Rus’ 6, 9-13, 15, 39; Mongols 30; Ottoman Empire 45-46, 48, 136-137, 177, 190; Russian Empire 111 Constituent Assembly 168, 186, 188, 190, 193, 195 constitution: 1936 Soviet 217-218; 1977 Soviet 258, 284; 1993 Russian 307-308, 316, 323-324, 332-333, 336; Alexander I 128; Decembrist revolt 122; Fundamental Laws 170; Poland 130 Constitutional Democratic Party 157, 168; see also Kadets constitutional convention 306 constitutional government 133, 147, 157, 165
constitutionalism 170 359 constitutional monarchy 129 consumer goods 214, 244, 255, 298—300 consumer industry see industry consumerism 297, 303 consumers 10, 258, 276, 286, 301, 328 containment policy 238 Contarini, Ambrogio 47 Continental System 134 contract 9, 47, 276, 323, 328 Contras 279 conversion 11, 48, 78 cooperatives 174, 276 corruption: Brezhnev 259; in the Caucasus 338; in Poland 263; Gorbachev’s attacks on 274, 281, 284, 291; local 321; Tsar Alexis 69; under the Romanovs 76; under Boris Yeltsin 295, 297, 300, 309, 316, 331; under Vladimir Putin 321, 326, 329, 331, 334, 336, 347 Cossacks: 62; anti-Bolshevik tendencies of 196; in Astrakhan 97; in Chechnya 310; escape to 72; Kondratii Bulavin 98; in Ukraine 82, 92; Paul I 119; social revolution among 61, 184; Stenka Razin 70; Yemelyan Pugachev 108 Council of the Hundred Chapters 55 Council of Ministers see USSR Council of Ministers Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) 242, 266n2 Council of People’s Commissars 192 coup d’état: against Ivan VI 104; against Paul I 119, 126; against Peter III 102; rumors of 179; see also putsch counterintelligence 323; see also Federal Security Bureau counterreform 148-149 counterrevolution 191, 194, 250 CPSU see Communist Party of the Soviet Union creativity 116, 123, 130, 170, 174, 221, 235, 248, 281, 286, 291, 300, 304, 316 crime 154, 220-221, 265, 282, 289, 295, 297, 300-303, 307, 316, 336; see also mafia Crime and Punishment 132; see also Fyodor Dostoyevsky Crimea see Crimean Peninsula Crimean Khanate 57 Crimean Peninsula: 23, 32, 91, 137; annexation of 111; Axis
occupation of 226; Gorbachev vacation on 289;
360 Index Russian annexation of 321, 337, 345; transfer from Russian Soviet Republic to Ukrainian Soviet Republic 313 Crimean Tatars: 59, 89, 91, 110-111, 236, 313; deportation of 236 Crimean War: 134, 137—138, 157; Russian defeat in 143—144 crisis: agricultural 72; Alexis 69, 76, 79; Boris Yeltsin 321; Bosnia 177; capitalism 155; Chechen 321, 335; Cuban Missile 253-254, 259; Czechoslovakia 224, 259; demographic 301; economic 51, 290, 328; financial 309; fiscal 299; foreign policy 157; health 347; HIV/AIDS 301; imperial 160; infrastructure 326; Ivan the Terrible 60; Karl Marx 155; Lenin 193; Mikhail Gorbachev 289; Nikita Khrushchev 254; political 160, 306; Provisional Government 190; revolutionary 179; Sino-Soviet 261; succession 89; Time of Troubles 65, 89 crony capitalism 299 cronyism 259, 295, 307, 309 crop failure 214 crops 7, 23, 29, 71, 124, 151, 172, 211, 214; see also agriculture cruise missiles 261 Cuba 249, 266n2, 277-279 Cuban Missile Crisis 253-254, 259 Cui, César 132 culture: 3-4, 7; Byzantine influence 14, 17; commercial 303; destruction of 108; during the Enlightenment 115; during the nineteenth century 103; during the Silver Age 174—176; elite 119; European 138, 347; French 105; imperial 116, 124; in Kievan Rus 12—13, 15; Lithuanian 43; local 266; minority 266; Mongol impact on 32; Moscow 35-36, 83; national 120; non-Russian 31; Novgorod 21; Polish 130; popular 119; role of Orthodox Church in 39; rural 263; Russian 303-305, 344; Russification 123; Soviet 217, 221, 248, 303; spread of 117; traditional 264; Ukrainian 82; under the Bolsheviks 199; under
Catherine the Great 109, 119-120; under Peter the Great 88, 93, 97, 99; Western 131, 236, 286; world 116, 133, 174, 176 Cultural Revolution 261 Cumans 9, 16, 20 currency 328 cyber espionage 341 cyberwarfare 341 Cyril 11-12 Cyrillic alphabet 12 Czechoslovakia: 313; communist takeover in 239; Council of Mutual Economic Assistance 266n2; German occupation of 224; impact of Helsinki Accords on 261; rejection of socialism 287; Soviet invasion of 259-260; Soviet treaty with 223; Velvet Revolution 287; Warsaw Pact 266nl; see also Czech Republic; see also Slovakia Czechoslovak Legion 196 Czech Republic: 287, 340; NATO membership 313; see also Czechoslovakia dacha 289, 299 Dagestan 311, 338 Dardanelles 240 Dead Souls 132 debt: 10, 47, 71-72, 114, 125, 146, 237, 280; external 299; foreign 195, 324 Decembrist Revolt 103, 123, 138, 138nl, 165 Decembrists 122-123, 129, 165 decentralization 22, 275-276 Deep Purple 332 defense 3-A, 64-65, 110, 214, 226, 238, 243-244, 274, 278, 299, 328, 338 democracy: Boris Yeltsin 305, 307, 316; during Duma Period 172; in Georgia 337; Mikhail Gorbachev 275, 285; Vladimir Putin 329, 331, 346 Democratic National Committee 341 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea see North Korea democratization 283-285, 288, 291 demography 5, 301 de-Nazification 239 denationalization 200 denuclearization 309 department stores 324 deportation 236, 239 desert 1, 158 desertion 87, 108, 178, 331 despotism 119 despots 259 de֊Stalinization 244, 247-249, 251, 255-256, 258
Index détente 259—263, 280 devaluation 299, 324 “developed socialism” 258 developing world 279, 291 deviance 282 Diaghilev, Sergei 176 dialectical materialism 155 dialectic method 155 dictatorship: Bolshevik 193; Iraqi 339; Karl Marx 155; Libyan 340; military 191; Nazi Germany 225; Nicholas I 130; one-party 205; Stalinist 201, 204, 219, 236, 238, 243-244, 258 “dictatorship of law” 334 dictatorship of the proletariat 255 diet 151 diplomacy: 177; Cold War 237; Mikhail Gorbachev 277-278; Moscow 38; Nikita Khrushchev 249; Lenin 199; partitions of Poland 110; Peter the Great 90; Stalin 223, 240; Vasilii III 46; with China 251; with France 153; with Georgia 337; with Germany 224; with Japan 166; with North Korea 342; World War I 177, 229 diplomats 47, 202 disarmament see nuclear disarmament discipline: Alexander I 128; Bolshevik 188; factory 154; labor 216, 266; Mongol 23—24; Paul I 119; Russian Imperial Army 178, 191; Soviet 235 disease 22, 37, 52, 124, 135, 200, 265, 301 disorder: agricultural 150; Chechnya 311; civil 64—65, 169; Duma Period 168; military 170; nationalist 169; Nicholas II 184; peasant 151, 157, 167, 170; Russian Empire 164; social 54; see also riots dissidents: Alexander I 129; Decembrists 122; Leonid Brezhnev 235, 260, 262, 264; Mikhail Gorbachev 281, 284; Vladimir Putin 322 dissident movement 260, 264 diversity 35, 57, 59, 108, 123, 178, 304 diversification 300, 325, 328 divorce 265, 301, 316 “Dizzy with Success” 213 Dmitrii Donskoi 42-43, 45 Dmitrii (son of Ivan the Terrible) 57, 60-61, 64 Dnieper Cossacks 82, 98 Dnieper River 5-7, 11, 15, 21, 41, 82, 111
Dniester River 111 Doctors’ Plot 243 361 Doctor Zhivago 282 doctrine: Leninist 202; Mikhail Gorbachev 278; Nikita Khrushchev 248, 252-253; Old Believers 78; Orthodox Church 38; socialist 157; Soviet 248; Stalinist 211 Donbas 329, 337 Donbas War see War in Donbas Don Cossacks 97, 119 Donetsk 345 Don River 70, 86-87 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor 132 draft 94, 108, 331; see also conscription; see also recruitment draft evasion 271 Dresden 323 drugs 220, 282, 301, 316, 335 drunkenness see alcoholism Dubček, Alexander 259 Dudintsev, Vladimir 248 Duma Era 170, 174 duma (Kievan Rus’): boyar 15, 20, 54, 56, 96, 115 Duma (Russian Empire): 168, 170-174, 186; see also First Duma (1906); see also Second Duma (1907); see also Third Duma (1907-1912); see also Fourth Duma (1912—1917) Duma (Russian Federation) 290, 302-303, 307-309; 324, 327, 330-335 Dutch 90 dynasty 59-60, 63, 65, 185; see also Romanov dynasty Dzhugashvili, Joseph see Joseph Stalin Earth 1, 3 East Asia 4, 158, 166, 169, 196, 242, 251, 280, 328, 342; financial crisis in 299 East Germany 239, 242, 252, 261, 266nl, 266n2, 287, 323; see also German Democratic Republic Eastern Europe: coalition governments in 239; communism in 240, 242; de֊Stalinization in 255; disagreements over 239; German influence in 225, 282; German retreat in 227; Mikhail Gorbachev 286-288, 291; NATO expansion in 338; Nikita Khrushchev 249; nuclear weapons in 340; political alignment of 238; political conces sions in 239; Red Army in 240, 279; Russian competition with Poland in 93; Russian Empire in 70; Russian influence in 315; security of 314;
362 Index Slavic languages in 17n4; Slavs in 147; socialism in 279, 286—287; Soviet dominance in 209, 238; Soviet hegemony in 240; Soviet influence in 238; Soviet occupation of 236; Soviet position in 261; Vladimir Putin 338; Western allies in 223 Eastern Front (World War I) 178 Eastern Front (World War II) 227, 228 (fig.) Eastern Orthodox Church see Orthodox Church Eastern Question 136 Eastern Slavs 12, 26, 33, 80; see also Slavs ecology 283 economism 156 economy: 1998 financial crisis 324; agricultural 130, 143, 172; Alexander III 149; backwardness of 119; Belarusian 314; Boris Yeltsin 297; capital 153; changes in 256; Civil War 199; collapse of 180, 286, 289; cronyism 307; difficulty 329; disrup tion of 169; diversification 325, 328; domestic 178, 328; during the Duma Era 174; export 134, 343; German 239; growth of 274, 299, 316, 324, 326; imperial 173; industrialization 126; innovation 332; in Soviet Russia 194; Ivan the Terrible 59, 74; Kievan Rus’ 9-10, 16, 29; Lenin 200; market 286, 309; Mikhail Gorbachev 274—275, 290-291; mismanagement of 279; modernization 160, 332; Mongol impact on 33; Moscow 41, 47, 65, 255; Nicholas II 150; Nikita Khrushchev 266; pensions 302; Peter the Great 93-95; Polish 286; privatization of 285, 287, 298; reform of 290; role of Wes tern aid 315; role of energy 300; rural 276; second 258; serf 113, 123—125; seventeenth century 84; socialist 297; Soviet 201, 214, 246, 254-255, 257, 276, 278; Stalinism 235; state control of 213, 218, 297, 327, 331; Ukrainian 313; Vladimir Putin 327; Western influence on 344; World War I 194 education: 347;
Alexander I 126-128; Alexander II 143, 146-148; Alexis 77-78, 83; Bolsheviks 199; Boris Yeltsin 296, 316; Catherine the Great 106, 109, 116—117, 120; Christianity 11-12; Decembrists 123; dissidents 264; Dmitry Medvedev 332; Duma Period 168-169, 172, 174, 176; elite 124, 144; health 301; intelligentsia 154; Ivan the Terrible 52, 54; Kievan Rus’ 11—13; Leonid Brezhnev 235, 263, 265—266; Mikhail Gorbachev 272, 281- 282, 285, 291; Mongols 31, 39; Moscow 59; Nicholas I 130, 138; Nicholas II 150; Nikita Khrushchev 245; nineteenth century 137; Novgorod 21; Orthodox Church 39; Pan- Slavism 158; Paul I 119; Peter the Great 89-90, 94, 96-97, 113-115; Provisional Government 187, 190; Soviet 216-218, 220-221, 326; Stalin 202; Vladimir Putin 322, 325-326, 330-331, 333, 337; Western 131; Westernizers 133; women 302; World War I 178 egalitarianism 9, 286, 303 Egypt 261 Ehrenburg, Ilya 248 Eisenstein, Sergei 53, 221 elections: Boris Yeltsin 299, 307-309, 316; Constituent Assembly 188, 193; Duma 170, 309, 324, 330, 332-333; First Duma 171; free 297; Georgia 288; local 306; Michael Romanov 51; parliamentary 307—308; Petrograd Soviet 187; Poland 239, 286; popular 285; Provisional Government 190; rigged 347; Soviet 217, 284; Ukraine 342, 344; United States 262, 341; Vladimir Putin 323-324, 327, 330-336 elite: 170; Alexis 83-84; Bolshevik 188; Boris Yeltsin 298; boyar 55, 75; conservative 173; CPSU 272; educated 97, 124, 128, 138, 178, 282; enlightened 116; Europeanization of 119; imperial 74, 97, 106, 137, 144, 194; Kievan Rus’ 13; non-Russian 266; Novgorod 46; party 218, 244, 255, 259, 272;
postSoviet 298,316; privileged 114—115,124, 145, 173, 190; ruling 160; Soviet 220; Westernization of 116 Elizabeth (Empress) 103—106 emancipation see serf emancipation emigration: artist 176; ethnic Russian 314; Jewish 262, 264, 281, 283, 291; opponent 218; peasant 151 enclave 236, 316, 337 energy sector 299-300, 313, 324—325, 327-328, 332, 342-343, 347; see also natural gas; see also nuclear energy; see also oil (petroleum)
Index England 55-56, 90, 102, 113, 177; see also Great Britain; see also United Kingdom English 55, 134 English language 281, 332 enlightened despotism 106 enlightened despot 106, 115 enlightened ruler 105 Enlightenment 106, 108, 115, 117—119, 124, 126, 128, 130, 138, 157 entrepreneur 83, 88, 102, 113, 125, 152, 300, 326 environment 3, 5, 264, 283, 302, 330 environmental degradation 217, 256, 283, 301, 313, 316, 326, 329, 347 environmentalism 264, 280, 301 espionage 253, 322, 341 Estonia: 17nl, 17n3, 91; communism in 243; ethnic Russians in 312; European Union membership 345; independence movements in 288; independence of 290; Ivan the Terrible 57; nationalism in 288; NATO membership 313, 337; Peter the Great 92-93; relationship with Russian Federation 341; Russian speakers in 312; Russian troops in 313; Soviet control of 225, 239; withdrawal of Russian troops from 313 Estonians: 157; demands for indep endence 287 Ethiopia 223, 262, 278-279 ethnic groups 70, 150, 266 ethnicity 4 ethnic minorities 190, 196, 264 ethnic rights 108 ethnic tensions 283 ethnic violence 305 Eugene Onegin 131 Eurasia 1, 3, 24, 32, 80, 93 Eurasian Economic Union 345 Euromaidan 344 Europe see Central Europe see Eastern Europe see Northern Europe; see Western Europe European Enlightenment see Enlightenment European Russia 4—5, 41, 110 Europeanization 93-94, 102, 119 European Union (EU) 301, 312, 321, 328, 343-344, 346 “evil empire” 263 exile 58, 70, 77, 98, 113, 127, 133, 149, 155-156, 171, 188, 203-204, 218-220, 243, 264, 282, 327 363 expansionism 28, 160, 240 exploration 55, 80, 91, 93, 110, 280,
300 exports 95, 125-126, 134, 150-151, 153, 211, 213, 279, 299-300, 325, 328, 343, 347 extortion 300-301, 310, 335 Eylau 134 factories 108, 146, 150, 152-156, 169, 173, 179, 190, 200, 211, 215-216, 239, 275, 297-300, 326 False Dmitrii I 61—62, 63 (fig.) False Dmitrii II 63-64 Far East see East Asia famine 22, 37, 60, 62, 72, 124, 151, 199-200, 213, 220, 235; see also hunger fascism 223, 226, 229, 237 Fascists 223-224 Fathers and Sons 132 Fatherland (political party) 324 February Revolution 185-188, 190, 192, 203 Federal Republic of Germany 239; see also West Germany federal system 190, 201, 217, 290-291, 305, 330 Federal Security Bureau 323 Federation Council 306, 330 feminists 302 Feodor I 59-60, 63 Feodor III 70, 89 fertility 95, 301 feudalism 9, 19, 83, 155-156, 188 Filaret 65, 74, 76 film 53, 221, 282, 304 finance 72, 96, 130, 150-151, 309 Finland 17nl, 93, 134, 143, 150, 157, 225, 237, 242, 255, 261, 311 Finno-Ugric groups 80 Finns 6, 93, 123, 157, 188, 196, 225 First Chechen War 303, 308, 310-311, 321, 323, 329, 335-336 First Duma (1906) 170-171 First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932) 212-214 First World War see World War I fiscal crisis 299 fiscal policy 37, 95, 108, 146, 149-150, 153, 158, 172 fish 264 fishing 17n4, 314 Five-Year Plan 214, 217; see also First Five-Year Plan (1928—1932); see also
364 Index Second Five Year-Plan (1932—1937); see also Fourth Five-Year Plan (1946-1953) Fonvizin, Denis 116 forbidden year 72 forced labor 213, 216, 218, 220, 236, 243, 246, 248; see also gulag foreign intervention see Allied intervention foreign investment 153, 276, 300, 323, 326-327 foreigners 64-65, 89-90, 153 forest 1, 9, 19, 21-22, 39, 43, 49 Fourth Duma (1912-1917) 171-172, 179 Fourth Five-Year Plan (1946-1953) 237 Franco, Francisco 223 Franco-Russian Alliance 177 France; 123; Alexander I 134-135; communists in 238, 240, 242; German invasion of 225; involvement in Vietnam 259; loans to Russia 153, 169, 176; Napoleon 128; Ottoman Empire 137; Paul I 119; revolutions in 136; role in Russian Civil War 196; Russian alliances with 135, 176-177; Soviet diplomacy with 223—225, 238; “war scare” of 1927 222; United Nations 237 Fredericks, Vladimir 164 Frederick the Great 101, 105 freedom of the press 281, 307 Free France 226 free speech 307 freedom of the press 281, 307 French Revolution 106, 117, 154, 155, 188, 210, 297 Friedland 134 “frightful collision” 202, 248 Fundamental Laws 170 furs 4, 6-7, 21, 72, 80 Gaddafi, Muammar 340 Gaidar, Yegor 298, 306 Galicia 20-21, 31 gambling 301 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad 288 gangs 170, 301; see also mafia Gapon, George 167 gas see natural gas “gathering of the Russian lands” 49 Gazprom 332, 343 Geneva 280 General Secretary 202, 204, 273 (fig.), 275 Genghis (Chingiz) Khan 24, 26 (fig.), 30, 32; see also Temuchin gentry 55-56, 60֊61, 73, 75-76, 95, 171; see also aristocracy; see also boyars; see also nobility geography 1, 5, 12, 14, 41, 93, 97,
110, 123 Georgia: 17nl, 17n3, 226; civil war in 312; Eurasian Economic Union 345; nationalism in 288; opposition to Bolsheviks in 196; Orthodox Church in 45; Russian annexation of 134; Russian military presence in 313; Russian relationship with 336; Russian struggle with Persia over 134; separatism in 314; Soviet incorporation of 203; Stalin 202; war with Russia 335, 337, 341, 344 Georgians 134, 157, 196 Gergiev, Valery 304 German Communist Party 222 German Democratic Republic 239, 252—253; see also East Germany German Empire 158, 176-178, 195-196 German Party 104 German states 13, 135 Germany: defeat of 250, 341; division of 238-239, 260; reparations 237, 239; reunification 287, 291, 323; Soviet occupation of 236-237, 242; unification 158; see also East Germany; see also Federal Republic of Germany; see also German Democratic Republic; see also Nazi Germany; see also West Germany gerontocracy 272 Ginzburg, Yevgenia 219 glasnosť 281—283, 286, 288 Glinka, Michael 132 globalization 325 Godunov, Boris 60-62 Gogol, Nikolai 132 gold 27, 328 Golden Horde 27—28, 31—32; see also Mongols gold standard 150 Gomułka, Władysław 249 Goncharova, Natalia 176 goods 4, 7, 9-10, 16, 29, 48, 83, 153, 155, 200, 211, 214, 239, 258, 275-276, 324, 342; see also consumer goods; see also luxury goods
Index Gorbachev, Mikhail 235, 254, 256, 265-266, 271-291, 273 (fig.), 280, 297, 305, 311, 315, 347 Gorbachova, Raisa 272 Gorky 264, 282; see also Nizhnii Novgorod Gorky, Maxim 175 Gosplan 212 Goths 17n4 governor 55, 63, 76, 98, 109, 146, 306, 330, 334 Grachev, Pavel 310 graft 331 grain 21, 126, 150-151, 166, 178, 187, 199-200, 211, 213, 254, 286, 325; see also agriculture Grand Alliance 226, 229, 235, 237, 243 Grand Army 134—135 Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich 186 Grand Duke Nikolai 164 Grand Embassy 90 grand prince 16, 27, 32, 36, 38, 43, 46, 48, 56, 59, 71, 74 Great Britain 110, 113, 123, 134-137, 177, 196, 222-226, 229, 237-238; see also United Kingdom Great Leap Forward 297 Great Northern War 91, 93, 97, 111 Great Patriotic War see World War II Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution see Cultural Revolution Great Recession 324 Great Reforms 143-149, 152, 160; see also Alexander II Great War see World War I Greece 137, 225, 240, 242 Greek language 11, 83 Greek Orthodox Church 4, 6, 11, 45, 78—79; see also Eastern Orthodox Church Greeks 137, 240 Griboyedov Canal 141 Group of Eight (G8) 338 Grozny 310-311 Guards Regiment 89, 101-102, 104—105, 129, 184 guberniia 109 guerrillas 135, 243, 246, 336 guerrilla warfare 79, 240, 262, 310, 336 Guggenheim Museum 304 gulag 216, 218, 220, 243, 246, 248; see also forced labor Gulf of Finland 283 365 Gulf War (1990-1991) 281, 339; see also Iraq War (2003-2011) hackers 341 Hagia Sophia see Saint Sophia Hamas 339 harvest 23, 47, 71-72, 125, 150 health 112, 146, 151, 265-266, 283, 289, 295, 298, 308-309, 323, 330-331 health care 174, 265,
297, 301-302, 316, 326, 332, 347 heavy industry see industry Hellenic Empire see Byzantium Helsinki Accords 261 hemophilia 178 Henry VIII of England 56 Hermitage Museum 304 Hermogen 64—65 heroin 301 A Hero of Our Times 132 Herzen, Alexander 133 Hezbollah 339 historians: 9, 12, 37, 41, 43, 51, 54, 77, 109, 126, 151, 170, 174, 180, 185, 213, 218, 237, 239; Ukrainian 82 historical materialism 155 Hitler, Adolf 210, 222-227, 229, 282 HIV/AIDS 301, 316, 347 Hõ Chi Minh 249, 259 Holland 90; see also Netherlands hooligans 250 hooliganism 322 Holy Alliance 135 Holy Roman Emperor 46 Holy Synod 96, 149 homogeneity 19 honey 7, 21 hospitals 96, 178, 264, 301 hostages 320-321, 336 hotline 254 human rights 261-262, 281, 303, 334 human rights abuses 264 human rights violations 335 Hungarians 20, 249-250 Hungary 20, 136, 198, 225, 236-237, 249-251, 266nl, 266n2, 287, 313; see also Austria-Hungary hunger 173; see also famine Huns 23 hunter-gatherer society 155 hunters 7 hunting 17n4, 23 Hussein, Saddam 280, 339
366 Index Jaroslav the Wise 14—15, 20 Internet 329, 333 Iceland 280 intervention 103, 138, 223, 259—260, 329, icons: 41 (fig.); 12-13, 39, 167 337, 340, 342, 346; see also Allied idealism 133, 156 intervention ideology 94, 130, 156, 176, 217, 227, 238, investment 125, 152—153, 254, 276, 300, 255, 297 323, 326—328; see also foreign imperialism 188, 237, 243, 252—253, 316 investment Imperial Russia see Russian Empire Iran 24, 93, 134, 240, 262, 314-315, Imperial Russian Army (1721—1917) 340-341, 344; see also Persia 89-95, 99, 103, 105, 118, 135-136, Iranians 340 158, 166, 178, 196 Iraq 280, 315, 337-339, 346 imports 10, 298-299, 303-304, 313, 316 Iraq War (2003-2011) 337-339; see also India 24, 93, 119, 158, 252, 314 Gulf War (1990-1991) indigenous peoples 16, 80, 266, 310 Iron Curtain 236 industrialization: 274; imperial era 102, irrigation 3 125-126, 138, 143, 147, 149-155, 160, Islam 12, 24, 26, 43, 262, 303, 310, 339; 179; rapid 209֊ 217, 219, 275; Soviet see also Muslims 185, 209-225, 230, 247, 264; Western Islamic civilization 3, 10, 31 Europe 194 Islamic fundamentalism 310-311,314,338 Industrial Revolution 84, 103, 113, 154 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) 346 industry: 1, 113, 125, 145-146, 150, Islamic terrorism 339 152-153, 167, 169, 173, 179; Islamism 346 denationalization of 200; loss of 195; Israel 261-262, 283, 340 light 276; nationalization of 198; Italy 90, 135, 177, 223-226, 229, privatization of 285; Soviet 199-201, 237-238, 240, 242, 260 209-225, 237, 244, 254-256, 299-301; Italians 40, 47, 83 Vladimir Putin 327-328, 338 Ivan I Kalita 37, 42-43
infants 104, 301, 320 Ivan III (the Great): 42, 45-46, 48-49, infant mortality 42, 265, 301 56; defeat of Novgorod 46, 57 inflation 298-299, 325 Ivan IV (the Terrible): 51-60, 53 (fig.), infrastructure 237, 297, 300, 321, 326 62—66, 72, 74—75, 89, 91; conflict with Ingush 236 aristocracy 56-59; reforms 54—55; Ingushetia 338 Time of Troubles, 59-62, 75-76; see injustice 154, 166, 180, 185, 194 also Fivonian War; see also Inner Asia 23 oprichnina innovation 48,113,174, 281, 300, 328,332 Ivan V 89, 104 The Inspector General 132 Ivan VI 104, 106-107 instability 117, 190, 299 Ivan the Terrible (film) 53 intellectuals: 36, 103, 117, 133, 149, 156, 176; dissident 235, 262: Hungarian Japan: 147, 166, 273; aid to Russia 315; 249; non-Russian 266; post-Soviet attack on Pearl Harbor 226; indus 330; repression of 282; Soviet 243, trialization 152, 274; intervention in 246, 248, 260, 300 Russian Civil War 196, 198; Kuril intelligence gathering 225, 253, 331, Islands 280, 314; militarism in 223; 335, 339 North Korea 343; reparations 237; intelligentsia: 115, 131-132, 138, 147, surrender of 229; technology 276; war 154; revolutionary 154, 187; Soviet with Russia 157, 160, 164, 166, 218, 248, 264 168-169, 177; war with Soviet interest groups 109, 130, 160, 195, 214 Union 224, 250; see also Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Russo-Japanese War Treaty 278 Japanese Empire: 143, 226, 229, 237; international community 328 defeat of 242; expansion in Man International Monetary Fund 315, 337 churia 214; invasion of China 250; internationalism 211 occupation of Vietnam 259
Index Jaruzelski, Wojciech 263 Jerusalem 136 jewelry 10 Jewish community 170 Jews: 4, 123; Alexander III 149; Catherine the Great 112; Doctors’ Plot 243; emigration of 170, 262, 281, 283, 291; immigration of 112; Pale of Settlement 149-150; pogroms 150, 170; refuseniks 264; restrictions against 188; Soviet attacks on 243; xenophobia 303; see also anti-Semitism; see also Judaism Job (metropolitan) 60 Jordan 261 journalism 133, 146, 264, 282, 329, 334 journalists 264, 282, 329, 334 journals 172, 176 Journey from Petersburg to Moscow 117 Journey into the Whirlwind 219 Judaism 12, 303 judges 146 judiciary 297, 330 judo 322 July Days 190 Juneau 3 justice 62, 96, 188, 254-255 Kadets 157, 168, 171, 186; see also Constitutional Democratic Party Kadyrov, Akhmad 336 Kadyrov, Ražman 336 Kamenev, Lev 204, 219 Kandinsky, Wassily 176 Kankrin, Egor 130 Kantemir, Antiokh 116 Karamzin, Nicholas 116 Kasparov, Gary 331 Kasyanov, Mikhail 331 Katyn Massacre 229, 342 Kazakhs 287 Kazakhstan 17nl, 17n3, 254, 278, 287, 312, 314-315, 342-343, 345 Kazan Cathedral 102 Kennedy, John F. 253 Kerensky, Alexander 191-192 KGB 244, 266, 282, 289, 303, 322-323 Khanate of the Golden Horde see Golden Horde Khanate of Kazan 32, 46, 57, 80 Kharkov 227 Khazars 12 Khmelnitsky, Bogdan 82 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail 327, 330 367 Khrushchev, Nikita: 220, 245 (fig.); Cold War 248-254; Cuban Missile Crisis 253-254, 259; de-Stalinization 244—248, 251-255; ethnic policy 310; foreign policy 278-279; legacy 256- 258, 272; opposition to 255; peaceful coexistence 248—254; reforms 254—256, 266, 278; removal from power 257; Sino-
Soviet Split 250—252; Stalinism 235, 246-248, 255-256 kidnapping 335 Kiev: 5, 7, 14, 23, 42-43, 80, 82-83, 342, 344-345 Kievan Rus’: 8 (fig.), 46, 84, 110; collapse of 31-33; conversion of 78; culture 39, 49, 124; decline 16-17; economy 7-10; formation 5; heirs of 35, 43; legacy of 38, 59, 66, 133; Mongol impact 19, 23—25, 28—33, 229; Moscow 36, 40-41; politics 14—16, 46; rivals 19- 22; society 10—13, 71; succession in 42; Varangians 7 Kim Il-sung 280 Kim Jong-un 343 Kirov Opera and Ballet see Mariinsky Opera and Ballet Kirov, Sergei 219 Korea 160, 166, 242, 280; see also North Korea; see also South Korea Korean Peninsula 242 Korean War 242, 249, 251 Kornilov, Lavr 191 Kosovo 316, 337, 343-344 Kremlin: 41 (fig.), 323; cathedral 46; censorship 347; Doctors’ Plot 243; Vladimir Putin 330- 332, 334, 341 Kronstadt 200 Kronstadt Rebellion 200, 218 Kuala Lumpur 345 Kublai Khan 24 kulak 212 Kulikovo, Battle of 45 Kuril Islands 280, 314 Kursk, Battle of 227 Kursk (submarine) 331 Kutuzov, Michael 135 Kuwait 339 Kyrgyzstan 17nl, 17n3, 345 labor: 173; discipline 216, 266; free 125, 145—146; Kievan Rus’ 7-9; legislation 149; market 200; organization 156; peasant 150, 152; relationship with serfdom 72-73; safety 172; serf 113,
368 Index 145; shortage 178; unrest 173; urban 123; see also forced labor; see also gulag Lake Baikal 258, 264 landed nobility 56, 142; see also nobility landowners 21-22, 72-73, 80, 125, 151, 168, 171-172 landed peasantry 146 landlords 47, 63, 66, 73, 108, 111, 132, 145 landowning 285 language: 70, 175; Baltic 312-313; Belarusian 43; common 17n4; Cyrillic 12; European 108, 115; indigenous 266; literary 11; Lithuanian 43; minority 217; Slavic 11, 17n4, 82; Tatar 5; written 11, 13; see also Russian language Larionov, Mikhail 176 Latin 11, 46, 83 Latin America 249, 279 Latin Christianity see Roman Catholicism Latin Church see Roman Catholic Church Latinization 35 Latvia: 17nl, 57, 92-93; communism in 243; European Union membership 345; ethnic Russians in 312; independence of 290; nationalism in 288; NATO membership 313, 337, 345; Pale of Settlement 149; Soviet control of 225, 239 Latvians: 17n3, 104, 157; demands for independence 287; desire for autonomy 157 law: Christian 11, 17; codification 108, 130; contract 328; Dmitry Medvedev 332; Duma 303; electoral 171, 330; Iaroslav the Wise 15; Ivan the Terrible 55; Karl Marx 155; Kievan Rus’ 10, 14; martial 146, 263; Mikhail Gorbachev 272; natural 106; Peter Stolypin 172; primogeniture 96; property 328; rule of 264, 291; succession 18; Vladimir Putin 322-323 law code: Kievan Rus’ 10, 14—15, 72; see also Ulozbenie law and order 148, 309, 334 lawlessness 62, 338, 347 Law on the State Enterprise 275 lawyers 167 League of Nations 223, 237 Lebanon 353 Lebed, Alexander 308-309, 311 Left Opposition 204, 211-212 Left Socialist
Revolutionaries 193 legacy: autocracy 165; intervention 198; Kievan Rus’ 16; Leonid Brezhnev 291; Soviet 301; Stalinism 246 legislation: 170, 172, 302, 306; labor 149 Legislative Commission 108-109 legislature 307, 316; see also Duma (Russian Empire); see also Duma (Russian Federation) Lend-Lease 227, 237 Leningrad: 276, 283, 285, 289; party organization 219; renaming 205nl; siege of 226; Vladimir Putin 321-323; see also St. Petersburg Leningrad City Council 323 Leningrad State University 322, 332 Leninism 246, 248, 252, 266, 283; see also Marxism-Leninism Leninists 205 Lenin, Vladimir: 189 (fig.); Asia 210; Bolshevik Party 116, 188, 193, 196, 205; Civil War 195- 198; death 204, 211; early life 156; exile 156, 188; health 202; incapacitation 204; Kronstadt Rebellion 200; mausoleum 247; Maxim Gorky 12; New Economic Policy 199-201; October Revolution 185, 192-195; Old Bolsheviks 219; peaceful coexistence 202; Peter Stolypin 172; Petrograd Soviet 189; Provisional Government 189, 192; revolutionary philosophy 246; return from exile 188; Revolution of 1905 166; Social Democrats 177; Stalin 203, 211-212; succession 201; use of terror 218; World War I 188 Lenin’s Testament 204 Lermontov, Michael 132 LGBTQ 329 liberalism 122, 127-128, 154, 157 liberals 157, 166-168, 186, 189-191, 289, 307-309, 323, 330-331 Libya 340 life expectancy 265, 301 light industry see industry literature: eighteenth century 116; elite 138; flowering of 123; indigenous 266; Kievan Rus’ 11, 13; Marxist 245; Mikhail Gorbachev 282; national 103; Orthodox Church 31, 39; political
Index impact 132; secular 13, 83, 131; Silver Age 174; Soviet 221; Ukrainian 82 Lithuania: 17nl, 17n3, 46, 56, 290; Catholicism 43; communism in 243; demands for independence 271, 287; ethnic Russians in 312; European Union membership 345; expansion 21, 31, 33; independence of 290; Ivan the Terrible 58; Kievan Rus’ 20; Livonian War 57; Moscow 37-38, 41, 43, 46, 49; nationalism in 288; NATO membership 313, 337; Pale of Settlement 149; Poland-Lithuania 35, 43, 57, 82; Russia- Lithuania 43; Sąjūdis 288; separatism 157; Soviet control of 225, 239; Union of Lublin 43; Vasilii III 46 Lithuanian Communist Party 271 Lithuanian language 43 Lithuanians: 43; demands for independence 287; Kievan Rus’ 11, 20; Mongols 32; Novgorod 22 Lithuania-Russia 43 Litvinov, Maxim 224 livestock 151, 211-213, 276, 325; see also agriculture Livonia 92; see also Latvia Livonian Order 57; see also Teutonic Knights Livonian War 57-59, 74 loans 47, 153, 169 Lomonosov, Michael 116 London 105, 137 Lorraine 177 Low Countries 225 The Lower Depths 175 Loyalists 223 loyalty: Alexis 70; Communist 224; Cossack 62; Decembrist 122; Mikhail Gorbachev 272; party 216; Peter the Great 102; Soviet 200; Stalin 203, 230; tsarist 75, 124; Ukrainian 92 luck: Ivan the Terrible 55; Moscow 42 Luhansk 345 Lutherans 123 Luxembourg 225 luxury goods 6 Lysenko, Trofim 222 Macarius 54 magazines 282 mafia 301, 326 Maidan Square 344 Main Committee 145 369 Malaysian Airlines 345 Malenkov, Georgi 244, 254 Malevich, Kazimir 176 management 37, 153—154, 275, 280 Manchuria 160, 214, 224, 229, 250 manufacturing 21, 83, 95, 108, 125, 153,
173, 211, 276 Mao Zedong 250-251, 261 Mariinsky Opera and Ballet 304 Mariinsky Theater 304 Marshall Plan 240 Marx, Karl: 238; dialectical materialism 155; Industrial Revolution 154 Marxism: Afghanistan 262; Boris Yeltsin 297; capitalism 224; Germany 222; industrialization 210; intelligentsia 154; Lenin 156, 198, 212; Mao Zedong 251; Mensheviks 188; Mikhail Gorbachev 285; Nikita Khrushchev 245; orthodoxy 252; revisionism 252; revolution 238; revolutionaries 155; Russian Social Democratic Labor Party 156; Social Democrats 168; socialism 205; socia lists 191; Stalinism 218; workers 154 Marxism-Leninism: capitalism 238, 243; developing world 279; Fidel Castro 249; socialism 243; Soviet Union 286; see also Leninism Masaryk, Jan 239 Mass 11-12, 39, 77-79, 82, 116 Massachusetts 42 massacre 229, 321, 330, 342 Mayakovsky, Vladimir 175, 221 McCain, John 337 “McDachas” 324 means of production 218 media: Boris Yeltsin 327; independent 329; Kremlin 341; pro-government 333; Russian Federation 308; Russian language 305; Soviet 213, 250, 282, 284; traditional 329; Vladimir Putin 329, 331—332, 344; see also social media medical care 218, 265, 301, 326 Medical Chancery 96 medicine 55, 178 medieval period 22, 37, 43; see also Middle Ages Mediterranean Sea 136, 300 Medvedev, Dmitry 328, 330, 332-333, 335 Meiji Restoration 160 Mein Kampf 225 Memorial (human rights organization) 303
370 Index Mennonites 112 Menshevik Party 156 Mensheviks 188, 192-193 Menshikov, Alexander 95 mental illness 59, 219, 264 mercantilism 94 merchants: Alexis 69; Asian 4; Catherine the Great 109, 113; European 13, 73; Ivan the Terrible 60; Kievan Rus’ 910, 14-15, 74; Moscow 37, 41, 49; Nicholas I 130; Novgorod 21—22, 46; Ottoman Empire 136; Peter the Great 88; Russian Empire 123; Time of Troubles 61, 66; Western 56 Methodius 11 metropolis 324 metropolitan (Russian Orthodox Church official): 22, 66; Filaret 65; Job 60; Macarius 54; of Kiev 21; of Moscow 42, 48; Peter 43; Peter Mogiła 83; Seraphim 122 Mexico 204 Meyerhold, Vsevolod 221 Middle Ages 19, 31, 73 Middle East 3, 11, 134, 136-137, 176, 261, 339, 344, 346; see also West Asia “militant communism” 198 militarism 117, 129, 176-177, 223 military: French 134—135, 177; German 227; Ivan the Terrible 55, 57; Kievan Rus’ 7, 9-Ю, 14֊ 15; Mongol 24; Moscow 37-38; seventeenth century 70, 73, 76, 78, 89; Swedish 91; Time of Troubles 55; United States 240, 259, 315; Western 83, 240, 260; see also Imperial Russian Army (1721-1917); see also Red Army (1918-1946); see also Russian Army (Russian Federation); see also Russian Navy (1696—1917); see also Russian Navy (1992- ); see also Soviet Navy (1918-1992) military governor see governor Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC) 192| Miloslavskaya, Maria 89 minerals 4, 226, 296, 300; see also resources Minin, Kuzma 65 mining 83, 96, 173, 216 Ministry of Culture 304 Ministry of Internal Affairs 167, 220 minorities: 217; Catherine the Great 109; Christian 136; Crimean 313; culture 266; ethnic
190, 264, 295, 314; national 166, 168, 171, 187-188, 199, 201, 203, 236; non-Russian 103, 160, 166, 191, 196; religious 190; Russian 313, 341; see also Baltic peoples; see also Belarusians; see also Chechens; see also Crimean Tatars; see also ethnic minorities; see also Finns; see also Jews; see also Poles; see also Ukrainians mismanagement 178, 180, 263, 279, 329 missiles 253, 257, 260-261, 278, 315, 338, 340—341, 345; see also nuclear weapons missionaries 303 moderates 129, 186, 307-308, 323 modernization: Alexander II 142; Alexander III 149; Chinese 328; Dmitry Medvedev 332; Duma Period 170, 172; European 138; Great Reforms 147; Japan 160; Mikhail Gorbachev 272; Nicholas II 150; Peter the Great 87-88, 90-91, 96, 98-99, 102; revolutionary 185; Russian Federation 328; Stalinist 230; World War I 165, 179 Mogiła, Peter 83 Moldavia 288, 290 Moldova: 17nl, 17n3, 134, 225, 239, 288, 290, 342, 345; Pale of Settlement 149; see also Bessarabia money 47, 71,113-114,125, 143,158, 188, 198, 200, 202, 262, 299, 308-309, 327 Mongol Empire 25 (fig.), 26 (fig.) Mongolia 24, 93, 266n2, 311 Mongols: 25 (fig.); arrival in Russia 23—28; conquest of Russia 1, 11, 26, 29-32, 71, 84; Crimean Tatars 91; decline 31—32; impact 28-33; Kievan Rus’ 16, 19-28, 229; Moscow 35-39, 41, 43, 45-46, 49-50, 57, 65-66, 74; see also Tatars Montenegro 313 Moscow: 3, 44 (fig.), 82, 114, 123, 276; Afghanistan 262; Alexander II 143; Alexis 69-71; Andrei Sakharov 282; ascent 42-50; advantages 37; Bol sheviks 186, 191; Boris Yeltsin 285, 295, 305-307, 310, 316; Civil War 200; commerce 41; Cuban Missile Crisis 254;
diplomacy 38; Dmitry Medvedev 332; ethnic minorities 264; ethnic Russians 217, 266; expansion 35, 79; Germany 252;
Index industrialization 153, 173; intellectuals 133; Ivan the Terrible 54—59; Kievan Rus’ 19—20, 22; Korean War 242; Kosovo 343; location 41; luck 42; odds against 36; organization 37-38; Mao Zedong 251; Mikhail Gorbachev 271, 277, 288-290; Mon gols 30; Napoleon 135; NATO 345; Nikita Khrushchev 245—246, 249, 255—256; Novgorod 21; Orthodox Church 38^10, 48; Peter the Great 86-87, 89-92, 95֊ 96; Poland 263; post-Soviet 302, 304; protests 331, 333-334; Revolution of 1905 169; riots 77; schools 83; security 37; Stalin 209, 251; terrorism 311, 336, 338; Time of Troubles 60-66; Trans-Siberian Railroad 160; Ukraine 342, 345; unification of Russia 51; United States 254, 259, 281; Vietnam War 259; Vladimir Putin 323-326, 330, 335; Yemelyan Pugachev 108; youth 341; World War II 226 Moscow Art Theater 175 Moscow Conservatory 304 Moscow Kremlin see Kremlin Moscow metro system 245, 338 Moscow River 41-M2 Moscow Soviet 169, 191 Moscow University 116 Mother 175 Motherland (political party) 331; see also Rodina Mother Russia 215 mountains 1, 3, 336; see also Carpathian Mountains; see also Caucasus Mountains; see also Ural Mountains Munich Conference 224 murder 53, 58, 61, 89, 98, 102, 126, 148, 186, 204, 219, 229, 247, 303, 329, 331, 335, 338, 342- 343 Muscovite state see Moscow Muscovy 9, 47, 51, 55, 62, 64-66, 74, 80, 81 (fig.), 84, 97; see also Moscow music 13, 116, 131-132, 138, 174, 176, 221, 264, 289, 332 musicians 132, 264 Muslims 26, 57, 80, 123, 136, 196, 310, 316, 338; see also Islam Mussolini, Benito 223, 226 Mussorgsky, Modest 60, 132 mutiny 123, 166, 168-169, 184 mutual
assistance 240 371 mutual defense 223 mutuality 9 Nagorno-Karabakh 287 Nagy, Imre 250 Namibia 279 Napoleon: Alexander I 128, 134—135; defeat of 128, 134-135, 138, 229; invasion of Russia 1, 134—135; Paul I 119; Russian alliance against 128; Tilsit agreement 134; war against Russia 132 Napoleonic Wars 128 narod 74 Narva 91 Naryshkina, Natalia 89 national consciousness 103, 117 “National in Form, Socialist in Content” 217 nationalism: Afghan 263; Caucasian 236; non-Russian 157, 266, 287; Slavic 147; Ukrainian 157, 236; see also Russian nationalism Nationalist China see Taiwan nationalists: Chechen 310-311; Georgian 288; Lithuanian 271, 288; non-Russian 288; romantic 133; Ukrainian 82; Vietnamese 259 Nationalists (China) 242, 250-251 nationality 130 nationalization 193, 195, 212 National Socialism see Nazism NATO see North Atlantic Treaty Organization natural gas 4, 300, 314, 324, 342-343 natural resources see resources nature 116, 124 Navalny, Alexei 347 navy 87, 94-96, 128, 166, 331; see also Russian Navy (1696-1917); see also Russian Navy (1992֊ ) Nazarbayev, Nursultan 314 Nazi Germany: 215, 237; annexation of Austria 224; defeat of 227, 229; Grand Alliance against 226; invasion of Soviet Union 214, 220, 225; non-aggression treaty with Soviet Union 224; occupation of Europe 227; threat from 223; see also Germany Nazi Party: 227, 303 Nazis: 210, 219, 222—223; campaign in North Africa 229; Estonia 341; Katyn Massacre 342; siege of Leningrad 226 Nazism: 222-223, 229; propaganda 224
372 Index Nazi-Soviet Pact 224-225, 246, 282 “near abroad” 311-312, 315, 337, 341 NEP see New Economic Policy Nerchinsk, Treaty of 80 Netherlands 90, 225 Neva River 92, 122 Nevskii, Alexander 27, 27 (fig.) Nevsky Prospect 184 New Economic Policy (NEP) 199—201, 210-211 newspapers 97, 116, 172, 282, 307, 329 “New Russians” 300, 304 New START 339 “new thinking” 277-278, 280 New York 339 nexus 7, 125, 211 Nicaragua 262, 278—279 Nicholas I: Alexander II 143; Alexander III 148; Decembrist Revolt 122—123; foreign policy 136—137; Michael Speransky 128; personality 129; reforms 126, 138; repression 131; Russification 130; territorial annexa tion 134 Nicholas II: 179 (fig.); abdication 185-186; Alexander III 150; autocracy 160; Duma 171, 174; February Revolution 184; Fundamental Laws 170; Gregory Rasputin 178; murder 186; October Manifesto 165; personality 150; repression 157; Revolution of 1905 164, 167֊ 168; World War I 180 nihilism 132, 147 Nikon 77-78 Nixon, Richard Nijinsky, Vaslav 176 Nineteenth Party Congress (1952) 243 Nizhnii Novgorod 264; see also Gorky nobility: Catherine the Great 106, 108-109, 120, 116; conservative 145; decline 151; eighteenth century 104, 113-115; European 56; industrialization 143; landed 142; Moscow 143; nineteenth century 125; opposition 144; Paul I 119; Peter the Great 99; Polish 111; reform 157; Russian 43; serfs 102; upper 103, 112, 130, 171; see also aristocracy; see also boyars; see also landed nobility nobles see nobility nomads 9, 14, 16, 19, 23—24, 62, 80; see also Mongols non-Russians: Bolsheviks 191; Boris Yeltsin 305, 312; Civil War 196;
cultures 264; dissidents 264; Legislative Commission 108; Leonid Brezhnev 266; Mikhail Gorbachev 287—288, 291; Moscow 63; national ism 157, 288; Nikita Khrushchev 256; Provisional Government 190; Revolu tion of 1905 166; Russian Empire 103; Russification 112, 150, 160; serfs 113; Stalinism 217, 236; World War II 227 non-Slavs 19, 35, 57, 80, 99, 120 Normandy 229 North Africa 229, 346 North America 134 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Cold War 240; enlargement 313, 337-338, 341, 344; Eurasian Economic Union 345; European Union 343; German unification 287; Libya 340; Mikhail Gorbachev 277; missile shield 341; Serbia 316; Vladimir Putin 321; Warsaw Pact 278, 281 North Caucasus 310, 335, 338; see also Caucasus North Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) 242, 280, 315, 342-344 Northern Europe 9, 12, 134 North Ossetia 338 Northern Society 129 North Vietnam 249, 252, 259, 277 Norway 225 Not by Bread Alone 248 Novgorod: Alexander Nevskii 27; Catherine the Great 102; Ivan the Great 46, 57; Kievan Rus’ 5, 14, 20; Mongols 21; Moscow 21, 35, 38, 41, 46, 49, 82; Varangians 15; veche 15, 22 Novocherkassk 256 NTV 329 nuclear arms see nuclear weapons nuclear deterrent 340 nuclear disarmament 315, 339 nuclear energy 281, 340; see also Chernobyl nuclear parity 263 nuclear proliferation 261 nuclear security 315 nuclear stalemate 260, 262 nuclear states 315 nuclear technology 252
Index nuclear war 235, 291 nuclear weapons: 246, 248, 264, 312, 315, 339, 341; Cuban Missile Crisis 254; Iran 341, 344; Leonid Brezhnev 257, 278; North Korea 342-344; reduction 278—279; Ukraine 313; United States 253, 260, 277 Nystad, Peace of 93 Obama, Barack 339—340 obshchina 7—9, 12, 71, 73, 124—125, 145, 151 occupation: German 195; Mongol 22, 27, 39; of Austria 249: of Berlin 252; of Germany 236- 239; of Korea 242; Red Army 227; Swedish 31; Teutonic 31; Tiananmen Square 280; October Manifesto 165, 168, 170 October Revolution 185, 187, 190-194, 202, 220-221; see also Bolshevik Revolution Octobrists 168, 186 Odessa 196 Ogoniok 282 oil 4, 226, 300, 314, 324-325, 327-329, 347; see also petroleum; see also resources Old Believers 78-79, 88, 95, 97, 104, 108 Old Bolsheviks 219 Old Church Slavonic 13, 97 Old Regime 185 Old Sarai see Sarai Oleg 15 Olga 11 oligarchs 299, 327, 329, 331 oligarchy 20-21, 258, 272, 297-298 Olympics 304, 329 One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich 248 opera 60, 131-132 Operation Barbarossa 225 Operation Overlord 229 oppression: imperial 185, 194; Ivan the Terrible 51, 58; Mongol 38; petty 77; social 129, 174; Stalin 283 oprichnina 58, 60, 62, 72; see also Ivan the Terrible Orange Revolution 342 Order Number 1 187 Orlov, Alexei 101-102 Orthodox Christianity: Catherine the Great 106; Kievan Rus’ 11, 12, 16-17; Mikhail Gorbachev 283; Moscow 35; Nicholas I 130-131; Russian Empire 3 73 116; Russian Federation 303; Stalinism 213 Orthodox Christians: Balkans 158; Catholic Church 20; Cossacks 82; Duma Period 174; Mongols 30; Peter the Great 96; Russian Empire
80, 111; Serbians 316; Ukrainians 82; Vladimir Putin 330 Orthodox Church: Bolsheviks 199; Catholic Church 83; clergy 171; February Revolution 186; Holy Synod 149; Ivan the Terrible 54-55; Kievan Rus’: 12, 16-17, 21-22; Mongols 26, 28, 31; Moscow 36, 38-40, 42-43, 45, 48—49; Old Believers 108; Peter III 105; Russian Empire 70, 73, 76-77; Schism 84; Soviet Union 216; Time of Troubles 60, 65-66; see also religion; see also Russian Orthodox Church Orthodoxy: Kievan Rus’ 78; Mikhail Gorbachev 286; Mongols 32; Russian Empire 136; Stalinism 235; World War II 229 Orwell, George 282 Ossetia see North Ossetia see South Ossetia Other Russia 331 Ottoman Empire: Balkans 158; Catherine the Great 111; Central Powers 177; Christian minorities 136; Crimean War 134; Eastern Question 136; Greek independence 137; Greek rebellion 137; Peter the Great 86, 90-91, 93-94, 110; Tatars 91; Ukraine 82; World War I 190; see also Turkey Ottoman Turks 57, 110 outer space 280; see also space program overseas trade 83; see also trade Pacific Ocean 1, 4, 70, 80, 93, 123, 136, 160, 229, 258, 280, 314, 328 Pakistan 252, 262 Palace Square 122 Palaiologina, Zoe 46 Pale of Settlement 149 Palestine 339 Pan-Slavism 147, 158, 343 papacy 46, 82; see also Roman Catholic Church Paris 135, 137, 177 Paris, Treaty of 137 parliament see Duma (Russian Federation) Partition of Vietnam 249, 259
374 Index 212-213, 216; Time of Troubles 55, Partitions of Poland 110-111 61-62; World War I 178, 180; Party Congress of the Communist Party zemstvo 167; see also serfs of the Soviet Union see Nineteenth Pechenegs 9, 15 Party Congress (1952) see Seventeenth pensioners 255, 298, 300, 302, 324, Party Congress (1934) see Tenth Party Congress (1921) see Twelfth 326, 331 People’s Republic of China (PRC): Party Congress (1923) see Twentieth 262—263, 346; Boris Yeltsin 314; Party Congress (1956) see TwentyCultural Revolution 261; Mikhail Second Party Congress (1961) Pasternak, Boris 222, 282 Gorbachev 277, 279-280, 291; paternalism 272 reforms 285; revolution 209; ro!e in patriarchs: Kievan Rus’ 9; Schism 77-78; Korean War 242, 249; Sino-Soviet Time of Troubles 60, 66; see also Split 250-252; Syria 340; Vladimir Filaret; see also Nikon Putin 342—343; see also China patriarchate: Moscow 60; Peter the People’s Will 141, 148 Great 96 perestroika 275—277, 283, 285-286, 300 patriarchy 124, 265, 302, 347 Perovskaia, Sophia 141 patriotism 135, 143, 177, 180, 187, 215, persecution 58—59, 64, 78, 97, 104, 108, 111, 131, 199, 213, 220, 236, 249 221, 226, 229, 303 patriots 195 Persia 24, 47, 93, 134; see also Iran Paul I: 104, 117-119, 118 (fig.); Persian Gulf 23—24 Alexander I 126—127; Catherine the Persians 158 Great 107, 117—118; coup d’état 119; Peter I (the Great): 51, 86—99, 88 (fig.); Peter III 119 Catherine the Great 102—103; coming Pavlova, Anna 176 of age 89; diplomacy 91-93; Great Pavlovskii Guards Regiment 184 Northern War 91-93; legacy 119-120; peaceful coexistence 202, 248—249,
252, nobility 113; Orthodox Church 77; 255, 259 personality 89-90; reforms 93-97; “Peace, Land, and Bread” 191 resistance 97—98; Senate 127; St. Pearl Harbor 226 Petersburg 93; successors 103-105, peasant communes see communes 109-110; Table of Ranks 95, 115; war peasant revolution 169; see also 91—93; Westernization 79, 83; revolution Westernizers 133 peasant socialism 154, 156; see also Peter II 104 socialism Peter III 101-109, 114, 119 peasantry: Alexander II 148; Bolsheviks Peterhof 101, 164 191, 193, 200, 205, 211; Catherine the Peter (metropolitan) 43 Great 108; Civil War 199; disorder Petersburg see Saint Petersburg Petrograd: Civil War 200; February 150-151, 157, 167, 170; Duma Period 172-174; emigration 151; February Revolution 184-187; Lenin 188; Revolution 187; First Duma 171; Leningrad 205nl, 219; October Great Reforms 145—146; indus Revolution 190-191; Provisional trialization 150; intelligentsia 131; Government 186, 192; St. Petersburg Kievan Rus’ 9-10, 71; Leninism 172; 179, 205nl Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Marxism 156; Mongols 71; Moscow 39, 47, 49; NEP 210; Nicholas I 130; Soldiers’ Deputies 187-192 petroleum 153, 296, 300, 347; see also Peter the Great 95, 97; Poland 111; Provisional Government 190; radicals oil; see also resources 148; revolutionary 160, 194; Revolu plant life 264 tion of 1905 166-169; Revolution of pluralism 49, 130 1917 173; Russian Empire 72—73, 80, Pobedonostsev, Konstantin 149 84, 112-114, 123-125, 151; serfdom poetry 131, 174, 176, 282, 304 124; socialism 157; Socialist Revolu poets 116, 132, 175, 222 tionaries 156; Soviet
211; Stalin 209, pogroms 150, 170
Index Poland: 17nl; Alexander I 128; Alexander Ш 149; Alexis 69; annexation 110; Bolsheviks 196; Catherine the Great 112, 120; civil war 111; COMECON 266n2; France 134; German invasion 224; Great Northern War 91-93, 111; Helsinki Accords 261; independence movement 157; Ivan the Terrible 51, 54, 59; Kievan Rus’ 11, 20, 33; Lithuania 31; Livonian War 59; Mikhail Gorbachev 286; Mongols 21; Napoleon 135; nationalism 147; NATO 313; Nicholas I 130; nobility 61, 111; Pale of Settlement 149; Peter the Great 87; Provisional Government 188; revolution 147; Roman Catholicism 20; Russian Civil War 199; Russian Empire 80, 110-111; Russian Federation 342; serfdom 113; socialism 287; Soviet Union 223, 225, 246, 249, 251, 282; Time of Troubles 60, 62, 64-65, 75, 80; Ukraine 82; United States 340; Warsaw 227; Warsaw Pact 266nl; Władysław Gomułka 249; World War I 178; World War II 229, 239, 342; see also Katyn Massacre; see also Partitions of Poland; see also Solidarity Poland-Lithuania 31, 35, 43, 57, 82 Poles see Poland Politburo 204, 218, 243-244, 253, 255, 266, 272 political parties 239, 307; see also Bolsheviks political prisoners 246-247 pollution 264, 301, 326 Polo, Marco 24 Poltava 92-93 pomestie 47, 49, 72 Popular Front 223 Portsmouth, Treaty of 164, 166 post-Soviet Russia 299-317 post-Soviet society 295 post-Soviet states 17n3, 345; see also “Near Abroad” Potsdam Conference 238 poverty 4, 169, 265, 298-299, 316, 324-325, 347 power plants 281; see also nuclear energy Pozharsky, Dmitrii 65 Presidium see Politburo 375 pretenders 61, 63-64, 66, 74, 107-108; see also False Dmitrii I;
see also False Dmitrii II The Primary Chronicle 6, 11, 14, 35-36, 45 primitive communism 155 primogeniture 36, 96 princes: Ivan the Terrible 54—56, 58; Kievan Rus’ 9-16, 19-22, 74; Mongols 19; 23, 26-27; 29- 32; Moscow 35-38, 40, 42-43, 46-49, 71; Peter III 105-106; Peter the Great 95; Time of Troubles 59, 62, 65-66; Tver 35; see also aristocracy; see also grand prince; see also senior prince prisoners 220 prisoners of war (POWs) 135, 178, 225, 226 (fig.), 236 privatization 285, 291, 295, 298-299 privilege 20, 49, 56-57, 74-75, 95, 99, 103, 108-109, 114, 124-126, 130-132, 142, 145, 173, 190, 194, 218, 259, 285 profit 29, 55, 72-73, 83, 110-111, 146, 155, 172, 200, 212, 217, 275-277, 297, 299-300, 316 profiteers 286, 289, 303 Prokofiev, Sergei 221 proletariat 153, 155-156, 160, 194—195, 210, 255; see also dictatorship of the proletariat proliferation see nuclear proliferation propaganda 148, 175, 198, 215, 221, 224, 248, 258, 303, 333 prostitution 282, 301—302 protests: Alexis 69; Arab Spring 346; Bloody Sunday 168; Bolotnaya Square 333—334, 347; China 280; dissident 264; East Germany 287; Euromaidan 344; February Revolution 184-185; Mikhail Gorbachev 284; Moscow Soviet 169; Old Believers 79; Orange Revolution 342; peasant 167; Peter III 102; Soviet 260; Syria 340; Vladimir Putin 331- 332, 334 Protestantism 12, 76 Protestant Reformation 12 Protestants 303 province 109, 127, 130, 157, 169, 330, 336, 343; see also Baltic provinces (Russian Empire) Provisional Government: Alexander Kerensky 191; Bolsheviks 191-192; Duma 186; Lenin 189, 192; Men sheviks 188, 192; October
Revolution
376 Index 190-192; Petrograd Soviet 187-188; Poland 188; Socialist Revolutionaries 192; World War I 190 Prussia 101, 105-106, 111, 119, 129, 134, 135 Pskov 20, 22, 46 public health see health care public order 112, 151 publishing 116, 304 Pugachev Revolt 108-109, 113, 173 Pugachev, Yemelyan 108 purges 209, 218-221, 229, 246-247, 255, 282 Pushkin, Alexander 131 Putilov factory 153 Putin, Vladimir: 322 (fig.); Asia 342—343; Beslan massacre 320-321; Boris Yeltsin 309, 311, 317; Dmitry Medvedev 329—335; domestic policy 335-338; economic policy 324—329; European Union 343-344; foreign policy 338-346; NATO 313; “near abroad” 341—342; rise 321—324; sig nificance 346-347; United States 315, 339-341 putsch 290, 306 Quadruple Alliance 135 Qing Dynasty 80, 160 racism 303, 338 radicalism 141, 178 radicalization 169, 245, 261 radicals 132, 141, 148, 167, 169, 171, 185-186, 191, 193, 285, 288, 298, 310, 338 radio 226, 271, 289, 320, 329 Radishchev, Alexander 117 railroads 4, 125, 150, 152, 160, 173, 192; see also transportation rape 265, 302 Rasputin, Gregory 178, 180 Rayonism 176 Razin, Stenka 70, 71 (fig.), 77 reactionaries 128, 142, 147, 149-150, 169-170, 174, 191, 199, 288, 296 Reagan, Ronald 263, 280 “reasonable sufficiency” 278 rebellion: Alexis 70; Bogdan Khmel nitsky 82; Chechen 310-311, 320; Decembrist 123, 129; Francisco Franco 223; Greek 137; Hungary 250; Ivan Bolotnikov 108; Kronstadt 200, 218; Libya 340; Nicholas I 130; Old Believers 79; peasant 166; Peter the Great 97; Poland 157; popular 185, 195; Stenka Razin 70.77; Time of Troubles 61, 66 rebels: Boris Yeltsin 307;
Chechen 308, 310-311, 335—336; communist 240; Contra 279; Ivan Bolotnikov 108; Decembrist 122; Georgian 337; Hungarian 250; Kronstadt 200; Libyan 340; Mongols 28; Peter the Great 97-98; Stenka Razin 70, 77; Ukrainian 82 reconciliation 45, 314 recruitment 9, 28, 57, 73, 94, 178, 213, 302, 323, 331; see also conscription; see also draft Red Army (1918-1946) 199-200, 220, 224-225, 227, 229, 236, 239-240, 250, 341; see also Soviet Army (1946-1992) Reds 199; see also Russian Civil War; see also Whites “Red Menace” 198 Red Square 55, 98, 247 Reformation see Protestant Reformation reform see Alexander II see Catherine II (the Great) see glasnost’ see Ivan IV (the Terrible) see Gorbachev, Mikhail see Great Reforms see Khrushchev, Nikita see Nikon see perestroika see Peter I (the Great) see Stolypin, Peter refuseniks 264 region see province religion see Christianity see Orthodox Church see Roman Catholic Church see Russian Orthodox Church Renaissance 31, 33, 130 reparations 237—239 repression 28, 63, 82, 117, 119, 123, 149, 157, 209, 217, 235, 247-248, 260, 262, 282, 303, 338, 343 republic see Baltic republics (Soviet Union) see Novgorod see Russian Republic see Soviet Union see Tatarstan Republic of China see Taiwan Republic of Korea see South Korea requisitioning 72, 199—200 resources see natural gas see oil see petroleum see timber restaurants 258, 276, 295, 299, 324, 326 restoration 22, 65, 77, 239, 304 retail 200, 265, 301-302, 324, 327; see also stores reunification 291
Index revisionism 252 revolution see February Revolution see October Revolution see Revolution of 1905 Revolution of 1905 143, 150, 153, 157, 165-166, 170, 173, 186; see also Bloody Sunday; see also Russo-Japanese War Reykjavik 280 rhetoric 83, 167, 255, 328, 332, 338 Rhineland 223 Rhode Island 42 Riazan 23-24, 36 Rice, Condoleezza 337 Right Deviation 204, 211 Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai 132 riots 54, 69-70, 77, 147, 150, 164, 168, 190, 287, 310, 341; see also disorder; see also pogroms Riurik 6, 10, 15 river 1, 4, 41, 70, 86, 125, 264; see also Amur River; see also Dnieper River; see also Dniester River; see also Don River; see also Moscow River; see also Neva River; see also Volga River robbery 202, 265 Robin Hood 70 Rodina 331 Roman Catholic Church: ban on activ ities 303; competition with Orthodox Church 83; culture 31; establishment of Uniate Church; expulsion of 65; Germans 111; influence in Lithuania-Russia 43; influence of 35; interference by 136; Lithuanians 43; missionaries 303; persecution by 111; Poland 64, 80; reconciliation with Greek Orthodox Church 45; role in Western Europe 39; Russian nobility’s relationship with 46; split with Orthodox Church 11; split with Protestantism 12; Ukraine 83; Western Europe 76 Roman Catholicism see Roman Catholic Church Roman Catholics 20, 43, 46, 64—65, 80, 111, 123 Romania 225, 236-237, 239, 266nl, 266n2, 287, 340-341 Romanov dynasty 83, 91, 185 Romanov, Michael 51, 65, 74 Romanovs 54, 76 Rome 11, 48, 82 377 Rome-Berlin Axis 223; see also Axis powers Roosevelt, Franklin D. 237, 239 Roosevelt, Theodore 166 Rose Revolution 337
Rostov 22, 41 Round Table-Free Georgia 288 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 117 RSFSR see Russian Republic see Soviet Russia ruble 152-153, 278, 298-300, 304, 324 Rublev, Andrei 39, 40 (fig.) rule of law 254, 291 rural: areas 70, 311, 326; culture 263; economy 276; life 172, 230, 316; peo ples 7, 62; population 62; poverty 325; society 132 Rus’ see Kievan Rus’ Russiagate 341 Russian Academy of Sciences 96, 116 Russian America 136 Russian Army (Russian Federation) 302, 310-311, 331, 336, 345; see also Imperial Russian Army (1721-1917) Russian Civil War 184, 186, 194-196; 197 (fig), 199-200, 203-204, 218, 245 Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) see Bolshevik Party Russian constitution 307-308, 316, 323-324, 332-333, 336 Russian Far East 258; see also East Asia Russian Federation 4, 78, 296, 311- 312, 345 Russianization 106 Russian language 78, 123, 179, 329, 345 Russian mafia see mafia Russian nationalism 148, 170, 285, 314, 344 Russian Navy (1696-1917) 87, 94—96, 128, 166 Russian Navy (1992- ) 331 Russian Orthodox Church: Great Reforms 146; Moscow 45, 48; Peter III 101; Russian Empire 77-78; Schism 79; Slavophiles 133; Time of Troubles 64; see also Orthodox Church; see also religion Russian Orthodoxy: Russian Empire 123; Slavophiles 133 Russian Republic (RSFSR) 285, 289, 306, 310 Russian Revolution see February Revo lution see October Revolution
378 Index Russians (ethnic group): annexation of lands inhabited by 79; antipathy of Poles for 111; in Russian Federation 4; rule of Russian Empire by 80 Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) 156; see also Bolshevik Party; see also Menshevik Party Russian Social Democratic Party (SD) 156, 168-169, 177, 188; see also Bol shevik Party; see also Menshevik Party Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) see Russian Republic see Soviet Russia Russia’s Choice 307 Russification 123, 130, 150, 160, 217 Russo-Japanese War 157, 160, 164, 166, 168-169, 177 Rutskoi, Alexander 306 Rybakov, Anatoli 282 Rysakov, Nicholas 141 Saakashvili, Mikheil 337 Saint Basil’s Cathedral 55 Saint George’s Day 72 Saint Peter 43, 92 Saint Petersburg: 3, 114, 160, 295, 304, 326; Alexander I 136-137; Alexander II 141-142, 146; Bloody Sunday 167—168; Catherine the Great 101, 106, 116, 118; Decembrists 123; industry 153, 173; Lenin 156; Nicholas II 164; Peter the Great 92-93; Petrograd 179; renaming 205nl, 323; Senate Square 122; Vladimir Putin 321, 331, 335; World War I 176-177 Saint Petersburg Soviet 169; see also Petrograd Soviet Saint Sophia 13, 15 Sąjūdis 288 Sakhalin Island 160, 328 Sakharov, Andrei 264, 282 samizdat 264 Sandinistas 279 salt 151 SALT see Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Saltykov, Sergei 107 sanctions 328, 340, 344 Sarai 26, 28, 29 Sarkozy, Nicolas 337 satire 132, 282 satellites 255 satellite state 252; see also Warsaw Pact Scandinavia 6, 13, 21, 46, 312 Schism 77-79, 84, 96 schools 83, 96-97, 114-116, 127, 149, 174-175, 213, 259, 263 science 87, 90, 94, 96, 147, 149,
174, 176, 216, 222 scientists 176, 222, 264, 281, 315 Scots 95 Scythians 6 (fig.), 23 SDs see Russian Social Democratic Party sea 1, 4, 86, 125, 314; see also Adriatic Sea; see also Baltic Sea; see also Black Sea; see ako Caspian Sea; see also Mediterranean Sea; see also White Sea seafaring 90 Sea of Azov 86 Sea of Japan 4 secession 287, 311, 337 Second Chechen War 335-336 Second Cold War 344 Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (1903) 188 Second Congress of Soviets (1924) 192-193 Second Duma (1907) 171 second economy 258 Second Five-Year Plan (1932-1937) 214, 219 Second World War see World War II secret police 198, 218-221, 244, 248, 271, 282, 284, 289, 322, 342; see also Cheka; see also KGB Secret Speech 247; see also Twentieth Party Congress (1956) Security Council 237; see also United Nations (UN) sects 78 sectarianism 303, 346 secularism 13, 39, 48—49, 77, 79, 83, 94, 96-97, 124, 131, 133, 346 self-censorship 329 self-determination 191, 203, 288 Senate 96, 108, 127 Senate Building 122 Senate Square 122 senior prince 14, 20, 42; see also princes separatists 311, 314, 316, 321, 329, 337, 344-345 September 11 attacks 335, 339 Seraphim 122 Serbia 177, 343—344 Serbs 316, 343—344; see also Bosnian Serbs
index serfdom: 112-115; Alexander I 123, 128-129, 138; Alexander II 141, 143-146; Alexander III 149; Alexander Radishchev 117; Catherine the Great 102-103, 106, 109, 120; economy 124—126; Great Reforms 145-146; Kievan Rus’ 20; Kondratii Bulavin 98; Mongols 28, 33; Moscow 37, 47; Nicholas I 123, 130; Peter the Great 87, 95, 99; Russian Empire 70֊ 74, 84; Time of Troubles 61, 65; Ukraine 82, 112; Unofficial Commit tee 127 serf emancipation 87, 113, 144—146, 149-151, 160, 172, 185 serfs: Alexander Radishchev 117; Astra khan 97; Kievan Rus’ 9; Paul I 119; Peter the Great 95, 97; Siberia 80; Time of Troubles 61-62; Yemelyan Pugachev 108 Sergius 39 Sevastopol 313 Seventeenth Party Congress (1934) 219-220 Seven Years’ War 105 sex education 265 sexual harassment 302 Shamil 136 sharecropping 47 Shcherbina, Tatyana 282 shipbuilding 86, 90, 94 “shock therapy” 297-298 Shostakovich, Dmitri 222 Shuisky, Vasilii 62, 64 Sibaral 264 Siberia: Alexis 70; Baikal—Amur Main line Railway 258; Civil War 196; colonization 111; deportation 236; exile 113, 149, 171, 243; imprison ment 117; Japan 224, 314; labor camps 213, 243; Lake Baikal 264; Lenin 156; Mongols 23; Nicholas II 186; peasants 151; rivers 264; Russian Empire 4, 80; Sibaral 264; Stalin 203, 213; Virgin Lands Campaign 254; World War II 226 “Sick Man of Europe” 136; see also Ottoman Empire Sigismund III 64 “Silicon Valley” 328 siloviki 331 silver 6 Silver Age 174 single mothers 326 379 Sino-Soviet Split 250-252, 261 Six-Day War 261 slaves 6-7, 10, 21, 61, 73, 95, 113, 145 slavery 26, 155 Slavic see Slavs Slavicization 10, 15 Slavonic-
Greek-Latin Academy 83 Slavophiles 98, 133 Slavs: Balkans 343; Catherine the Great 111—112; Kievan Rus’ 6—7, 10-12, 15-17, 17n4; Mongols 19, 23, 26, 28-31, 33; Moscow 36, 38; Nicholas II 186; Orthodoxy 116; Peter the Great 99, 103; Russian Empire 80, 82, 84, 123, 136, 147, 158; Russian Fed eration 316, 344; serfdom 113; Soviet Union 266; World War I 177; World War II 227; see also Eastern Slavs Slovakia 287; see also Czechoslovakia Slovenia 339 smerdy 10; see also peasantry smoking 83, 301 Smolensk 43, 46, 82 Smolny Institute 116 Snow Revolution 333, 347; see also Bolotnaya Square protests Sobchak, Anatoly 289, 323, 332 sobornosť 12, 49 Sochi 337 Sochi Olympics see 2014 Winter Olympics social contract 258 social criticism 117, 132 Social Democratic Labor Party see Rus sian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) Social Democratic Party see Russian Social Democratic Party (SD) Social Democrats (Germany) 222 Social Democrats (Russia) see Russian Social Democratic Party (SD) socialism: 154, 157, 302; Bolsheviks 211; China 252; Czechoslovakia 259—260, 287; Germany 287; international 212, 249, 251; Lenin 194, 200-202, 212; Leonid Brezhnev 258; Mikhail Gor bachev 272, 274-276, 278, 281, 283, 285-287; Nikita Khrushchev 248, 253֊ 255, 279; revolutionary 198; Romania 287; Soviet 185, 264, 272, 287, 290-291, 301,303,311, 327; Stalin 215—216, 238, 249; state 299; see also Marxism; see also peasant socialism “socialism in one country” 211
380 Index Socialist Bloc 237, 249-250, 252 “socialist legality” 254 socialist realism 221-222, 243, 282 Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) 168, 171, 192-193 social justice 198 social media 334, 347 social problems 138, 265, 281—283, 297, 329 social revolution 59, 61-62, 64, 170, 172 soil 3 Solidarity 263, 286 Solovetskii Monastery 78 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 248, 264 Somalia 262 “Song of Stalin” 209 Sophia 70, 89 Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst see Catherine the Great Sorskii, Nil 48-49 “soul tax” 95 South Asia 252 Southeast Asia 252, 299, 314 Southern Society 129 South Korea (Republic of Korea) 242, 280, 343 South Ossetia 337, 344 South Vietnam 249, 259 “sovereign democracy” 329 soviet see Moscow Soviet see Petrograd Soviet see St. Petersburg Soviet Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) 262-263, 277, 306, 346 Soviet Army (1946-1992) 260, 262, 271, 278-280; see also Red Army (1918-1946) Soviet Bloc 242 Soviet constitution 217—218, 258, 284 Soviet Far East 258; see also East Asia; see also Russian Far East Soviet Russia 185, 193-196, 198—199, 201, 205n3, 209, 221; see also Russian Republic (RSFSR) Soviet Union (USSR) 4, 17, 196, 201, 205n3; Boris Yeltsin 296—297, 305; Cold War 237-239, 246, 249, 251-252, 256, 260-262; Crimea 313; Leonid Brezhnev 260—262, 264; Mikhail Gorbachev 272, 276—278, 280-281, 284, 285-287, 291; Nikita Khrushchev 246, 249, 256; Stalin 203-204, 209, 211-212, 216, 218, 222-225, 236-237, 248; World War II 225, 227, 229; see also Armenia; see also Azerbaijan; see also Belarus; see also Estonia; see also Georgia; see also Kazakhstan; see also Kyrgyzstan; see also Latvia; see
also Lithuania; see also Moldavia; see also Russian Republic (RSFSR); see also Tajikistan; see also Turkmenistan; see also Ukraine; see also Uzbekistan Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies see Petrograd Soviet sovnarkbozy 255 space program 255 space race 277 Spain 223 Spanish Civil War 223 Speransky, Michael 128, 130 spies 253; see also espionage spousal abuse 265, 302 Sputnik 1 255 SRs see Socialist Revolutionaries stability 42, 74, 112, 151-152, 235, 238, 240, 250, 259, 263, 321, 323-324, 330, 334, 336, 347 stagnation 123, 126, 131, 235, 256, 291, 332 Stakhanov, Aleksey 216 Stakhanovism 216 Stalin, Joseph: 203 (fig.), 175, 201-204, 209-230, 235-239, 240, 242-244, 246-251, 265, 279, 283, 303, 310, 313, 342 Stalingrad 227; see also Volgograd Stalinism: 51, 209, 217, 220, 235-236, 242, 246-248, 256, 263, 272, 275, 282-283, 303, 305, 321 standard of living 151, 173, 216, 236, 255, 258, 265, 285, 324, 327, 347 Stanislavsky, Konstantin 175 START see Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty starvation 200 state capitalism 328; see also capitalism State Committee on the Emergency Situation 289 State Council 170 State Duma see Duma (Russian Federation) state farm see collective farm State Planning Commission see Gosplan State Russian Museum 304 state service 47, 49, 57, 113-115, 117 steppe 1, 158 steppe empires 16 Stolypin, Peter 171-174
Index storekeepers 258 stores 259, 298-299, 326; see also retail St. Petersburg see Saint Petersburg Straits see Turkish Straits Strategic Arras Limitation Talks (SALT) I 260 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) II 260-262 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) I 278, 280, 315 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) II 278, 315 Stravinsky, Igor 176 Streltsy 55, 89-90 strikes 154, 164, 167-169, 173, 184-185, 286 subway see Moscow metro system succession 14-15, 38, 42, 48, 60, 89, 98, 103-104, 119, 129, 244, 256 suicide 175, 220, 239, 290, 301, 331 suicide bombings 336, 338 “suitcase traders” 300 sultan 46, 137, 158 “super governors” 330 superpower 137, 229, 248, 260, 262, 263, 278, 280, 316 Suprematism 176 Supreme Privy Council 104, 114 Supreme Soviet (Lithuania) 288 Supreme Soviet (Russian Republic) 289, 305-306 Supreme Soviet (Soviet Union) 217, 284-285 Suzdal 20, 22, 41 Sviatoslav I fvl4 Sweden 22, 51, 60, 64, 87, 91, 93-94, 111, 134, 344 Swedes 1, 31, 54, 59, 64, 75, 91 Swiss 95 Switzerland 327 Sylvester 54, 58 Syria 261, 339-340, 346 Syrian civil war 329, 346 Table of Ranks 95, 115 Taiwan 242, 251 Tajikistan 17nl, 17n3, 313-314, 339 The Tale of the Host of Igor 13, 39 Tallinn 341 Tannenberg, First Battle of 43 Tatars 4, 23, 49, 54, 57, 80, 91, 108, 110, 123, 303, 305; see also Crimean Tatars; see also Mongols; see also Volga Tatars 381 Tatar language 5 Tatarstan 5 Tätiin, Vladimir 176 tax collection 37-38, 43, 76, 108 tax evasion 62, 327 taxes 7, 9, 14, 28-29, 43, 57, 69-73, 95, 97-98, 108, 112-113, 124-125, 145, 151, 160, 171-172, 200-211, 254, 276, 306, 325,
327-328 Tchaikovsky, Pyotr 131-132 technocrats 272 technology 10, 36, 55, 73-74, 83, 87, 94, 96, 99, 113, 119-120, 152, 174, 211-212, 214, 222, 258, 260, 274, 326, 328, 343 television 271, 282, 295, 304, 306-307, 309, 320, 323, 329-330, 334 Temuchin 24; see also Genghis (Chingiz) Khan Tenth Party Congress (1921) 200-201 terror 23, 33, 58-59, 198, 209, 215, 217-221, 227, 230, 243, 246, 254; see also Stalinism terrorism 141-142, 148, 167, 311, 320-321, 335-336, 338-339 Teutonic Knights 22, 27; see also Livonian Order Thaw 248 theater 83, 116, 174-176, 221, 282, 304, 336 theology 66, 83 Third Duma (1907-1912) 171 Third International Theater Olympics 304 Third Rome 48 Third Section of His Majesty’s Own Chancery 130 Third World 246, 252, 262-263, 300, 325; see also developing world Three Emperors’ League 158 Three Sisters 175; see also Anton Chekhov Tiananmen Square 280 Tilsit 134 timber 21, 86, 124, 216, 296, 300; see also resources Time of Troubles 51-66, 74—76, 80, 84, 89, 204 Tito see Josip Broz tobacco 83 Tolstoy, Leo 132 torture 51, 53, 58, 70, 90, 220, 335, 338 towns 7, 9-10, 13-16, 20-23, 26, 28-29, 31, 36-37, 42, 56, 64-65, 73-74, 76,
382 Index 80, 86, 98, 108-109, 112, 114, 116, 123, 126, 130, 151, 169, 187, 200, 211, 320, 326, 335 townspeople 55, 60, 75—76, 108, 113, 116, 130-131, 146 trade see commerce see overseas trade trade routes 7, 14—16, 237, 258 traders 4 tradition see Kievan Rus’ see Moscow see peasantry see Russian Orthodox Church see serfdom see Slavs see sobornosť “transition to communism” 255, 258 translation 46, 51, 78, 108, 281, 283 Transnistria 342 transportation 4, 94, 125, 145, 151, 174, 178, 180, 187, 200, 213, 300, 324, 326 Trans-Siberian Railroad 160 Trans-Volga Elders 48M-9 trappers 4, 7, 23 treasury 58, 310 Treasury, Department of the 341 tribute 7, 9, 14, 19-20, 22, 45 The Trinity 39, 40 (fig.) Triple Alliance 177 Triple Entente 177; see also Allies (First World War) Trotsky, Leon 169, 192, 198-199, 203-204, 211-212, 218-219, 222, 282 Truman, Harry S. 240 Truman Doctrine 240 Trump, Donald 341 “trust in cadres” 258 tsarist autocracy 66, 157, 188; see also autocracy Tsar-Liberator 141, 143, 148; see also Alexander II Tsushima, Straits of 166 tuberculosis 301 Turgenev, Ivan 132 Turkey 45, 46, 60, 82, 87, 92-93, 108, 111, 158, 225, 240, 253, 300, 314, 346; see also Ottoman Empire Turkic peoples 4—5, 23, 98, 158 Turkish Straits 190, 225, 240 Turkmenistan 17nl, 17n3, 343 Turks 1, 45, 48, 86, 90-91; see also Ottoman Turks Teutonic Knights 22, 27 Tver 35-36, 38, 42, 46 Twelfth Party Congress (1923) 203 Twentieth Party Congress (1956) 247-248 Twenty-Second Party Congress (1961) 247 tycoons 299, 315, 327 U-2 spy plane 253 udel 36; see also appanage system Ukraine: 4, 17nl, 17n3, 17n4;
Alexander I 134; Alexander II 147; Boris Yeltsin 312, 341; Crimea 313; Euromaidan 344; European Union 345; indus trialization 153; Kievan Rus’ 5, 6, 11, 16—17; Mikhail Gorbachev 281, 290; Mongols 31; nationalism 157; Nikita Khrushchev 246; NATO 337; Old Believers 78; Orthodoxy 45, 82-83; Pale of Settlement 149; Peter the Great 92, 99; Poland 82; Russian Empire 78, 80, 82, 84; serfdom 112—113; Stalin 243; United States 315; Vladimir Putin 342; War in Donbas 321, 328-329, 337, 345; World War II 225-227 Ukrainian language 12 Ukrainians: 17n4; Bolsheviks 191; Catherine the Great 111-112, 120; Civil War 196; Elizabeth 104; inde pendence 305; Kievan Rus 5; Mongols 19, 31—32, 104; October Revolution 194; Peter the Great 92, 117; Provi sional Government 188; Russian Empire 123; Stalin 236; World War I 177; World War II 227 Ukrainian Soviet Republic: 239, 288, 313; famine 213, 235 Ulyanov, Alexander 156 Ulyanov, Vladimir see Vladimir Lenin Ulozhenie 72 ultranationalism 142 Uniate Church 82, 83 unemployment 184, 300-302, 325, 338 unification 22, 49, 51, 65, 82, 158 Union of Lublin 43 Union of the Russian People 169 “Union of Sovereign Republics” 288 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR): 17n2, 201, 205n3; Boris Yelt sin 296-297, 305; Cold War 237-239, 246, 249, 251-252, 256, 260-262; Crimea 313; Leonid Brezhnev 260-262, 264; Mikhail Gorbachev 272, 276-278, 280-281, 284, 285-287, 291; Nikita Khrushchev 246, 249, 256; Stalin 203, 209, 211-212, 216, 218,
Index 222-225, 236-237, 248; World War II 225, 227, 229; see also Soviet Union Union of Unions 167 United Front 223 United Nations (UN) 237, 251, 261, 279, 312, 340 United Russia 330-333, 335-336 United States: 17nl; Afghanistan 262; Alaska 136; Boris Yeltsin 296, 309, 311-316, 338; Cold War 236, 240, 243, 246; Cuban Missile Crisis 253; détente 260; February Revolution 187; industrialization 152-153, 173, 214; Jews 170, 283; Leonid Brezhnev 263; Mikhail Gorbachev 273, 278, 280; NATO 313, 337; NEP 200; Nikita Khrushchev 253, 255; North Korea 343; nuclear weapons 261, 277; Old Believers 78; “Russiagate” 341; Russian Civil War 196; Russian Empire 123; sanctions 328; September 11 attacks 335; slavery 113, 145; Soviet Russia, 198; Soviet Union 199, 202; Syrian civil war 346; United Nations 237; Vietnam 249, 259; Vla dimir Putin 338-341, 344; War in Donbas 337; World War II 226-227, 229, 236, 238-239 Unity 324 universities 127, 149, 176 Unofficial Committee 127-128 Ural Mountains 3, 80, 108, 153, 213, 281 Urals see Ural Mountains urbanization 179 USSR see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR Council of Ministers 217 utopianism 147, 155 Uzbekistan 17nl, 17n3, 339 Varangians 6—7, 15-16; see also Vikings Vasilit I 45 Vasilit II 45 Vasilit III 45-49, 51, 53 vassal 9 vassal state 303 veche 15, 20-22, 46; see also Kievan Rus’; see also Novgorod Velvet Revolution 287 Venice 47 Versailles, Treaty of 223 veterans 200, 300, 303, 306, 326 Vienna 136 383 Vietnam: 266n2, 277; Cambodia 279, 280; Cam Ranh Bay 314; civil war 249; revolution 259; Soviet Union 278; see also North Vietnam; see
also South Vietnam Vietnamese 279 Vietnam War 262 Vikings 4, 6, 10, 15-16, 28; see also Varangians villages: Alexander I 128; Alexander II 145-146, 151, 154; Catherine the Great 116; February Revolution 187; Mikhail Gorbachev 272; Mongols 23, 28-29, 31, 71; Moscow 37; Nicholas I 130; Revolution of 1905 169; Russian Empire 124—125, 150; Stalin 213 Vilnius 271-272, 288 Virgin Lands Campaign 254 Vladimir 11-12, 15 Vladimir (city) 16, 22, 42 Vladimir-Suzdal 16, 36 Vladivostok 160 vodka 151, 211, 265, 275 Volga Germans 236 Volga River 5 (fig.), 6, 21, 26, 41, 57, 108, 112, 227, 305 Volga Tatars 297, 305 Volgodonsk 311 Volgograd 227; see also Stalingrad volost 145, 149 Voltaire 106 volunteers 251, 345 Volhynia 20-21, 31, 43 Volynskii Regiment 184 votchina 36, 47 Wałęsa, Lech 286 War and Peace 132; see also Leo Tolstoy War Communism 198, 209, 215 warfare 14, 83, 306; see also Crimean War; see also Great Northern War; see also guerrilla warfare; see also Livonian War; see also Napoleonic Wars; see also Russo-Japanese War; see also World War I; see also World War II War in Donbas 321, 328, 337, 345 warheads 253, 261, 315, 339-340; see also nuclear weapons Warsaw 227 Warsaw Pact 240, 250, 259-260, 266nl, 278-279, 281, 287 “war scare” 222
384 Index Washington 3, 252, 254, 259, 262, 281, 339 water 15, 264, 301, 326 wax 7, 21 West Asia 346; see also Middle East West Berlin 252, 261 West Germany 239, 242, 252-253, 261, 287; see also Federal Republic of Germany Western Europe 9, 11, 13, 17, 24, 29-31, 33, 39, 65, 72-73, 75-76, 82, 84, 87, 90, 93, 103, 119, 124-126, 128, 130, 143, 153, 155, 194, 211, 229, 240, 242, 260, 272-273, 280-281, 335 Western Front 190, 196 Westernization 79, 83, 87, 116 Westernizers 98, 119, 133 White House (Supreme Soviet building) 289-290, 306 Whites 196, 198—199; see also Reds; see also Russian Civil War White Sea 55 “Wild East” 302 wilderness 39, 49 Wilson, Woodrow 196 Winter Palace 102, 141, 192 Winter War 225 Witte, Sergei 150, 152, 164—166, 168-169, 172, 174 women: 265, 302; Bloody Sunday 167; childbirth 124; divorce 265; healers 116; life expectancy 301; Novgorod 21; patriarchy 347; Petrograd 185; radical 338; revolutionary 147, 166; Smolny Institute 116; young 298; workers 326; writers 282 workers: Alexander II 143; Bolsheviks 188-189, 191, 194-195; Chinese 280; Civil War 199—200; Duma Period 171, 173—174; February Revolution 184; Kievan Rus’ 10; Marxism 155֊ 156; Mikhail Gorbachev 272, 275, 277, 286; NEP 210; Nicholas I 130; Nikita Khrushchev 256; October Revolution 191; Petrograd Soviet 187; Polish 263; Provisional Government 186, 190; Revolution of 1905 166-169; Russian Empire 125, 130-131, 153- 154; Rus sian Federation 298, 302, 326; serf ՛ 124; Soviet 214-215, 218; Stalin 216, 222; Vladimir Putin 329; World War I 173, 178, 180; see also proletariat World Bank 324 World of
Art 176 world revolution 198, 202, 211, 238, 246 World Trade Organization (WTO) 316, 328, 339, 344 World War I: 153; artists 176; Bolsheviks 188; Mensheviks 188; nationalism 205; Ottoman Empire 110; Poland 111; Russian Empire 158,165,170,173-174, 176-181, 194; Stalin 203 World War II: 228 (fig.); Chechens 310; China 250; Helsinki Accords 261; Japan 280, 314; Mikhail Gorbachev 272; Poland 224; Soviet Union 209-217, 224-230, 235, 247, 263, 272, 297, 303, 312; Stalinism 220, 246; Vietnam 249, 259; Vladimir Putin 321, 341 writers 52, 106, 117, 131-132, 175, 220, 229, 243, 264, 281-282, 304 xenophobia 48, 79, 209, 237, 303, 321, 335-336 Yalta Conference 238—240 Yanukovych, Viktor 344—345 yarlyk 28 Yavlinsky, Grigory 308 Yeltsin, Boris: 296 (fig.); Russian Federation 295-299, 305-317, 321, 323-324, 327, 329-331, 338, 341, 347; Russian Republic 285, 289-290 Yevtushenko, Yevgenii 248 Young Communists 213 youth 341 Yugoslav Wars 316, 343 Yugoslavia 225, 240, 242, 249, 251, 260, 316; see also Kosovo; see also Serbia Yukos 327 zemskii sobor 55, 60, 65, 74—75, 82, 96, 115 zemstvo 146, 149, 167 Zhelyabov, Andrei 148 Zinoviev, Gregory 204, 211, 218-219 Znamenskaia Square 184 Zyuganov, Gennady 308-309, 324 .'“""Հ l svarltsks |
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| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:13:06Z |
| indexdate | 2024-10-30T15:01:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780367858889 |
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| spelling | Ward, Christopher J. 1972- Verfasser (DE-588)1346050236 aut Russia a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present Christopher J. Ward and John M. Thompson Ninth edition New York ; London Routledge 2021 xiii, 384 Seiten genealogische Tafel, Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russia / History Soviet Union / History Russia (Federation) / History Russia Russia (Federation) Soviet Union History Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Geschichte z DE-604 Thompson, John M. Sonstige (DE-588)1241486506 oth Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-0-367-85887-2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-003-01551-2 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032884107&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032884107&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Ward, Christopher J. 1972- Russia a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Russia a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present |
| title_auth | Russia a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present |
| title_exact_search | Russia a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Russia a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present |
| title_full | Russia a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present Christopher J. Ward and John M. Thompson |
| title_fullStr | Russia a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present Christopher J. Ward and John M. Thompson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russia a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present Christopher J. Ward and John M. Thompson |
| title_short | Russia |
| title_sort | russia a historical introduction from kievan rus to the present |
| title_sub | a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present |
| topic_facet | Sowjetunion Russland |
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