The Soviets' greatest gambit: the Cuban missile crisis
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Lexington Books
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| ISBN: | 9781793629494 |
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| adam_text | Contents Introduction 1 PARTI: BACKGROUND 1 Khrushchev and the Cold War Background 7 2 The Kennedy Administration and Its Policies 27 3 The Cold War, 1961-1962 57 4 The Great Gamble: The Decision, Plans, Buildup 105 PARTII: THE CRISIS 5 To Look or Not to Look: The Runup to the Crisis, July-October 1962 135 6 The First Seven Days: The Secret Crisis 151 7 The Second Week: The Public Crisis 183 8 Aftermath and Conclusions 207 Bibliography 229 Index 239 About the Author 247 v
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Battle. Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center, October 24,2012. Pfeiffer, Jack. CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation, at cia.gov Radchenko, Sergey. “On Hedgehogs and Passions.” In The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Reappraisal ed. by Len Scott and R. Gerald Hughes, 183-203. New York: Routledge, 2015. Schneider, Ronald. “Guatemala.” In the Anatomy of Communist Takeovers, ed. Thomas T. Hammond, 563-82. New Haven: Yale University Press 1977. Schwartz, Benjamin. “The Real Cuban Missile Crisis.” The Atlantic Online. January 2, 2013. Uhl, Matthias, and Vladimir Ivkin. “Operation Atom.” In Cold War History Interna tional Project Bulletin. 12/13. Fall/Winter 2001. Wirtz, James J. “Organizing for Crisis Intelligence: Lessons from the Cuban Missile Crisis.” In Intelligence in the Cuban Missile Crisis, 120-59.
Index Acheson, Dean, 40, 43, 59, 70, 75, 85-86, 88, 151, 153, 161-63, 166,170, 177, 180ո8, 181ո20, 220, 224-25 Adenauer, Komad, 12, 59, 83-84, 189 Adzhubei, Alexei, 106,122 “after crisis,” 203-10 Air Defense Command, 175 Aiekseyeev, Alexei, 108 Alliance for Progress, 65-66, 77 Alsop, Joseph, 29, 51n3, 54n21, 58 Anderson, Admiral George, 47-48, 156, 169, 189 Anderson, Major Rudolf, 146, 199, 200, 201, 204n5B-59 Soviet submarine, 198, 219, 220, 226 B-130 Soviet submarine, 193 Baldwin, Hanson, 58 Ball, George, 46, 147, 153, 160, 161, 162, 165, 170, 175, 176, 179n3, 186, 200, 201 Batista, Fulgencio, 32, 36, 61, 62, 65, 70, 142 Bay of Pigs landing, 2, 43, 47, 66-81, 92, 123, 128n4, 193, 195, 225 Berlin and Berlin crises, 13, 15, 20-42, 49, 60-70, 75, 80, 81-91, 97, 106, 117-19, 124, 136, 138, 142, 154, 155, 157, 161-62, 165, 166, 167, 172, 174, 177, 184, 190, 191, 219, 223 Berlin Wall, 87, 88-90, 97 Biryuzov, Marshal Sergei, 108, 111, 112, 125 Bissell, Richard, 66, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 “Black Saturday,” 197-202 Bohlen, Charles, 82, 138, 153, 159, 161, 162, 167, 213 Bolshakov, Georgi, 43, 90,106,143 188 Bowles, Chester, 31, 33, 34, 45, 46, 70, 75, 76, 78, 141, 146 Brugioni, Dino, 139 Bundy, McGeorge, 2, 45, 77, 94, 106, 139, 140-42,145, 147, 148, 152, 153, 156-59, 160, 165-71, 173, 179nl, 194, 199, 200, 201, 211, 213, 223 “Buria” exercise, 90 Burke, Admiral Arleigh, 40, 47, 71, 73, 76-8,91, 92 Canada, 21, 60 177, 186, 208 Capehart, Homer, 141, 153 Carter, General Marshall, 153, 156, 159 “Casablanca bloc,” 14 Castro, Fidel, 21, 32, 33, 141, 144, 154; in “after crisis,” 207-10;
acceptance 239
240 Index of missiles, 111-12; American attempts to oust or assassinate, 66-68, 77. See also Bay of Pigs, Operation; Mongoose; character and rise: 60-63; efforts in Latin America 62-63, 65; New York plot, 120-21; regime, 61-63; relations with the Soviets, 105-7, 111, 201, 202, 203, 207-11; role during missile crisis, 186, 202, 203; Soviet attempts to oust, 105 Castro, Raul, 61, 68, 105, 171 “Castroism,” 63, 211 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 16, 22, 39, 66-75, 77-82, 92, 97, 120, 137, 143^47, 152, 156, 168, 172, 225 Chukotski incident, 199, 200, 219, CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency Clay, Lucius, 89-90 Cold War: after missile crisis, 207, 210-11, 221; background in the 1950s and early 1960s, 7, 11-23, 152, 179n3, 188,189; beliefs about, 1-3, 15, 38-50, 57-59, 96-97, 105, 186, 210-11; course in 1961-1962, 57-97, 117-19; strategic balance in, 13, 16-18, 23-24, 159-60,218 Committee ofOverhead Reconnaissance (COMOR), 146 Cosmos satellites, 164 Congo, 21, 60, 96 counterinsurgency, 48, 50-51, 66, 77, Cuba, invasion planning during the crisis, 167, 196-97 “Cuba Study Group,” 71, 76-77, 10ІП22 Cuban exiles, 66, 67, 69, 70-80, 106, 114, 122-23, 193,208,213 Cuban Missile crisis: American leaders’ reactions to the missiles, 147, 151-54: arguments over air strikes, 151, 153, 154-55, 157, 158, 159, 161-63, 164-65, 167-165, 169, 173, 193, 194, 201, 169, 209; arguments over blockade, 155, 157, 159, 161-62, 163, 164-65, 166, 167, 168, 170, 172, 173, 210, 222; arguments over invasion, 154, 155, 158, 161-62, 164-66, 167, 169, 173, 222; blockade (“quarantine”) of Cuba, 123, 139, 151,
161, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 171, 176, 185, 187-88, 190-94, 209-10, 215, 222; danger of war during the crisis, 3, 215-21; decision to send the missiles, 105-8; deployment plans and security precautions, 106-7,109-12,11317; effects of the crisis, 210-12; explanations for and theories about, 121-27, 128n4; failure to camouflage missiles, 116-17,171, 187, 215; finding of the missiles, 136-48; formulation of US policy, 153-74; probable Soviet plans, 1, 125-27; public part of crisis, 183203; readiness of Soviet missiles, 197; results of a war over, 216-17; “secret crisis,” 151-79; Soviet plans for buildup and deployment, 106-15; Soviet submarine deployments, 110, 185, 193, 198; strategic impact of missiles, 109, 123-25, 157-58, 161, 171 Cuban Revolution, and beliefs about it, 41, 60-63; and Latin America, 65 Decker, General George, 39,48, 50, 92 Defense Intelligence Agency, 145 De Gaulle, Charles, 59, 82,177,189 De Vosjoli, Philippe Thyraud, 138, 148, 214 Dementyev, General A. A., 112 Dennison, Admiral Robert, 196 Diefenbaker, John, 32, 60 Dillon, C. Douglas, 153, 158, 160, 161, 163, 165, 170, 172-74, 176, 194, 200 diplomatic communications, 183,211 Dobrynin, Anatoli, 43, 44, 139, 143, 146, 178, 188, 201-03, 205nl3 Dominican Republic, 62, 64, 76
Index “domino theory,” 93-94 Dulles, Allen, 32, 66, 69, 72, 75-7, 137 Dulles, John Foster, 12,19, 20, 43, 53nl3, 137 Egypt, 14, 15, 96, 145, 147 Eisenhower, Dwight D. and Eisenhower administration, 7-8, 16-22, 24n4, 28, 30, 31, 33, 35-7, 41-3, 47-9, 50, 57-9, 60, 62-6, 68, 75, 80, 84-86, 94, 137, 141, 146, 154, 159, 161, 165, 175, 219, 222, 226 ExComm, 2, 153-59, 161, 164-66, 169, 170, 172, 179n3, 187, 190, 193-95, 197,199, 200-02, 207-09, 213, 214, 222, 224 Feklisov, Aleksandr (alias “Fomin”), 106, 195 Finland and the “night frosts,” 84 Fulbright, Senator William, 38, 43, 70, 88, 136, 177 Gagarin, Yuri, 80 Geneva Conference of 1962, 93 Germany, 11, 13, 81-91, 119, 136, 199 Gilpatric, Roswell, 58, 90, 153, 158, 160, 161 189 Gomułka, Władysław, 109 Graybeal, Sidney, 153, 154 Gribkov, General Anatoli, 109,116, 171, 197, 215, 220 Gromyko, Anatoli, 108, 122, 159, 166, 178 GRU, 183 Guantanamo, 78, 79, 143, 156, 159, 173, 176, 178, 196, 208, 209, 214 Guatemala, 64-7, 70 guerrilla warfare, 37, 50-51, 60-63, 65, 66, 76, 94, 111, 122,211 Haiti, 62, 66 “hards and softs,” 38-42, 43, 45-47 Hamman, Averell, 86, 191 Harvey, William, 79 241 Hawkins, Colonel Jack, 68, 69, 72, 76, 77,78 Heyser, Major Richard, 146-8 Hilsman. Roger, 24n4, 57,149nl3, 176, 215 “hot line,” 211 Hungarian revolution, 12 Ilyushin-28 light jet bombers, 107, 109, 115, 145-46, 171, 173, 174, 176, 191, 194,207-10. Indochina, 21-22, 29, 39, 44, 45, 48, 52nl2, 103n34, 196, 211. See also Laos and Vietnam Indonesia, 14, 20, 67, 95, 147 Iran and Soviet plans to invade, 18, 119-20,127 Italy and missiles in Italy, 17, 166,
170, 174, 191 193,202 Johnson, Lyndon, 29, 38, 70, 81, 89, 200, 201,213,223. Joint Chiefs of Staff, 47-50, 68, 69, 71, 73, 75, 78, 79, 85, 88, 92, 145; in missile crisis, 153, 155-56, 157, 163-64, 167, 168-69, 170, 172, 175, 176, 187, 203, 208, 224-25 KGB, 106, 119, 128, 195 Keating, Kenneth, 3, 33, 38, 141, 142, 149n7, 152, 153, 176, 187, 213, 214, Kekkonen, Urho, 115 Kennedy, John F. and Kennedy administration: Administration and methods of 27-51 ; in “after crisis” 207-211; and Bay of Pigs, 70-75; in Berlin crisis, 85., 223; character and Kennedy legend, 1-2, 27-33, 52nl2, 80, 152, 221-25; and Cuban exiles, 70, 75, 106; discovery of missiles, 138, 141, 142, 147, 153-54; domestic affairs, 33, 34-36; in Excomm and National Security Council, 153-159, 164-66,167,172, 174-175, 187-188, 193, 199-201;
242 Index foreign policy of 37, 42-46; health, 30, 195; Macmillan’s view of, 59, 177; management of history of crisis, 212-14; meeting with Congress, 176-77; meetings with Joint Chiefs of Staff, 168-69, 208, 225; military buildup, 49-51, 59; performance during crisis, 224-26; reaction to discovery of missiles, 27; relations with Allied leaders, 59-60; eech of October 22, 178-79; vendettas and fabulations,32-33, 83-84; warnings to Soviets, 122-23, 142-43; Kennedy, Robert, 1, 31, 33-34, 37-38, 43, 73, 76, 77, 78, 92, 137, 140, 142, 143, 146, 153, 155, 158, 159, 161, 162, 166, 168, 169,170, 171, 173, 180n8, 188, 193, 200, 202, 205nl3, 213, 214 Kent, Sherman, 144 Khrushchev, Nikita: in “after crisis” 207-10; decision to put missiles in Cuba, 105-8, 121-27; decision to withdraw, 191, 192, 198-99, 217-18; expectations and disappointments, 11, 12-15, 20, 96-97; fears and lack of fears of invasion of Cuba, 105-107, 114-15; foreign policy, 11-15, 17-22, 81; handling of crisis, 184-86, 190-91, 217-18; origins, rise, and character, 8-11. Kohler, Foy, 119, 138. Komar missile patrol boats, 107,110, 139, 209 Konev, Marshal Ivan, 87, 89, 90 Korean War, 7, 11, 45, 85, 218-19 Kosygin, Alexei, 184, 218, 226 Lansdale, Colonel Edward, 79-80 Laos, 21-22, 47, 91-93, 102n34 Latin America, 3, 21, 37, 60-69, 70, 77, 96, 112, 155, 157, 160, 172,186, 194, 211,222, 224 Lebanon landing, 15, 19 Lemay, General Curtis, 39,48, 70,152, 156, 167, 168, 169, 180nl5, 201. Lippmann, Walter, 38, 198 Lundahl, Arthur, 147, 153, 154, 164, 176, 190 Macmillan, Harold, 59, 86,177,189, 222 Mafia, 67, 77 Malaysia, 95
Malinovsky, Marshal Rodion, 107-8, 112, 125, 184, 192, 203,210. Mann, Thomas, 70, 75 Mao Zedong, 15, 19-20, 96, 97, 109, 211,217 Martin, Edwin, 153, 156, 162 Maultsby, Major Charles, 199, 219,225. See Chukotski incident McCone, John, 3, 33, 40, 59, 137^10, 142, 145148, 152, 153, 157, 160, 161, 165, 170, 172, 173, 175, 187, 176, 190, 193, 194, 195, 196, 201, 203, 213, 214, 216, 223, 225, 226. McNamara, Robert, 44-45, 47, 48, 57, 58, 59, 69,71,77, 153, 154, 156, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164-165, 167, 168, 171, 172-73, 275, 176, 187, 189, 194, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 203,208,211,213,216, 223,221 Middle East, 15, 18, 19, 96. See also Iran Mikoyan, Anastas, 10, 11, 20, 82, 108, 109, 122, 128n3 184, 209-10, 218, 226 Movement of the Revolutionary Left, 64-65 Missile race and missile gap, 8,16-18, 23 n 4, 48, 57-59, 75, 87, 90, 96, 97nl, 124 Missiles: Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile, 15, 126, 146; Falcon air-toair missile, 199; FKR Meteor cruise missile, 101, 115, 185, 188; Jupiter, 17, 59, 107, 122, 124, 139, 174, 175,
Index 191, 195, 213, 221; Luna tactical missile, 114,115,168; Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missile, 59,126; Polaris submarine missile, 49,59, 110, 126, 127, 131n22,; R-5M, ІЗОпІО, 136, 147; R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile, 15, 16, 17, 20, 186; R-9 intercontinental ballistic missile, 20, 186; R-11M, 115, ІЗОпІО; R-16 intercontinental ballistic missile, 20, 186; R-12 medium range ballistic missile, 1, 17, 109-10, 113, 114, 115, 116, 120, 122, 123-24, 126, 127, ІЗОпІО, 143, 144, 147, 156, 162, 164, 168, 171, 174, 185, 187, 188, 192, 196, 197, 199, 207, 209, 215-16, 219, 220; R-13 submarine based missile, 110, 115, 126; R-14 intermediate range ballistic missile, 17, 110, 113, 115, 116, 120, 122. 123-124, 126, 127, 156, 164, 185, 188, 192; S-2 Sopka cruise missile, 107, 110, 139; Thor, 17, 18, 122, 195; Titan intercontinental ballistic missile, 59, 126, 127; V-75 air defense missile, 107, 115, 116, 139-40, 155, 199,210 Monroe Doctrine, 123, 139, 162 Moon, decision to go to, 80-81 Nasser, Gamal, 18-19, 20, 37, 39, 44, 96, 119 “national democracy” concept, 14, 95 National Intelligence Estimates, 49, 143-44, 168, 171 National Photographic Interpretation Center, 139, 147, 153 National Security Council, 43, 49, 76, 92, 153, 174, 176, 223 NATO, 11, 58, 85, 88, 106, 117, 155, 161, 168, 169, 174, 175, 176, 191, 222 Neutralists and pseudo-neutralists, 14, 22, 37, 39, 40-42, 46, 91, 93, 95, 96, 186, 187, 222 243 New York plot, 120-21,127,130nl5 New York Times, 58, 70, 72, 79, 89, 127, 175 Ngo Dinh Diem and family, 94, 95 Nitze, Paul, 40, 131n22, 147, 153, 160, 161, 162,
175, 176, 179n3, 194, 195, 201, 204n5 non-invasion pledge, 220 Norstad, Lauris, 50, 86 Novocherkassk riots, 112 nuclear weapons tests, 87, 196. See “Tsar Bomba” Operation Anadyr, 113 Operation Atom, 136 Operation Mongoose, 2-3, 65, 77-80, 10ІП25, 114, 120, 121, 122, 128n4, 138, 142, 155, 162, 194, 196, 202, 208,210,212,215, 225 Operation Northwoods, 79 Organization of American States, 170, 186 Ormsby-Gore, David, 175 “Pearl Harbor analogy,” 162-63, 165, 166, 170. Penkovskiy, Oleg, 13, 58, 119-20, 183-84 Pliyev, General Issa, 112, 171,183, 184, 195, 199, 203,210 Power, General Thomas, 191 Pre-emptive attack plan in 1961, 49, 106 Quarantine. See Blockade under “Cuban missile crisis.” reaction of allies and neutrals during the missile crisis, 175,177, 183, 186-187, 189, 202, 222 reconnaissance flights, 136 ff, 154,0156, 187, 188. See U-2 Revolutionary Student Directorate, 142 Ricketts, Admiral Claude, 145 Rostow, Walt, 34, 40, 45, 50, 94, 142
244 Index Rusk, Dean, 43-44, 45, 49, 69, 70, 73, 76-7, 82, 86, 88, 91, 135, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 145, 153-57, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 170, 173, 174, 176, 178, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197, 208, 212, 213, 223, 224 Russell, Richard, 39, 141, 176-177, 192 Santiesteban Canova, Roberto, 120-121 Savitsky, Captain Boris, 198. Scali, John, 195 SEATO, 93 ships: Aleksandrovsk, 115, 186, 188, 222; Bucharest, 192, 193; USSCony, 198; USS Essex, 71; Grozny, 193, 194, 199; Indigirka, 115; USS Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr, 194; Kasimov, 145; Maruda, 194; Omsk, 113; Poltava, 113, 115; USS Randolph, 198,219 Schlesinger Jr., Arthur 45, 51n5, 53nl3, 70, 74, 86, 92, 97nl, 102n34, 167, 168 Sino-Indian war, 174, 183, 192 SIOP-63 nuclear war plan, 168, Sorensen, Theodore, 24n4, 51n5, 53nl3, 57, 75, 102n34, 103n35, 143, 153, 158, 159-60, 169, 170 Southeast Asia, 21, 37, 39, 47, 48, 91-95, 96 Soviet-Chinese relations, 7, 13, 19-20, 37,39,49,96-97, 167,211 Soviet Union: domestic situation, 8-11, 22; foreign policy in 1950s, 11-22; Khrushchev’s reign 8-15; military policy, 12-13; Western theories, 11-12, 36-42, 85; Spreti, Karl von, 142, 214 Sputnik and reaction, 11, 15-20, 28, 61 Stalin, Josef, 7, 8, 9, 10-3, 40, 180nl5, 198 Stevenson, Adlai, 31, 32, 41, 45—47, 73, 74, 75, 96-97, 151, 163, 170-71, 173, 188-89, 191, 193, 194-95,208, 209, 213, 223, 224 Strategic Air Command, 48, 125,126, 146, 156, 175, 177, 210 strategic balance, 131n22,157,158-60 Strategic Rocket Force, 20, 108,186 submarine bases in Cuba, 110,136, 143, 144, 207, 209 Suez-Sinai War, 15 Sukarno, 20, 37, 39, 44, 95-96
Sweeney, General Walter, 163,174,196 Tactical Air Command, 163, 174, 175, 196 tactical nuclear weapons, 7, 39, 50, 101, 107, 109, 114, 115, 139, 184, 185, 188, 207, 218-20 Taiwan crisis, 15,36 Taylor, General Maxwell, 33, 39, 47, 49, 50, 76, 80, 94, 138, 145, 147, 153, 154, 155, 158, 161-62, 165, 168-169, 170, 173, 174, 201,208, 225 Thompson, Llewellyn, 82, 97,138, 153, 161, 165,201 “Trollope Ploy,” 200 Trujillo, Rafael, 64, 66, Truman, Harry, and Truman administration, 7, 29, 31, 36, 42, 43, 76, 161, 226 “Tsar Bomba,” 87, 90, 106, 217 Turkey and missiles in Turkey, 8, 11, 16, 59 106, 107, 108, 122, 138, 159, 165, 170, 173, 174, 175, 176, 202, 204,212,213,214 “Turkish trade,” 108, 165,170, 198, 208, 212-14 U-2, 8, 16, 18, 20-21, 88, 116, 136-37, 139-41, 144, 145, 146, 154, 156, 176, 179nl, 187, 189, 199, 200, 201, 203, 210, 215, 216, 219, 225 Ulbricht, Walter, 81-82, 87 UN. See also United Nations United Nations, 39, 41, 46, 73-74, 120121, 143, 173, 177-79, 188, 191-95, 208, 209, 224
Index United States: disputes over reconnaissance over Cuba, 135-148; foreign policy in Cold War, 7-8; formulation of policy during Cuban Missile crisis, 151; relations with Cuba, 60; relations with Latin America, 60-66 Uris, Leon, 214 U Thant, 191, 193, 195, 202, 208, 210 Vietnam and Second Indochina War, 21,29,38, 44, 45,50-51,93-95, 103n55 wars of national liberation, 22-23, 37, 46, 83 Warsaw Pact, 11, 13, 87, 90, 109,122 Whalen, Colonel William, 18 Wheelon, Dr. Albert, 145 Yemen war, 96 Venezuela, 62, 63, 202, 206n23 Vienna Summit conference, 81-84 245 Zorin, Valerian, 46, 193
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Contents Introduction 1 PARTI: BACKGROUND 1 Khrushchev and the Cold War Background 7 2 The Kennedy Administration and Its Policies 27 3 The Cold War, 1961-1962 57 4 The Great Gamble: The Decision, Plans, Buildup 105 PARTII: THE CRISIS 5 To Look or Not to Look: The Runup to the Crisis, July-October 1962 135 6 The First Seven Days: The Secret Crisis 151 7 The Second Week: The Public Crisis 183 8 Aftermath and Conclusions 207 Bibliography 229 Index 239 About the Author 247 v
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Index Acheson, Dean, 40, 43, 59, 70, 75, 85-86, 88, 151, 153, 161-63, 166,170, 177, 180ո8, 181ո20, 220, 224-25 Adenauer, Komad, 12, 59, 83-84, 189 Adzhubei, Alexei, 106,122 “after crisis,” 203-10 Air Defense Command, 175 Aiekseyeev, Alexei, 108 Alliance for Progress, 65-66, 77 Alsop, Joseph, 29, 51n3, 54n21, 58 Anderson, Admiral George, 47-48, 156, 169, 189 Anderson, Major Rudolf, 146, 199, 200, 201, 204n5B-59 Soviet submarine, 198, 219, 220, 226 B-130 Soviet submarine, 193 Baldwin, Hanson, 58 Ball, George, 46, 147, 153, 160, 161, 162, 165, 170, 175, 176, 179n3, 186, 200, 201 Batista, Fulgencio, 32, 36, 61, 62, 65, 70, 142 Bay of Pigs landing, 2, 43, 47, 66-81, 92, 123, 128n4, 193, 195, 225 Berlin and Berlin crises, 13, 15, 20-42, 49, 60-70, 75, 80, 81-91, 97, 106, 117-19, 124, 136, 138, 142, 154, 155, 157, 161-62, 165, 166, 167, 172, 174, 177, 184, 190, 191, 219, 223 Berlin Wall, 87, 88-90, 97 Biryuzov, Marshal Sergei, 108, 111, 112, 125 Bissell, Richard, 66, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 “Black Saturday,” 197-202 Bohlen, Charles, 82, 138, 153, 159, 161, 162, 167, 213 Bolshakov, Georgi, 43, 90,106,143 188 Bowles, Chester, 31, 33, 34, 45, 46, 70, 75, 76, 78, 141, 146 Brugioni, Dino, 139 Bundy, McGeorge, 2, 45, 77, 94, 106, 139, 140-42,145, 147, 148, 152, 153, 156-59, 160, 165-71, 173, 179nl, 194, 199, 200, 201, 211, 213, 223 “Buria” exercise, 90 Burke, Admiral Arleigh, 40, 47, 71, 73, 76-8,91, 92 Canada, 21, 60 177, 186, 208 Capehart, Homer, 141, 153 Carter, General Marshall, 153, 156, 159 “Casablanca bloc,” 14 Castro, Fidel, 21, 32, 33, 141, 144, 154; in “after crisis,” 207-10;
acceptance 239
240 Index of missiles, 111-12; American attempts to oust or assassinate, 66-68, 77. See also Bay of Pigs, Operation; Mongoose; character and rise: 60-63; efforts in Latin America 62-63, 65; New York plot, 120-21; regime, 61-63; relations with the Soviets, 105-7, 111, 201, 202, 203, 207-11; role during missile crisis, 186, 202, 203; Soviet attempts to oust, 105 Castro, Raul, 61, 68, 105, 171 “Castroism,” 63, 211 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 16, 22, 39, 66-75, 77-82, 92, 97, 120, 137, 143^47, 152, 156, 168, 172, 225 Chukotski incident, 199, 200, 219, CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency Clay, Lucius, 89-90 Cold War: after missile crisis, 207, 210-11, 221; background in the 1950s and early 1960s, 7, 11-23, 152, 179n3, 188,189; beliefs about, 1-3, 15, 38-50, 57-59, 96-97, 105, 186, 210-11; course in 1961-1962, 57-97, 117-19; strategic balance in, 13, 16-18, 23-24, 159-60,218 Committee ofOverhead Reconnaissance (COMOR), 146 Cosmos satellites, 164 Congo, 21, 60, 96 counterinsurgency, 48, 50-51, 66, 77, Cuba, invasion planning during the crisis, 167, 196-97 “Cuba Study Group,” 71, 76-77, 10ІП22 Cuban exiles, 66, 67, 69, 70-80, 106, 114, 122-23, 193,208,213 Cuban Missile crisis: American leaders’ reactions to the missiles, 147, 151-54: arguments over air strikes, 151, 153, 154-55, 157, 158, 159, 161-63, 164-65, 167-165, 169, 173, 193, 194, 201, 169, 209; arguments over blockade, 155, 157, 159, 161-62, 163, 164-65, 166, 167, 168, 170, 172, 173, 210, 222; arguments over invasion, 154, 155, 158, 161-62, 164-66, 167, 169, 173, 222; blockade (“quarantine”) of Cuba, 123, 139, 151,
161, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 171, 176, 185, 187-88, 190-94, 209-10, 215, 222; danger of war during the crisis, 3, 215-21; decision to send the missiles, 105-8; deployment plans and security precautions, 106-7,109-12,11317; effects of the crisis, 210-12; explanations for and theories about, 121-27, 128n4; failure to camouflage missiles, 116-17,171, 187, 215; finding of the missiles, 136-48; formulation of US policy, 153-74; probable Soviet plans, 1, 125-27; public part of crisis, 183203; readiness of Soviet missiles, 197; results of a war over, 216-17; “secret crisis,” 151-79; Soviet plans for buildup and deployment, 106-15; Soviet submarine deployments, 110, 185, 193, 198; strategic impact of missiles, 109, 123-25, 157-58, 161, 171 Cuban Revolution, and beliefs about it, 41, 60-63; and Latin America, 65 Decker, General George, 39,48, 50, 92 Defense Intelligence Agency, 145 De Gaulle, Charles, 59, 82,177,189 De Vosjoli, Philippe Thyraud, 138, 148, 214 Dementyev, General A. A., 112 Dennison, Admiral Robert, 196 Diefenbaker, John, 32, 60 Dillon, C. Douglas, 153, 158, 160, 161, 163, 165, 170, 172-74, 176, 194, 200 diplomatic communications, 183,211 Dobrynin, Anatoli, 43, 44, 139, 143, 146, 178, 188, 201-03, 205nl3 Dominican Republic, 62, 64, 76
Index “domino theory,” 93-94 Dulles, Allen, 32, 66, 69, 72, 75-7, 137 Dulles, John Foster, 12,19, 20, 43, 53nl3, 137 Egypt, 14, 15, 96, 145, 147 Eisenhower, Dwight D. and Eisenhower administration, 7-8, 16-22, 24n4, 28, 30, 31, 33, 35-7, 41-3, 47-9, 50, 57-9, 60, 62-6, 68, 75, 80, 84-86, 94, 137, 141, 146, 154, 159, 161, 165, 175, 219, 222, 226 ExComm, 2, 153-59, 161, 164-66, 169, 170, 172, 179n3, 187, 190, 193-95, 197,199, 200-02, 207-09, 213, 214, 222, 224 Feklisov, Aleksandr (alias “Fomin”), 106, 195 Finland and the “night frosts,” 84 Fulbright, Senator William, 38, 43, 70, 88, 136, 177 Gagarin, Yuri, 80 Geneva Conference of 1962, 93 Germany, 11, 13, 81-91, 119, 136, 199 Gilpatric, Roswell, 58, 90, 153, 158, 160, 161 189 Gomułka, Władysław, 109 Graybeal, Sidney, 153, 154 Gribkov, General Anatoli, 109,116, 171, 197, 215, 220 Gromyko, Anatoli, 108, 122, 159, 166, 178 GRU, 183 Guantanamo, 78, 79, 143, 156, 159, 173, 176, 178, 196, 208, 209, 214 Guatemala, 64-7, 70 guerrilla warfare, 37, 50-51, 60-63, 65, 66, 76, 94, 111, 122,211 Haiti, 62, 66 “hards and softs,” 38-42, 43, 45-47 Hamman, Averell, 86, 191 Harvey, William, 79 241 Hawkins, Colonel Jack, 68, 69, 72, 76, 77,78 Heyser, Major Richard, 146-8 Hilsman. Roger, 24n4, 57,149nl3, 176, 215 “hot line,” 211 Hungarian revolution, 12 Ilyushin-28 light jet bombers, 107, 109, 115, 145-46, 171, 173, 174, 176, 191, 194,207-10. Indochina, 21-22, 29, 39, 44, 45, 48, 52nl2, 103n34, 196, 211. See also Laos and Vietnam Indonesia, 14, 20, 67, 95, 147 Iran and Soviet plans to invade, 18, 119-20,127 Italy and missiles in Italy, 17, 166,
170, 174, 191 193,202 Johnson, Lyndon, 29, 38, 70, 81, 89, 200, 201,213,223. Joint Chiefs of Staff, 47-50, 68, 69, 71, 73, 75, 78, 79, 85, 88, 92, 145; in missile crisis, 153, 155-56, 157, 163-64, 167, 168-69, 170, 172, 175, 176, 187, 203, 208, 224-25 KGB, 106, 119, 128, 195 Keating, Kenneth, 3, 33, 38, 141, 142, 149n7, 152, 153, 176, 187, 213, 214, Kekkonen, Urho, 115 Kennedy, John F. and Kennedy administration: Administration and methods of 27-51 ; in “after crisis” 207-211; and Bay of Pigs, 70-75; in Berlin crisis, 85., 223; character and Kennedy legend, 1-2, 27-33, 52nl2, 80, 152, 221-25; and Cuban exiles, 70, 75, 106; discovery of missiles, 138, 141, 142, 147, 153-54; domestic affairs, 33, 34-36; in Excomm and National Security Council, 153-159, 164-66,167,172, 174-175, 187-188, 193, 199-201;
242 Index foreign policy of 37, 42-46; health, 30, 195; Macmillan’s view of, 59, 177; management of history of crisis, 212-14; meeting with Congress, 176-77; meetings with Joint Chiefs of Staff, 168-69, 208, 225; military buildup, 49-51, 59; performance during crisis, 224-26; reaction to discovery of missiles, 27; relations with Allied leaders, 59-60; eech of October 22, 178-79; vendettas and fabulations,32-33, 83-84; warnings to Soviets, 122-23, 142-43; Kennedy, Robert, 1, 31, 33-34, 37-38, 43, 73, 76, 77, 78, 92, 137, 140, 142, 143, 146, 153, 155, 158, 159, 161, 162, 166, 168, 169,170, 171, 173, 180n8, 188, 193, 200, 202, 205nl3, 213, 214 Kent, Sherman, 144 Khrushchev, Nikita: in “after crisis” 207-10; decision to put missiles in Cuba, 105-8, 121-27; decision to withdraw, 191, 192, 198-99, 217-18; expectations and disappointments, 11, 12-15, 20, 96-97; fears and lack of fears of invasion of Cuba, 105-107, 114-15; foreign policy, 11-15, 17-22, 81; handling of crisis, 184-86, 190-91, 217-18; origins, rise, and character, 8-11. Kohler, Foy, 119, 138. Komar missile patrol boats, 107,110, 139, 209 Konev, Marshal Ivan, 87, 89, 90 Korean War, 7, 11, 45, 85, 218-19 Kosygin, Alexei, 184, 218, 226 Lansdale, Colonel Edward, 79-80 Laos, 21-22, 47, 91-93, 102n34 Latin America, 3, 21, 37, 60-69, 70, 77, 96, 112, 155, 157, 160, 172,186, 194, 211,222, 224 Lebanon landing, 15, 19 Lemay, General Curtis, 39,48, 70,152, 156, 167, 168, 169, 180nl5, 201. Lippmann, Walter, 38, 198 Lundahl, Arthur, 147, 153, 154, 164, 176, 190 Macmillan, Harold, 59, 86,177,189, 222 Mafia, 67, 77 Malaysia, 95
Malinovsky, Marshal Rodion, 107-8, 112, 125, 184, 192, 203,210. Mann, Thomas, 70, 75 Mao Zedong, 15, 19-20, 96, 97, 109, 211,217 Martin, Edwin, 153, 156, 162 Maultsby, Major Charles, 199, 219,225. See Chukotski incident McCone, John, 3, 33, 40, 59, 137^10, 142, 145148, 152, 153, 157, 160, 161, 165, 170, 172, 173, 175, 187, 176, 190, 193, 194, 195, 196, 201, 203, 213, 214, 216, 223, 225, 226. McNamara, Robert, 44-45, 47, 48, 57, 58, 59, 69,71,77, 153, 154, 156, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164-165, 167, 168, 171, 172-73, 275, 176, 187, 189, 194, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 203,208,211,213,216, 223,221 Middle East, 15, 18, 19, 96. See also Iran Mikoyan, Anastas, 10, 11, 20, 82, 108, 109, 122, 128n3 184, 209-10, 218, 226 Movement of the Revolutionary Left, 64-65 Missile race and missile gap, 8,16-18, 23 n 4, 48, 57-59, 75, 87, 90, 96, 97nl, 124 Missiles: Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile, 15, 126, 146; Falcon air-toair missile, 199; FKR Meteor cruise missile, 101, 115, 185, 188; Jupiter, 17, 59, 107, 122, 124, 139, 174, 175,
Index 191, 195, 213, 221; Luna tactical missile, 114,115,168; Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missile, 59,126; Polaris submarine missile, 49,59, 110, 126, 127, 131n22,; R-5M, ІЗОпІО, 136, 147; R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile, 15, 16, 17, 20, 186; R-9 intercontinental ballistic missile, 20, 186; R-11M, 115, ІЗОпІО; R-16 intercontinental ballistic missile, 20, 186; R-12 medium range ballistic missile, 1, 17, 109-10, 113, 114, 115, 116, 120, 122, 123-24, 126, 127, ІЗОпІО, 143, 144, 147, 156, 162, 164, 168, 171, 174, 185, 187, 188, 192, 196, 197, 199, 207, 209, 215-16, 219, 220; R-13 submarine based missile, 110, 115, 126; R-14 intermediate range ballistic missile, 17, 110, 113, 115, 116, 120, 122. 123-124, 126, 127, 156, 164, 185, 188, 192; S-2 Sopka cruise missile, 107, 110, 139; Thor, 17, 18, 122, 195; Titan intercontinental ballistic missile, 59, 126, 127; V-75 air defense missile, 107, 115, 116, 139-40, 155, 199,210 Monroe Doctrine, 123, 139, 162 Moon, decision to go to, 80-81 Nasser, Gamal, 18-19, 20, 37, 39, 44, 96, 119 “national democracy” concept, 14, 95 National Intelligence Estimates, 49, 143-44, 168, 171 National Photographic Interpretation Center, 139, 147, 153 National Security Council, 43, 49, 76, 92, 153, 174, 176, 223 NATO, 11, 58, 85, 88, 106, 117, 155, 161, 168, 169, 174, 175, 176, 191, 222 Neutralists and pseudo-neutralists, 14, 22, 37, 39, 40-42, 46, 91, 93, 95, 96, 186, 187, 222 243 New York plot, 120-21,127,130nl5 New York Times, 58, 70, 72, 79, 89, 127, 175 Ngo Dinh Diem and family, 94, 95 Nitze, Paul, 40, 131n22, 147, 153, 160, 161, 162,
175, 176, 179n3, 194, 195, 201, 204n5 non-invasion pledge, 220 Norstad, Lauris, 50, 86 Novocherkassk riots, 112 nuclear weapons tests, 87, 196. See “Tsar Bomba” Operation Anadyr, 113 Operation Atom, 136 Operation Mongoose, 2-3, 65, 77-80, 10ІП25, 114, 120, 121, 122, 128n4, 138, 142, 155, 162, 194, 196, 202, 208,210,212,215, 225 Operation Northwoods, 79 Organization of American States, 170, 186 Ormsby-Gore, David, 175 “Pearl Harbor analogy,” 162-63, 165, 166, 170. Penkovskiy, Oleg, 13, 58, 119-20, 183-84 Pliyev, General Issa, 112, 171,183, 184, 195, 199, 203,210 Power, General Thomas, 191 Pre-emptive attack plan in 1961, 49, 106 Quarantine. See Blockade under “Cuban missile crisis.” reaction of allies and neutrals during the missile crisis, 175,177, 183, 186-187, 189, 202, 222 reconnaissance flights, 136 ff, 154,0156, 187, 188. See U-2 Revolutionary Student Directorate, 142 Ricketts, Admiral Claude, 145 Rostow, Walt, 34, 40, 45, 50, 94, 142
244 Index Rusk, Dean, 43-44, 45, 49, 69, 70, 73, 76-7, 82, 86, 88, 91, 135, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 145, 153-57, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 170, 173, 174, 176, 178, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197, 208, 212, 213, 223, 224 Russell, Richard, 39, 141, 176-177, 192 Santiesteban Canova, Roberto, 120-121 Savitsky, Captain Boris, 198. Scali, John, 195 SEATO, 93 ships: Aleksandrovsk, 115, 186, 188, 222; Bucharest, 192, 193; USSCony, 198; USS Essex, 71; Grozny, 193, 194, 199; Indigirka, 115; USS Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr, 194; Kasimov, 145; Maruda, 194; Omsk, 113; Poltava, 113, 115; USS Randolph, 198,219 Schlesinger Jr., Arthur 45, 51n5, 53nl3, 70, 74, 86, 92, 97nl, 102n34, 167, 168 Sino-Indian war, 174, 183, 192 SIOP-63 nuclear war plan, 168, Sorensen, Theodore, 24n4, 51n5, 53nl3, 57, 75, 102n34, 103n35, 143, 153, 158, 159-60, 169, 170 Southeast Asia, 21, 37, 39, 47, 48, 91-95, 96 Soviet-Chinese relations, 7, 13, 19-20, 37,39,49,96-97, 167,211 Soviet Union: domestic situation, 8-11, 22; foreign policy in 1950s, 11-22; Khrushchev’s reign 8-15; military policy, 12-13; Western theories, 11-12, 36-42, 85; Spreti, Karl von, 142, 214 Sputnik and reaction, 11, 15-20, 28, 61 Stalin, Josef, 7, 8, 9, 10-3, 40, 180nl5, 198 Stevenson, Adlai, 31, 32, 41, 45—47, 73, 74, 75, 96-97, 151, 163, 170-71, 173, 188-89, 191, 193, 194-95,208, 209, 213, 223, 224 Strategic Air Command, 48, 125,126, 146, 156, 175, 177, 210 strategic balance, 131n22,157,158-60 Strategic Rocket Force, 20, 108,186 submarine bases in Cuba, 110,136, 143, 144, 207, 209 Suez-Sinai War, 15 Sukarno, 20, 37, 39, 44, 95-96
Sweeney, General Walter, 163,174,196 Tactical Air Command, 163, 174, 175, 196 tactical nuclear weapons, 7, 39, 50, 101, 107, 109, 114, 115, 139, 184, 185, 188, 207, 218-20 Taiwan crisis, 15,36 Taylor, General Maxwell, 33, 39, 47, 49, 50, 76, 80, 94, 138, 145, 147, 153, 154, 155, 158, 161-62, 165, 168-169, 170, 173, 174, 201,208, 225 Thompson, Llewellyn, 82, 97,138, 153, 161, 165,201 “Trollope Ploy,” 200 Trujillo, Rafael, 64, 66, Truman, Harry, and Truman administration, 7, 29, 31, 36, 42, 43, 76, 161, 226 “Tsar Bomba,” 87, 90, 106, 217 Turkey and missiles in Turkey, 8, 11, 16, 59 106, 107, 108, 122, 138, 159, 165, 170, 173, 174, 175, 176, 202, 204,212,213,214 “Turkish trade,” 108, 165,170, 198, 208, 212-14 U-2, 8, 16, 18, 20-21, 88, 116, 136-37, 139-41, 144, 145, 146, 154, 156, 176, 179nl, 187, 189, 199, 200, 201, 203, 210, 215, 216, 219, 225 Ulbricht, Walter, 81-82, 87 UN. See also United Nations United Nations, 39, 41, 46, 73-74, 120121, 143, 173, 177-79, 188, 191-95, 208, 209, 224
Index United States: disputes over reconnaissance over Cuba, 135-148; foreign policy in Cold War, 7-8; formulation of policy during Cuban Missile crisis, 151; relations with Cuba, 60; relations with Latin America, 60-66 Uris, Leon, 214 U Thant, 191, 193, 195, 202, 208, 210 Vietnam and Second Indochina War, 21,29,38, 44, 45,50-51,93-95, 103n55 wars of national liberation, 22-23, 37, 46, 83 Warsaw Pact, 11, 13, 87, 90, 109,122 Whalen, Colonel William, 18 Wheelon, Dr. Albert, 145 Yemen war, 96 Venezuela, 62, 63, 202, 206n23 Vienna Summit conference, 81-84 245 Zorin, Valerian, 46, 193 |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:07:54Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:12:55Z |
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| spelling | Levine, Alan J. 1950- Verfasser (DE-588)136528406 aut The Soviets' greatest gambit the Cuban missile crisis Alan J. Levine Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Lexington Books [2021] v, 247 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Kubakrise (DE-588)4136402-8 gnd rswk-swf Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich / 1894-1971 Kennedy, John F. / (John Fitzgerald) / 1917-1963 Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 United States / Politics and government / 1961-1963 Soviet Union / Politics and government / 1953-1985 Politics and government Soviet Union United States 1953-1985 Kubakrise (DE-588)4136402-8 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-79362-950-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032867619&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032867619&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032867619&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Levine, Alan J. 1950- The Soviets' greatest gambit the Cuban missile crisis Kubakrise (DE-588)4136402-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4136402-8 |
| title | The Soviets' greatest gambit the Cuban missile crisis |
| title_auth | The Soviets' greatest gambit the Cuban missile crisis |
| title_exact_search | The Soviets' greatest gambit the Cuban missile crisis |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Soviets' greatest gambit the Cuban missile crisis |
| title_full | The Soviets' greatest gambit the Cuban missile crisis Alan J. Levine |
| title_fullStr | The Soviets' greatest gambit the Cuban missile crisis Alan J. Levine |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Soviets' greatest gambit the Cuban missile crisis Alan J. Levine |
| title_short | The Soviets' greatest gambit |
| title_sort | the soviets greatest gambit the cuban missile crisis |
| title_sub | the Cuban missile crisis |
| topic | Kubakrise (DE-588)4136402-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kubakrise |
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