Principles of historical linguistics:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin
de Gruyter Mouton
2021
|
| Ausgabe: | 3rd, revised and updated edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM]
Volume 34 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | https://www.degruyter.com/books/9783110746327 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 1074 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 23 cm x 15.5 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783110746327 3110746328 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Hock, Hans Henrich |d 1938- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)140114963 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Principles of historical linguistics |c Hans Henrich Hock |
| 250 | |a 3rd, revised and updated edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin |b de Gruyter Mouton |c 2021 | |
| 300 | |a 1074 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |c 23 cm x 15.5 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM] |v Volume 34 | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Historische Sprachwissenschaft |0 (DE-588)4127276-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 653 | |a Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft | ||
| 653 | |a Historische Sprachwissenschaft | ||
| 653 | |a Historical Liniguistics, Comparative Linguistics, Linguistics Reconstruction | ||
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Historische Sprachwissenschaft |0 (DE-588)4127276-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 710 | 2 | |a De Gruyter Mouton |0 (DE-588)1065653190 |4 pbl | |
| 775 | 0 | 8 | |i Äquivalent |n Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback |d 2023 |z 978-3-11-075026-3 |w (DE-604)BV049096512 |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe, EPUB |z 978-3-11-074656-3 |
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| 830 | 0 | |a Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM] |v Volume 34 |w (DE-604)BV000000738 |9 34 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m X:MVB |u https://www.degruyter.com/books/9783110746327 |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032872105&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804182781689856000 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE
-
V
LIST
OF
FIGURES
-
XXI
LIST
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
-
XXV
LIST
OF
MAPS
-
XXVII
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.3.6
1.4
1.5
1.6
INTRODUCTION
-
1
LANGUAGE
CHANGES
-
1
ILLUSTRATION
OF
LANGUAGE
CHANGE
-
2
LINGUISTIC
CHANGES-AN
OVERVIEW
-
2
VARIATION
AND
PHILOLOGY
-
4
SOUND
CHANGE
-
5
ANALOGICAL
CHANGE
-
6
LEXICAL
BORROWING
AND
OTHER
CONTACT
CHANGES
-
6
SEMANTIC
CHANGE
-
7
SYNTACTIC
CHANGE
----
8
LINGUISTIC
CHANGE
AND
LANGUAGE
RELATIONSHIP
-
8
A
NOTE
ON
LANGUAGE
,
DIALECT
,
AND
SPEAKERS
-
11
A
BRIEF
METHODOLOGICAL
NOTE
-
12
2
PHONETICS,
TRANSCRIPTION,
TERMINOLOGY,
ABBREVIATIONS,
GLOSSES
-
13
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5
2.1.6
2.1.7
2.1.8
2.1.9
2.1.10
2.1.11
2.1.12
PHONETICS
-
13
STOPS
AND
PLACE
OF
ARTICULATION
-
14
FRICATIVES
AND
SIBILANTS
-
15
VOICING
AND
ASPIRATION
-
16
OBSTRUENTS
VS.
SONORANTS;
SYLLABIC
VS.
NONSYLLABIC
-
18
LIQUIDS
-
19
NASALS
AND
NASALIZATION,
STOPS
VS.
CONTINUANTS
-
19
SEMIVOWELS/GLIDES;
CONSONANTAL
VS.
VOCALIC
----
20
VOWELS
-
HIGH/LOW,
FRONT/BACK
-
21
VOWELS
-
LONG/SHORT,
DIPHTHONG/MONOPHTHONG,
ETC.
----
22
SECONDARY
ARTICULATIONS
-
23
SUPRASEGMENTALS
-
24
SYLLABLES,
MORAS,
AND
BOUNDARIES
-
24
XII
-----
CONTENTS
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.7.1
TRANSCRIPTION
----
26
PHONETIC
TRANSCRIPTION
-
27
TRANSCRIPTION
OF
SPECIFIC
LANGUAGES
-
28
NOTATION
OF
CHANGES,
GENERALIZATIONS
-
29
PHONOLOGY
-
CONTRAST,
PHONEME,
ALLOPHONE/ALTERNANT
-
30
MORPHOLOGY
----
32
OTHER
TERMINOLOGY
AND
CONCEPTS
-
32
ABBREVIATIONS
AND
SYMBOLS
-
33
ABBREVIATIONS
AND
SYMBOLS
FOR
SOUND
CHANGE
AND
PHONOLOGICAL
FORMULATIONS
-
33
2.7.2
2.7.3
MORPHOLOGICAL
AND
SYNTACTIC
ABBREVIATIONS
-
34
LANGUAGE
ABBREVIATIONS
-
36
3
3.1
SOUND
CHANGE:
THE
REGULARITY
HYPOTHESIS
-
38
GRIMM
S
LAW,
VERNER
S
LAW,
GRASSMANN
S
LAW,
AND
THE
REGULARITY
HYPOTHESIS
-
38
3.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.4
3.5
THE
REGULARITY
HYPOTHESIS
----
45
APPARENT
EXCEPTIONS
-
47
OTHER
SOUND
CHANGES
-
47
ANALOGY
AND
THE
UNIFORMITARIAN
HYPOTHESIS
-
49
BORROWING
----
52
FAST
SPEECH,
ONOMATOPOEIA,
TABOO
-
54
ATTACKS
ON
THE
REGULARITY
HYPOTHESIS
-
55
CONCLUSIONS
AND
OUTLOOK
-
58
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
SOUND
CHANGE
AND
ITS
PHONOLOGICAL
IMPLICATIONS
-
60
SUBPHONEMIC
CHANGE;
MERGERAND
SPLIT
-
60
PHONOLOGICAL
MERGER
AND
SPLIT
-
61
MERGERAND
SPLIT
VS.
CONTRACTION
AND
DIPHTHONGIZATION
-
66
NEUTRALIZATION
-
66
CONTRAST
AND
MARGIN
OF
SAFETY
-
POLARIZATION
-
68
5
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
TYPES
OF
SOUND
CHANGE
-
70
TYPICALLY
REGULAR
SOUND
CHANGES
-
70
ASSIMILATORY
CHANGES
----
70
LENITION/WEAKENING
-
91
LOSS
----
96
TIMING
AND
CONTROL
----
104
REMARKS
ON
ASSIMILATION,
WEAKENING,
LOSS,
TIMING,
AND
CONTROL
----
127
CONTENTS
-
XIII
5.2
TYPICALLY
IRREGULAR
CHANGES:
DISSIMILATION,
METATHESIS,
DISTANT
ASSIMILATION
-
128
5.2.1
DISSIMILATION
----
129
5.2.2
METATHESIS
----
131
5.2.3
DISTANT
ASSIMILATION
-----
132
5.2.4
REGULAR
DISSIMILATION,
METATHESIS,
AND
DISTANT
CONSONANT
ASSIMILATION
----
133
5.3
INSTABILITY
OF
SEGMENTS
AND
CLUSTERS
-
139
5.3.1
LIQUIDS
----
139
5.3.2
SIBILANTS
-
141
5.3.3
VOICELESS
VELAR
AND
GLOTTAL
FRICATIVES
142
5.3.4
THE
DENTAL
FRICATIVES
[0]
AND
[D]
-----
143
5.3.5
PALATALIZED
LABIALS,
[R
Y
],
LABIOVELAR
SEGMENTS
-
144
5.3.6
THE
SEMIVOWEL
[W]
-----
146
5.3.7
LABIALS
----
146
5.3.8
DENTAL/ALEVOLAR
NONSIBILANT
OBSTRUENTS
+
/
AND
VOICED
STOP
+
HOMORGANIC
NASAL
-
147
5.3.9
UNROUNDING
OF
FRONT
ROUNDED
SEGMENTS
AND
FEATURES
-
148
5.3.10
SYLLABIC
LIQUIDSAND
NASALS
-
149
5.3.11
CONSONANT
CLUSTERS
-
150
5.3.12
VOWEL
CLUSTERS
OR
HIATUS
----
152
5.4
OTHER
CHANGES
-----
152
5.4.1
EXCRESCENCE
-
153
5.4.2
EFFECTS
OF
CONSONANTS
ON
VOWELS
----
153
5.4.3
GEMINATE
STRENGTHENING
-
155
5.4.4
INITIAL
STRENGTHENING
-
156
5.5
SOUND
CHANGE:
STRUCTURE
AND
FUNCTION
-
158
5.5.1
CONTRAST
AND
NEUTRALIZATION
-
159
5.5.2
FUNCTIONAL
LOAD
----
160
5.5.3
PHONOLOGICAL
SYMMETRY,
ECONOMY,
MARGIN
OF
SAFETY
-
161
5.5.4
CHAIN
SHIFTS
-
165
5.5.5
PHONOLOGICAL
PATTERN;
CONSPIRACIES
-
169
5.5.6
TELEOLOGY?
----
172
5.6
TONOGENESIS
AND
OTHER
SUPRASEGMENTAL
CHANGES
-
175
5.6.1
CONSONANTAL
QUALITY
AND
TONOGENESIS
-
175
5.6.2
CONTRACTION
AND
TONOGENESIS
-
179
5.6.3
PITCH-ACCENT
MELODY,
PITCH
ASSIMILATION,
AND
TONOGENESIS
-
179
5.6.4
LOSS
WITH
COMPENSATORY
TONE
-
181
5.6.5
OVERLENGTH
AND
TONE
----
183
5.6.6
OCP
AND
ALTERNATING
ACCENT
-
184
XIV
-
CONTENTS
5.6.7
ACCENT,
WEIGHT,
AND
ACCENT
PROTRACTION
-
184
5.6.8
UTTERANCE
FINALITY,
VERB
FINALITY,
ACCENT
RETRACTION,
AND
OTHER
DEVELOPMENTS
----
186
6
ANALOGICAL
AND
PHONOLOGICAL
CHANGE
-
191
6.1
TRADITIONAL
ANALOGY
-
192
6.1.1
SYSTEMATIC
PROCESSES
-
LEVELING
AND
FOUR-PART
ANALOGY
-
192
6.1.2
NON-SYSTEMATIC
PROCESSES
----
211
6.1.3
ANALOGY
AND
PHONOLOGICAL
CONTRAST
-
226
6.2
TENDENCIES
OF
ANALOGICAL
CHANGE
-
229
6.2.1
BASICNESS
AND
MARKEDNESS,
AND
THE
SPHERE
OF
USAGE
-
229
6.2.2
THE
STATUS
OF
RELICS
-
239
6.2.3
MORPHOLOGICAL
DISTINCTNESS
AND
THE
POLARITY
OF
LANGUAGE
-
243
6.3
ANALOGY
AND
PHONOLOGICAL
CHANGE
-
248
6.3.1
BACKGROUND
INFORMATION
ON
GENERATIVE
PHONOLOGY
-
250
6.3.2
HISTORICAL
CHANGE
AND
SYNCHRONIC
RULES
-
252
6.3.3
GENERATIVE
PHONOLOGY,
LINGUISTIC
CHANGE,
AND
RULE
EXTENSION
-
255
6.3.4
RULE
REORDERING,
TRANSPARENCY,
AND
OPACITY
-
267
6.3.5
RULE
REORDERING
AND
RELATIVE
CHRONOLOGY
-
270
6.3.6
MORPHOLOGICAL
OPACITY
AND
THE
POLARITY
OF
LANGUAGE
-
273
6.3.7
SUMMARY
AND
CONCLUSIONS
FOR
SECTION
6.3
-
277
6.4
A
TENTATIVE
TYPOLOGY
OF
CHANGES
THAT
AFFECT
PHONOLOGICAL
STRUCTURE
-----
277
7
MORPHOLOGICAL
CHANGE
-
279
7.1
COMPOUNDING
AND
RELATED
PHENOMENA
-
279
7.1.1
A
SURVEY
OF
COMPOUNDS
AND
RELATED
PHENOMENA
-
280
7.1.2
DEVELOPMENTS
IN
COMPOUND
STRUCTURES
-
292
7.1.3
REMARKS
ON
THE
ORIGINS
OF
COMPOUNDS
-
301
7.2
PERIPHRASES,
REINFORCEMENTS,
COLLOCATIONS,
AND
MORPHOLOGICAL
CHANGE
-
305
7.2.1
ADVERBS,
ADPOSITIONS,
CASE
REINFORCEMENT,
AND
PERIPHRASIS
-
305
7.2.2
REINFORCEMENTS
IN
DEICTICS
AND
IN
AFFIXES
-
307
7.2.3
VERBAL
COLLOCATIONS
-
309
7.3
RENEWAL
AND
CONTINUITY
IN
MORPHOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS
-
327
7.3.1
COMPENSATORY
DEVELOPMENTS
RESPONDING
TO
MORPHOLOGICAL
LOSS
OR
ATTRITION?
----
327
7.3.2
CHANGE
AND
RENEWAL
IN
VOLATILE
MORPHOLOGICAL
CATEGORIES
-
330
7.4
CLITICS,
AFFIXES,
AND
EXPONENCE
-
342
CONTENTS
XV
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.5
7.5.1
7.5.2
7.5.3
7.5.4
7.6
CLITICS
AND
OTHER
SOURCES
FOR
AFFIXATION
-
343
EXPONENCE
AND
MORPHOLOGICAL
CHANGE
-
349
CYCLES
AND
CLINES
IN
MORPHOLOGICAL
CHANGE
-
351
THE
GRAMMATICALIZATION
CLINE
OR
CYCLE
-
352
THE
GRAMMATICALIZATION
CLINE
AND
AUXILIARIES
VS.
LIGHT
VERBS
----
354
NEGATION
AND
THE
JESPERSEN
CYCLE
-
357
TYPOLOGY
AND
THE
MORPHOLOGICAL
CYCLE
-
358
PARADIGMS,
MORPHOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS,
AND
MORPHOLOGICAL
CHANGE
-
361
7.7
LANGUAGE
CONTACT
AND
MORPHOLOGICAL
CHANGE
-
366
8
8.1
SEMANTIC
CHANGE
-
369
POLYSEMY,
SEMANTIC
OVERLAP,
AND
THE
ISSUE
OF
CORE
MEANINGS
-
370
8.2
8.3
SYNONYMY
AND
HOMONYMY
----
373
IS
THERE
A
DIRECT
RELATION
BETWEEN
SOUND
AND
MEANING?
OR:
THE
ARBITRARY
NATURE
OF
THE
LINGUISTIC
SIGN
----
374
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.4.4
8.4.5
8.4.6
8.4.7
8.4.8
8.4.9
8.5
8.5.1
8.5.2
8.5.3
8.6
FACTORS
RESPONSIBLE
FOR
SEMANTIC
CHANGE
-
375
METAPHORIC
USE
OF
LANGUAGE
-
375
AVOIDANCE
OF
SYNONYMY
AND
SEMANTIC
DIFFERENTIATION
-
377
AVOIDANCE
OF
EXCESSIVE
HOMONYMY
-
379
TABOO
----
380
ONOMATOPOEIA
-
383
SYNAESTHESIA
-
385
CHANGE
IN
LINGUISTIC
STRUCTURE
AND
SEMANTIC
CHANGE
-
389
NONLINGUISTIC
FACTORS
AND
SEMANTIC
CHANGE
-
391
REINTERPRETATION
-
394
SOME
GENERAL
EFFECTS
AND
TENDENCIES
OF
SEMANTIC
CHANGE
-
395
PHATIC
COMMUNION,
POLITENESS,
HONORIFICITY
-
395
SOME
PERVASIVE
EFFECTS
OF
SOCIAL
ATTITUDES
-
398
SWEEPING
AND
SYSTEMATIC
EFFECTS
OF
SEMANTIC
CHANGE
-
400
CONCLUSIONS
AND
OUTLOOK
-
406
9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.3.1
9.3.2
LEXICAL
BORROWING
-
408
THE
SUBSTANCE
OF
BORROWING
-
410
DIALECT
BORROWING
----
417
FOREIGN
BORROWING
-
418
PHONOLOGICAL
NATIVIZATION
----
418
LEXICAL
NATIVIZATION
-
426
XVI
-
-
CONTENTS
9.3.3
NATIVIZATION
OF
INFLECTIONAL
MORPHOLOGY
AND
GENDER
ASSIGNMENT
-
429
9.4
9.5
9.5.1
9.5.2
9.5.3
9.6
BORROWING
FROM
A
LINGUISTIC
ANCESTOR
----
433
MOTIVATIONS
FOR
BORROWING
----
434
NEED
----
434
PRESTIGE
-
435
ADOPTION
VS.
ADAPTATION
-
PRESTIGE
VS.
LINGUISTIC
NATIONALISM
-
437
THE
EFFECTS
OF
BORROWING
-
446
10
10.1
10.2
LEXICAL
CHANGE
-
451
AN
OVERVIEW
OF
RELEVANT
LINGUISTIC
PROCESSES
-
451
SPECIAL
LANGUAGE
USES
THAT
FAVOR
LEXICAL
CHANGE
AND
ITS
OUTCOMES
-
458
10.2.1
10.2.2
10.2.3
JARGONS
----
459
SLANG
----
465
ARGOTS
----
469
11
11.1
11.1.1
11.1.2
11.1.3
SYNTACTIC
CHANGE
-
473
PROSODIC
SYNTAX
-
474
A
PROSODIC
EXPLANATION
OF
VEDIC
SANSKRIT
VOCATIVE
ACCENT
-
477
WACKERNAGEL
S
LAW
AND
P2
-
478
WACKERNAGEL
S
LAW,
DIFFERENT
DOMAINS,
AND
LINGUISTIC
CHANGE
-
483
11.1.4
11.2
11.2.1
11.2.2
11.2.3
11.3
11.3.1
11.3.2
11.3.3
11.3.4
11.4
11.4.1
11.4.2
11.4.3
11.4.4
11.5
11.5.1
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
ON
PROSODIC
SYNTAX
-
485
MORPHOSYNTACTIC
CHANGE
-
485
AGREEMENT
-
486
VERBAL
PREFIXATION,
ADPOSITIONS,
AND
CASE
CONTROL
-
489
DIFFERENTIAL
ARGUMENT
MARKING
-
493
CHANGE
IN
WORD
ORDER
-
500
WORD
ORDER
CHANGE
IN
HEBREW
-
501
SOVTO
V2
(AND
BEYOND)
IN
GERMANIC
AND
OTHER
LANGUAGES
-
502
CONSEQUENCES
OF
THE
CHANGE
TO
SVO
IN
ENGLISH
-
518
WACKERNAGEL,
UNIVERBATION,
AND
SOV
-
VSO
IN
INSULAR
CELTIC
-
521
TYPOLOGY,
WORD
ORDER,
AND
THE
SYNTAX
OF
COMPLEX
SENTENCES
-
525
A
CRITICAL
EXAMINATION
OF
WORD
AND
CLAUSE
ORDER
CORRELATIONS
-
526
TYPOLOGY
AND
SYNTACTIC
CHANGE
-
531
HOW
STRICT
IS
STRICT
OV?
HISTORICAL
IMPLICATIONS
-
534
FURTHER
DEVELOPMENTS
OF
RELATIVE-CORRELATIVES
-
543
CHANGES
IN
THE
SYNTAX
OF
GRAMMATICAL
RELATIONS
-
551
PASSIVE
AND
CHANGE
IN
PASSIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
-
551
CONTENTS
-
XVII
11.5.2
11.5.3
11.5.4
11.6
ERGATIVE
AND
CHANGE
IN
ERGATIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
-
561
OBLIGATIONAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
-
566
P-ORIENTED
CONSTRUCTIONS,
OBLIQUE
SUBJECTS,
AND
CONTROL
-
568
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
-
577
12
12.1
12.1.1
12.1.2
12.1.3
DIALECT
INTERACTION
AND
DIALECTOLOGY
-
579
DIALECT
INTERACTION
-
DIALECTOLOGY
----
581
GENERAL
PATTERNS
OF
DIALECT
INTERACTION
-
586
DIALECTOLOGY
AS
A
DIAGNOSTIC
TOOL
-
594
ISOGLOSSES,
DIALECT
CLASSIFICATION,
AND
WAVE
THEORY
VS.
TREE
THEORY
-
597
12.1.4
12.2
MIGRATION
AND
DIALECTOLOGY
-
609
INTERACTION
BETWEEN
STANDARD
LANGUAGES
AND
LOCAL
DIALECTS
OR
VERNACULARS
-
612
12.3
12.4
ORIGIN
AND
DEVELOPMENT
OF
STANDARD
LANGUAGES
-
619
KOINES
----
625
13
13.1
13.1.1
13.1.2
13.1.3
13.1.4
13.1.5
13.2
13.3
LANGUAGE
CONTACT
-
630
COMMON
LINGUISTIC
DEVELOPMENTS
IN
LANGUAGE
CONTACT
-
632
INTERFERENCE
OR
TRANSFER
-
632
INTERLANGUAGE
-
633
ACCOMMODATION
AND
REVERSE
TRANSFER
-
636
CODE
MIXING
AND
CODE
SWITCHING
----
637
FOREIGNER
TALK
----
640
LINK
LANGUAGES,
THEIR
SOURCES,
AND
THEIR
DEVELOPMENTS
-
642
STRUCTURAL
EFFECTS
OF
LANGUAGE
CONTACT
-
SUBVERSION
AND
CONVERGENCE
-
647
13.3.1
13.3.2
13.3.3
13.3.4
13.4
13.4.1
13.4.2
13.4.3
13.4.4
13.5
13.6
SUBVERSION
OR
UNIDIRECTIONAL
INFLUENCE
-
648
CONVERGENCE
OR
BIDIRECTIONAL
INTERACTION
-
654
CONVERGENCE
ILLUSTRATED
-
THE
CASE
OF
KUPWAR
-
657
SOME
MAJOR
CONVERGENCE
AREAS
AND
THEIR
PROBLEMS
-
659
PIDGINS,
TRADE
JARGONS,
AND
CREOLES
-
724
THE
ORIGIN
OF
PIDGINSAND
TRADE
JARGONS
-
728
TRADE
JARGONS
AND
OTHER
PIDGIN-LIKE
LANGUAGES
-
735
CREOLES
AND
DEPIDGINIZATION
-
738
DECREOLIZATION
AND
AFRICAN
AMERICAN
ENGLISH
-
744
BILINGUAL
MIXED
LANGUAGES
-
749
LANGUAGE
ENDANGERMENT
AND
LANGUAGE
DEATH
-
758
XVIII
CONTENTS
14
COMPARATIVE
LINGUISTICS
AND
RECONSTRUCTION
-
763
14.1
ESTABLISHING
LINGUISTIC
RELATIONSHIP
AND
THE
ISSUE
OF
LONG-DISTANCE
RELATIONSHIPS
-
765
14.1.1
THE
PROBLEM
OF
FALSE
FRIENDS
-
768
14.1.2
SOLUTIONS
TO
THE
PROBLEM
OF
FALSE
FRIENDS
-
772
14.1.3
UNRELATED
LANGUAGES
AND
LONG-DISTANCE
RELATIONSHIPS
-
782
14.2
RECONSTRUCTION
-
791
14.2.1
GENERAL
ISSUES
OF
METHODOLOGY
-
792
14.2.2
PHONOLOGICAL
RECONSTRUCTION
-
796
14.2.3
MORPHOLOGICAL
AND
SYNTACTIC
RECONSTRUCTION
-
815
14.2.4
RECONSTRUCTION,
VARIABILITY,
AND
DIALECTOLOGY
OR
SUBGROUPING
----
827
14.2.5
PROBLEMS
AND
CONTROVERSIES
IN
RECONSTRUCTION
-
836
14.2.6
TYPOLOGY
AND
RECONSTRUCTION
-
847
14.2.7
THE
ISSUE
OF
CONFIDENCE
AND
REALISM
IN
RECONSTRUCTION
-
860
14.3
LINGUISTIC
PALAEONTOLOGY
AND
IDEOLOGY
-
866
14.3.1
PRELIMINARIES
----
868
14.3.2
RELIGION
AND
SOCIETY
-
869
14.3.3
MATERIAL
CULTURE
-
873
14.3.4
ECONOMY
----
874
14.3.5
HORSES,
WHEELS,
AND
CHARIOTS
-
878
14.3.6
ON
THE
TIME
AND
ORIGINAL
HOME
(
URHEIMAT
)
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEANS
-
884
14.3.7
GENETICS,
GENOMICS,
AND
RACE
-
894
14.3.8
IDEOLOGY
VS.
COMPARATIVE
LINGUISTICS
AND
LINGUISTIC
PALAEONTOLOGY
-
901
14.3.9
CONCLUSIONS
AND
OUTLOOK
FOR
SECTION
14.3
-
903
15
LINGUISTIC
CHANGE:
ITS
NATURE
AND
CAUSES
-
905
15.1
DECAY
,
PROGRESS
,
AND
THE
UNIFORMITARIAN
PRINCIPLE
-
907
15.2
NEOGRAMMARIAN
VIEWS
ON
THE
NATURE
OF
LINGUISTIC
CHANGE
-
909
15.3
NEOGRAMMARIAN
VIEWS
ON
THE
CAUSES
OF
LINGUISTIC
CHANGE
-
911
15.4
LANGUAGE
TRANSMISSION
AS
A
CAUSE
OF
CHANGE
-
913
15.5
FUNCTIONALISM
-
915
15.6
THE
LINGUISTIC
UNPREDICTABILITY
OF
LINGUISTIC
CHANGE
-
916
15.7
FURTHER
PROBLEMS
-
917
15.7.1
IS
SOUND
CHANGE
GRADUAL
AND
IMPERCEPTIBLE?
-
917
15.7.2
TYPICALLY
IRREGULAR
SOUND
CHANGE
-
919
15.7.3
ARE
SOUND
CHANGE
AND
ANALOGY
FUNDAMENTALLY
DIFFERENT?
-
919
15.8
THE
ANTI-REGULARIST
POSITION
I
-
920
CONTENTS
-
XIX
15.9
15.10
15.11
15.12
15.13
15.14
THE
ANTI-REGULARIST
POSITION
II
-
SCHUCHARDT
AND
BEYOND
-
921
LEXICAL
DIFFUSION
----
923
LABOV
AND
THE
SOCIOLINGUISTIC
MOTIVATION
OF
CHANGE
-
925
THE
ISSUE
OF
REGULARITY
REVISITED
-
928
OTHER
RAMIFICATIONS
OF
THE
LABOVIAN
APPROACH
-
930
CONCLUSIONS
AND
OUTLOOK
-
934
NOTES
-
937
REFERENCES
-
963
INDEX
-
1049
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
PREFACE
-
V
LIST
OF
FIGURES
-
XXI
LIST
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
-
XXV
LIST
OF
MAPS
-
XXVII
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.3.6
1.4
1.5
1.6
INTRODUCTION
-
1
LANGUAGE
CHANGES
-
1
ILLUSTRATION
OF
LANGUAGE
CHANGE
-
2
LINGUISTIC
CHANGES-AN
OVERVIEW
-
2
VARIATION
AND
PHILOLOGY
-
4
SOUND
CHANGE
-
5
ANALOGICAL
CHANGE
-
6
LEXICAL
BORROWING
AND
OTHER
CONTACT
CHANGES
-
6
SEMANTIC
CHANGE
-
7
SYNTACTIC
CHANGE
----
8
LINGUISTIC
CHANGE
AND
LANGUAGE
RELATIONSHIP
-
8
A
NOTE
ON
"
LANGUAGE
"
,
"
DIALECT
"
,
AND
SPEAKERS
-
11
A
BRIEF
METHODOLOGICAL
NOTE
-
12
2
PHONETICS,
TRANSCRIPTION,
TERMINOLOGY,
ABBREVIATIONS,
GLOSSES
-
13
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5
2.1.6
2.1.7
2.1.8
2.1.9
2.1.10
2.1.11
2.1.12
PHONETICS
-
13
STOPS
AND
PLACE
OF
ARTICULATION
-
14
FRICATIVES
AND
SIBILANTS
-
15
VOICING
AND
ASPIRATION
-
16
OBSTRUENTS
VS.
SONORANTS;
SYLLABIC
VS.
NONSYLLABIC
-
18
LIQUIDS
-
19
NASALS
AND
NASALIZATION,
STOPS
VS.
CONTINUANTS
-
19
SEMIVOWELS/GLIDES;
CONSONANTAL
VS.
VOCALIC
----
20
VOWELS
-
HIGH/LOW,
FRONT/BACK
-
21
VOWELS
-
LONG/SHORT,
DIPHTHONG/MONOPHTHONG,
ETC.
----
22
SECONDARY
ARTICULATIONS
-
23
SUPRASEGMENTALS
-
24
SYLLABLES,
MORAS,
AND
BOUNDARIES
-
24
XII
-----
CONTENTS
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.7.1
TRANSCRIPTION
----
26
PHONETIC
TRANSCRIPTION
-
27
TRANSCRIPTION
OF
SPECIFIC
LANGUAGES
-
28
NOTATION
OF
CHANGES,
GENERALIZATIONS
-
29
PHONOLOGY
-
CONTRAST,
PHONEME,
ALLOPHONE/ALTERNANT
-
30
MORPHOLOGY
----
32
OTHER
TERMINOLOGY
AND
CONCEPTS
-
32
ABBREVIATIONS
AND
SYMBOLS
-
33
ABBREVIATIONS
AND
SYMBOLS
FOR
SOUND
CHANGE
AND
PHONOLOGICAL
FORMULATIONS
-
33
2.7.2
2.7.3
MORPHOLOGICAL
AND
SYNTACTIC
ABBREVIATIONS
-
34
LANGUAGE
ABBREVIATIONS
-
36
3
3.1
SOUND
CHANGE:
THE
REGULARITY
HYPOTHESIS
-
38
GRIMM
'
S
LAW,
VERNER
'
S
LAW,
GRASSMANN
'
S
LAW,
AND
THE
REGULARITY
HYPOTHESIS
-
38
3.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.4
3.5
THE
REGULARITY
HYPOTHESIS
----
45
APPARENT
EXCEPTIONS
-
47
OTHER
SOUND
CHANGES
-
47
ANALOGY
AND
THE
UNIFORMITARIAN
HYPOTHESIS
-
49
BORROWING
----
52
FAST
SPEECH,
ONOMATOPOEIA,
TABOO
-
54
ATTACKS
ON
THE
REGULARITY
HYPOTHESIS
-
55
CONCLUSIONS
AND
OUTLOOK
-
58
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
SOUND
CHANGE
AND
ITS
PHONOLOGICAL
IMPLICATIONS
-
60
SUBPHONEMIC
CHANGE;
MERGERAND
SPLIT
-
60
PHONOLOGICAL
MERGER
AND
SPLIT
-
61
MERGERAND
SPLIT
VS.
CONTRACTION
AND
DIPHTHONGIZATION
-
66
NEUTRALIZATION
-
66
CONTRAST
AND
"
MARGIN
OF
SAFETY
"
-
POLARIZATION
-
68
5
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
TYPES
OF
SOUND
CHANGE
-
70
TYPICALLY
REGULAR
SOUND
CHANGES
-
70
ASSIMILATORY
CHANGES
----
70
LENITION/WEAKENING
-
91
LOSS
----
96
TIMING
AND
CONTROL
----
104
REMARKS
ON
ASSIMILATION,
WEAKENING,
LOSS,
TIMING,
AND
CONTROL
----
127
CONTENTS
-
XIII
5.2
TYPICALLY
IRREGULAR
CHANGES:
DISSIMILATION,
METATHESIS,
DISTANT
ASSIMILATION
-
128
5.2.1
DISSIMILATION
----
129
5.2.2
METATHESIS
----
131
5.2.3
DISTANT
ASSIMILATION
-----
132
5.2.4
REGULAR
DISSIMILATION,
METATHESIS,
AND
DISTANT
CONSONANT
ASSIMILATION
----
133
5.3
INSTABILITY
OF
SEGMENTS
AND
CLUSTERS
-
139
5.3.1
LIQUIDS
----
139
5.3.2
SIBILANTS
-
141
5.3.3
VOICELESS
VELAR
AND
GLOTTAL
FRICATIVES
142
5.3.4
THE
DENTAL
FRICATIVES
[0]
AND
[D]
-----
143
5.3.5
PALATALIZED
LABIALS,
[R
Y
],
LABIOVELAR
SEGMENTS
-
144
5.3.6
THE
SEMIVOWEL
[W]
-----
146
5.3.7
LABIALS
----
146
5.3.8
DENTAL/ALEVOLAR
NONSIBILANT
OBSTRUENTS
+
/
AND
VOICED
STOP
+
HOMORGANIC
NASAL
-
147
5.3.9
UNROUNDING
OF
FRONT
ROUNDED
SEGMENTS
AND
FEATURES
-
148
5.3.10
SYLLABIC
LIQUIDSAND
NASALS
-
149
5.3.11
CONSONANT
CLUSTERS
-
150
5.3.12
VOWEL
CLUSTERS
OR
HIATUS
----
152
5.4
OTHER
CHANGES
-----
152
5.4.1
EXCRESCENCE
-
153
5.4.2
EFFECTS
OF
CONSONANTS
ON
VOWELS
----
153
5.4.3
GEMINATE
STRENGTHENING
-
155
5.4.4
INITIAL
STRENGTHENING
-
156
5.5
SOUND
CHANGE:
STRUCTURE
AND
FUNCTION
-
158
5.5.1
CONTRAST
AND
NEUTRALIZATION
-
159
5.5.2
"
FUNCTIONAL
LOAD
"
----
160
5.5.3
PHONOLOGICAL
SYMMETRY,
ECONOMY,
MARGIN
OF
SAFETY
-
161
5.5.4
CHAIN
SHIFTS
-
165
5.5.5
PHONOLOGICAL
PATTERN;
CONSPIRACIES
-
169
5.5.6
TELEOLOGY?
----
172
5.6
TONOGENESIS
AND
OTHER
SUPRASEGMENTAL
CHANGES
-
175
5.6.1
CONSONANTAL
QUALITY
AND
TONOGENESIS
-
175
5.6.2
CONTRACTION
AND
TONOGENESIS
-
179
5.6.3
PITCH-ACCENT
MELODY,
PITCH
ASSIMILATION,
AND
TONOGENESIS
-
179
5.6.4
LOSS
WITH
COMPENSATORY
TONE
-
181
5.6.5
OVERLENGTH
AND
TONE
----
183
5.6.6
OCP
AND
ALTERNATING
ACCENT
-
184
XIV
-
CONTENTS
5.6.7
ACCENT,
WEIGHT,
AND
ACCENT
PROTRACTION
-
184
5.6.8
UTTERANCE
FINALITY,
VERB
FINALITY,
ACCENT
RETRACTION,
AND
OTHER
DEVELOPMENTS
----
186
6
ANALOGICAL
AND
PHONOLOGICAL
CHANGE
-
191
6.1
TRADITIONAL
ANALOGY
-
192
6.1.1
SYSTEMATIC
PROCESSES
-
LEVELING
AND
FOUR-PART
ANALOGY
-
192
6.1.2
NON-SYSTEMATIC
PROCESSES
----
211
6.1.3
ANALOGY
AND
PHONOLOGICAL
CONTRAST
-
226
6.2
TENDENCIES
OF
ANALOGICAL
CHANGE
-
229
6.2.1
BASICNESS
AND
MARKEDNESS,
AND
THE
SPHERE
OF
USAGE
-
229
6.2.2
THE
STATUS
OF
RELICS
-
239
6.2.3
MORPHOLOGICAL
DISTINCTNESS
AND
THE
POLARITY
OF
LANGUAGE
-
243
6.3
ANALOGY
AND
PHONOLOGICAL
CHANGE
-
248
6.3.1
BACKGROUND
INFORMATION
ON
GENERATIVE
PHONOLOGY
-
250
6.3.2
HISTORICAL
CHANGE
AND
SYNCHRONIC
RULES
-
252
6.3.3
GENERATIVE
PHONOLOGY,
LINGUISTIC
CHANGE,
AND
RULE
EXTENSION
-
255
6.3.4
RULE
REORDERING,
TRANSPARENCY,
AND
OPACITY
-
267
6.3.5
RULE
REORDERING
AND
RELATIVE
CHRONOLOGY
-
270
6.3.6
MORPHOLOGICAL
OPACITY
AND
THE
POLARITY
OF
LANGUAGE
-
273
6.3.7
SUMMARY
AND
CONCLUSIONS
FOR
SECTION
6.3
-
277
6.4
A
TENTATIVE
TYPOLOGY
OF
CHANGES
THAT
AFFECT
PHONOLOGICAL
STRUCTURE
-----
277
7
MORPHOLOGICAL
CHANGE
-
279
7.1
COMPOUNDING
AND
RELATED
PHENOMENA
-
279
7.1.1
A
SURVEY
OF
COMPOUNDS
AND
RELATED
PHENOMENA
-
280
7.1.2
DEVELOPMENTS
IN
COMPOUND
STRUCTURES
-
292
7.1.3
REMARKS
ON
THE
ORIGINS
OF
COMPOUNDS
-
301
7.2
PERIPHRASES,
REINFORCEMENTS,
COLLOCATIONS,
AND
MORPHOLOGICAL
CHANGE
-
305
7.2.1
ADVERBS,
ADPOSITIONS,
CASE
REINFORCEMENT,
AND
PERIPHRASIS
-
305
7.2.2
REINFORCEMENTS
IN
DEICTICS
AND
IN
AFFIXES
-
307
7.2.3
VERBAL
COLLOCATIONS
-
309
7.3
RENEWAL
AND
CONTINUITY
IN
MORPHOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS
-
327
7.3.1
COMPENSATORY
DEVELOPMENTS
RESPONDING
TO
MORPHOLOGICAL
LOSS
OR
ATTRITION?
----
327
7.3.2
CHANGE
AND
RENEWAL
IN
"
VOLATILE
"
MORPHOLOGICAL
CATEGORIES
-
330
7.4
CLITICS,
AFFIXES,
AND
EXPONENCE
-
342
CONTENTS
XV
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.5
7.5.1
7.5.2
7.5.3
7.5.4
7.6
CLITICS
AND
OTHER
SOURCES
FOR
AFFIXATION
-
343
EXPONENCE
AND
MORPHOLOGICAL
CHANGE
-
349
"
CYCLES
"
AND
"
CLINES
"
IN
MORPHOLOGICAL
CHANGE
-
351
THE
GRAMMATICALIZATION
CLINE
OR
CYCLE
-
352
THE
GRAMMATICALIZATION
CLINE
AND
AUXILIARIES
VS.
LIGHT
VERBS
----
354
NEGATION
AND
THE
"
JESPERSEN
CYCLE
"
-
357
TYPOLOGY
AND
THE
"
MORPHOLOGICAL
CYCLE
"
-
358
PARADIGMS,
MORPHOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS,
AND
MORPHOLOGICAL
CHANGE
-
361
7.7
LANGUAGE
CONTACT
AND
MORPHOLOGICAL
CHANGE
-
366
8
8.1
SEMANTIC
CHANGE
-
369
POLYSEMY,
SEMANTIC
OVERLAP,
AND
THE
ISSUE
OF
"
CORE
"
MEANINGS
-
370
8.2
8.3
SYNONYMY
AND
HOMONYMY
----
373
IS
THERE
A
DIRECT
RELATION
BETWEEN
SOUND
AND
MEANING?
OR:
THE
ARBITRARY
NATURE
OF
THE
LINGUISTIC
SIGN
----
374
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.4.4
8.4.5
8.4.6
8.4.7
8.4.8
8.4.9
8.5
8.5.1
8.5.2
8.5.3
8.6
FACTORS
RESPONSIBLE
FOR
SEMANTIC
CHANGE
-
375
METAPHORIC
USE
OF
LANGUAGE
-
375
AVOIDANCE
OF
SYNONYMY
AND
SEMANTIC
DIFFERENTIATION
-
377
AVOIDANCE
OF
EXCESSIVE
HOMONYMY
-
379
TABOO
----
380
ONOMATOPOEIA
-
383
SYNAESTHESIA
-
385
CHANGE
IN
LINGUISTIC
STRUCTURE
AND
SEMANTIC
CHANGE
-
389
NONLINGUISTIC
FACTORS
AND
SEMANTIC
CHANGE
-
391
REINTERPRETATION
-
394
SOME
GENERAL
EFFECTS
AND
TENDENCIES
OF
SEMANTIC
CHANGE
-
395
PHATIC
COMMUNION,
POLITENESS,
HONORIFICITY
-
395
SOME
PERVASIVE
EFFECTS
OF
SOCIAL
ATTITUDES
-
398
SWEEPING
AND
SYSTEMATIC
EFFECTS
OF
SEMANTIC
CHANGE
-
400
CONCLUSIONS
AND
OUTLOOK
-
406
9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.3.1
9.3.2
LEXICAL
BORROWING
-
408
THE
SUBSTANCE
OF
BORROWING
-
410
DIALECT
BORROWING
----
417
FOREIGN
BORROWING
-
418
PHONOLOGICAL
NATIVIZATION
----
418
LEXICAL
NATIVIZATION
-
426
XVI
-
-
CONTENTS
9.3.3
NATIVIZATION
OF
INFLECTIONAL
MORPHOLOGY
AND
GENDER
ASSIGNMENT
-
429
9.4
9.5
9.5.1
9.5.2
9.5.3
9.6
BORROWING
FROM
A
LINGUISTIC
ANCESTOR
----
433
MOTIVATIONS
FOR
BORROWING
----
434
NEED
----
434
PRESTIGE
-
435
ADOPTION
VS.
ADAPTATION
-
PRESTIGE
VS.
LINGUISTIC
NATIONALISM
-
437
THE
EFFECTS
OF
BORROWING
-
446
10
10.1
10.2
LEXICAL
CHANGE
-
451
AN
OVERVIEW
OF
RELEVANT
LINGUISTIC
PROCESSES
-
451
SPECIAL
LANGUAGE
USES
THAT
FAVOR
LEXICAL
CHANGE
AND
ITS
OUTCOMES
-
458
10.2.1
10.2.2
10.2.3
JARGONS
----
459
SLANG
----
465
ARGOTS
----
469
11
11.1
11.1.1
11.1.2
11.1.3
SYNTACTIC
CHANGE
-
473
PROSODIC
SYNTAX
-
474
A
PROSODIC
EXPLANATION
OF
VEDIC
SANSKRIT
VOCATIVE
ACCENT
-
477
WACKERNAGEL
'
S
LAW
AND
P2
-
478
WACKERNAGEL
'
S
LAW,
DIFFERENT
DOMAINS,
AND
LINGUISTIC
CHANGE
-
483
11.1.4
11.2
11.2.1
11.2.2
11.2.3
11.3
11.3.1
11.3.2
11.3.3
11.3.4
11.4
11.4.1
11.4.2
11.4.3
11.4.4
11.5
11.5.1
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
ON
PROSODIC
SYNTAX
-
485
MORPHOSYNTACTIC
CHANGE
-
485
AGREEMENT
-
486
VERBAL
PREFIXATION,
ADPOSITIONS,
AND
CASE
CONTROL
-
489
DIFFERENTIAL
ARGUMENT
MARKING
-
493
CHANGE
IN
WORD
ORDER
-
500
WORD
ORDER
CHANGE
IN
HEBREW
-
501
SOVTO
V2
(AND
BEYOND)
IN
GERMANIC
AND
OTHER
LANGUAGES
-
502
CONSEQUENCES
OF
THE
CHANGE
TO
SVO
IN
ENGLISH
-
518
WACKERNAGEL,
UNIVERBATION,
AND
SOV
-
VSO
IN
INSULAR
CELTIC
-
521
TYPOLOGY,
WORD
ORDER,
AND
THE
SYNTAX
OF
COMPLEX
SENTENCES
-
525
A
CRITICAL
EXAMINATION
OF
WORD
AND
CLAUSE
ORDER
CORRELATIONS
-
526
TYPOLOGY
AND
SYNTACTIC
CHANGE
-
531
HOW
STRICT
IS
"
STRICT
"
OV?
HISTORICAL
IMPLICATIONS
-
534
FURTHER
DEVELOPMENTS
OF
RELATIVE-CORRELATIVES
-
543
CHANGES
IN
THE
SYNTAX
OF
GRAMMATICAL
RELATIONS
-
551
PASSIVE
AND
CHANGE
IN
PASSIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
-
551
CONTENTS
-
XVII
11.5.2
11.5.3
11.5.4
11.6
ERGATIVE
AND
CHANGE
IN
ERGATIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
-
561
OBLIGATIONAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
-
566
P-ORIENTED
CONSTRUCTIONS,
OBLIQUE
SUBJECTS,
AND
CONTROL
-
568
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
-
577
12
12.1
12.1.1
12.1.2
12.1.3
DIALECT
INTERACTION
AND
DIALECTOLOGY
-
579
DIALECT
INTERACTION
-
DIALECTOLOGY
----
581
GENERAL
PATTERNS
OF
DIALECT
INTERACTION
-
586
DIALECTOLOGY
AS
A
DIAGNOSTIC
TOOL
-
594
ISOGLOSSES,
DIALECT
CLASSIFICATION,
AND
"
WAVE
THEORY
"
VS.
"
TREE
THEORY
"
-
597
12.1.4
12.2
MIGRATION
AND
DIALECTOLOGY
-
609
INTERACTION
BETWEEN
STANDARD
LANGUAGES
AND
LOCAL
DIALECTS
OR
VERNACULARS
-
612
12.3
12.4
ORIGIN
AND
DEVELOPMENT
OF
STANDARD
LANGUAGES
-
619
KOINES
----
625
13
13.1
13.1.1
13.1.2
13.1.3
13.1.4
13.1.5
13.2
13.3
LANGUAGE
CONTACT
-
630
COMMON
LINGUISTIC
DEVELOPMENTS
IN
LANGUAGE
CONTACT
-
632
INTERFERENCE
OR
TRANSFER
-
632
INTERLANGUAGE
-
633
ACCOMMODATION
AND
REVERSE
TRANSFER
-
636
CODE
MIXING
AND
CODE
SWITCHING
----
637
FOREIGNER
TALK
----
640
LINK
LANGUAGES,
THEIR
SOURCES,
AND
THEIR
DEVELOPMENTS
-
642
STRUCTURAL
EFFECTS
OF
LANGUAGE
CONTACT
-
SUBVERSION
AND
CONVERGENCE
-
647
13.3.1
13.3.2
13.3.3
13.3.4
13.4
13.4.1
13.4.2
13.4.3
13.4.4
13.5
13.6
SUBVERSION
OR
UNIDIRECTIONAL
INFLUENCE
-
648
CONVERGENCE
OR
BIDIRECTIONAL
INTERACTION
-
654
CONVERGENCE
ILLUSTRATED
-
THE
CASE
OF
KUPWAR
-
657
SOME
MAJOR
CONVERGENCE
AREAS
AND
THEIR
PROBLEMS
-
659
PIDGINS,
TRADE
JARGONS,
AND
CREOLES
-
724
THE
ORIGIN
OF
PIDGINSAND
TRADE
JARGONS
-
728
TRADE
JARGONS
AND
OTHER
PIDGIN-LIKE
LANGUAGES
-
735
CREOLES
AND
DEPIDGINIZATION
-
738
DECREOLIZATION
AND
AFRICAN
AMERICAN
ENGLISH
-
744
"
BILINGUAL
MIXED
LANGUAGES
"
-
749
LANGUAGE
ENDANGERMENT
AND
LANGUAGE
DEATH
-
758
XVIII
CONTENTS
14
COMPARATIVE
LINGUISTICS
AND
RECONSTRUCTION
-
763
14.1
ESTABLISHING
LINGUISTIC
RELATIONSHIP
AND
THE
ISSUE
OF
LONG-DISTANCE
RELATIONSHIPS
-
765
14.1.1
THE
PROBLEM
OF
FALSE
FRIENDS
-
768
14.1.2
SOLUTIONS
TO
THE
PROBLEM
OF
"
FALSE
FRIENDS
"
-
772
14.1.3
"
UNRELATED
"
LANGUAGES
AND
"
LONG-DISTANCE
"
RELATIONSHIPS
-
782
14.2
RECONSTRUCTION
-
791
14.2.1
GENERAL
ISSUES
OF
METHODOLOGY
-
792
14.2.2
PHONOLOGICAL
RECONSTRUCTION
-
796
14.2.3
MORPHOLOGICAL
AND
SYNTACTIC
RECONSTRUCTION
-
815
14.2.4
RECONSTRUCTION,
VARIABILITY,
AND
DIALECTOLOGY
OR
SUBGROUPING
----
827
14.2.5
PROBLEMS
AND
CONTROVERSIES
IN
RECONSTRUCTION
-
836
14.2.6
TYPOLOGY
AND
RECONSTRUCTION
-
847
14.2.7
THE
ISSUE
OF
CONFIDENCE
AND
REALISM
IN
RECONSTRUCTION
-
860
14.3
LINGUISTIC
PALAEONTOLOGY
AND
IDEOLOGY
-
866
14.3.1
PRELIMINARIES
----
868
14.3.2
RELIGION
AND
SOCIETY
-
869
14.3.3
MATERIAL
CULTURE
-
873
14.3.4
ECONOMY
----
874
14.3.5
HORSES,
WHEELS,
AND
CHARIOTS
-
878
14.3.6
ON
THE
TIME
AND
ORIGINAL
HOME
(
"
URHEIMAT
"
)
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEANS
-
884
14.3.7
GENETICS,
GENOMICS,
AND
"
RACE
"
-
894
14.3.8
IDEOLOGY
VS.
COMPARATIVE
LINGUISTICS
AND
LINGUISTIC
PALAEONTOLOGY
-
901
14.3.9
CONCLUSIONS
AND
OUTLOOK
FOR
SECTION
14.3
-
903
15
LINGUISTIC
CHANGE:
ITS
NATURE
AND
CAUSES
-
905
15.1
"
DECAY
"
,
"
PROGRESS
"
,
AND
THE
UNIFORMITARIAN
PRINCIPLE
-
907
15.2
NEOGRAMMARIAN
VIEWS
ON
THE
NATURE
OF
LINGUISTIC
CHANGE
-
909
15.3
NEOGRAMMARIAN
VIEWS
ON
THE
CAUSES
OF
LINGUISTIC
CHANGE
-
911
15.4
LANGUAGE
TRANSMISSION
AS
A
CAUSE
OF
CHANGE
-
913
15.5
FUNCTIONALISM
-
915
15.6
THE
LINGUISTIC
UNPREDICTABILITY
OF
LINGUISTIC
CHANGE
-
916
15.7
FURTHER
PROBLEMS
-
917
15.7.1
IS
SOUND
CHANGE
GRADUAL
AND
IMPERCEPTIBLE?
-
917
15.7.2
TYPICALLY
IRREGULAR
SOUND
CHANGE
-
919
15.7.3
ARE
SOUND
CHANGE
AND
ANALOGY
FUNDAMENTALLY
DIFFERENT?
-
919
15.8
THE
ANTI-REGULARIST
POSITION
I
-
920
CONTENTS
-
XIX
15.9
15.10
15.11
15.12
15.13
15.14
THE
ANTI-REGULARIST
POSITION
II
-
SCHUCHARDT
AND
BEYOND
-
921
LEXICAL
DIFFUSION
----
923
LABOV
AND
THE
SOCIOLINGUISTIC
MOTIVATION
OF
CHANGE
-
925
THE
ISSUE
OF
REGULARITY
REVISITED
-
928
OTHER
RAMIFICATIONS
OF
THE
LABOVIAN
APPROACH
-
930
CONCLUSIONS
AND
OUTLOOK
-
934
NOTES
-
937
REFERENCES
-
963
INDEX
-
1049 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Hock, Hans Henrich 1938- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)140114963 |
| author_facet | Hock, Hans Henrich 1938- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Hock, Hans Henrich 1938- |
| author_variant | h h h hh hhh |
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| bvnumber | BV047470431 |
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| discipline | Sprachwissenschaft Literaturwissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Sprachwissenschaft Literaturwissenschaft |
| edition | 3rd, revised and updated edition |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV047470431 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:08:55Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:13:00Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1065653190 |
| isbn | 9783110746327 3110746328 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032872105 |
| oclc_num | 1284790679 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-739 |
| physical | 1074 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 23 cm x 15.5 cm |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | de Gruyter Mouton |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM] |
| series2 | Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM] |
| spelling | Hock, Hans Henrich 1938- Verfasser (DE-588)140114963 aut Principles of historical linguistics Hans Henrich Hock 3rd, revised and updated edition Berlin de Gruyter Mouton 2021 1074 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 23 cm x 15.5 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM] Volume 34 Historische Sprachwissenschaft (DE-588)4127276-6 gnd rswk-swf Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft Historische Sprachwissenschaft Historical Liniguistics, Comparative Linguistics, Linguistics Reconstruction Historische Sprachwissenschaft (DE-588)4127276-6 s DE-604 De Gruyter Mouton (DE-588)1065653190 pbl Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 2023 978-3-11-075026-3 (DE-604)BV049096512 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-3-11-074656-3 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-3-11-074644-0 (DE-604)BV047599046 Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM] Volume 34 (DE-604)BV000000738 34 X:MVB https://www.degruyter.com/books/9783110746327 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032872105&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p dnb 20210426 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#dnb |
| spellingShingle | Hock, Hans Henrich 1938- Principles of historical linguistics Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM] Historische Sprachwissenschaft (DE-588)4127276-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4127276-6 |
| title | Principles of historical linguistics |
| title_auth | Principles of historical linguistics |
| title_exact_search | Principles of historical linguistics |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Principles of historical linguistics |
| title_full | Principles of historical linguistics Hans Henrich Hock |
| title_fullStr | Principles of historical linguistics Hans Henrich Hock |
| title_full_unstemmed | Principles of historical linguistics Hans Henrich Hock |
| title_short | Principles of historical linguistics |
| title_sort | principles of historical linguistics |
| topic | Historische Sprachwissenschaft (DE-588)4127276-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Historische Sprachwissenschaft |
| url | https://www.degruyter.com/books/9783110746327 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032872105&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000000738 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hockhanshenrich principlesofhistoricallinguistics AT degruytermouton principlesofhistoricallinguistics |