Verfügbarkeit: Somali Grammar

Somali Grammar:

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Green, Christopher R. (VerfasserIn)
Weitere Verfasser:	Lampitelli, Nicola (HerausgeberIn), Jones, Evan (HerausgeberIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Boston ; Berlin De Gruyter Mouton [2021]
Schriftenreihe:	Mouton-CASL Grammar Series volume 5
Schlagworte:	Somali Grammatik Fachpublikum/ Wissenschaft Grammar
Online-Zugang:	http://www.degruyter.com/search?f_0=isbnissn&q_0=9781501511653&searchTitles=true Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XXVII, 474 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
ISBN:	9781501511653

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MARC


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245	1	0	\|a Somali Grammar \|c Christopher Green ; edited by Nicola Lampitelli, Evan Jones
264		1	\|a Boston ; Berlin \|b De Gruyter Mouton \|c [2021]
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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1820580146323652608
adam_text	CONTENTS FOREWORD - VII SERIES EDITORS ' PREFACE - IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - XI ABBREVIATIONS - XXVII 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 INTRODUCTION - 1 BACKGROUND - 1 SOMALI IN SOMALIA AND BEYOND - 2 CLASSIFICATION - 6 EHRET & ALI (1984) ---- 8 LAMBERTI (1984,1986) ---- 9 ABDULLAHI (2000) ---- 10 ISMAIL (2011, 2015) - 10 MAJOR SOMALI VARIETIES - 11 AF-MAXAAD TIDHI - 11 NORTHERN SOMALI ---- 12 1.4.2.1 DJIBOUTI SOMALI - 13 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.6 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.7 1.8 1.9 CENTRAL SOMALI ---- 13 BENAADIR SOMALI - 14 PREVIOUS WORK ON SOMALI - 15 THEORETICAL LITERATURE - 15 REFERENCE AND PEDAGOGICAL MATERIALS - 17 OTHER LANGUAGES OF THE SOMALI CLUSTER - 17 ASHRAAF (MARKA, SHINGANI, XAMAR) - 17 MAAY (MAAY-MAAY) - 18 SOMALI IN THE DIASPORA - 18 DATA SOURCES - 19 OUTLINE OF THIS BOOK - 19 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 ORTHOGRAPHY - 21 PERSO-ARABIC - 21 CISMAANIYA (OSMANIA) - 21 GADABUURSI ---- 23 OFFICIAL ORTHOGRAPHY ---- 23 XVI - CONTENTS 3 SEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY ---- 27 3.1 CONSONANTS - 27 3.1.1 ESTABLISHING STOP CONTRASTS - 31 3.1.1.1 /§/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC B) ----- 34 3.1.1.2 /^/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC D) ----- 34 3.1.1.3 /G/ (ORTHOGRAPHIC G) ----- 35 3.1.1.4 /T B / - (ORTHOGRAPHIC T) ----- 35 3.1.1.5 /K H / - (ORTHOGRAPHIC K) ---- 36 3.1.1.6 /Q/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC Q) ----- 37 3.1.1.7 IDJ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC DH) ---- 37 3.1.1.8 /?/ (ORTHOGRAPHIC C) ----- 38 3.1.1.9 /?/ (ORTHOGRAPHIC ' ) ----- 39 3.1.2 OTHER CONSONANTS ---- 39 3.1.2.1 /TJ7 - (ORTHOGRAPHIC/) ----- 39 3.1.2.2 /M/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC M) - 40 3.1.2.3 /N / AND / N / - (ORTHOGRAPHIC N) - 40 3.1.2.4 /F/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC F) ---- 42 3.1.2.5 /S/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC S) ----- 42 3.1.2.6 /J/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC STI) - 43 3.1.2.7 /X/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC KTI) ----- 43 3.1.2.8 / H / - (ORTHOGRAPHIC X) ----- 44 3.1.2.9 /H/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC H) ----- 44 3.1.2.10 /!/ AND /J/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC /) ---- 45 3.1.2.11 /R/ AND /[/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC R) - 45 3.1.2.12 /J/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC Y) ----- 47 3.1.2.13 /W/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC W) ------48 3.1.3 GEMINATE CONSONANTS ----- 48 3.1.3.1 GEMINATE STOPS ---- 49 3.1.3.2 GEMINATE SONORANTS ----- 50 3.1.3.3 " VIRTUAL GEMINATES " ---- 52 3.2 VOWELS ---- 53 3.2.1 [-ATR] SHORT VOWELS - 1, E , U, D , A ---- 59 3.2.2 [+ATR] SHORT VOWELS - /, E, IN, Y , AE - 60 3.2.3 [-ATR] LONG VOWELS - //, EE , UU , OO , AA - 60 3.2.4 [+ATR] LONG VOWELS YY IT, EE, UIUI , YY , AEAE ---- 61 3.2.5 DIPHTHONGS ---- 61 3.3 VOWEL HARMONY ---- 63 3.3.1 IN THE NOMINAL SYSTEM - 64 3.3.2 IN THE VERBAL SYSTEM - 64 3.3.3 FRONTING/RAISING HARMONY ---- 65 3.4 ALTERNATIONS ---- 65 3.4.1 EPENTHESIS ----- 65 CONTENTS XVII 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 3.4.6 3.4.7 3.4.8 3.4.9 3.4.10 3.4.11 3.4.12 3.5 DEASPIRATION ---- 66 DEGEMINATION ---- 69 MANNER ASSIMILATION ---- 70 CONSONANT DELETION - 72 VOICING ---- 72 SPIRANTIZATION - 73 VOWEL HEIGHT ALTERNATIONS ---- 74 DEBUCCALIZATION ---- 75 ASSIBILATION - 76 PALATALIZATION - 78 METATHESIS - 79 V/ 0 ALTERNATION - 80 4 SYLLABLE STRUCTURE AND PHONOTACTICS - 85 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.3.1 4.3.3.2 4.3.3.3 4.3.3.4 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.5 SYLLABLE STRUCTURE - 85 WORD SHAPE AND SIZE REQUIREMENTS - 86 PHONOTACTICS - 87 WORD-INITIAL AND INTERVOCALIC CONSONANT DISTRIBUTION - 87 CONSONANT DISTRIBUTION IN CODAS - 88 SYLLABLE CONTACT SEQUENCES - 89 SEQUENCES IN ROOTS ---- 92 SEQUENCES CREATED BY V/ 0 ALTERNATION ---- 94 SEQUENCES IN COMPOUNDS AND INFLECTED FORMS - 95 SEQUENCES IN BORROWINGS ---- 95 LOANWORD ADAPTATION - 96 SEGMENTAL REPAIR - 96 PHONOTACTIC REPAIR - 97 POETIC METRICS ---- 98 5 TONE - 101 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 INTRODUCTION - 101 HIGH TONE ASSIGNMENT ---- 102 NOUNS - 102 VERBS ---- 105 OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH ---- 105 TONE ALTERNATIONS - 106 RIGHTWARD H SHIFT ---- 106 PREMODIFIER H SHIFT ---- 109 OTHER ALTERNATIONS - 110 PHRASAL PHENOMENA - 110 SUBJECT MARKING - 110 ASSOCIATIVE HIGH ---- 111 XVIII - CONTENTS 5.4.3 VOCATIVE HIGH ---- 112 5.5 INTONATION ---- 112 5.5.1 HIGH AND LOW BOUNDARY TONES ---- 113 5.5.2 L TONE OF FOCALIZATION ---- 115 5.5.3 STATEMENTS VS. QUESTIONS ---- 116 6 NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY ---- 119 6.1 GENDER AND AGREEMENT - 119 6.2 CLASS AND NUMBER ---- 120 6.2.1 CLASS 1: -6 PLURALS ---- 121 6.2.1.1 CLASS LA: T SINGULAR / K PLURAL ---- 121 6.2.1.2 CLASS LB: K SINGULAR / T PLURAL ---- 122 6.2.1.3 CLASS 1C: K SINGULAR / K PLURAL ---- 123 6.2.2 CLASS 2: REDUPLICATION PLURALS ---- 123 6.2.3 CLASS 3: SINGULAR NOUNS ENDING IN -E ---- 124 6.2.4 CLASS 4: SINGULAR NOUNS ENDING IN -O ---- 125 6.2.5 IRREGULAR NOUNS ---- 126 6.2.5.1 NOUNS USING ARABIC PLURALIZATION STRATEGIES ---- 126 6.2.5.2 ' PROSODIC PLURALS ' - 128 6.2.6 SINGULATIVES ---- 129 6.2.7 DOUBLE PLURALIZATION BY -O-YAAL ---- 129 6.2.8 NUMBER MARKING SUMMARY ---- 130 6.3 DERIVATION ---- 130 6.3.1 NOUN-TO-NOUN DERIVATION ---- 131 6.3.1.1 ABSTRACT NOUNS WITH -NIMO ---- 131 6.3.1.2 ABSTRACT NOUNS WITH -IYAD ---- 131 6.3.1.3 ABSTRACT NOUNS WITH -TOOYD ---- 132 6.3.1.4 ANTONYMS WITH -DARRO - 133 6.3.1.5 -EEN ---- 133 6.3.2 DEVERBAL NOUNS ---- 134 6.3.2.1 YYNIIN ---- 134 6.3.2.2 -N ---- 134 6.3.2.3 -ASHO ---- 134 6.3.2.4 -ITAAN ---- 134 6.3.2.5 -AAL ---- 135 6.3.2.6 DEVERBAL NOUNS WITH -TIN ---- 135 6.3.2.7 AGENTIVE NOUNS WITH -E ---- 136 6.3.2.8 AGENTIVE NOUNS WITH -DA ---- 136 6.3.2.9 INSTRUMENTAL NOUNS WITH -E - 137 6.3.2.10 UNCOUNTABLE AND COLLECTIVE NOUNS WITH -TO - 137 6.3.3 OWNERSHIP NOUNS WITH -LE - 137 6.3.3.1 COLLECTIVE NOUNS WITH -LEY - 138 CONTENTS XIX 6.3.4 ABSTRACT STATE NOUNS WITH -AAN ---- 139 6.3.5 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY SUMMARY - 139 6.4 GERUNDS ---- 139 6.5 VOCATIVE MARKING - 141 6.5.1 NOUN VOCATIVE ----- 141 6.5.2 NAME VOCATIVE ----- 142 6.5.3 PROSODIC VOCATIVE ----- 142 6.6 ASSOCIATIVE MARKING - 142 7 VERBS AND VERBAL MORPHOLOGY ---- 145 7.1 STEM TYPES ---- 146 7.1.1 BARE (UNDERIVED) - 147 7.1.2 EXPERIENCER - 147 7.1.3 INCHOATIVE ---- 148 7.1.4 RECIPROCAL ---- 149 7.1.5 WEAK CAUSATIVE - 150 7.1.6 FACTITIVE ---- 151 7.1.7 MIDDLE ---- 153 7.1.8 NEUTER ---- 155 7.1.9 STRONG CAUSATIVE ----- 156 7.1.10 ADJECTIVAL PARTICIPLES - 158 7.2 INFLECTION - 159 7.3 INFINITIVES - 163 7.4 AUXILIARY VERBS - 163 7.5 MAIN CLAUSE SUFFIXING VERBS ---- 164 7.5.1 REALIS CONTEXTS ---- 166 7.5.1.1 SIMPLE PRESENT - 166 7.5.1.2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE - 166 7.5.1.3 SIMPLE PAST ---- 167 7.5.1.4 PAST PROGRESSIVE - 168 7.5.1.5 EMPHATIC PAST - 169 7.5.2 IRREALIS CONTEXTS ----- 169 7.5.2.1 SIMPLE PRESENT NEGATIVE - 169 7.5.2.2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE NEGATIVE - 170 7.5.2.3 OPTATIVE ----- 171 7.5.3 AUXILIARY CONSTRUCTIONS ---- 172 7.5.3.1 PAST HABITUAL ---- 172 7.5.3.2 CONDITIONAL ---- 173 7.5.3.3 FUTURE ---- 173 7.5.4 OTHER MOODS ---- 174 7.5.4.1 IMPERATIVE - 174 7.5.4.2 POTENTIAL ---- 175 XX CONTENTS 7.6 MAIN CLAUSE PREFIXING VERBS - 176 7.6.1 REALIS CONTEXTS ----- 177 7.6.1.1 SIMPLE PRESENT ----- 177 7.6.1.2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE ----- 178 7.6.1.3 SIMPLE PAST ----- 178 7.6.1.4 PAST PROGRESSIVE ----- 179 7.6.1.5 EMPHATIC PAST ----- 180 7.6.2 I RREALIS CONTEXTS ---- 180 7.6.2.1 SIMPLE PRESENT NEGATIVE - 180 7.6.2.2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE NEGATIVE ----- 181 7.6.23 OPTATIVE ---- 182 7.6.3 AUXILIARY CONSTRUCTIONS ---- 182 7.6.3.1 PAST HABITUAL ---- 182 7.6.3.2 CONDITIONAL ---- 183 7.633 FUTURE ----- 183 7.6.4 OTHER MOODS ---- 184 7.6.4.1 IMPERATIVE - 184 7.6.4.2 POTENTIAL ----- 184 7.7 IRREGULAR VERBS - 185 7.7.1 REALIS CONTEXTS ---- 185 7.7.1.1 SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE ----- 185 7.7.1.2 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE - 186 7.7.2 I RREALIS CONTEXTS ---- 187 7.7.2.1 SIMPLE PRESENT NEGATIVE - 187 7.7.2.2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE NEGATIVE ----- 187 7.7.23 OPTATIVE ---- 188 7.7.3 AUXILIARY CONSTRUCTIONS - 188 7.7.3.1 PAST HABITUAL ---- 188 7.73.2 CONDITIONAL ---- 189 7.733 FUTURE ----- 189 7.7.4 OTHER MOODS - 190 7.7.4.1 IMPERATIVE - 190 7.7.4.2 POTENTIAL ----- 190 7.8 REDUCED AGREEMENT ---- 191 7.8.1 PREFIXING AND SUFFIXING VERBS - 191 7.8.2 IRREGULAR VERBS ---- 194 7.9 SUBORDINATE CLAUSE VERBS - 196 7.9.1 COMPLEMENT, ADVERBIAL, AND OBJECT RELATIVE CLAUSES ---- 196 7.9.2 SUFFIXING VERBS ---- 198 7.9.3 PREFIXING VERBS - 199 7.9.4 IRREGULAR VERBS ---- 201 7.9.5 SUBJECT RELATIVE CLAUSES ---- 202 CONTENTS XXI 7.9.6 NEGATION ----- 204 7.10 INFLECTION SUMMARY - 204 7.11 HYBRID VERBS ---- 207 8 COMPOUNDS ---- 211 8.1 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS - 211 8.1.1 NOUN + NOUN ---- 212 8.1.2 NOUN + AGENTIVE NOUN ---- 213 8.1.3 NOUN + OWNERSHIP NOUN ---- 214 8.1.4 ASSOCIATIVE COMPOUNDS - 214 8.1.5 NOUN + DEVERBAL NOUN ----- 215 8.1.6 NOUN + GERUND - 215 8.1.7 NOUN + VERB ---- 216 8.1.8 NOUN + ADJECTIVE ---- 216 8.1.9 NOUN + ADPOSITION/ADVERBIAL + VERB - 216 8.2 VERBAL COMPOUNDS - 217 8.2.1 OBJECT INCORPORATION ---- 217 8.2.2 LEXICALIZED COMPOUNDS - 219 8.2.3 SUBJECT INCORPORATION - 220 8.3 LIGHT VERB CONSTRUCTIONS ----- 220 8.4 IDEOPHONES ---- 221 8.5 PHRASAL VERBS - 222 9 THE NOUN PHRASE - 225 9.1 NOUN CATEGORIES - 226 9.1.1 COUNT NOUNS ---- 226 9.1.2 CORPORATE NOUNS - 227 9.1.3 UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS ---- 228 9.1.3.1 MASS NOUNS - 228 9.1.3.2 COLLECTIVE NOUNS ---- 229 9.1.3.3 PLURALIA TANTUM ---- 230 9.1.3.4 SUMMARY OF COUNTABLE VS. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS - 231 9.1.4 PROPER NOUNS ---- 231 9.1.5 COLOR TERMS ---- 232 9.1.6 NUMERICS ---- 232 9.1.6.1 CARDINAL NUMBERS - 232 9.1.6.2 ORDINAL NUMBERS - 233 9.1.6.3 APPROXIMATE NUMBERS - 234 9.1.7 IDEOPHONES ---- 234 9.1.8 INDEPENDENT PERSONAL PRONOUNS - 234 9.2 SUBJECT MARKING ---- 235 9.2.1 H TONE LOSS ---- 237 XXII - - CONTENTS 9.2.2 H TONE LOSS WITH -/, -YI, OR -U ---- 238 9.2.3 VOWEL ALTERNATION ---- 238 9.2.4 NO OVERT REALIZATION ---- 238 9.3 DETERMINERS - 239 9.3.1 POSSESSIVE DETERMINERS ---- 240 9.3.2 DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINERS - 241 9.3.3 REMOTE DEFINITE DETERMINER ---- 242 9.3.4 DEFINITE DETERMINER - 244 9.3.5 INTERROGATIVE DETERMINER ---- 245 9.4 LEXICAL ADJECTIVES ---- 246 9.5 ASSOCIATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS ---- 248 9.5.1 PROSODIC ASSOCIATIVES - 249 9.5.1.1 WITH POSSESSIVE DETERMINERS ----- 250 9.5.2 SUFFIXING ASSOCIATIVES WITH -EED, -ODD, -ADD ----- 250 9.5.2.1 WITH COUNT NOUNS ----- 251 9.5.2.2 ORDINAL NUMBERS ----- 251 9.6 ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES - 252 9.7 OTHER CLITICS ----- 252 9.7.1 NEGATIVE-NO ----- 252 9.7.2 INTENSIFIER-BA ----- 253 10 THE VERB COMPLEX ---- 255 10.1 THE VERB SLOT ---- 256 10.2 PRONOUN CLITICS ---- 257 10.2.1 SUBJECT PRONOUN CLITICS ---- 258 10.2.2 IMPERSONAL SUBJECT PRONOUN ----- 261 10.2.3 FIRST SERIES OBJECT PRONOUNS ----- 264 10.2.4 REFLEXIVE/RECIPROCAL PRONOUN - 267 10.3 SECOND SERIES OBJECT PRONOUNS - 269 10.4 DEICTIC PARTICLES ---- 271 10.4.1 VENTIVE SOD ---- 272 10.4.2 ITIVE SIT ---- 273 10.5 ADVERBIAL PARTICLES ---- 274 10.5.1 WADA ---- 274 10.5.2 KALA ---- 275 10.6 ADPOSITIONS ---- 276 10.6.1 U ---- 278 10.6.2 KU --- 279 10.6.3 KA --- 280 10.6.4 1A ---- 281 10.7 ADPOSITION CLUSTERS - 281 10.7.1 TWO ADPOSITIONS - 281 CONTENTS - XXIII 10.7.2 THREE ADPOSITIONS -- 282 10.7.3 OPC + ONE ADPOSITION ----- 283 10.7.4 OPC + TWO ADPOSITIONS ----- 284 10.7.5 OPC + THREE ADPOSITIONS - 285 10.7.6 CLUSTERS WITH THE ISP----- 286 10.7.7 CLUSTERS WITH THE RRP ----- 288 10.8 NEGATIVE MO - 289 11 FOCUS MARKERS - 293 11.1 PRE-VERBAL FOCUS - 294 11.1.1 BAA - 295 11.1.1.1 WITH A SUBJECT PRONOUN CLITIC ---- 295 11.1.1.2 WITH NEGATIVE ADN - 296 11.1.1.3 WITH INTERROGATIVE MA - 298 11.1.1.4 COALESCENCE WITH A PRECEDING NOUN PHRASE ---- 298 11.1.2 AYAA - 299 11.1.2.1 WITH A SUBJECT PRONOUN CLITIC - 299 11.1.2.2 WITH NEGATIVE ADN - 300 11.1.2.3 WITH INTERROGATIVE MO ---- 301 11.1.2.4 WITH INTERROGATIVE MO AND NEGATIVE ADN ---- 302 11.2 POST-VERBAL FOCUS ----- 303 11.2.1 WITH NEGATIVE ADN ---- 306 11.2.2 WITH INTERROGATIVE MO ---- 307 11.2.3 WITH INTERROGATIVE MO AND NEGATIVE ADN - 308 11.3 THE SUBJECT FOCUS CONDITION - 308 11.3.1 VERB INFLECTION ---- 309 11.3.2 PRONOUN CLITICS ---- 310 11.3.3 SUBJECT MARKING - 311 11.4 THE OBJECT FOCUS CONDITION ----- 311 11.4.1 VERB INFLECTION - 312 11.4.2 PRONOUN CLITICS - 312 11.4.3 SUBJECT MARKING - 313 12 MAIN CLAUSES WITHOUT FOCUS MARKING - 315 12.1 DECLARATIVE WOO - 316 12.1.1 WAAYE-WEEYE - 318 12.2 NEGATIVE MA - 319 12.3 INTERROGATIVE MO - 321 12.4 OPTATIVE ---- 323 12.5 POTENTIAL ---- 324 12.6 IMPERATIVE ---- 325 XXIV - CONTENTS 13 INFORMATION STRUCTURE ---- 327 13.1 BROAD FOCUS---- 327 13.2 NARROW FOCUS ---- 328 13.2.1 NARROW SUBJECT FOCUS - 329 13.2.2 NARROW OBJECT FOCUS ---- 329 13.3 TOPICALIZATION ---- 330 13.3.1 OBJECT TOPICALIZATION I SUBJECT FOCUS ----- 330 13.3.2 SUBJECT TOPICALIZATION / OBJECT FOCUS ----- 330 13.4 RETOPICALIZATION VIA RIGHT DISLOCATION ----- 331 13.4.1 SUBJECT DISLOCATION - 331 13.4.2 OBJECT DISLOCATION ---- 332 13.4.3 WORD ORDER SUMMARY ---- 332 13.5 OTHER DISCOURSE FUNCTIONS OF FOCUS - 333 13.5.1 CONTRASTIVE FOCUS ---- 333 13.5.2 CATAPHORIC FOCUS ---- 334 13.5.3 NARRATIVE FOCUS ---- 335 13.6 FOCUSING OTHER CONSTITUENTS ---- 337 13.6.1 ADVERBS AND ADVERBIAL CLAUSES ---- 337 13.6.2 RELATIVE CLAUSES ---- 339 13.6.3 COMPLEMENT CLAUSES ---- 340 13.6.4 REPORTED SPEECH - 341 13.6.5 COORDINATED PHRASESAND CLAUSES ----- 342 13.7 FOCUS WITHOUT FOCUS MARKERS ---- 343 13.8 DETOPICALIZATION STRATEGIES ---- 343 14 SUBORDINATION ----------- 347 14.1 RELATIVE CLAUSES ---- 347 14.1.1 HEADEDNESS - 348 14.1.2 RELATIVE/ANTECEDENT RELATIONSHIP ---- 349 14.1.2.1 SUBJECT-SUBJECT ---- 349 14.1.2.2 OBJECT-SUBJECT ---- 351 14.1.2.3 SUBJECT-OBJECT ---- 352 14.1.2.4 OBJECT-OBJECT ---- 354 14.1.3 NEGATION ---- 356 14.1.4 RESTRICTIVE VS. NON-RESTRICTIVE ----- 359 14.1.5 ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH NOMINAL COMPLEMENTS 362 14.1.5.1 WITH ' BE ' ---- 362 14.1.5.2 WITH ' HAVE ' -- 364 14.1.5.3 WITH ' LACK ' ---- 366 14.1.5.4 WITH ' HOLD, POSSESS ' ---- 366 14.1.6 ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH HYBRID VERBS ---- 367 14.1.7 INDIRECT COUNTING ---- 369 CONTENTS XXV 14.2 COMPLEMENT CLAUSES - 369 14.3 SUBORDINATING ADVERBIAL CLAUSES - 374 14.3.1 TIME ---- 374 14.3.2 PURPOSE AND REASON - 377 14.3.3 CONCESSION AND CONDITION - 379 14.3.4 MANNER ---- 381 14.3.5 LOCATION ---- 382 15 COORDINATION AND OTHER ADVERBIALS --- 383 15.1 COORDINATION WITH COORDINATORS - 383 15.1.1 CONJUNCTION WITH IYO ---- 383 15.1.2 DISJUNCTION WITH AMA - 385 15.1.3 CONTRASTIVE CONJUNCTION WITH LAAKFIN - 388 15.2 COORDINATION WITH CLITICS - 389 15.2.1 CONJUNCTION WITH -NA - 389 15.2.2 DISJUNCTION WITH-SE - 390 15.3 COORDINATING RELATIVE CLAUSES - 392 15.3.1 NON-RESTRICTIVE COORDINATION WITH OO - 393 15.3.2 RESTRICTIVE COORDINATION WITH EE - 394 15.3.3 RESTRICTIVE/NON-RESTRICTIVE COORDINATION - 395 15.4 COORDINATING LARGER CONSTITUENTS - 396 15.4.1 WITH OO ---- 396 15.4.2 WITH EE ----- 398 15.5 COORDINATING ADVERBIALS ---- 398 15.5.1 TIME ---- 399 15.5.2 PURPOSE AND REASON - 400 15.5.3 CONCESSION - 401 15.5.4 MANNER ---- 401 15.6 OTHER ADVERBIALS - 402 15.6.1 TIME ---- 402 15.6.2 LOCATION ---- 403 15.6.3 MANNER ---- 404 15.7 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES - 404 16 QUESTIONS - 407 16.1 CONTENT QUESTIONS - 407 16.1.1 WHO? / WHOM? - YAA, KUMA/TUMA - 408 16.1.2 WHEN? -GOORMA - 410 16.1.3 WHERE? -XAGGEE, HALKEE, MEESHEE - 411 16.1.4 WHAT? - MAXA(A) ---- 413 16.1.5 WHY? - MAXA(A).U ---- 415 16.1.6 HOW? -SIDEE ---- 416 XXVI - - CONTENTS 16.1.7 HOW MUCH? / HOW MANY? - IMMISA - 417 16.1.8 HOW LONG? / HOW MUCH? I FROM WHERE? - INTEE ---- 419 16.2 POLAR QUESTIONS ---- 419 16.2.1 MIYAA AS A GENERAL QUESTION MARKER ---- 421 16.3 CHOICE QUESTIONS ---- 422 16.3.1 WITH AN INTERROGATIVE DETERMINER ----- 423 16.3.2 WITH THE INTERROGATIVE CLITIC =MA ----- 423 16.3.3 WITH MEE ---- 423 16.4 TAG QUESTIONS - 424 16.4.1 MISE MAYA - OR NOT? ---- 424 16.4.2 S(H)DW.MA AHA YY ISN ' T IT? - 424 A APPENDIX - SUFFIXING VERB PARADIGMS - 427 A.L BARE (UNDERIVED) STEMS - 428 A.2 EXPERIENCER STEMS ----- 430 A.3 INCHOATIVE STEMS ----- 433 A.4 RECIPROCAL STEMS ----- 436 A. 5 WEAK CAUSATIVE STEMS - 439 A.6 FACTITIVE STEMS ----- 442 A.7 MIDDLE STEMS ----- 445 A.8 NEUTER STEMS - 448 A.9 STRONG CAUSATIVE STEMS ---- 451 A.10 WEAK CAUSATIVE & MIDDLE STEMS ---- 454 BIBLIOGRAPHY ---- 459 INDEX - 473
adam_txt	CONTENTS FOREWORD - VII SERIES EDITORS ' PREFACE - IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - XI ABBREVIATIONS - XXVII 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 INTRODUCTION - 1 BACKGROUND - 1 SOMALI IN SOMALIA AND BEYOND - 2 CLASSIFICATION - 6 EHRET & ALI (1984) ---- 8 LAMBERTI (1984,1986) ---- 9 ABDULLAHI (2000) ---- 10 ISMAIL (2011, 2015) - 10 MAJOR SOMALI VARIETIES - 11 AF-MAXAAD TIDHI - 11 NORTHERN SOMALI ---- 12 1.4.2.1 DJIBOUTI SOMALI - 13 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.6 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.7 1.8 1.9 CENTRAL SOMALI ---- 13 BENAADIR SOMALI - 14 PREVIOUS WORK ON SOMALI - 15 THEORETICAL LITERATURE - 15 REFERENCE AND PEDAGOGICAL MATERIALS - 17 OTHER LANGUAGES OF THE SOMALI CLUSTER - 17 ASHRAAF (MARKA, SHINGANI, XAMAR) - 17 MAAY (MAAY-MAAY) - 18 SOMALI IN THE DIASPORA - 18 DATA SOURCES - 19 OUTLINE OF THIS BOOK - 19 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 ORTHOGRAPHY - 21 PERSO-ARABIC - 21 CISMAANIYA (OSMANIA) - 21 GADABUURSI ---- 23 OFFICIAL ORTHOGRAPHY ---- 23 XVI - CONTENTS 3 SEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY ---- 27 3.1 CONSONANTS - 27 3.1.1 ESTABLISHING STOP CONTRASTS - 31 3.1.1.1 /§/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC B) ----- 34 3.1.1.2 /^/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC D) ----- 34 3.1.1.3 /G/ (ORTHOGRAPHIC G) ----- 35 3.1.1.4 /T B / - (ORTHOGRAPHIC T) ----- 35 3.1.1.5 /K H / - (ORTHOGRAPHIC K) ---- 36 3.1.1.6 /Q/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC Q) ----- 37 3.1.1.7 IDJ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC DH) ---- 37 3.1.1.8 /?/ (ORTHOGRAPHIC C) ----- 38 3.1.1.9 /?/ (ORTHOGRAPHIC ' ) ----- 39 3.1.2 OTHER CONSONANTS ---- 39 3.1.2.1 /TJ7 - (ORTHOGRAPHIC/) ----- 39 3.1.2.2 /M/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC M) - 40 3.1.2.3 /N / AND / N / - (ORTHOGRAPHIC N) - 40 3.1.2.4 /F/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC F) ---- 42 3.1.2.5 /S/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC S) ----- 42 3.1.2.6 /J/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC STI) - 43 3.1.2.7 /X/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC KTI) ----- 43 3.1.2.8 / H / - (ORTHOGRAPHIC X) ----- 44 3.1.2.9 /H/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC H) ----- 44 3.1.2.10 /!/ AND /J/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC /) ---- 45 3.1.2.11 /R/ AND /[/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC R) - 45 3.1.2.12 /J/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC Y) ----- 47 3.1.2.13 /W/ - (ORTHOGRAPHIC W) ------48 3.1.3 GEMINATE CONSONANTS ----- 48 3.1.3.1 GEMINATE STOPS ---- 49 3.1.3.2 GEMINATE SONORANTS ----- 50 3.1.3.3 " VIRTUAL GEMINATES " ---- 52 3.2 VOWELS ---- 53 3.2.1 [-ATR] SHORT VOWELS - 1, E , U, D , A ---- 59 3.2.2 [+ATR] SHORT VOWELS - /, E, IN, Y , AE - 60 3.2.3 [-ATR] LONG VOWELS - //, EE , UU , OO , AA - 60 3.2.4 [+ATR] LONG VOWELS YY IT, EE, UIUI , YY , AEAE ---- 61 3.2.5 DIPHTHONGS ---- 61 3.3 VOWEL HARMONY ---- 63 3.3.1 IN THE NOMINAL SYSTEM - 64 3.3.2 IN THE VERBAL SYSTEM - 64 3.3.3 FRONTING/RAISING HARMONY ---- 65 3.4 ALTERNATIONS ---- 65 3.4.1 EPENTHESIS ----- 65 CONTENTS XVII 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 3.4.6 3.4.7 3.4.8 3.4.9 3.4.10 3.4.11 3.4.12 3.5 DEASPIRATION ---- 66 DEGEMINATION ---- 69 MANNER ASSIMILATION ---- 70 CONSONANT DELETION - 72 VOICING ---- 72 SPIRANTIZATION - 73 VOWEL HEIGHT ALTERNATIONS ---- 74 DEBUCCALIZATION ---- 75 ASSIBILATION - 76 PALATALIZATION - 78 METATHESIS - 79 V/ 0 ALTERNATION - 80 4 SYLLABLE STRUCTURE AND PHONOTACTICS - 85 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.3.1 4.3.3.2 4.3.3.3 4.3.3.4 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.5 SYLLABLE STRUCTURE - 85 WORD SHAPE AND SIZE REQUIREMENTS - 86 PHONOTACTICS - 87 WORD-INITIAL AND INTERVOCALIC CONSONANT DISTRIBUTION - 87 CONSONANT DISTRIBUTION IN CODAS - 88 SYLLABLE CONTACT SEQUENCES - 89 SEQUENCES IN ROOTS ---- 92 SEQUENCES CREATED BY V/ 0 ALTERNATION ---- 94 SEQUENCES IN COMPOUNDS AND INFLECTED FORMS - 95 SEQUENCES IN BORROWINGS ---- 95 LOANWORD ADAPTATION - 96 SEGMENTAL REPAIR - 96 PHONOTACTIC REPAIR - 97 POETIC METRICS ---- 98 5 TONE - 101 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 INTRODUCTION - 101 HIGH TONE ASSIGNMENT ---- 102 NOUNS - 102 VERBS ---- 105 OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH ---- 105 TONE ALTERNATIONS - 106 RIGHTWARD H SHIFT ---- 106 PREMODIFIER H SHIFT ---- 109 OTHER ALTERNATIONS - 110 PHRASAL PHENOMENA - 110 SUBJECT MARKING - 110 ASSOCIATIVE HIGH ---- 111 XVIII - CONTENTS 5.4.3 VOCATIVE HIGH ---- 112 5.5 INTONATION ---- 112 5.5.1 HIGH AND LOW BOUNDARY TONES ---- 113 5.5.2 L TONE OF FOCALIZATION ---- 115 5.5.3 STATEMENTS VS. QUESTIONS ---- 116 6 NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY ---- 119 6.1 GENDER AND AGREEMENT - 119 6.2 CLASS AND NUMBER ---- 120 6.2.1 CLASS 1: -6 PLURALS ---- 121 6.2.1.1 CLASS LA: T SINGULAR / K PLURAL ---- 121 6.2.1.2 CLASS LB: K SINGULAR / T PLURAL ---- 122 6.2.1.3 CLASS 1C: K SINGULAR / K PLURAL ---- 123 6.2.2 CLASS 2: REDUPLICATION PLURALS ---- 123 6.2.3 CLASS 3: SINGULAR NOUNS ENDING IN -E ---- 124 6.2.4 CLASS 4: SINGULAR NOUNS ENDING IN -O ---- 125 6.2.5 IRREGULAR NOUNS ---- 126 6.2.5.1 NOUNS USING ARABIC PLURALIZATION STRATEGIES ---- 126 6.2.5.2 ' PROSODIC PLURALS ' - 128 6.2.6 SINGULATIVES ---- 129 6.2.7 DOUBLE PLURALIZATION BY -O-YAAL ---- 129 6.2.8 NUMBER MARKING SUMMARY ---- 130 6.3 DERIVATION ---- 130 6.3.1 NOUN-TO-NOUN DERIVATION ---- 131 6.3.1.1 ABSTRACT NOUNS WITH -NIMO ---- 131 6.3.1.2 ABSTRACT NOUNS WITH -IYAD ---- 131 6.3.1.3 ABSTRACT NOUNS WITH -TOOYD ---- 132 6.3.1.4 ANTONYMS WITH -DARRO - 133 6.3.1.5 -EEN ---- 133 6.3.2 DEVERBAL NOUNS ---- 134 6.3.2.1 YYNIIN ---- 134 6.3.2.2 -N ---- 134 6.3.2.3 -ASHO ---- 134 6.3.2.4 -ITAAN ---- 134 6.3.2.5 -AAL ---- 135 6.3.2.6 DEVERBAL NOUNS WITH -TIN ---- 135 6.3.2.7 AGENTIVE NOUNS WITH -E ---- 136 6.3.2.8 AGENTIVE NOUNS WITH -DA ---- 136 6.3.2.9 INSTRUMENTAL NOUNS WITH -E - 137 6.3.2.10 UNCOUNTABLE AND COLLECTIVE NOUNS WITH -TO - 137 6.3.3 OWNERSHIP NOUNS WITH -LE - 137 6.3.3.1 COLLECTIVE NOUNS WITH -LEY - 138 CONTENTS XIX 6.3.4 ABSTRACT STATE NOUNS WITH -AAN ---- 139 6.3.5 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY SUMMARY - 139 6.4 GERUNDS ---- 139 6.5 VOCATIVE MARKING - 141 6.5.1 NOUN VOCATIVE ----- 141 6.5.2 NAME VOCATIVE ----- 142 6.5.3 PROSODIC VOCATIVE ----- 142 6.6 ASSOCIATIVE MARKING - 142 7 VERBS AND VERBAL MORPHOLOGY ---- 145 7.1 STEM TYPES ---- 146 7.1.1 BARE (UNDERIVED) - 147 7.1.2 EXPERIENCER - 147 7.1.3 INCHOATIVE ---- 148 7.1.4 RECIPROCAL ---- 149 7.1.5 WEAK CAUSATIVE - 150 7.1.6 FACTITIVE ---- 151 7.1.7 MIDDLE ---- 153 7.1.8 NEUTER ---- 155 7.1.9 STRONG CAUSATIVE ----- 156 7.1.10 ADJECTIVAL PARTICIPLES - 158 7.2 INFLECTION - 159 7.3 INFINITIVES - 163 7.4 AUXILIARY VERBS - 163 7.5 MAIN CLAUSE SUFFIXING VERBS ---- 164 7.5.1 REALIS CONTEXTS ---- 166 7.5.1.1 SIMPLE PRESENT - 166 7.5.1.2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE - 166 7.5.1.3 SIMPLE PAST ---- 167 7.5.1.4 PAST PROGRESSIVE - 168 7.5.1.5 EMPHATIC PAST - 169 7.5.2 IRREALIS CONTEXTS ----- 169 7.5.2.1 SIMPLE PRESENT NEGATIVE - 169 7.5.2.2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE NEGATIVE - 170 7.5.2.3 OPTATIVE ----- 171 7.5.3 AUXILIARY CONSTRUCTIONS ---- 172 7.5.3.1 PAST HABITUAL ---- 172 7.5.3.2 CONDITIONAL ---- 173 7.5.3.3 FUTURE ---- 173 7.5.4 OTHER MOODS ---- 174 7.5.4.1 IMPERATIVE - 174 7.5.4.2 POTENTIAL ---- 175 XX CONTENTS 7.6 MAIN CLAUSE PREFIXING VERBS - 176 7.6.1 REALIS CONTEXTS ----- 177 7.6.1.1 SIMPLE PRESENT ----- 177 7.6.1.2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE ----- 178 7.6.1.3 SIMPLE PAST ----- 178 7.6.1.4 PAST PROGRESSIVE ----- 179 7.6.1.5 EMPHATIC PAST ----- 180 7.6.2 I RREALIS CONTEXTS ---- 180 7.6.2.1 SIMPLE PRESENT NEGATIVE - 180 7.6.2.2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE NEGATIVE ----- 181 7.6.23 OPTATIVE ---- 182 7.6.3 AUXILIARY CONSTRUCTIONS ---- 182 7.6.3.1 PAST HABITUAL ---- 182 7.6.3.2 CONDITIONAL ---- 183 7.633 FUTURE ----- 183 7.6.4 OTHER MOODS ---- 184 7.6.4.1 IMPERATIVE - 184 7.6.4.2 POTENTIAL ----- 184 7.7 IRREGULAR VERBS - 185 7.7.1 REALIS CONTEXTS ---- 185 7.7.1.1 SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE ----- 185 7.7.1.2 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE - 186 7.7.2 I RREALIS CONTEXTS ---- 187 7.7.2.1 SIMPLE PRESENT NEGATIVE - 187 7.7.2.2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE NEGATIVE ----- 187 7.7.23 OPTATIVE ---- 188 7.7.3 AUXILIARY CONSTRUCTIONS - 188 7.7.3.1 PAST HABITUAL ---- 188 7.73.2 CONDITIONAL ---- 189 7.733 FUTURE ----- 189 7.7.4 OTHER MOODS - 190 7.7.4.1 IMPERATIVE - 190 7.7.4.2 POTENTIAL ----- 190 7.8 REDUCED AGREEMENT ---- 191 7.8.1 PREFIXING AND SUFFIXING VERBS - 191 7.8.2 IRREGULAR VERBS ---- 194 7.9 SUBORDINATE CLAUSE VERBS - 196 7.9.1 COMPLEMENT, ADVERBIAL, AND OBJECT RELATIVE CLAUSES ---- 196 7.9.2 SUFFIXING VERBS ---- 198 7.9.3 PREFIXING VERBS - 199 7.9.4 IRREGULAR VERBS ---- 201 7.9.5 SUBJECT RELATIVE CLAUSES ---- 202 CONTENTS XXI 7.9.6 NEGATION ----- 204 7.10 INFLECTION SUMMARY - 204 7.11 HYBRID VERBS ---- 207 8 COMPOUNDS ---- 211 8.1 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS - 211 8.1.1 NOUN + NOUN ---- 212 8.1.2 NOUN + AGENTIVE NOUN ---- 213 8.1.3 NOUN + OWNERSHIP NOUN ---- 214 8.1.4 ASSOCIATIVE COMPOUNDS - 214 8.1.5 NOUN + DEVERBAL NOUN ----- 215 8.1.6 NOUN + GERUND - 215 8.1.7 NOUN + VERB ---- 216 8.1.8 NOUN + ADJECTIVE ---- 216 8.1.9 NOUN + ADPOSITION/ADVERBIAL + VERB - 216 8.2 VERBAL COMPOUNDS - 217 8.2.1 OBJECT INCORPORATION ---- 217 8.2.2 LEXICALIZED COMPOUNDS - 219 8.2.3 SUBJECT INCORPORATION - 220 8.3 LIGHT VERB CONSTRUCTIONS ----- 220 8.4 IDEOPHONES ---- 221 8.5 PHRASAL VERBS - 222 9 THE NOUN PHRASE - 225 9.1 NOUN CATEGORIES - 226 9.1.1 COUNT NOUNS ---- 226 9.1.2 CORPORATE NOUNS - 227 9.1.3 UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS ---- 228 9.1.3.1 MASS NOUNS - 228 9.1.3.2 COLLECTIVE NOUNS ---- 229 9.1.3.3 PLURALIA TANTUM ---- 230 9.1.3.4 SUMMARY OF COUNTABLE VS. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS - 231 9.1.4 PROPER NOUNS ---- 231 9.1.5 COLOR TERMS ---- 232 9.1.6 NUMERICS ---- 232 9.1.6.1 CARDINAL NUMBERS - 232 9.1.6.2 ORDINAL NUMBERS - 233 9.1.6.3 APPROXIMATE NUMBERS - 234 9.1.7 IDEOPHONES ---- 234 9.1.8 INDEPENDENT PERSONAL PRONOUNS - 234 9.2 SUBJECT MARKING ---- 235 9.2.1 H TONE LOSS ---- 237 XXII - - CONTENTS 9.2.2 H TONE LOSS WITH -/, -YI, OR -U ---- 238 9.2.3 VOWEL ALTERNATION ---- 238 9.2.4 NO OVERT REALIZATION ---- 238 9.3 DETERMINERS - 239 9.3.1 POSSESSIVE DETERMINERS ---- 240 9.3.2 DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINERS - 241 9.3.3 REMOTE DEFINITE DETERMINER ---- 242 9.3.4 DEFINITE DETERMINER - 244 9.3.5 INTERROGATIVE DETERMINER ---- 245 9.4 LEXICAL ADJECTIVES ---- 246 9.5 ASSOCIATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS ---- 248 9.5.1 PROSODIC ASSOCIATIVES - 249 9.5.1.1 WITH POSSESSIVE DETERMINERS ----- 250 9.5.2 SUFFIXING ASSOCIATIVES WITH -EED, -ODD, -ADD ----- 250 9.5.2.1 WITH COUNT NOUNS ----- 251 9.5.2.2 ORDINAL NUMBERS ----- 251 9.6 ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES - 252 9.7 OTHER CLITICS ----- 252 9.7.1 NEGATIVE-NO ----- 252 9.7.2 INTENSIFIER-BA ----- 253 10 THE VERB COMPLEX ---- 255 10.1 THE VERB SLOT ---- 256 10.2 PRONOUN CLITICS ---- 257 10.2.1 SUBJECT PRONOUN CLITICS ---- 258 10.2.2 IMPERSONAL SUBJECT PRONOUN ----- 261 10.2.3 FIRST SERIES OBJECT PRONOUNS ----- 264 10.2.4 REFLEXIVE/RECIPROCAL PRONOUN - 267 10.3 SECOND SERIES OBJECT PRONOUNS - 269 10.4 DEICTIC PARTICLES ---- 271 10.4.1 VENTIVE SOD ---- 272 10.4.2 ITIVE SIT ---- 273 10.5 ADVERBIAL PARTICLES ---- 274 10.5.1 WADA ---- 274 10.5.2 KALA ---- 275 10.6 ADPOSITIONS ---- 276 10.6.1 U ---- 278 10.6.2 KU --- 279 10.6.3 KA --- 280 10.6.4 1A ---- 281 10.7 ADPOSITION CLUSTERS - 281 10.7.1 TWO ADPOSITIONS - 281 CONTENTS - XXIII 10.7.2 THREE ADPOSITIONS -- 282 10.7.3 OPC + ONE ADPOSITION ----- 283 10.7.4 OPC + TWO ADPOSITIONS ----- 284 10.7.5 OPC + THREE ADPOSITIONS - 285 10.7.6 CLUSTERS WITH THE ISP----- 286 10.7.7 CLUSTERS WITH THE RRP ----- 288 10.8 NEGATIVE MO - 289 11 FOCUS MARKERS - 293 11.1 PRE-VERBAL FOCUS - 294 11.1.1 BAA - 295 11.1.1.1 WITH A SUBJECT PRONOUN CLITIC ---- 295 11.1.1.2 WITH NEGATIVE ADN - 296 11.1.1.3 WITH INTERROGATIVE MA - 298 11.1.1.4 COALESCENCE WITH A PRECEDING NOUN PHRASE ---- 298 11.1.2 AYAA - 299 11.1.2.1 WITH A SUBJECT PRONOUN CLITIC - 299 11.1.2.2 WITH NEGATIVE ADN - 300 11.1.2.3 WITH INTERROGATIVE MO ---- 301 11.1.2.4 WITH INTERROGATIVE MO AND NEGATIVE ADN ---- 302 11.2 POST-VERBAL FOCUS ----- 303 11.2.1 WITH NEGATIVE ADN ---- 306 11.2.2 WITH INTERROGATIVE MO ---- 307 11.2.3 WITH INTERROGATIVE MO AND NEGATIVE ADN - 308 11.3 THE SUBJECT FOCUS CONDITION - 308 11.3.1 VERB INFLECTION ---- 309 11.3.2 PRONOUN CLITICS ---- 310 11.3.3 SUBJECT MARKING - 311 11.4 THE OBJECT FOCUS CONDITION ----- 311 11.4.1 VERB INFLECTION - 312 11.4.2 PRONOUN CLITICS - 312 11.4.3 SUBJECT MARKING - 313 12 MAIN CLAUSES WITHOUT FOCUS MARKING - 315 12.1 DECLARATIVE WOO - 316 12.1.1 WAAYE-WEEYE - 318 12.2 NEGATIVE MA - 319 12.3 INTERROGATIVE MO - 321 12.4 OPTATIVE ---- 323 12.5 POTENTIAL ---- 324 12.6 IMPERATIVE ---- 325 XXIV - CONTENTS 13 INFORMATION STRUCTURE ---- 327 13.1 BROAD FOCUS---- 327 13.2 NARROW FOCUS ---- 328 13.2.1 NARROW SUBJECT FOCUS - 329 13.2.2 NARROW OBJECT FOCUS ---- 329 13.3 TOPICALIZATION ---- 330 13.3.1 OBJECT TOPICALIZATION I SUBJECT FOCUS ----- 330 13.3.2 SUBJECT TOPICALIZATION / OBJECT FOCUS ----- 330 13.4 RETOPICALIZATION VIA RIGHT DISLOCATION ----- 331 13.4.1 SUBJECT DISLOCATION - 331 13.4.2 OBJECT DISLOCATION ---- 332 13.4.3 WORD ORDER SUMMARY ---- 332 13.5 OTHER DISCOURSE FUNCTIONS OF FOCUS - 333 13.5.1 CONTRASTIVE FOCUS ---- 333 13.5.2 CATAPHORIC FOCUS ---- 334 13.5.3 NARRATIVE FOCUS ---- 335 13.6 FOCUSING OTHER CONSTITUENTS ---- 337 13.6.1 ADVERBS AND ADVERBIAL CLAUSES ---- 337 13.6.2 RELATIVE CLAUSES ---- 339 13.6.3 COMPLEMENT CLAUSES ---- 340 13.6.4 REPORTED SPEECH - 341 13.6.5 COORDINATED PHRASESAND CLAUSES ----- 342 13.7 FOCUS WITHOUT FOCUS MARKERS ---- 343 13.8 DETOPICALIZATION STRATEGIES ---- 343 14 SUBORDINATION ----------- 347 14.1 RELATIVE CLAUSES ---- 347 14.1.1 HEADEDNESS - 348 14.1.2 RELATIVE/ANTECEDENT RELATIONSHIP ---- 349 14.1.2.1 SUBJECT-SUBJECT ---- 349 14.1.2.2 OBJECT-SUBJECT ---- 351 14.1.2.3 SUBJECT-OBJECT ---- 352 14.1.2.4 OBJECT-OBJECT ---- 354 14.1.3 NEGATION ---- 356 14.1.4 RESTRICTIVE VS. NON-RESTRICTIVE ----- 359 14.1.5 ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH NOMINAL COMPLEMENTS 362 14.1.5.1 WITH ' BE ' ---- 362 14.1.5.2 WITH ' HAVE ' -- 364 14.1.5.3 WITH ' LACK ' ---- 366 14.1.5.4 WITH ' HOLD, POSSESS ' ---- 366 14.1.6 ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH HYBRID VERBS ---- 367 14.1.7 INDIRECT COUNTING ---- 369 CONTENTS XXV 14.2 COMPLEMENT CLAUSES - 369 14.3 SUBORDINATING ADVERBIAL CLAUSES - 374 14.3.1 TIME ---- 374 14.3.2 PURPOSE AND REASON - 377 14.3.3 CONCESSION AND CONDITION - 379 14.3.4 MANNER ---- 381 14.3.5 LOCATION ---- 382 15 COORDINATION AND OTHER ADVERBIALS --- 383 15.1 COORDINATION WITH COORDINATORS - 383 15.1.1 CONJUNCTION WITH IYO ---- 383 15.1.2 DISJUNCTION WITH AMA - 385 15.1.3 CONTRASTIVE CONJUNCTION WITH LAAKFIN - 388 15.2 COORDINATION WITH CLITICS - 389 15.2.1 CONJUNCTION WITH -NA - 389 15.2.2 DISJUNCTION WITH-SE - 390 15.3 COORDINATING RELATIVE CLAUSES - 392 15.3.1 NON-RESTRICTIVE COORDINATION WITH OO - 393 15.3.2 RESTRICTIVE COORDINATION WITH EE - 394 15.3.3 RESTRICTIVE/NON-RESTRICTIVE COORDINATION - 395 15.4 COORDINATING LARGER CONSTITUENTS - 396 15.4.1 WITH OO ---- 396 15.4.2 WITH EE ----- 398 15.5 COORDINATING ADVERBIALS ---- 398 15.5.1 TIME ---- 399 15.5.2 PURPOSE AND REASON - 400 15.5.3 CONCESSION - 401 15.5.4 MANNER ---- 401 15.6 OTHER ADVERBIALS - 402 15.6.1 TIME ---- 402 15.6.2 LOCATION ---- 403 15.6.3 MANNER ---- 404 15.7 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES - 404 16 QUESTIONS - 407 16.1 CONTENT QUESTIONS - 407 16.1.1 WHO? / WHOM? - YAA, KUMA/TUMA - 408 16.1.2 WHEN? -GOORMA - 410 16.1.3 WHERE? -XAGGEE, HALKEE, MEESHEE - 411 16.1.4 WHAT? - MAXA(A) ---- 413 16.1.5 WHY? - MAXA(A).U ---- 415 16.1.6 HOW? -SIDEE ---- 416 XXVI - - CONTENTS 16.1.7 HOW MUCH? / HOW MANY? - IMMISA - 417 16.1.8 HOW LONG? / HOW MUCH? I FROM WHERE? - INTEE ---- 419 16.2 POLAR QUESTIONS ---- 419 16.2.1 MIYAA AS A GENERAL QUESTION MARKER ---- 421 16.3 CHOICE QUESTIONS ---- 422 16.3.1 WITH AN INTERROGATIVE DETERMINER ----- 423 16.3.2 WITH THE INTERROGATIVE CLITIC =MA ----- 423 16.3.3 WITH MEE ---- 423 16.4 TAG QUESTIONS - 424 16.4.1 MISE MAYA - OR NOT? ---- 424 16.4.2 S(H)DW.MA AHA YY ISN ' T IT? - 424 A APPENDIX - SUFFIXING VERB PARADIGMS - 427 A.L BARE (UNDERIVED) STEMS - 428 A.2 EXPERIENCER STEMS ----- 430 A.3 INCHOATIVE STEMS ----- 433 A.4 RECIPROCAL STEMS ----- 436 A. 5 WEAK CAUSATIVE STEMS - 439 A.6 FACTITIVE STEMS ----- 442 A.7 MIDDLE STEMS ----- 445 A.8 NEUTER STEMS - 448 A.9 STRONG CAUSATIVE STEMS ---- 451 A.10 WEAK CAUSATIVE & MIDDLE STEMS ---- 454 BIBLIOGRAPHY ---- 459 INDEX - 473
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author	Green, Christopher R.
author2	Lampitelli, Nicola Jones, Evan
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author_facet	Green, Christopher R. Lampitelli, Nicola Jones, Evan
author_role	aut
author_sort	Green, Christopher R.
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classification_rvk	EO 3930
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)1269397283 (DE-599)DNB1121928854
dewey-full	400
dewey-hundreds	400 - Language
dewey-ones	400 - Language
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dewey-search	400
dewey-sort	3400
dewey-tens	400 - Language
discipline	Sprachwissenschaft Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft
discipline_str_mv	Sprachwissenschaft Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft
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illustrated	Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-03T18:08:52Z
indexdate	2025-01-07T09:02:06Z
institution	BVB
institution_GND	(DE-588)1065653190
isbn	9781501511653
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032872048
oclc_num	1269397283
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR
owner_facet	DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR
physical	XXVII, 474 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
psigel	gbd_0
publishDate	2021
publishDateSearch	2021
publishDateSort	2021
publisher	De Gruyter Mouton
record_format	marc
series	Mouton-CASL Grammar Series
series2	Mouton-CASL Grammar Series
spelling	Green, Christopher R. Verfasser (DE-588)1352717379 aut Somali Grammar Christopher Green ; edited by Nicola Lampitelli, Evan Jones Boston ; Berlin De Gruyter Mouton [2021] © 2021 XXVII, 474 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mouton-CASL Grammar Series volume 5 Somali (DE-588)4120339-2 gnd rswk-swf Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Fachpublikum/ Wissenschaft Grammar Somali Somali (DE-588)4120339-2 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 Lampitelli, Nicola edt Jones, Evan edt De Gruyter Mouton (DE-588)1065653190 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-5015-0351-1 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-5015-0361-0 Mouton-CASL Grammar Series volume 5 (DE-604)BV046117118 5 http://www.degruyter.com/search?f_0=isbnissn&q_0=9781501511653&searchTitles=true Verlag DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032872048&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Green, Christopher R. Somali Grammar Mouton-CASL Grammar Series Somali (DE-588)4120339-2 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4120339-2 (DE-588)4021806-5
title	Somali Grammar
title_auth	Somali Grammar
title_exact_search	Somali Grammar
title_exact_search_txtP	Somali Grammar
title_full	Somali Grammar Christopher Green ; edited by Nicola Lampitelli, Evan Jones
title_fullStr	Somali Grammar Christopher Green ; edited by Nicola Lampitelli, Evan Jones
title_full_unstemmed	Somali Grammar Christopher Green ; edited by Nicola Lampitelli, Evan Jones
title_short	Somali Grammar
title_sort	somali grammar
topic	Somali (DE-588)4120339-2 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd
topic_facet	Somali Grammatik
url	http://www.degruyter.com/search?f_0=isbnissn&q_0=9781501511653&searchTitles=true http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032872048&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV046117118
work_keys_str_mv	AT greenchristopherr somaligrammar AT lampitellinicola somaligrammar AT jonesevan somaligrammar AT degruytermouton somaligrammar

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