Injection mold design handbook:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Munich, Germany
Hanser Publishers
[2021]
|
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| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 786 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781569908150 156990815X |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Catoen, Bruce |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Injection mold design handbook |c Bruce Catoen, Herbert Rees |
| 264 | 1 | |a Munich, Germany |b Hanser Publishers |c [2021] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c ©2021 | |
| 300 | |a XXVIII, 786 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Design |0 (DE-588)4011510-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 653 | |a Injection Mold Design | ||
| 653 | |a Injection Molding | ||
| 653 | |a Plastics Molding | ||
| 653 | |a FBKTSPRI: Spritzgießen | ||
| 653 | |a FBKTWERE: Werkzeugentwicklung | ||
| 653 | |a FBKTWZBA: Werkzeugbau | ||
| 653 | |a PLAS2021 | ||
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| 689 | 2 | 0 | |a Spritzgussform |0 (DE-588)4713261-9 |D s |
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| 689 | 2 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Rees, Herbert |d 1915-2010 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)131715232 |4 aut | |
| 710 | 2 | |a Hanser Publications |0 (DE-588)1064064051 |4 pbl | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-1-56990-816-7 |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032875661&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032875661 | ||
| 883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a vlb |d 20210512 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#vlb | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804182787885891584 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE
.....................................................................................................
V
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
...................................................................................
VII
THE
AUTHOR
..................................................................................................
IX
1
INTRODUCTION
...................................................................................
1
1.1
BENEFITS
OF
INJECTION
MOLDING
...................................................................
4
1.2
THE
INJECTION
MOLD
...................................................................................
6
1.2.1
THE
ROLE
OF
THE
INJECTION
MOLD
...................................................
6
1.3
WHAT
IS
AN
INJECTION
MOLD?
......................................................................
7
1.3.1
ELEMENTS
OF
AN
INJECTION
MOLD
..................................................
9
1.4
CLASSIFICATION
OF
MOLDS
..............................................................................
13
1.5
CONTINUED
INNOVATION
IN
MOLDS
AND
HOT
RUNNERS
..................................
14
1.6
THE
INJECTION
MOLDING
MACHINE
...............................................................
14
2
OVERVIEW
OF
PLASTICS
FOR
MOLD
DESIGN
.......................................
17
2.1
WHAT
IS
PLASTIC?
.........................................................................................
17
2.2
PLASTICS
TERMINOLOGY
.................................................................................
18
2.3
POLYMER
ORIENTATION
.................................................................................
20
2.3.1
SHRINKAGE
...................................................................................
20
2.3.2
MULTIPLE
SHRINKAGES
...................................................................
22
2.4
ADDITIVES
...................................................................................................
23
2.5
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
PLASTICS
...........................................................
24
2.6
HOW
MOLTEN
PLASTICS
BEHAVE
...................................................................
25
2.6.1
HOW
PLASTICS
FLOW
.......................................................................
25
2.6.1.1
PSEUDO-PLASTIC
BEHAVIOR
............................................
26
2.6.2
PLASTIC
FLOW
IN
RUNNERS
AND
CAVITIES
.......................................
28
2.7
DEGRADATION
...............................................................................................
30
2.8
SELECTION
AND
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
PLASTIC
MATERIALS
..................................
31
3
PLASTIC
PART
DESIGN
FOR
MOLD
DESIGNERS
...................................
33
3.1
PLASTIC
PART
DRAWING
.................................................................................
35
3.2
PRODUCT
SHAPE:
HOW
CAN
THE
PRODUCT
BEST
BE
MOLDED?
........................
38
3.3
PARTING
LINE
(P/L)
.....................................................................................
41
3.4
UNIFORM
WALL
THICKNESS
...........................................................................
43
3.5
L/T
RATIO
(LENGTH
OF
FLOW
DIVIDED
BY
WALL
THICKNESS)
..........................
46
3.6
DRAFTS
.........................................................................................................
47
3.7
CORNERS,
FILLETS,
AND
CHAMFERS
...............................................................
48
3.8
RIBS
AND
BOSSES
.........................................................................................
49
3.9
RIM
DESIGNS
...............................................................................................
51
3.10
STRIPPED
UNDERCUTS
...................................................................................
52
3.11
SIDEWALL
WINDOWS
IN
THE
PART
.................................................................
52
3.12
GATE
LOCATION
AND
NUMBER
OF
GATES
........................................................
53
3.12.1
CAE
FILLING
ANALYSIS
FOR
GATE
LOCATION
OPTIMIZATION
..............
57
3.12.2
TWO
OR
MORE
GATES
PER
CAVITY
-
LARGE
PRODUCTS
......................
59
3.12.3
GATE
DIMPLE
.................................................................................
61
3.12.4
RECESSED
GATE
.............................................................................
61
3.12.5
DEEP
UNDERCUTS
AND
MOLD
DESIGN
COMPLEXITY
........................
62
3.13
RE-DESIGN
OF
THE
PRODUCT
TO
AVOID
THE
NEED
FOR
SIDE
CORES
..................
63
3.13.1
SELECTING
OTHER
THAN
THE
CONVENTIONAL
PARTING
LINE
..............
63
3.14
SHAPE
OF
THREADS
AND
UNDERCUTS
..............................................................
64
3.15
NEED
FOR
MULTI-STAGE
EJECTION
.................................................................
67
3.16
POST-MOLDING
OPERATIONS
VERSUS
MOLD
COMPLEXITY
................................
69
3.17
PLASTIC
PART
TOLERANCES
AND
EFFECT
ON
MOLD
DESIGN
................................
70
3.17.1
GENERAL
AND
SPECIFIC
PLASTIC
PART
TOLERANCES
..........................
72
3.17.2 ARE
SPECIAL
FITS
WITH
MATCHING
PRODUCTS
REQUIRED?
..............
73
3.17.3
TOLERANCES
FOR
THE
FILLING
VOLUME
.............................................
73
3.18
STACKING
OF
PRODUCTS
AND
FREE
DISPENSING
..............................................
74
3.19
DELIBERATE
MISMATCHES
FOR
EASY
MOLD
DESIGN
........................................
78
3.19.1
MISMATCH
AT
THE
PARTING
LINE
...................................................
78
3.19.2
MISMATCH
BETWEEN
TWO
MATCHING
PIECES,
SUCH
AS
BOX
AND
LID
.................................................................................
80
3.20
SURFACE
FINISH
...........................................................................................
81
3.20.1
FINISH
OF
MOLDING
SURFACES
.......................................................
82
3.20.1.1
MOLDING
SURFACE
FINISH
FOR
EASE
OF
EJECTION
..........
84
3.20.2
TEXTURING
OF
SURFACES
.................................................................
85
3.21
FITTING
SURFACES
OF
MOLD
PARTS
.................................................................
86
3.22
ENGRAVINGS
.................................................................................................
86
3.22.1
ENGRAVINGS
VERSUS
APPLIED
LABELS
...........................................
86
3.22.2
TWO-COLOR
AND
TWO-MATERIAL
ENGRAVING
....................................
87
3.22.3
DEPTH
OF
ENGRAVINGS
...................................................................
89
3.22.4
FONT
STYLE
AND
SIZE
OF
ARTWORK
.................................................
90
3.22.5
POLARITY
OF
ENGRAVING
.................................................................
91
3.22.6
ARE
THE
LOCATIONS
SELECTED
FOR
ENGRAVING
PRACTICAL?
..............
91
3.22.7
ENGRAVINGS
IN
THE
WALLS
AND
BOTTOMS
OF
PRODUCTS
..................
92
3.22.7.1
ENGRAVINGS
ON
THE
OUTSIDE
OF
THE
PRODUCT
(ENGRAVED
CAVITIES)
.................................................
92
3.22.7.2
ENGRAVINGS
ON
THE
INSIDE
OF
THE
PRODUCT
(ENGRAVED
CORES)
.....................................................
94
3.23
GENERAL
APPEARANCE
OF
THE
PRODUCT
.......................................................
95
3.23.1
FLATNESS
.......................................................................................
95
3.23.2
SINKS
AND
VOIDS
.........................................................................
99
3.23.3
WITNESS
LINES
.............................................................................
101
3.23.3.1
PARTING
LINE
FLASH
...................................................
102
3.23.3.2 GAPS
BETWEEN
CAVITY
AND/OR
CORE
PARTS
AND
INSERTS
.......................................................................
102
3.23.3.3
CLEARANCE
OF
EJECTOR
PINS
AND
EJECTOR
SLEEVES
........
104
3.23.3.4
ELIDING
THE
GATE
MARK
.............................................
105
3.23.4
WELD
LINES
...................................................................................
105
3.23.4.1
LOCATION
OF
WELD
LINES
.............................................
106
3.23.5
SURFACE
DEFECTS
(FLOW
MARKS,
SPLAY,
RECORD
GROOVES,
HAZE,
JETTING,
HOOKS,
AND
RIPPLES)
...........................................
107
3.24
IDENTIFICATION
OF
THE
MOLDED
PIECE
............................................................
109
3.25
PRODUCT
STRENGTH
REQUIREMENTS
..............................................................
110
3.25.1
THE
ROLE
OF
GATE
LOCATION
IN
INCREASING
PRODUCT
STRENGTH
...
ILL
3.26
SPECIAL
FEATURES
.......................................................................................
112
3.26.1
HOLES
AND
COUNTER-BORES
FOR
ASSEMBLY
SCREWS
OR
RIVETS
........
113
3.26.2
HINGES
AND
SNAPS
........................................................................
114
4
SPECIFYING
THE
RIGHT
MACHINE
FOR
THE
MOLD
...............................
117
4.1
REQUIRED
CLAMP
SIZE
(TONNAGE)
..............................................................
120
4.2
REQUIRED
OPENING
STROKE
AND
SHUT-HEIGHT
............................................
125
4.3
PLATEN
MOUNTING
PATTERN
AND
EJECTOR
POSITIONS
......................................
127
4.4
LOCATING
RING
SIZE
AND
MACHINE
NOZZLE
SIZE
..........................................
127
4.5
EXTRUDER
SIZING
AND
SPECIFICATION
............................................................
127
4.5.1
EXTRUDER
SHOT
SIZE
CALCULATION
..................................................
128
4.5.1.1
SHOT
SIZE
CALCULATION
FOR
COLD
RUNNERS
...................
129
4.5.1.2
SHOT
SIZE
CALCULATION
FOR
HOT
RUNNERS
.....................
131
4.5.1.3
EXTRUDER
SIZING
CALCULATION
.....................................
131
4.5.2
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
MACHINE
PLASTICIZING
CAPACITY
....................
132
4.5.2.1
IMPACT
OF
LIGHT-WEIGHTING
THE
PRODUCT
...................
135
4.5.3
SCREW
SELECTION
...........................................................................
136
4.6
MACHINE
NOZZLE
SELECTION
........................................................................
136
4.6.1
OPEN
NOZZLES
.............................................................................
137
4.6.2
SHUT-OFF
NOZZLES
.........................................................................
139
4.7
INJECTION
UNIT
SELECTION
...........................................................................
143
4.7.1
RECIPROCATING
SCREW
VERSUS
TWO-STAGE
INJECTION
UNITS
...........
143
4.7.2
INJECTION
SPEED
AND
PRESSURE
REQUIREMENTS
............................
145
4.7.2.1
NEED
FOR
HIGH
INJECTION
PRESSURES
...........................
149
5
FACTORS
AFFECTING
THE
DESIGN
OF
AN
INJECTION
MOLD
...................
151
5.1
TOTAL
EQUIPMENT
PRODUCTIVITY
(TEP)
OBJECTIVES
......................................
151
5.2
CYCLE
TIME
.................................................................................................
153
5.3
PROJECTED
ANNUAL
REQUIREMENTS
..................................................
153
5.4
PURPOSE
OF
THE
MOLD
.................................................................................
154
5.4.1
PROTOTYPE
MOLD
...........................................................................
155
5.4.2
EXPERIMENTAL
MOLD
.....................................................................
156
5.4.3
COMBINATION
OF
PROTOTYPE
AND
EXPERIMENTAL
MOLD
..................
157
5.4.4
PRODUCTION
MOLD
.........................................................................
158
5.4.5
NEW
PRODUCTS
.............................................................................
158
5.4.6
EXISTING
PRODUCT,
LARGE
QUANTITIES
...........................................
159
5.4.7
LIMITED
QUANTITIES,
LIMITED
PRODUCT
LIFECYCLE
........................
160
5.4.8
SHORT
RUNS,
SMALL
PRODUCTION
REQUIREMENTS
..........................
160
5.5
THE
INJECTION
MOLDING
MACHINE
...............................................................
161
5.6
THE
PLANT
ENVIRONMENT
.............................................................................
162
5.6.1
CONDITION
OF
AMBIENT
(SHOP)
AIR
..............................................
163
5.7
COOLANT
SUPPLY
.........................................................................................
165
5.7.1
IS
THE
COOLING
WATER
CLEAN?
.....................................................
166
5.7.2
CHILLER
SIZING
GUIDELINES
...........................................................
167
5.8
POWER
SUPPLY
.............................................................................................
168
6
CYCLE
TIME
ESTIMATION
.................................................................
171
6.1
FACTORS
IMPACTING
CYCLE
TIME
.................................................................
172
6.1.1
TYPE
OF
PLASTIC
.............................................................................
172
6.1.2
WALL
THICKNESS
OF
PRODUCT
.........................................................
174
6.1.3
MOLD
MATERIALS
...........................................................................
175
6.1.4 EFFICIENCY
OF
COOLING
.................................................................
176
6.1.4.1
MOLDS
FOR
SMALL-SCALE
PRODUCTION
(FEWER
THAN
APPROX.
1000
PIECES)
...............................................
177
6.1.4.2
MOLDS
FOR
LARGE-SCALE
PRODUCTION
OF
PRODUCTS
0.4-1.3
MM
(0.015-0.050 )
THICK
..........................
177
6.1.4.3
MOLDS
FOR
LARGE-SCALE
PRODUCTION
OF
PRODUCTS
3
MM
(0.120 )
THICK
...............................................
178
6.1.4.4
MOLDS
FOR
MOST
OTHER
PRODUCTS
.................................
181
6.1.5
VENTING
.......................................................................................
182
6.1.6
EJECTION
.......................................................................................
182
6.1.7
MOLDING
MACHINE
.......................................................................
183
6.1.7.1
MACHINE
DRY
CYCLE
....................................................
183
6.1.7.2
TIMING
OF
EJECTION
AND
STROKE
REQUIRED
.................
186
6.1.8
IMPACT
OF
COLD
RUNNERS
VERSUS
HOT
RUNNERS
ON
CYCLE
TIME
..
195
6.2
ESTIMATING
CYCLE
TIME
.............................................................................
196
7
PRODUCT
COST
ESTIMATION
...............................................................
201
7.1
MACHINE
HOUR
COST
PER
UNIT
MOLDED
........................................................
201
7.2
MOLD
COST
PER
UNIT
MOLDED
.....................................................................
204
7.3
LABOR
COSTS
...............................................................................................
206
7.4
ESTIMATING PRODUCT
COST
...........................................................................
207
8
MOLD
LAYOUT,
DRAWINGS,
AND
INSPECTION
......................................
217
8.1
STEPS
TO
DESIGNING
THE
MOLD
....................................................................
217
8.2
INFORMATION
AND
DOCUMENTATION
..............................................................
218
8.2.1
MACHINE
SPECIFICATIONS
..............................................................
220
8.2.1.1
MECHANICAL
FEATURES
................................................
220
8.2.2
PRODUCTIVITY
FEATURES
..................................................................
223
8.2.3
ADDITIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
............................................................
224
8.3
DETERMINING
THE
MOLD
CAVITATION
............................................................
227
8.3.1
MINIMUM
NUMBER
OF
CAVITIES
....................................................
228
8.3.2
PREFERRED
(PRACTICAL)
NUMBER
OF
CAVITIES
..................................
230
8.4
ASSEMBLY
AND
DETAIL
DRAWINGS
...............................................................
231
8.4.1
DRAWINGS
AND
VIEWS
...................................................................
231
8.4.2
ARRANGEMENT
OF
VIEWS
................................................................
232
8.4.3
NOTES
ON
DRAWINGS
.....................................................................
233
8.4.4
ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION
ON
THE
DRAWINGS
..................................
233
8.5
MOLD
LAYOUT
AND
ASSEMBLY
DRAWINGS
......................................................
233
8.5.1
MACHINE
PLATEN
LAYOUT
...............................................................
233
8.5.2
SYMMETRY
OF
LAYOUT,
BALANCING
OF
CLAMP
................................
234
8.5.3
THE
VIEWS
...................................................................................
234
8.5.4
COMPLETING
THE
ASSEMBLY
DRAWING
..........................................
234
8.5.5
BILL
OF
MATERIALS
(BOM)
AND
BALLOONING
................................
235
8.5.6
FINISHING
TOUCHES
.....................................................................
235
8.6
INSPECTION
FEATURES
ON
DRAWINGS
...........................................................
236
8.6.1
ROLLERS
OR
ROLLER
BALLS
.................................................................
236
8.6.2
HOW
TO
INSPECT
TAPERS
...............................................................
237
8.6.2.1
EXTERNAL
TAPERS
..........................................................
237
8.6.2.2
INTERNAL
TAPERS
..........................................................
237
8.6.2.3
ANGLED
SURFACES
.......................................................
238
8.6.2.4
CONSTRUCTION
(CHECKING)
BALLS
................................
239
8.7
CHAMFERS
AND
RADII
..................................................................................
240
8.7.1
GENERAL
INFORMATION
...................................................................
240
8.7.2
SPECIFYING
CHAMFERS
.................................................................
241
8.7.3 RADII
IN
CORNERS
.........................................................................
242
9
MOLD
SHOE
DESIGN
............................................................................
243
9.1
MOLD
PLATES
...............................................................................................
245
9.2
MOLD
HARDWARE
.........................................................................................
247
9.3
LOCATION
OF
FITTINGS,
HOSES,
AND
CABLES
.................................................
248
9.4
FORCES
AFFECTING
MOLD
SHOES
...................................................................
248
9.4.1
DEFLECTION
OF
MOLD
PLATES
...........................................................
249
9.4.2
CALCULATION
OF
PLATE
DEFLECTION
AND
STRESS
................................
250
9.5
SELECTION
OF
MATERIALS
FOR
MOLD
PLATES
...................................................
252
9.6
GUIDING
OF
MOVING
PLATES
.........................................................................
253
9.6.1
GIBS
.............................................................................................
253
9.6.1.1
PILLARS
AND
BUSHINGS
................................................
254
9.6.1.2
DOWEL
PINS
AND
BUSHINGS
........................................
254
9.6.1.3
LEADER
PINS
WITH
PISTON
AND
STROKE
LIMITERS
........
255
9.7
MOUNTING
HOLES
AND
CLAMP
SLOTS
...........................................................
256
9.8
LOCATING
RINGS
...........................................................................................
257
9.9
MOLD
HANDLING
-
LIFT
HOLES,
LIFT
BARS,
AND
LATCHES
................................
257
9.9.1
LIFT
BARS
.......................................................................................
257
9.9.2
LATCHES
.........................................................................................
260
9.9.2.1
LATCHES
FOR
MOLD
SERVICING
.....................................
260
9.10
MOLD
IDENTIFICATION
NAMEPLATES
...............................................................
263
10
CAVITY
AND
CORE
DESIGN
OVERVIEW
...............................................
265
10.1
MOLD
CAVITY
SPACE
.....................................................................................
265
10.2
PLASTIC
VERSUS
STEEL
PART
DRAWING
...........................................................
266
10.3
THE
PRELIMINARY
STACK
LAYOUT
.................................................................
267
10.3.1
WHERE
SHOULD
THE
PARTING
LINE
BE
LOCATED?
...........................
267
10.3.1.1
PRIMARY
PARTING
LINE
................................................
268
10.3.1.2
SECONDARY
PARTING
LINES:
SPLIT
MOLDS
AND
SIDE
CORES
..................................................................
270
10.3.2
WILL
THE
PRODUCT
PULL
OUT
OF
THE
CAVITY
AND
STAY
ON
THE
CORE?
.............................................................................
271
10.3.3
WILL
THE
PRODUCT
EJECT
EASILY
FROM
THE
CORE?
............................
273
10.3.4
IS
THE
CAVITY
BALANCED?
..............................................................
275
10.4
DETERMINING
THE
METHOD
OF
CAVITY
CONSTRUCTION
..................................
276
10.4.1
CAVITY
AND/OR
CORE
ARE
CUT
RIGHT
INTO
THE
MOLD
PLATE
............
277
10.4.2
INDIVIDUAL
CAVITIES
AND
CORES
....................................................
277
10.5
STACK
SIZING
AND
TOTAL
AREA
OF
THE
STACK
................................................
278
10.6
FORCES
ON
THE
CORES
AND
CAVITIES
............................................................
279
10.6.1
CHECKING
FOR
SUFFICIENT
STEEL
SHUT-OFF
AREA
IN
STACK
................
280
10.6.2
CHECKING
FOR
STACK
COMPRESSION
DUE
TO
CLAMP
TONNAGE
........
281
10.6.3
CHECKING
FOR
ACCEPTABLE
HOOP
STRESS
IN
THE
CAVITY
................
283
10.7
CORE
AND
CAVITY
MATERIAL
SELECTION
..........................................................
285
10.8
DETERMINING
THE
STACK
CONSTRUCTION
........................................................
286
10.9
VENTING
.......................................................................................................
287
10.9.1
PARTING
LINE
(P/L)
VENTING
........................................................
289
10.9.2
VENT
GROOVES
AND
CHANNELS
........................................................
289
10.9.3
VENT
PINS
.....................................................................................
290
10.9.4
VENTING
OF
RIBS
............................................................................
291
10.9.5
VENTING
THE
BOTTOM
OF
A
CAVITY
..................................................
291
10.9.6
CORE
CAP
AND
CORE
SIDEWALL
VENTING
........................................
292
11
EJECTION
.............................................................................................
293
11.1
MANUAL
OR
SEMI-AUTOMATIC
EJECTION
........................................................
294
11.2
AUTOMATIC
EJECTION
...................................................................................
295
11.3
BASIC
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
EJECTION
..............................................................
297
11.3.1
MACHINE
OPENING
STROKE
FOR
EJECTION
........................................
297
11.3.2
VENTING
FOR
EASE
OF
EJECTION
........................................................
300
11.3.3
SURFACE
FINISH
FORCES
ON
EJECTION
...............................................
301
11.3.3.1
MOLD
SURFACE
ROUGHNESS
...........................................
301
11.3.3.2
MOLDING
SURFACE
FINISH
GUIDELINES
FOR
EJECTION
...
302
11.4
FORCE
REQUIRED
FOR
EJECTION
.....................................................................
303
11.5
WHERE
TO
EJECT
THE
PRODUCT
.....................................................................
303
11.5.1
EJECTION
OF
DEEP
CUP-SHAPED
PARTS
...........................................
305
11.5.2
EJECTION
OF
PARTS
WITH
DEEP
RIBS
..................................................
305
11.5.3
EJECTION
OF
BOSSES
.......................................................................
307
11.5.4
EJECTION
OF
SHALLOW
PARTS
...........................................................
308
11.5.5
EJECTION
OF
RIM
SHAPES
.............................................................
309
11.5.6
EJECTION
OF
COLD
RUNNERS
............................................................
311
11.6
EJECTOR
PINS,
BLADE
EJECTORS,
AND
SLEEVES
...............................................
315
11.6.1
EJECTOR
PIN
CLEARANCE
(FIT)
AND
LENGTH
OF
LAND
........................
317
11.6.2
BLADE
EJECTORS
.............................................................................
318
11.6.3
NUMBER,
SIZE,
AND
LOCATION
OF
EJECTOR
PINS
..............................
320
11.6.3.1
EJECTOR
PIN
SIZING
.....................................................
320
11.6.3.2
EJECTOR
PIN
LOCATIONS
...............................................
321
11.6.4
FINISH
OF
EJECTOR
PINS
AND
BORES
...............................................
322
11.6.5
PREVENTING
EJECTOR
PINS
FROM
TURNING
......................................
323
11.7
EJECTOR
AND
EJECTOR
RETAINER
PLATES
.........................................................
324
11.7.1
EJECTION
FORCES
...........................................................................
324
11.7.2
INJECTION
FORCES
.........................................................................
325
11.7.3
NUMBER
AND
LOCATION
OF
MACHINE
EJECTORS
TO
BE
USED
..............
325
11.7.4
CALCULATION
OF
EJECTOR
PLATE
DEFLECTION
......................................
325
11.7.5
EJECTOR
PIN
RETAINER
PLATE
.........................................................
326
11.7.6
EJECTOR
RETURN
PINS
...................................................................
328
11.7.7
EJECTOR
BOX
.................................................................................
329
11.7.7.1
GUIDING
EJECTOR
PLATES
.............................................
331
11.7.8
RETURNING
THE
EJECTOR
PLATE
.......................................................
332
11.7.8.1
TIE
EJECTOR
PLATE
TO
MACHINE
S
EJECTOR
PLATE
............
333
11.7.8.2
LINKAGES
ATTACHED
TO
THE
MOLD
...............................
333
11.7.8.3
RETURN
SPRINGS
.........................................................
333
11.7.8.4
AIR
CYLINDERS
(AIR
SPRINGS)
FOR
EJECTOR
RETURN
....
336
11.7.8.5
EARLY
EJECTOR
RETURN
SYSTEMS
.................................
337
11.8
STRIPPER
EJECTION
......................................................................................
338
11.8.1
GENERAL
RULES
FOR
STRIPPER
EJECTION
.........................................
339
11.8.2
GUIDING
THE
STRIPPER
PLATE
.........................................................
341
11.8.3
STRIPPER
RINGS
..............................................................
343
11.8.3.1
FIXED
STRIPPER
RINGS
OR
STRIPPER
INSERTS
................
343
11.8.3.2
FLOATING
STRIPPER
RINGS
............................................
344
11.8.4
STRIPPER
BARS
...............................................................
346
11.8.5
STRIPPER
RING
EJECTION
OF
LIDS
.................................................
347
11.8.6
STRIPPING
FROM
THE
INJECTION
(CAVITY)
SIDE
................................
348
11.9
AIR
EJECTION
...............................................................................................
348
11.9.1
REQUIREMENTS
AND
TIMING
FOR
AIR
EJECTION
...............................
350
11.9.2
POPPET
AIR
EJ
ECTION
.....................................................................
351
11.9.3
CORE
AIR
.......................................................................................
355
11.9.3.1
FIXED
CORE
AIR
............................................................
355
11.9.3.2
STROKING
CORE
AIR
......................................................
357
11.9.3.3
COMBINATION
OF
AIR
POPPET
AND
STROKING
CORE
AIR
......................................................
358
11.9.4
BLOW-OFF
JETS
.................................................................................
359
11.9.5
BLOW-DOWN
JETS
...........................................................................
360
11.9.6
AIR
EJECTION
FROM
THE
CAVITY
SIDE
..............................................
361
11.10
EJECTION
OF
SIGNIFICANT
UNDERCUTS
...........................................................
363
11.10.1
CAM
EJECTION
(INTERNAL
AND
EXTERNAL)
USING
NECK
RINGS
........
363
11.10.2
CORE
PULL
EJECTION
.......................................................................
365
11.10.3
COLLAPSIBLE
CORES
.......................................................................
367
11.10.4
LIFTER
EJECTION
.............................................................................
369
11.10.5
SLIDERS
.........................................................................................
371
11.10.5.1
SPLIT-CAVITY
MOVEMENT
ON
ANGLED
PINS
...................
374
11.10.6
UNSCREWING
EJECTION
.................................................................
375
11.10.7
CAM
AND
HARMONIC
LINKAGE
EJECTION
........................................
376
11.11
MULTIPLE
EJECTION
STROKES
.........................................................................
377
11.12
MULTI-STAGE
EJECTION
.................................................................................
378
11.12.1
WHY
AND
WHEN
TO
USE
MULTI-STAGE
EJ
ECTION
............................
378
11.12.2
TYPICAL
TWO-STAGE
EJECTION
ACTUATIONS
....................................
379
11.12.2.1
LATCH
LOCKS
(INTERNAL
AND
EXTERNAL)
........................
381
11.12.2.2
TWO-STAGE
EJECTION
WITH
LEVERS
..............................
383
11.12.3
MOVING-CAVITY
EJECTION
ASSIST
....................................................
384
12
MOLD
COOLING
...................................................................................
387
12.1
INJECTION
AND
MOLD
TEMPERATURES
FOR
COMMON
PLASTICS
........................
390
12.2
COOLANT
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
A
MOLD
...........................................................
391
12.3
WHAT
AFFECTS
MOLD
COOLING
PERFORMANCE?
.............................................
392
12.3.1
TEMPERATURE
OF
THE
COOLING
MEDIUM
.......................................
393
12.3.2
ACHIEVING
STEADY-STATE
TEMPERATURE
IN
THE
MOLD
....................
393
12.4
PRINCIPLES
OF
HEAT
TRANSFER AND
THERMODYNAMICS
................................
395
12.4.1
HEAT
TRANSFER
BASICS
.................................................................
396
12.4.2
MELTING
AND
COOLING
BEHAVIOR
OF
PLASTICS
................................
398
12.4.3
CONDUCTION
AND
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
....................................
399
12.4.3.1
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
VALUES
..................................
400
12.4.4
CONVECTIVE
HEAT
TRANSFER
...........................................................
401
12.4.4.1
REYNOLDS
NUMBER
(RE)
.............................................
401
12.4.4.2
PRESSURE
DROP
OF
COOLANT
SUPPLY
AND
RETURN
LINES
.............................................................
403
12.4.4.3
CROSS-SECTION
OF
CHANNELS
.......................................
403
12.4.4.4
LENGTH
OF
COOLING
LINES
...........................................
403
12.4.4.5
COOLANT
VISCOSITY
.....................................................
403
12.4.4.6
CONDITION
OF
CHANNELS
.............................................
404
12.5
CALCULATION
OF
COOLING
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
A
MOLD
....................................
404
12.5.1
HEAT
INPUT
REQUIRED
TO
CONDITION
THE
PLASTIC
FOR
INJECTION
...
404
12.5.2
COOLING
REQUIRED
TO
REMOVE
THE
INPUTTED
HEAT
......................
405
12.5.3
TEMPERATURE
OF
COOLING
WATER
.................................................
406
12.5.4
QUANTITY
OF
COOLING
WATER
REQUIRED
.........................................
407
12.5.5
EFFICIENCY
OF
COOLING
ON
REQUIRED
WATER
FLOW
........................
408
12.6
GENERAL
COOLING
DESIGN
RULES
..................................................................
409
12.7
COOLING
CHANNELS
IN
PLATES
.....................................................................
411
12.7.1
SERIES
AND
PARALLEL
PLATE
COOLING
.............................................
412
12.7.2
DISTANCE
OF
WATERLINES
FROM
HOLES
AND
SURFACES
....................
415
12.7.3
PLUGGING
OF
COOLING
CHANNELS
...................................................
416
12.7.4
PLUGS
AND
BAFFLES
IN
PLATES
.......................................................
417
12.7.5
COOLING
OF
HOT
RUNNER
PLATES
...................................................
419
12.7.5.1
CALCULATION
OF
THE
SIZES
OF
COOLING
CHANNELS
FOR
HOT
RUNNER
PLATES
...............................................
420
12.8
LAYOUT
OF
COOLING
CHANNELS
IN
INSERTS
....................................................
422
12.8.1
SHRINKAGE
OF
PLASTIC
AND
COOLING
LAYOUT
..................................
424
12.8.2
PREVENTING
WATER
LEAKAGE
IN
THE
MOLD
....................................
426
12.8.3 COOLING
CHANNEL
DISTANCES
IN
INSERTS
......................................
428
12.8.4
DISTANCE
TO
PIPE
THREADS
AND
FITTINGS
......................................
430
12.8.5 COOLING
CHANNELS
SPLIT
BETWEEN
INSERTS
..................................
430
12.8.6
DESIGN
OF
INSERT
COOLING
FOR
FLAT
PRODUCTS
................................
431
12.8.6.1
DRILLED
AND
MILLED
COOLING
CIRCUITS
IN
FLAT
PARTS
..
431
12.8.7 COOLING
DESIGN
FOR
CUP-SHAPED
PRODUCTS
................................
433
12.8.7.1
CAVITY
COOLING
IN
CUP-SHAPED
PRODUCTS
................
433
12.8.7.2
CORE
COOLING
OF
CUP-SHAPED
PRODUCTS
....................
439
12.8.7.3
COOLING
OF
INSERTS
......................................................
448
12.8.8
USE
OF
CAE
MOLDING
SIMULATION
FOR
COOLING
DESIGN
AND
WARPAGE
ANALYSIS
................................................................
449
12.9
SUPPLYING
WATER
TO
THE
MOLD
....................................................................
452
12.10
THERMAL
EXPANSION
...................................................................................
453
13
MOLD
AND
STACK ALIGNMENT
............................................................
455
13.1
LEADER
PIN
AND
BUSHING ALIGNMENT
...................................................
457
13.2
TAPER
OR
STRAIGHT
INTERLOCK
ALIGNMENT
BETWEEN
PLATES
..........................
459
13.3
TAPER
LOCK
BETWEEN
EACH
CAVITY
AND
CORE
..............................................
462
13.3.1
BACKING
UP
A
TAPER
.....................................................................
466
13.3.2
CORE
LOCK
AND
CAVITY
LOCK
ALIGNMENT
......................................
467
13.4
PRELOADS
.....................................................................................................
470
13.4.1
RESTORING
PRELOAD
BY
GRINDING
OF
THE
TAPERS
..........................
474
13.4.2
PRELOAD
STRESSES
..........................................................................
475
13.4.3
MOUNTING
OF
STACKS
TO
MOLD
PLATES
............................................
475
13.5
OVER-CONSTRAINED
ALIGNMENT
...................................................................
476
14
MELT
DISTRIBUTION
AND
GATE
DESIGN
................................................
479
14.1
COLD
RUNNERS
.............................................................................................
481
14.1.1
COLD
RUNNER,
SINGLE-CAVITY
MOLDS
............................................
481
14.1.2
COLD
RUNNER,
TWO-PLATE
MOLDS
...................................................
481
14.1.3
COLD
RUNNER,
THREE-PLATE
MOLDS
................................................
483
14.1.4
COLD
RUNNER
GATE
TYPES
AND
CONFIGURATIONS
..........................
484
14.1.4.1
GENERAL
FEATURES
OF
A
COLD
RUNNER
GATE
................
484
14.1.4.2
EDGE,
FAN,
TAB,
AND
DIAPHRAGM
GATES
....................
485
14.1.4.3
TUNNEL
GATES
.............................................................
487
14.1.4.4
MULTIPLE
TUNNEL
GATING
...........................................
489
14.1.4.5
CURVED
OR
SUBMARINE
TUNNEL
GATING
......................
489
14.1.4.6
THREE-PLATE
GATES
.....................................................
490
14.1.4.7
OPTIMIZING
THE
COLD
RUNNER
GATE
PLACEMENT
........
491
14.1.5
LAYOUT
AND
BALANCING
OF
COLD
RUNNER
MELT
CHANNELS
............
493
14.1.5.1
MULTI-CAVITY
RUNNER
LAYOUTS
(ONE
GATE
PER
PART)
...................................................
496
14.1.5.2
SINGLE-CAVITY
MULTI-GATE
RUNNER
LAYOUTS
..............
499
14.1.6
COLD
RUNNER
EJECTION
.................................................................
499
14.2
INSULATED
RUNNERS
.....................................................................................
499
14.3
HOT
RUNNERS
...............................................................................................
500
14.3.1
CONSIDERATIONS
FOR
SPECIFYING
A
HOT
RUNNER
............................
505
14.3.2
OVERVIEW
OF
HOT
RUNNER
DESIGN
...............................................
506
14.3.3
LAYOUT
AND
BALANCING
OF
HOT
RUNNER
MELT
CHANNELS
..............
507
14.3.3.1
BRIDGE
AND
SUB-MANIFOLDS
.........................................
513
14.3.4
MELT
CHANNEL
SIZING
...................................................................
514
14.3.4.1
PLASTIC
INVENTORY
IN
THE
HOT
RUNNER
........................
515
14.3.5
THE
HOT
RUNNER
MANIFOLD
.........................................................
516
14.3.5.1
LOCATING
THE
MANIFOLD
.............................................
516
14.3.5.2
THERMAL
EXPANSION
OF
THE
MANIFOLD,
SEALING
THE
HOT
RUNNER
SYSTEMS,
AND
NOZZLE
TIP
POSITION
....
517
14.3.5.3 MANIFOLD
SUPPORTS
(BACK-UP
INSULATORS)
................
518
14.3.5.4 MANIFOLD
PLATE
AND
MANIFOLD
BACKING
PLATE
............
520
14.3.6
HEATING
OF
THE
HOT
RUNNER
.........................................................
522
14.3.6.1
BASICS
OF
RESISTANCE
HEATERS
...................................
523
14.3.6.2
HEATERS
.....................................................................
523
14.3.6.3
HEAT
INPUT
PER
MASS
OF
THE
HOT
RUNNER
MANIFOLD
..
525
14.3.6.4
THERMOCOUPLES
(T/CS)
.............................................
526
14.3.7
HOT
RUNNER
NOZZLES
...................................................................
528
14.3.8
NOZZLE
TIPS
AND
GATING
IN
HOT
RUNNERS
....................................
529
14.3.8.1
HOT-TIP
GATES
..............................................................
530
14.3.8.2
VALVE
GATES
................................................................
533
14.3.8.3
SLOT
GATING
..................................................................
537
14.3.9
HOT
RUNNER
TEMPERATURE
CONTROLS
............................................
538
14.3.10
HOT
RUNNER
GATE
LOCATION
..........................................................
539
14.3.11
HOT
RUNNER
GATE
SIZING
..............................................................
539
14.3.11.1
GATE
SIZING
METHODS
................................................
540
14.3.11.2
GATE
AND
MELT
CHANNEL
SIZE
CALCULATION
................
541
14.3.11.3
EMPIRICAL
CALCULATION
OF
GATE
SIZE
..........................
542
14.3.11.4
GATE
LAND
LENGTH
......................................................
543
14.3.12
GATE
INSERTS
(GATE
PADS)
............................................................
543
14.4
HOT
AND
COLD
RUNNER
MOLDS
IN
COMBINATION
..........................................
544
14.5
SELECTION
OF
HOT
RUNNER
OR
COLD
RUNNER
SYSTEM
.....................................
546
15
SELECTION
OF
MOLD
MATERIALS
..........................................................
549
15.1
FORCES
ON
THE
MOLD
AFFECT
MATERIAL
CHOICES
............................................
550
15.1.1
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
STEELS
AND
OTHER
MOLD
MATERIALS
................
551
15.2
STEEL
PROPERTIES
.........................................................................................
554
15.2.1
TYPES
OF
STEELS
...........................................................................
558
15.2.1.1
PRE-HARDENED
STEELS
..................................................
558
15.2.1.2
TOOL
STEELS
.................................................................
558
15.2.1.3
STAINLESS
STEELS
..........................................................
559
15.2.1.4
COPPER
ALLOYS
............................................................
559
15.3
QUALITY
OF
MATERIALS
.................................................................................
559
15.4
MANUFACTURING
CONSIDERATIONS
FOR
CHOOSING
MATERIALS
........................
560
15.4.1
EDM
.............................................................................................
560
15.4.2
WELDING
.......................................................................................
560
15.5
HEAT
TREATMENT
.........................................................................................
560
15.6
OVERVIEW
OF
SURFACE
TREATMENTS
..............................................................
562
15.7
HARDNESS
OF
MATING
PARTS
..........................................................................
563
16
FASTENERS
..........................................................................................
565
16.1
HOW
SCREWS
WORK
.....................................................................................
567
16.2
ROLLED
VERSUS
CUT
THREADS
.......................................................................
568
16.3
HOLDING
ACTION
AND
PRELOAD
OF
SCREWS
...................................................
569
16.4
INFLUENCE
OF
TEMPERATURE
ON
SCREWS
...................................................
;.
573
16.5
EFFECT
OF
CYCLICAL
LOADS
ON
SCREWS
.........................................................
574
16.6
SCREW
STANDARDS
AND
PROPERTIES
.............................................................
574
16.7
LENGTH
OF
THREAD
ENGAGEMENT
.................................................................
575
16.8
ADDITIONAL
RECOMMENDATIONS
REGARDING
SCREWS
..................................
576
16.8.1
ALWAYS
USE
STANDARD
AVAILABLE
SCREW
SIZES
AND
LENGTHS
....
576
16.8.2
INCREASE
THE
DEPTH
OF
THE
COUNTER-BORE
....................................
577
16.9
USE
OF
SET
SCREWS
.....................................................................................
578
16.10
HOLDING
SCREWS
IN
PLACE
(IF
NEEDED)
.......................................................
578
16.10.1
LOCKWASHERS
.............................................................................
578
16.10.2
SCREW-SECURING
COMPOUNDS
.....................................................
579
16.10.3
SCREWS
SECURED
BY
PLASTIC
INSERTS
(NYLOKYY,
ETC.)
....................
579
17
DIMENSIONING
AND
TOLERANCING
....................................................
581
17.1
CONVENTIONAL
VERSUS
GEOMETRIC
TOLERANCING
.........................................
583
17.2
LIMITATIONS
OF
CONVENTIONAL
DIMENSIONS
AND
TOLERANCES
......................
584
17.2.1
ORIGINS
OF
MEASUREMENT
...........................................................
585
17.2.2
NON-REPEATABLE
SIZES
AND
CENTERS
...........................................
586
17.2.3
ORIENTATION
AND
ANGLES
.............................................................
587
17.2.4
TOLERANCE
ACCUMULATION
...........................................................
589
17.3
GEOMETRIC
DIMENSIONING
AND
TOLERANCING
.............................................
591
17.3.1
THREE
CORE
STEPS
FOR
APPLYING
OR
INSPECTING
GD&T
................
592
17.3.2
GEOMETRIC
TOLERANCING
BENEFITS
VERSUS
CONVENTIONAL
TOLERANCING
.................................................................................
593
17.3.2.1
CLEAR
SETUP
AND
ORIGINS
OF
MEASUREMENT
..............
593
1
7.3.2.2
GEOMETRIC
CONTROLS
APPLY
TO
FEATURES,
NOT
TO
DIMENSIONS
.............................................................
595
17.3.2.3
REPEATABLE
SIZES
AND
CENTERS
.................................
597
17.3.2.4
TOLERANCE
ACCUMULATION
IS
MINIMIZED
....................
597
17.3.2.5
TOLERANCE
ZONES
ARE
UNIFORM
.................................
598
17.3.2.6
CONTROL
OF
PATTERNS
OF
FEATURES
................................
598
17.3.2.7
A
SINGLE
INTERPRETATION
............................................
598
17.4
IMPLEMENTATION
OF
GEOMETRIC
TOLERANCING
..............................................
598
17.4.1
IMPLEMENTATION
OF
GD&T-LITE
(NOT
RECOMMENDED)
..................
599
17.4.2
IMPLEMENTATION
OF
GD&T
INTEGRATION
........................................
599
17.4.3
IMPLEMENTATION
OF
MODEL-BASED
DEFINITION
..............................
600
17.5
CONSIDERATIONS
FOR
TOLERANCING
................................................................
601
17.5.1
CAD
MODELLING
PRACTICES
............................................................
601
17.5.2
MATERIALS,
MANUFACTURING,
AND
INSPECTION
..............................
602
17.5.3
THERMAL
EXPANSION
AND
TOLERANCING
........................................
603
17.6
APPLICATION
OF
GD&T
TO
MOLD
COMPONENTS
............................................
603
17.6.1
GD&T
APPLIED
TO
AN
INJECTION
MOLD
CORE
................................
604
17.6.2
GD&T
APPLIED
TO
AN
INJECTION
MOLD
LOCK
RING
......................
606
17.6.3
GD&T
APPLIED
TO
AN
INJECTION
MOLD
CORE
PLATE
......................
608
17.6.4
GD&T
AND
MOLD
ENGINEERING
......................................................
611
18
MOLD
DESIGN
REFERENCES
...............................................................
613
18.1
PLASTIC
HOUSING
(USING
SHUT-OFFS)
............................................................
613
18.2
FACEMASK
...................................................................................................
615
18.3
PLASTIC
CUTLERY
...........................................................................................
618
18.4
VIAL
.............................................................................................................
621
18.5
OPEN-ENDED
FLOSS
SPOOL
TUBE
..................................................................
623
18.6
OVERCAP
LID
(USING
STRIPPER
RING
EJECTION)
............................................
626
18.7
PLUG
LID
.....................................................................................................
628
18.8
URINE
TUB
CAP
(USING
STRIPPER
RING
EJECTION)
.........................................
634
18.9
DELI
OR
YELLOW
FATS
CONTAINER
(USING
AIR
EJECTION
AND
WITH
CAVITY
LOCK
ALIGNMENT)
...........................................................................
637
18.10
STADIUM
CUP
(USING
CORE
LOCK
ALIGNMENT)
............................................
640
18.11
POLYSTYRENE TUMBLER
(USING
STRIPPER
RING
EJECTION)
............................
643
18.12
FALSE-BOTTOM
CUP
(USING
MOVING
CAVITY
AND
AIR
EJECTION)
..................
648
18.13
ROUND
CLOSURE
(USING
STRIPPER
RING
(BUMP-OFF)
EJECTION)
....................
649
18.14
PAINT
PAIL
WITH
HANDLE
INSERTS
..................................................................
652
18.15
RECTANGULAR
CONTAINER
WITH
TAMPER-EVIDENT
SKIRT
................................
654
18.16
POWER
TOOL
HOUSING
.................................................................................
657
18.17
REAR
HATCH
DOOR
.......................................................................................
662
18.18
CRINKLE
BAG
...............................................................................................
663
18.19
PREFORM
(USING
NECK
RING
EJECTION)
.......................................................
665
18.20
LIVING
HINGE
CAP
.......................................................................................
670
18.21
RECTANGULAR
BOX
WITH
UNDERCUTS
(USING
SPLIT-CAVITY
MOLD)
................
673
18.22
DETERGENT
CAP
(USING
UNSCREWING
EJECTION)
..........................................
674
18.23
FOLDING
CRATE
.............................................................................................
679
18.24 AUTOMOTIVE
PANEL
COVER
...........................................................................
682
18.25
PALLET
...........................................................................................................
683
18.26
AUTOMOTIVE
COVERS
...................................................................................
685
18.27
DOUBLE-WALLED
THREADED
CAP
(USING
COLLAPSIBLE-CORE
MOLD)
..............
687
18.28
AUTOMOTIVE
COVER
.....................................................................................
689
18.29
EXTERNALLY
THREADED
CAP
MOLD
...............................................................
690
18.30
OXYGEN
MASK
(WITH
SIDE
CORE
RETRACTION)
.............................................
692
18.31
LIVING-HINGE
CASE
.....................................................................................
694
18.32
IRON
HOUSING
(USING
SPLIT-CAVITY
MOLD)
.................................................
697
18.33
ORAL
CARE
PRODUCT
(USING
SPLIT-CAVITY
MOLD)
.........................................
699
18.34
ACTUATOR
(USING
SPLIT
CAVITY
WITH
MULTI-STAGE
EJECTION)
........................
705
19
MOLD
TESTING,
APPROVAL,
AND
TROUBLESHOOTING
.........................
707
19.1
INFORMATION
TO
BE
SUPPLIED
TO
THE
MOLD
TESTER
.....................................
707
19.2
DRY-CYCLE
TESTING
BEFORE
INJECTING
PLASTIC
.............................................
708
19.2.1
BLUING
TO
ENSURE
PROPER
SHUT-OFF,
VENTING,
AND
TAPER
FIT
.....................................................................................
710
19.2.2
PROCEDURE
FOR
ALIGNING
MOLD
HALVES
IN
THE
INJECTION
MOLDING
MACHINE
.......................................................
712
19.2.3
LEAD
TEST
PROCEDURE
TO
CHECK
WALL
THICKNESSES
AND
ALIGNMENT
...................................................................................
712
19.3
INITIAL
MOLD
START-UP
AND
FIRST
SHOTS
.......................................................
713
19.3.1
MOLD
START-UP
PROCEDURE
...........................................................
714
19.4
CHANGING
MATERIALS
OR
COLORS
.................................................................
718
19.4.1
GENERAL
COLOR
CHANGE
PROCEDURE
.............................................
719
19.5
MOLD
TEST
INFORMATION
AND
DATA
TO
BE
COLLECTED
....................................
720
19.5.1
CORE
SHIFT
MAPPING
...................................................................
721
19.6
APQPANDPPAP
...........................................................................................
722
19.7
MOLD
TEST
TROUBLESHOOTING
GUIDE
.............................................................
723
20
APPENDIX
...........................................................................................
733
APPENDIX
1:
MOLD
MATERIAL
PROPERTIES
.................................................................
733
APPENDIX
2:
FREQUENTLY
USED
CONVERSION
FACTORS
.............................................
735
APPENDIX
3:
PLASTICS
AND
THEIR
ABBREVIATIONS
....................................................
737
APPENDIX
4:
MOLD
DESIGN
REVIEW
CHECKLIST
......................................................
739
APPENDIX
5:
CONTENTS
OF
A
MOLD
MANUAL
............................................................
745
APPENDIX
6:
MOLD
SETUP
GUIDE
TEMPLATE
............................................................
746
APPENDIX
7:
ORDER
CONFIRMATION
TEMPLATE
........................................................
751
APPENDIX
8:
GENERAL
PROPERTIES
OF
PLASTICS
........................................................
753
APPENDIX
9:
THERMAL
PROPERTIES
OF
PLASTICS
......................................................
755
APPENDIX
10:
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
PLASTICS
................................................
757
APPENDIX
11:
THERMAL
AND
PROCESSING
PROPERTIES
OF
PLASTICS
..........................
761
APPENDIX
12:
MOLD
PREVENTATIVE
MAINTENANCE
CHECKLIST
................................
766
APPENDIX
13:
SURFACE
FINISHES
...........................................................................
767
INDEX
............................................................................................................
769
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
PREFACE
.
V
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
.
VII
THE
AUTHOR
.
IX
1
INTRODUCTION
.
1
1.1
BENEFITS
OF
INJECTION
MOLDING
.
4
1.2
THE
INJECTION
MOLD
.
6
1.2.1
THE
ROLE
OF
THE
INJECTION
MOLD
.
6
1.3
WHAT
IS
AN
INJECTION
MOLD?
.
7
1.3.1
ELEMENTS
OF
AN
INJECTION
MOLD
.
9
1.4
CLASSIFICATION
OF
MOLDS
.
13
1.5
CONTINUED
INNOVATION
IN
MOLDS
AND
HOT
RUNNERS
.
14
1.6
THE
INJECTION
MOLDING
MACHINE
.
14
2
OVERVIEW
OF
PLASTICS
FOR
MOLD
DESIGN
.
17
2.1
WHAT
IS
PLASTIC?
.
17
2.2
PLASTICS
TERMINOLOGY
.
18
2.3
POLYMER
ORIENTATION
.
20
2.3.1
SHRINKAGE
.
20
2.3.2
MULTIPLE
SHRINKAGES
.
22
2.4
ADDITIVES
.
23
2.5
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
PLASTICS
.
24
2.6
HOW
MOLTEN
PLASTICS
BEHAVE
.
25
2.6.1
HOW
PLASTICS
FLOW
.
25
2.6.1.1
PSEUDO-PLASTIC
BEHAVIOR
.
26
2.6.2
PLASTIC
FLOW
IN
RUNNERS
AND
CAVITIES
.
28
2.7
DEGRADATION
.
30
2.8
SELECTION
AND
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
PLASTIC
MATERIALS
.
31
3
PLASTIC
PART
DESIGN
FOR
MOLD
DESIGNERS
.
33
3.1
PLASTIC
PART
DRAWING
.
35
3.2
PRODUCT
SHAPE:
HOW
CAN
THE
PRODUCT
BEST
BE
MOLDED?
.
38
3.3
PARTING
LINE
(P/L)
.
41
3.4
UNIFORM
WALL
THICKNESS
.
43
3.5
L/T
RATIO
(LENGTH
OF
FLOW
DIVIDED
BY
WALL
THICKNESS)
.
46
3.6
DRAFTS
.
47
3.7
CORNERS,
FILLETS,
AND
CHAMFERS
.
48
3.8
RIBS
AND
BOSSES
.
49
3.9
RIM
DESIGNS
.
51
3.10
STRIPPED
UNDERCUTS
.
52
3.11
SIDEWALL
WINDOWS
IN
THE
PART
.
52
3.12
GATE
LOCATION
AND
NUMBER
OF
GATES
.
53
3.12.1
CAE
FILLING
ANALYSIS
FOR
GATE
LOCATION
OPTIMIZATION
.
57
3.12.2
TWO
OR
MORE
GATES
PER
CAVITY
-
LARGE
PRODUCTS
.
59
3.12.3
GATE
DIMPLE
.
61
3.12.4
RECESSED
GATE
.
61
3.12.5
DEEP
UNDERCUTS
AND
MOLD
DESIGN
COMPLEXITY
.
62
3.13
RE-DESIGN
OF
THE
PRODUCT
TO
AVOID
THE
NEED
FOR
SIDE
CORES
.
63
3.13.1
SELECTING
OTHER
THAN
THE
CONVENTIONAL
PARTING
LINE
.
63
3.14
SHAPE
OF
THREADS
AND
UNDERCUTS
.
64
3.15
NEED
FOR
MULTI-STAGE
EJECTION
.
67
3.16
POST-MOLDING
OPERATIONS
VERSUS
MOLD
COMPLEXITY
.
69
3.17
PLASTIC
PART
TOLERANCES
AND
EFFECT
ON
MOLD
DESIGN
.
70
3.17.1
GENERAL
AND
SPECIFIC
PLASTIC
PART
TOLERANCES
.
72
3.17.2 ARE
SPECIAL
FITS
WITH
MATCHING
PRODUCTS
REQUIRED?
.
73
3.17.3
TOLERANCES
FOR
THE
FILLING
VOLUME
.
73
3.18
STACKING
OF
PRODUCTS
AND
FREE
DISPENSING
.
74
3.19
DELIBERATE
MISMATCHES
FOR
EASY
MOLD
DESIGN
.
78
3.19.1
MISMATCH
AT
THE
PARTING
LINE
.
78
3.19.2
MISMATCH
BETWEEN
TWO
MATCHING
PIECES,
SUCH
AS
BOX
AND
LID
.
80
3.20
SURFACE
FINISH
.
81
3.20.1
FINISH
OF
MOLDING
SURFACES
.
82
3.20.1.1
MOLDING
SURFACE
FINISH
FOR
EASE
OF
EJECTION
.
84
3.20.2
TEXTURING
OF
SURFACES
.
85
3.21
FITTING
SURFACES
OF
MOLD
PARTS
.
86
3.22
ENGRAVINGS
.
86
3.22.1
ENGRAVINGS
VERSUS
APPLIED
LABELS
.
86
3.22.2
TWO-COLOR
AND
TWO-MATERIAL
ENGRAVING
.
87
3.22.3
DEPTH
OF
ENGRAVINGS
.
89
3.22.4
FONT
STYLE
AND
SIZE
OF
ARTWORK
.
90
3.22.5
POLARITY
OF
ENGRAVING
.
91
3.22.6
ARE
THE
LOCATIONS
SELECTED
FOR
ENGRAVING
PRACTICAL?
.
91
3.22.7
ENGRAVINGS
IN
THE
WALLS
AND
BOTTOMS
OF
PRODUCTS
.
92
3.22.7.1
ENGRAVINGS
ON
THE
OUTSIDE
OF
THE
PRODUCT
(ENGRAVED
CAVITIES)
.
92
3.22.7.2
ENGRAVINGS
ON
THE
INSIDE
OF
THE
PRODUCT
(ENGRAVED
CORES)
.
94
3.23
GENERAL
APPEARANCE
OF
THE
PRODUCT
.
95
3.23.1
FLATNESS
.
95
3.23.2
SINKS
AND
VOIDS
.
99
3.23.3
WITNESS
LINES
.
101
3.23.3.1
PARTING
LINE
FLASH
.
102
3.23.3.2 GAPS
BETWEEN
CAVITY
AND/OR
CORE
PARTS
AND
INSERTS
.
102
3.23.3.3
CLEARANCE
OF
EJECTOR
PINS
AND
EJECTOR
SLEEVES
.
104
3.23.3.4
ELIDING
THE
GATE
MARK
.
105
3.23.4
WELD
LINES
.
105
3.23.4.1
LOCATION
OF
WELD
LINES
.
106
3.23.5
SURFACE
DEFECTS
(FLOW
MARKS,
SPLAY,
RECORD
GROOVES,
HAZE,
JETTING,
HOOKS,
AND
RIPPLES)
.
107
3.24
IDENTIFICATION
OF
THE
MOLDED
PIECE
.
109
3.25
PRODUCT
STRENGTH
REQUIREMENTS
.
110
3.25.1
THE
ROLE
OF
GATE
LOCATION
IN
INCREASING
PRODUCT
STRENGTH
.
ILL
3.26
SPECIAL
FEATURES
.
112
3.26.1
HOLES
AND
COUNTER-BORES
FOR
ASSEMBLY
SCREWS
OR
RIVETS
.
113
3.26.2
HINGES
AND
SNAPS
.
114
4
SPECIFYING
THE
RIGHT
MACHINE
FOR
THE
MOLD
.
117
4.1
REQUIRED
CLAMP
SIZE
(TONNAGE)
.
120
4.2
REQUIRED
OPENING
STROKE
AND
SHUT-HEIGHT
.
125
4.3
PLATEN
MOUNTING
PATTERN
AND
EJECTOR
POSITIONS
.
127
4.4
LOCATING
RING
SIZE
AND
MACHINE
NOZZLE
SIZE
.
127
4.5
EXTRUDER
SIZING
AND
SPECIFICATION
.
127
4.5.1
EXTRUDER
SHOT
SIZE
CALCULATION
.
128
4.5.1.1
SHOT
SIZE
CALCULATION
FOR
COLD
RUNNERS
.
129
4.5.1.2
SHOT
SIZE
CALCULATION
FOR
HOT
RUNNERS
.
131
4.5.1.3
EXTRUDER
SIZING
CALCULATION
.
131
4.5.2
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
MACHINE
PLASTICIZING
CAPACITY
.
132
4.5.2.1
IMPACT
OF
LIGHT-WEIGHTING
THE
PRODUCT
.
135
4.5.3
SCREW
SELECTION
.
136
4.6
MACHINE
NOZZLE
SELECTION
.
136
4.6.1
OPEN
NOZZLES
.
137
4.6.2
SHUT-OFF
NOZZLES
.
139
4.7
INJECTION
UNIT
SELECTION
.
143
4.7.1
RECIPROCATING
SCREW
VERSUS
TWO-STAGE
INJECTION
UNITS
.
143
4.7.2
INJECTION
SPEED
AND
PRESSURE
REQUIREMENTS
.
145
4.7.2.1
NEED
FOR
HIGH
INJECTION
PRESSURES
.
149
5
FACTORS
AFFECTING
THE
DESIGN
OF
AN
INJECTION
MOLD
.
151
5.1
TOTAL
EQUIPMENT
PRODUCTIVITY
(TEP)
OBJECTIVES
.
151
5.2
CYCLE
TIME
.
153
5.3
PROJECTED
ANNUAL
REQUIREMENTS
.
153
5.4
PURPOSE
OF
THE
MOLD
.
154
5.4.1
PROTOTYPE
MOLD
.
155
5.4.2
EXPERIMENTAL
MOLD
.
156
5.4.3
COMBINATION
OF
PROTOTYPE
AND
EXPERIMENTAL
MOLD
.
157
5.4.4
PRODUCTION
MOLD
.
158
5.4.5
NEW
PRODUCTS
.
158
5.4.6
EXISTING
PRODUCT,
LARGE
QUANTITIES
.
159
5.4.7
LIMITED
QUANTITIES,
LIMITED
PRODUCT
LIFECYCLE
.
160
5.4.8
SHORT
RUNS,
SMALL
PRODUCTION
REQUIREMENTS
.
160
5.5
THE
INJECTION
MOLDING
MACHINE
.
161
5.6
THE
PLANT
ENVIRONMENT
.
162
5.6.1
CONDITION
OF
AMBIENT
(SHOP)
AIR
.
163
5.7
COOLANT
SUPPLY
.
165
5.7.1
IS
THE
COOLING
WATER
CLEAN?
.
166
5.7.2
CHILLER
SIZING
GUIDELINES
.
167
5.8
POWER
SUPPLY
.
168
6
CYCLE
TIME
ESTIMATION
.
171
6.1
FACTORS
IMPACTING
CYCLE
TIME
.
172
6.1.1
TYPE
OF
PLASTIC
.
172
6.1.2
WALL
THICKNESS
OF
PRODUCT
.
174
6.1.3
MOLD
MATERIALS
.
175
6.1.4 EFFICIENCY
OF
COOLING
.
176
6.1.4.1
MOLDS
FOR
SMALL-SCALE
PRODUCTION
(FEWER
THAN
APPROX.
1000
PIECES)
.
177
6.1.4.2
MOLDS
FOR
LARGE-SCALE
PRODUCTION
OF
PRODUCTS
0.4-1.3
MM
(0.015-0.050")
THICK
.
177
6.1.4.3
MOLDS
FOR
LARGE-SCALE
PRODUCTION
OF
PRODUCTS
3
MM
(0.120")
THICK
.
178
6.1.4.4
MOLDS
FOR
MOST
OTHER
PRODUCTS
.
181
6.1.5
VENTING
.
182
6.1.6
EJECTION
.
182
6.1.7
MOLDING
MACHINE
.
183
6.1.7.1
MACHINE
DRY
CYCLE
.
183
6.1.7.2
TIMING
OF
EJECTION
AND
STROKE
REQUIRED
.
186
6.1.8
IMPACT
OF
COLD
RUNNERS
VERSUS
HOT
RUNNERS
ON
CYCLE
TIME
.
195
6.2
ESTIMATING
CYCLE
TIME
.
196
7
PRODUCT
COST
ESTIMATION
.
201
7.1
MACHINE
HOUR
COST
PER
UNIT
MOLDED
.
201
7.2
MOLD
COST
PER
UNIT
MOLDED
.
204
7.3
LABOR
COSTS
.
206
7.4
ESTIMATING PRODUCT
COST
.
207
8
MOLD
LAYOUT,
DRAWINGS,
AND
INSPECTION
.
217
8.1
STEPS
TO
DESIGNING
THE
MOLD
.
217
8.2
INFORMATION
AND
DOCUMENTATION
.
218
8.2.1
MACHINE
SPECIFICATIONS
.
220
8.2.1.1
MECHANICAL
FEATURES
.
220
8.2.2
PRODUCTIVITY
FEATURES
.
223
8.2.3
ADDITIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
.
224
8.3
DETERMINING
THE
MOLD
CAVITATION
.
227
8.3.1
MINIMUM
NUMBER
OF
CAVITIES
.
228
8.3.2
PREFERRED
(PRACTICAL)
NUMBER
OF
CAVITIES
.
230
8.4
ASSEMBLY
AND
DETAIL
DRAWINGS
.
231
8.4.1
DRAWINGS
AND
VIEWS
.
231
8.4.2
ARRANGEMENT
OF
VIEWS
.
232
8.4.3
NOTES
ON
DRAWINGS
.
233
8.4.4
ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION
ON
THE
DRAWINGS
.
233
8.5
MOLD
LAYOUT
AND
ASSEMBLY
DRAWINGS
.
233
8.5.1
MACHINE
PLATEN
LAYOUT
.
233
8.5.2
SYMMETRY
OF
LAYOUT,
BALANCING
OF
CLAMP
.
234
8.5.3
THE
VIEWS
.
234
8.5.4
COMPLETING
THE
ASSEMBLY
DRAWING
.
234
8.5.5
BILL
OF
MATERIALS
(BOM)
AND
"
BALLOONING
"
.
235
8.5.6
FINISHING
TOUCHES
.
235
8.6
INSPECTION
FEATURES
ON
DRAWINGS
.
236
8.6.1
ROLLERS
OR
ROLLER
BALLS
.
236
8.6.2
HOW
TO
INSPECT
TAPERS
.
237
8.6.2.1
EXTERNAL
TAPERS
.
237
8.6.2.2
INTERNAL
TAPERS
.
237
8.6.2.3
ANGLED
SURFACES
.
238
8.6.2.4
CONSTRUCTION
(CHECKING)
BALLS
.
239
8.7
CHAMFERS
AND
RADII
.
240
8.7.1
GENERAL
INFORMATION
.
240
8.7.2
SPECIFYING
CHAMFERS
.
241
8.7.3 RADII
IN
CORNERS
.
242
9
MOLD
SHOE
DESIGN
.
243
9.1
MOLD
PLATES
.
245
9.2
MOLD
HARDWARE
.
247
9.3
LOCATION
OF
FITTINGS,
HOSES,
AND
CABLES
.
248
9.4
FORCES
AFFECTING
MOLD
SHOES
.
248
9.4.1
DEFLECTION
OF
MOLD
PLATES
.
249
9.4.2
CALCULATION
OF
PLATE
DEFLECTION
AND
STRESS
.
250
9.5
SELECTION
OF
MATERIALS
FOR
MOLD
PLATES
.
252
9.6
GUIDING
OF
MOVING
PLATES
.
253
9.6.1
GIBS
.
253
9.6.1.1
PILLARS
AND
BUSHINGS
.
254
9.6.1.2
DOWEL
PINS
AND
BUSHINGS
.
254
9.6.1.3
LEADER
PINS
WITH
PISTON
AND
STROKE
LIMITERS
.
255
9.7
MOUNTING
HOLES
AND
CLAMP
SLOTS
.
256
9.8
LOCATING
RINGS
.
257
9.9
MOLD
HANDLING
-
LIFT
HOLES,
LIFT
BARS,
AND
LATCHES
.
257
9.9.1
LIFT
BARS
.
257
9.9.2
LATCHES
.
260
9.9.2.1
LATCHES
FOR
MOLD
SERVICING
.
260
9.10
MOLD
IDENTIFICATION
NAMEPLATES
.
263
10
CAVITY
AND
CORE
DESIGN
OVERVIEW
.
265
10.1
MOLD
CAVITY
SPACE
.
265
10.2
PLASTIC
VERSUS
STEEL
PART
DRAWING
.
266
10.3
THE
PRELIMINARY
STACK
LAYOUT
.
267
10.3.1
WHERE
SHOULD
THE
PARTING
LINE
BE
LOCATED?
.
267
10.3.1.1
PRIMARY
PARTING
LINE
.
268
10.3.1.2
SECONDARY
PARTING
LINES:
SPLIT
MOLDS
AND
SIDE
CORES
.
270
10.3.2
WILL
THE
PRODUCT
PULL
OUT
OF
THE
CAVITY
AND
STAY
ON
THE
CORE?
.
271
10.3.3
WILL
THE
PRODUCT
EJECT
EASILY
FROM
THE
CORE?
.
273
10.3.4
IS
THE
CAVITY
BALANCED?
.
275
10.4
DETERMINING
THE
METHOD
OF
CAVITY
CONSTRUCTION
.
276
10.4.1
CAVITY
AND/OR
CORE
ARE
CUT
RIGHT
INTO
THE
MOLD
PLATE
.
277
10.4.2
INDIVIDUAL
CAVITIES
AND
CORES
.
277
10.5
STACK
SIZING
AND
TOTAL
AREA
OF
THE
STACK
.
278
10.6
FORCES
ON
THE
CORES
AND
CAVITIES
.
279
10.6.1
CHECKING
FOR
SUFFICIENT
STEEL
SHUT-OFF
AREA
IN
STACK
.
280
10.6.2
CHECKING
FOR
STACK
COMPRESSION
DUE
TO
CLAMP
TONNAGE
.
281
10.6.3
CHECKING
FOR
ACCEPTABLE
HOOP
STRESS
IN
THE
CAVITY
.
283
10.7
CORE
AND
CAVITY
MATERIAL
SELECTION
.
285
10.8
DETERMINING
THE
STACK
CONSTRUCTION
.
286
10.9
VENTING
.
287
10.9.1
PARTING
LINE
(P/L)
VENTING
.
289
10.9.2
VENT
GROOVES
AND
CHANNELS
.
289
10.9.3
VENT
PINS
.
290
10.9.4
VENTING
OF
RIBS
.
291
10.9.5
VENTING
THE
BOTTOM
OF
A
CAVITY
.
291
10.9.6
CORE
CAP
AND
CORE
SIDEWALL
VENTING
.
292
11
EJECTION
.
293
11.1
MANUAL
OR
SEMI-AUTOMATIC
EJECTION
.
294
11.2
AUTOMATIC
EJECTION
.
295
11.3
BASIC
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
EJECTION
.
297
11.3.1
MACHINE
OPENING
STROKE
FOR
EJECTION
.
297
11.3.2
VENTING
FOR
EASE
OF
EJECTION
.
300
11.3.3
SURFACE
FINISH
FORCES
ON
EJECTION
.
301
11.3.3.1
MOLD
SURFACE
ROUGHNESS
.
301
11.3.3.2
MOLDING
SURFACE
FINISH
GUIDELINES
FOR
EJECTION
.
302
11.4
FORCE
REQUIRED
FOR
EJECTION
.
303
11.5
WHERE
TO
EJECT
THE
PRODUCT
.
303
11.5.1
EJECTION
OF
DEEP
CUP-SHAPED
PARTS
.
305
11.5.2
EJECTION
OF
PARTS
WITH
DEEP
RIBS
.
305
11.5.3
EJECTION
OF
BOSSES
.
307
11.5.4
EJECTION
OF
SHALLOW
PARTS
.
308
11.5.5
EJECTION
OF
RIM
SHAPES
.
309
11.5.6
EJECTION
OF
COLD
RUNNERS
.
311
11.6
EJECTOR
PINS,
BLADE
EJECTORS,
AND
SLEEVES
.
315
11.6.1
EJECTOR
PIN
CLEARANCE
(FIT)
AND
LENGTH
OF
LAND
.
317
11.6.2
BLADE
EJECTORS
.
318
11.6.3
NUMBER,
SIZE,
AND
LOCATION
OF
EJECTOR
PINS
.
320
11.6.3.1
EJECTOR
PIN
SIZING
.
320
11.6.3.2
EJECTOR
PIN
LOCATIONS
.
321
11.6.4
FINISH
OF
EJECTOR
PINS
AND
BORES
.
322
11.6.5
PREVENTING
EJECTOR
PINS
FROM
TURNING
.
323
11.7
EJECTOR
AND
EJECTOR
RETAINER
PLATES
.
324
11.7.1
EJECTION
FORCES
.
324
11.7.2
INJECTION
FORCES
.
325
11.7.3
NUMBER
AND
LOCATION
OF
MACHINE
EJECTORS
TO
BE
USED
.
325
11.7.4
CALCULATION
OF
EJECTOR
PLATE
DEFLECTION
.
325
11.7.5
EJECTOR
PIN
RETAINER
PLATE
.
326
11.7.6
EJECTOR
RETURN
PINS
.
328
11.7.7
EJECTOR
BOX
.
329
11.7.7.1
GUIDING
EJECTOR
PLATES
.
331
11.7.8
RETURNING
THE
EJECTOR
PLATE
.
332
11.7.8.1
TIE
EJECTOR
PLATE
TO
MACHINE
'
S
EJECTOR
PLATE
.
333
11.7.8.2
LINKAGES
ATTACHED
TO
THE
MOLD
.
333
11.7.8.3
RETURN
SPRINGS
.
333
11.7.8.4
AIR
CYLINDERS
(AIR
SPRINGS)
FOR
EJECTOR
RETURN
.
336
11.7.8.5
EARLY
EJECTOR
RETURN
SYSTEMS
.
337
11.8
STRIPPER
EJECTION
.
338
11.8.1
GENERAL
RULES
FOR
STRIPPER
EJECTION
.
339
11.8.2
GUIDING
THE
STRIPPER
PLATE
.
341
11.8.3
STRIPPER
RINGS
.
343
11.8.3.1
FIXED
STRIPPER
RINGS
OR
STRIPPER
INSERTS
.
343
11.8.3.2
FLOATING
STRIPPER
RINGS
.
344
11.8.4
STRIPPER
BARS
.
346
11.8.5
STRIPPER
RING
EJECTION
OF
LIDS
.
347
11.8.6
STRIPPING
FROM
THE
INJECTION
(CAVITY)
SIDE
.
348
11.9
AIR
EJECTION
.
348
11.9.1
REQUIREMENTS
AND
TIMING
FOR
AIR
EJECTION
.
350
11.9.2
POPPET
AIR
EJ
ECTION
.
351
11.9.3
CORE
AIR
.
355
11.9.3.1
FIXED
CORE
AIR
.
355
11.9.3.2
STROKING
CORE
AIR
.
357
11.9.3.3
COMBINATION
OF
AIR
POPPET
AND
STROKING
CORE
AIR
.
358
11.9.4
BLOW-OFF
JETS
.
359
11.9.5
BLOW-DOWN
JETS
.
360
11.9.6
AIR
EJECTION
FROM
THE
CAVITY
SIDE
.
361
11.10
EJECTION
OF
SIGNIFICANT
UNDERCUTS
.
363
11.10.1
CAM
EJECTION
(INTERNAL
AND
EXTERNAL)
USING
NECK
RINGS
.
363
11.10.2
CORE
PULL
EJECTION
.
365
11.10.3
COLLAPSIBLE
CORES
.
367
11.10.4
LIFTER
EJECTION
.
369
11.10.5
SLIDERS
.
371
11.10.5.1
SPLIT-CAVITY
MOVEMENT
ON
ANGLED
PINS
.
374
11.10.6
UNSCREWING
EJECTION
.
375
11.10.7
CAM
AND
HARMONIC
LINKAGE
EJECTION
.
376
11.11
MULTIPLE
EJECTION
STROKES
.
377
11.12
MULTI-STAGE
EJECTION
.
378
11.12.1
WHY
AND
WHEN
TO
USE
MULTI-STAGE
EJ
ECTION
.
378
11.12.2
TYPICAL
TWO-STAGE
EJECTION
ACTUATIONS
.
379
11.12.2.1
LATCH
LOCKS
(INTERNAL
AND
EXTERNAL)
.
381
11.12.2.2
TWO-STAGE
EJECTION
WITH
LEVERS
.
383
11.12.3
MOVING-CAVITY
EJECTION
ASSIST
.
384
12
MOLD
COOLING
.
387
12.1
INJECTION
AND
MOLD
TEMPERATURES
FOR
COMMON
PLASTICS
.
390
12.2
COOLANT
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
A
MOLD
.
391
12.3
WHAT
AFFECTS
MOLD
COOLING
PERFORMANCE?
.
392
12.3.1
TEMPERATURE
OF
THE
COOLING
MEDIUM
.
393
12.3.2
ACHIEVING
STEADY-STATE
TEMPERATURE
IN
THE
MOLD
.
393
12.4
PRINCIPLES
OF
HEAT
TRANSFER AND
THERMODYNAMICS
.
395
12.4.1
HEAT
TRANSFER
BASICS
.
396
12.4.2
MELTING
AND
COOLING
BEHAVIOR
OF
PLASTICS
.
398
12.4.3
CONDUCTION
AND
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
.
399
12.4.3.1
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
VALUES
.
400
12.4.4
CONVECTIVE
HEAT
TRANSFER
.
401
12.4.4.1
REYNOLDS
NUMBER
(RE)
.
401
12.4.4.2
PRESSURE
DROP
OF
COOLANT
SUPPLY
AND
RETURN
LINES
.
403
12.4.4.3
CROSS-SECTION
OF
CHANNELS
.
403
12.4.4.4
LENGTH
OF
COOLING
LINES
.
403
12.4.4.5
COOLANT
VISCOSITY
.
403
12.4.4.6
CONDITION
OF
CHANNELS
.
404
12.5
CALCULATION
OF
COOLING
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
A
MOLD
.
404
12.5.1
HEAT
INPUT
REQUIRED
TO
CONDITION
THE
PLASTIC
FOR
INJECTION
.
404
12.5.2
COOLING
REQUIRED
TO
REMOVE
THE
INPUTTED
HEAT
.
405
12.5.3
TEMPERATURE
OF
COOLING
WATER
.
406
12.5.4
QUANTITY
OF
COOLING
WATER
REQUIRED
.
407
12.5.5
EFFICIENCY
OF
COOLING
ON
REQUIRED
WATER
FLOW
.
408
12.6
GENERAL
COOLING
DESIGN
RULES
.
409
12.7
COOLING
CHANNELS
IN
PLATES
.
411
12.7.1
SERIES
AND
PARALLEL
PLATE
COOLING
.
412
12.7.2
DISTANCE
OF
WATERLINES
FROM
HOLES
AND
SURFACES
.
415
12.7.3
PLUGGING
OF
COOLING
CHANNELS
.
416
12.7.4
PLUGS
AND
BAFFLES
IN
PLATES
.
417
12.7.5
COOLING
OF
HOT
RUNNER
PLATES
.
419
12.7.5.1
CALCULATION
OF
THE
SIZES
OF
COOLING
CHANNELS
FOR
HOT
RUNNER
PLATES
.
420
12.8
LAYOUT
OF
COOLING
CHANNELS
IN
INSERTS
.
422
12.8.1
SHRINKAGE
OF
PLASTIC
AND
COOLING
LAYOUT
.
424
12.8.2
PREVENTING
WATER
LEAKAGE
IN
THE
MOLD
.
426
12.8.3 COOLING
CHANNEL
DISTANCES
IN
INSERTS
.
428
12.8.4
DISTANCE
TO
PIPE
THREADS
AND
FITTINGS
.
430
12.8.5 COOLING
CHANNELS
SPLIT
BETWEEN
INSERTS
.
430
12.8.6
DESIGN
OF
INSERT
COOLING
FOR
FLAT
PRODUCTS
.
431
12.8.6.1
DRILLED
AND
MILLED
COOLING
CIRCUITS
IN
FLAT
PARTS
.
431
12.8.7 COOLING
DESIGN
FOR
CUP-SHAPED
PRODUCTS
.
433
12.8.7.1
CAVITY
COOLING
IN
CUP-SHAPED
PRODUCTS
.
433
12.8.7.2
CORE
COOLING
OF
CUP-SHAPED
PRODUCTS
.
439
12.8.7.3
COOLING
OF
INSERTS
.
448
12.8.8
USE
OF
CAE
MOLDING
SIMULATION
FOR
COOLING
DESIGN
AND
WARPAGE
ANALYSIS
.
449
12.9
SUPPLYING
WATER
TO
THE
MOLD
.
452
12.10
THERMAL
EXPANSION
.
453
13
MOLD
AND
STACK ALIGNMENT
.
455
13.1
LEADER
PIN
AND
BUSHING ALIGNMENT
.
457
13.2
TAPER
OR
STRAIGHT
INTERLOCK
ALIGNMENT
BETWEEN
PLATES
.
459
13.3
TAPER
LOCK
BETWEEN
EACH
CAVITY
AND
CORE
.
462
13.3.1
BACKING
UP
A
TAPER
.
466
13.3.2
CORE
LOCK
AND
CAVITY
LOCK
ALIGNMENT
.
467
13.4
PRELOADS
.
470
13.4.1
RESTORING
PRELOAD
BY
GRINDING
OF
THE
TAPERS
.
474
13.4.2
PRELOAD
STRESSES
.
475
13.4.3
MOUNTING
OF
STACKS
TO
MOLD
PLATES
.
475
13.5
OVER-CONSTRAINED
ALIGNMENT
.
476
14
MELT
DISTRIBUTION
AND
GATE
DESIGN
.
479
14.1
COLD
RUNNERS
.
481
14.1.1
COLD
RUNNER,
SINGLE-CAVITY
MOLDS
.
481
14.1.2
COLD
RUNNER,
TWO-PLATE
MOLDS
.
481
14.1.3
COLD
RUNNER,
THREE-PLATE
MOLDS
.
483
14.1.4
COLD
RUNNER
GATE
TYPES
AND
CONFIGURATIONS
.
484
14.1.4.1
GENERAL
FEATURES
OF
A
COLD
RUNNER
GATE
.
484
14.1.4.2
EDGE,
FAN,
TAB,
AND
DIAPHRAGM
GATES
.
485
14.1.4.3
TUNNEL
GATES
.
487
14.1.4.4
MULTIPLE
TUNNEL
GATING
.
489
14.1.4.5
CURVED
OR
SUBMARINE
TUNNEL
GATING
.
489
14.1.4.6
THREE-PLATE
GATES
.
490
14.1.4.7
OPTIMIZING
THE
COLD
RUNNER
GATE
PLACEMENT
.
491
14.1.5
LAYOUT
AND
BALANCING
OF
COLD
RUNNER
MELT
CHANNELS
.
493
14.1.5.1
MULTI-CAVITY
RUNNER
LAYOUTS
(ONE
GATE
PER
PART)
.
496
14.1.5.2
SINGLE-CAVITY
MULTI-GATE
RUNNER
LAYOUTS
.
499
14.1.6
COLD
RUNNER
EJECTION
.
499
14.2
INSULATED
RUNNERS
.
499
14.3
HOT
RUNNERS
.
500
14.3.1
CONSIDERATIONS
FOR
SPECIFYING
A
HOT
RUNNER
.
505
14.3.2
OVERVIEW
OF
HOT
RUNNER
DESIGN
.
506
14.3.3
LAYOUT
AND
BALANCING
OF
HOT
RUNNER
MELT
CHANNELS
.
507
14.3.3.1
BRIDGE
AND
SUB-MANIFOLDS
.
513
14.3.4
MELT
CHANNEL
SIZING
.
514
14.3.4.1
PLASTIC
INVENTORY
IN
THE
HOT
RUNNER
.
515
14.3.5
THE
HOT
RUNNER
MANIFOLD
.
516
14.3.5.1
LOCATING
THE
MANIFOLD
.
516
14.3.5.2
THERMAL
EXPANSION
OF
THE
MANIFOLD,
SEALING
THE
HOT
RUNNER
SYSTEMS,
AND
NOZZLE
TIP
POSITION
.
517
14.3.5.3 MANIFOLD
SUPPORTS
(BACK-UP
INSULATORS)
.
518
14.3.5.4 MANIFOLD
PLATE
AND
MANIFOLD
BACKING
PLATE
.
520
14.3.6
HEATING
OF
THE
HOT
RUNNER
.
522
14.3.6.1
BASICS
OF
RESISTANCE
HEATERS
.
523
14.3.6.2
HEATERS
.
523
14.3.6.3
HEAT
INPUT
PER
MASS
OF
THE
HOT
RUNNER
MANIFOLD
.
525
14.3.6.4
THERMOCOUPLES
(T/CS)
.
526
14.3.7
HOT
RUNNER
NOZZLES
.
528
14.3.8
NOZZLE
TIPS
AND
GATING
IN
HOT
RUNNERS
.
529
14.3.8.1
HOT-TIP
GATES
.
530
14.3.8.2
VALVE
GATES
.
533
14.3.8.3
SLOT
GATING
.
537
14.3.9
HOT
RUNNER
TEMPERATURE
CONTROLS
.
538
14.3.10
HOT
RUNNER
GATE
LOCATION
.
539
14.3.11
HOT
RUNNER
GATE
SIZING
.
539
14.3.11.1
GATE
SIZING
METHODS
.
540
14.3.11.2
GATE
AND
MELT
CHANNEL
SIZE
CALCULATION
.
541
14.3.11.3
EMPIRICAL
CALCULATION
OF
GATE
SIZE
.
542
14.3.11.4
GATE
LAND
LENGTH
.
543
14.3.12
GATE
INSERTS
(GATE
PADS)
.
543
14.4
HOT
AND
COLD
RUNNER
MOLDS
IN
COMBINATION
.
544
14.5
SELECTION
OF
HOT
RUNNER
OR
COLD
RUNNER
SYSTEM
.
546
15
SELECTION
OF
MOLD
MATERIALS
.
549
15.1
FORCES
ON
THE
MOLD
AFFECT
MATERIAL
CHOICES
.
550
15.1.1
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
STEELS
AND
OTHER
MOLD
MATERIALS
.
551
15.2
STEEL
PROPERTIES
.
554
15.2.1
TYPES
OF
STEELS
.
558
15.2.1.1
PRE-HARDENED
STEELS
.
558
15.2.1.2
TOOL
STEELS
.
558
15.2.1.3
STAINLESS
STEELS
.
559
15.2.1.4
COPPER
ALLOYS
.
559
15.3
QUALITY
OF
MATERIALS
.
559
15.4
MANUFACTURING
CONSIDERATIONS
FOR
CHOOSING
MATERIALS
.
560
15.4.1
EDM
.
560
15.4.2
WELDING
.
560
15.5
HEAT
TREATMENT
.
560
15.6
OVERVIEW
OF
SURFACE
TREATMENTS
.
562
15.7
HARDNESS
OF
MATING
PARTS
.
563
16
FASTENERS
.
565
16.1
HOW
SCREWS
WORK
.
567
16.2
ROLLED
VERSUS
CUT
THREADS
.
568
16.3
HOLDING
ACTION
AND
PRELOAD
OF
SCREWS
.
569
16.4
INFLUENCE
OF
TEMPERATURE
ON
SCREWS
.
;.
573
16.5
EFFECT
OF
CYCLICAL
LOADS
ON
SCREWS
.
574
16.6
SCREW
STANDARDS
AND
PROPERTIES
.
574
16.7
LENGTH
OF
THREAD
ENGAGEMENT
.
575
16.8
ADDITIONAL
RECOMMENDATIONS
REGARDING
SCREWS
.
576
16.8.1
ALWAYS
USE
STANDARD
AVAILABLE
SCREW
SIZES
AND
LENGTHS
.
576
16.8.2
INCREASE
THE
DEPTH
OF
THE
COUNTER-BORE
.
577
16.9
USE
OF
SET
SCREWS
.
578
16.10
HOLDING
SCREWS
IN
PLACE
(IF
NEEDED)
.
578
16.10.1
LOCKWASHERS
.
578
16.10.2
SCREW-SECURING
COMPOUNDS
.
579
16.10.3
SCREWS
SECURED
BY
PLASTIC
INSERTS
(NYLOKYY,
ETC.)
.
579
17
DIMENSIONING
AND
TOLERANCING
.
581
17.1
CONVENTIONAL
VERSUS
GEOMETRIC
TOLERANCING
.
583
17.2
LIMITATIONS
OF
CONVENTIONAL
DIMENSIONS
AND
TOLERANCES
.
584
17.2.1
ORIGINS
OF
MEASUREMENT
.
585
17.2.2
NON-REPEATABLE
SIZES
AND
CENTERS
.
586
17.2.3
ORIENTATION
AND
ANGLES
.
587
17.2.4
TOLERANCE
ACCUMULATION
.
589
17.3
GEOMETRIC
DIMENSIONING
AND
TOLERANCING
.
591
17.3.1
THREE
CORE
STEPS
FOR
APPLYING
OR
INSPECTING
GD&T
.
592
17.3.2
GEOMETRIC
TOLERANCING
BENEFITS
VERSUS
CONVENTIONAL
TOLERANCING
.
593
17.3.2.1
CLEAR
SETUP
AND
ORIGINS
OF
MEASUREMENT
.
593
1
7.3.2.2
GEOMETRIC
CONTROLS
APPLY
TO
FEATURES,
NOT
TO
DIMENSIONS
.
595
17.3.2.3
REPEATABLE
SIZES
AND
CENTERS
.
597
17.3.2.4
TOLERANCE
ACCUMULATION
IS
MINIMIZED
.
597
17.3.2.5
TOLERANCE
ZONES
ARE
UNIFORM
.
598
17.3.2.6
CONTROL
OF
PATTERNS
OF
FEATURES
.
598
17.3.2.7
A
SINGLE
INTERPRETATION
.
598
17.4
IMPLEMENTATION
OF
GEOMETRIC
TOLERANCING
.
598
17.4.1
IMPLEMENTATION
OF
GD&T-LITE
(NOT
RECOMMENDED)
.
599
17.4.2
IMPLEMENTATION
OF
GD&T
INTEGRATION
.
599
17.4.3
IMPLEMENTATION
OF
MODEL-BASED
DEFINITION
.
600
17.5
CONSIDERATIONS
FOR
TOLERANCING
.
601
17.5.1
CAD
MODELLING
PRACTICES
.
601
17.5.2
MATERIALS,
MANUFACTURING,
AND
INSPECTION
.
602
17.5.3
THERMAL
EXPANSION
AND
TOLERANCING
.
603
17.6
APPLICATION
OF
GD&T
TO
MOLD
COMPONENTS
.
603
17.6.1
GD&T
APPLIED
TO
AN
INJECTION
MOLD
CORE
.
604
17.6.2
GD&T
APPLIED
TO
AN
INJECTION
MOLD
LOCK
RING
.
606
17.6.3
GD&T
APPLIED
TO
AN
INJECTION
MOLD
CORE
PLATE
.
608
17.6.4
GD&T
AND
MOLD
ENGINEERING
.
611
18
MOLD
DESIGN
REFERENCES
.
613
18.1
PLASTIC
HOUSING
(USING
SHUT-OFFS)
.
613
18.2
FACEMASK
.
615
18.3
PLASTIC
CUTLERY
.
618
18.4
VIAL
.
621
18.5
OPEN-ENDED
FLOSS
SPOOL
TUBE
.
623
18.6
OVERCAP
LID
(USING
STRIPPER
RING
EJECTION)
.
626
18.7
PLUG
LID
.
628
18.8
URINE
TUB
CAP
(USING
STRIPPER
RING
EJECTION)
.
634
18.9
DELI
OR
YELLOW
FATS
CONTAINER
(USING
AIR
EJECTION
AND
WITH
CAVITY
LOCK
ALIGNMENT)
.
637
18.10
STADIUM
CUP
(USING
CORE
LOCK
ALIGNMENT)
.
640
18.11
POLYSTYRENE TUMBLER
(USING
STRIPPER
RING
EJECTION)
.
643
18.12
FALSE-BOTTOM
CUP
(USING
MOVING
CAVITY
AND
AIR
EJECTION)
.
648
18.13
ROUND
CLOSURE
(USING
STRIPPER
RING
(BUMP-OFF)
EJECTION)
.
649
18.14
PAINT
PAIL
WITH
HANDLE
INSERTS
.
652
18.15
RECTANGULAR
CONTAINER
WITH
TAMPER-EVIDENT
SKIRT
.
654
18.16
POWER
TOOL
HOUSING
.
657
18.17
REAR
HATCH
DOOR
.
662
18.18
CRINKLE
BAG
.
663
18.19
PREFORM
(USING
NECK
RING
EJECTION)
.
665
18.20
LIVING
HINGE
CAP
.
670
18.21
RECTANGULAR
BOX
WITH
UNDERCUTS
(USING
SPLIT-CAVITY
MOLD)
.
673
18.22
DETERGENT
CAP
(USING
UNSCREWING
EJECTION)
.
674
18.23
FOLDING
CRATE
.
679
18.24 AUTOMOTIVE
PANEL
COVER
.
682
18.25
PALLET
.
683
18.26
AUTOMOTIVE
COVERS
.
685
18.27
DOUBLE-WALLED
THREADED
CAP
(USING
COLLAPSIBLE-CORE
MOLD)
.
687
18.28
AUTOMOTIVE
COVER
.
689
18.29
EXTERNALLY
THREADED
CAP
MOLD
.
690
18.30
OXYGEN
MASK
(WITH
SIDE
CORE
RETRACTION)
.
692
18.31
LIVING-HINGE
CASE
.
694
18.32
IRON
HOUSING
(USING
SPLIT-CAVITY
MOLD)
.
697
18.33
ORAL
CARE
PRODUCT
(USING
SPLIT-CAVITY
MOLD)
.
699
18.34
ACTUATOR
(USING
SPLIT
CAVITY
WITH
MULTI-STAGE
EJECTION)
.
705
19
MOLD
TESTING,
APPROVAL,
AND
TROUBLESHOOTING
.
707
19.1
INFORMATION
TO
BE
SUPPLIED
TO
THE
MOLD
TESTER
.
707
19.2
DRY-CYCLE
TESTING
BEFORE
INJECTING
PLASTIC
.
708
19.2.1
BLUING
TO
ENSURE
PROPER
SHUT-OFF,
VENTING,
AND
TAPER
FIT
.
710
19.2.2
PROCEDURE
FOR
ALIGNING
MOLD
HALVES
IN
THE
INJECTION
MOLDING
MACHINE
.
712
19.2.3
LEAD
TEST
PROCEDURE
TO
CHECK
WALL
THICKNESSES
AND
ALIGNMENT
.
712
19.3
INITIAL
MOLD
START-UP
AND
FIRST
SHOTS
.
713
19.3.1
MOLD
START-UP
PROCEDURE
.
714
19.4
CHANGING
MATERIALS
OR
COLORS
.
718
19.4.1
GENERAL
COLOR
CHANGE
PROCEDURE
.
719
19.5
MOLD
TEST
INFORMATION
AND
DATA
TO
BE
COLLECTED
.
720
19.5.1
CORE
SHIFT
MAPPING
.
721
19.6
APQPANDPPAP
.
722
19.7
MOLD
TEST
TROUBLESHOOTING
GUIDE
.
723
20
APPENDIX
.
733
APPENDIX
1:
MOLD
MATERIAL
PROPERTIES
.
733
APPENDIX
2:
FREQUENTLY
USED
CONVERSION
FACTORS
.
735
APPENDIX
3:
PLASTICS
AND
THEIR
ABBREVIATIONS
.
737
APPENDIX
4:
MOLD
DESIGN
REVIEW
CHECKLIST
.
739
APPENDIX
5:
CONTENTS
OF
A
MOLD
MANUAL
.
745
APPENDIX
6:
MOLD
SETUP
GUIDE
TEMPLATE
.
746
APPENDIX
7:
ORDER
CONFIRMATION
TEMPLATE
.
751
APPENDIX
8:
GENERAL
PROPERTIES
OF
PLASTICS
.
753
APPENDIX
9:
THERMAL
PROPERTIES
OF
PLASTICS
.
755
APPENDIX
10:
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
PLASTICS
.
757
APPENDIX
11:
THERMAL
AND
PROCESSING
PROPERTIES
OF
PLASTICS
.
761
APPENDIX
12:
MOLD
PREVENTATIVE
MAINTENANCE
CHECKLIST
.
766
APPENDIX
13:
SURFACE
FINISHES
.
767
INDEX
.
769 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Catoen, Bruce Rees, Herbert 1915-2010 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)131715232 |
| author_facet | Catoen, Bruce Rees, Herbert 1915-2010 |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Catoen, Bruce |
| author_variant | b c bc h r hr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047474049 |
| classification_rvk | ZM 8160 |
| classification_tum | CIT 735 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1284789450 (DE-599)DNB1233373137 |
| discipline | Werkstoffwissenschaften Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| discipline_str_mv | Werkstoffwissenschaften Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV047474049 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:10:24Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:13:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1064064051 |
| isbn | 9781569908150 156990815X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032875661 |
| oclc_num | 1284789450 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-210 DE-12 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-210 DE-12 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XXVIII, 786 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Hanser Publishers |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Catoen, Bruce Verfasser aut Injection mold design handbook Bruce Catoen, Herbert Rees Munich, Germany Hanser Publishers [2021] ©2021 XXVIII, 786 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Spritzgussform (DE-588)4713261-9 gnd rswk-swf Konzeption (DE-588)4204973-8 gnd rswk-swf Fertigungsgerechte Konstruktion (DE-588)4213725-1 gnd rswk-swf Design (DE-588)4011510-0 gnd rswk-swf Injection Mold Design Injection Molding Plastics Molding FBKTSPRI: Spritzgießen FBKTWERE: Werkzeugentwicklung FBKTWZBA: Werkzeugbau PLAS2021 Spritzgussform (DE-588)4713261-9 s DE-604 Design (DE-588)4011510-0 s Konzeption (DE-588)4204973-8 s Fertigungsgerechte Konstruktion (DE-588)4213725-1 s Rees, Herbert 1915-2010 Verfasser (DE-588)131715232 aut Hanser Publications (DE-588)1064064051 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-56990-816-7 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032875661&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p vlb 20210512 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#vlb |
| spellingShingle | Catoen, Bruce Rees, Herbert 1915-2010 Injection mold design handbook Spritzgussform (DE-588)4713261-9 gnd Konzeption (DE-588)4204973-8 gnd Fertigungsgerechte Konstruktion (DE-588)4213725-1 gnd Design (DE-588)4011510-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4713261-9 (DE-588)4204973-8 (DE-588)4213725-1 (DE-588)4011510-0 |
| title | Injection mold design handbook |
| title_auth | Injection mold design handbook |
| title_exact_search | Injection mold design handbook |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Injection mold design handbook |
| title_full | Injection mold design handbook Bruce Catoen, Herbert Rees |
| title_fullStr | Injection mold design handbook Bruce Catoen, Herbert Rees |
| title_full_unstemmed | Injection mold design handbook Bruce Catoen, Herbert Rees |
| title_short | Injection mold design handbook |
| title_sort | injection mold design handbook |
| topic | Spritzgussform (DE-588)4713261-9 gnd Konzeption (DE-588)4204973-8 gnd Fertigungsgerechte Konstruktion (DE-588)4213725-1 gnd Design (DE-588)4011510-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Spritzgussform Konzeption Fertigungsgerechte Konstruktion Design |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032875661&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT catoenbruce injectionmolddesignhandbook AT reesherbert injectionmolddesignhandbook AT hanserpublications injectionmolddesignhandbook |