Balkan struggles:
The Balkans witnessed several bloody conflicts during the twentieth century. New nations emerged in 1913, after 500 years of Ottoman rule, only for them to go to war just weeks later. Italian designs on the Balkans resulted in the occupation of Albania in March 1939, but it failed to take control of...
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| Sprache: | English |
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Barnsley
Pen & Sword Military
2021
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| Zusammenfassung: | The Balkans witnessed several bloody conflicts during the twentieth century. New nations emerged in 1913, after 500 years of Ottoman rule, only for them to go to war just weeks later. Italian designs on the Balkans resulted in the occupation of Albania in March 1939, but it failed to take control of Greece over the winter of 1940-41. A German blitzkrieg quickly defeated both Yugoslavia and Greece in the spring of 1941, and the population of both countries then suffered terribly as the occupying forces encouraged collaboration and punished resistance. The area was rife with guerrilla activity, as monarchists, nationalists and communists fought each other as often as the occupying troops. This, in turn, led to communism sweeping across most of the region in the post-war years, while Greece was taken over by a fascist regime. Most of the belligerents would be drawn into the region, while the post-war border changes created tensions. Communism eventually ended, but ethnic troubles resulted in a ten-year conflict across Yugoslavia. It would be divided into Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo, at the end of the bloodiest conflict in Europe since World War II. |
| Beschreibung: | Includes index |
| Beschreibung: | 200 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits (schwarz-weiß) |
| ISBN: | 9781526761446 |
Internformat
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| 500 | |a Includes index | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a The Balkans witnessed several bloody conflicts during the twentieth century. New nations emerged in 1913, after 500 years of Ottoman rule, only for them to go to war just weeks later. Italian designs on the Balkans resulted in the occupation of Albania in March 1939, but it failed to take control of Greece over the winter of 1940-41. A German blitzkrieg quickly defeated both Yugoslavia and Greece in the spring of 1941, and the population of both countries then suffered terribly as the occupying forces encouraged collaboration and punished resistance. The area was rife with guerrilla activity, as monarchists, nationalists and communists fought each other as often as the occupying troops. This, in turn, led to communism sweeping across most of the region in the post-war years, while Greece was taken over by a fascist regime. Most of the belligerents would be drawn into the region, while the post-war border changes created tensions. Communism eventually ended, but ethnic troubles resulted in a ten-year conflict across Yugoslavia. It would be divided into Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo, at the end of the bloodiest conflict in Europe since World War II. | |
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| 653 | 2 | |a Balkan Peninsula / History / 20th century | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Balkan Peninsula / Politics and government / 20th century | |
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| 653 | 2 | |a Balkan Peninsula | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Chapter 1 The Balkans Wars 1 October 1912 to July 1913 Chapter 2 The Great War 13 August 1914 to November 1918 Chapter 3 Recovering from the War 29 December 1918 to October 1929 Chapter 4 Another War on the Horizon 43 November 1929 to September 1939 Chapter 5 The Invasion of Greece 53 October 1940 to April 1941 Chapter 6 The Invasion of Yugoslavia 67 April 1941 Chapter 7 Occupation of Albania and Greece 81 April 1939 to October 1944 Chapter 8 Collaboration across the Balkans 101 May 1941 to May 1945 Chapter 9 Resistance across Yugoslavia 115 May 1941 to May 1945 Chapter 10 Post-war Extremism 135 April 1945 to March 1953 Chapter 11 Communist and Fascist Rule 153 March 1953 to December 1991 Chapter 12 The Balkans Conflict 169 June 1991 to June 1999 Index 183
Index Abwehr, German intelligence, 62, 95 Abyssinia, 43, 46, 53 Ačimovič, Milan, 103 Adriatic Sea, 3, 29, 46, 54, 95, 120, 127,177 Adrianople, 5-6 Aegean islands, 6-7, 21, 50, 89, 93, 163,165 Aegean Sea, 3-5, 7-8, 22, 25, 38, 41,54, 89,91 Agrarian National Union, 21, 25, 85 Aimone, Fourth Duke of Aosta, 104-105 Albania, Communist Party, 83 German occupation of, 82-3 Great War, 17-18 People’s Assembly, 135, 144 post Stalin, 156-9 post Second World War, 143-6 resistance, 82-3 revolt, 3 Alexander, King of Greece, 16, 24, 31-3, 39 Alexander, King of Yugoslavia, 32- 3, 44 Alikianos, 64 Allied Rapid Reaction Corps, 177 Altenburg, Ambassador Günther, 89 Ambrosio, General Vittorio, 72 Anatolia, 3-4, 9-11, 21, 25, 30, 38-9, 41 Androutsopoulos, Adamantios, 166 Anschluss, 44—5, 67, 70 Anti-Comintern Pact, 68 Anti-Fascist National Liberation Council, 115, 121, 123, 143 Anti-Fascist Women’s Front, 130 Anti-Partisan Activities, First Enemy Offensive, 118-19 Second Enemy Offensive, 119-20 Third Enemy Offensive, 120-1 Fourth Enemy Offensive, 121-3 Fifth Enemy Offensive, 123-4 Sixth Enemy Offensive, 124 Seventh Enemy Offensive, 125-7 Antonescu, General Ion, 68, 112, 131, 147-8 Apostol, Gheorghe, 160 Armée d Orient, 16 Armistice, of Belgrade, 25 of Mudanya, 31, 40 of Mudros, 14, 25, 27, 40 of Salónica, 25, 27 Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 173-4 Army Group South Ukraine, 131 Army Security Administrative, 140 Armenians, genocide of, 9-11, 41 Arrow Cross government, Romania, 111-12 Asia Minor, 40-1 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 38, 40
184 Balkan Struggles Athens, 3, 21-4, 38-9, 41, 53, 55, 57-8, 60-1, 89-90, 92, 95-8, 164-7 Athens Polytechnic uprising, Greece, 166-7 Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp, 88, 92, 109-11 Austrian Alps, 88 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 2, 4, 9, 12-21, 25-7, 29-30, 33, 36 Bačka, 73, 76, 110 Bader, Lieutenant General Paul, 108,119 Badoglio, Marshal Pietro, 54, 56 Baillie-Grohman, Rear Admiral Harold, 60 Bairas, Major General Andreas, 23 Bakopoulos, Lieutenant General Konstantinos, 59 Balaton Lake, 87 Balkan Pact, 43,49, 54֊5, 68 Balkan War, First, 1, 4-8, 10, 18 Balkan War, Second, 1, 7-9 Baliuku, General Beqir, 158 Baltic States, 48 Banja Luka, 121, 128, 175, 177 Baranja, 73, 76, 110 Barbara, 137 Bari airfield, Italy, 126 Barzilai, Rabbi Elias, 92 Bastasi, 125 Beijing, 157 Belgrade, 9, 15,25,32, 34, 67, 69-71,74-6, 78,104, 110-11, 116-17, 128-9, 140-5, 154-5, 170 Berlin, 4, 9, 26, 67, 72, 85, 89-90, 105,108 Berlin, Congress of, 2 Bessarabia, 37, 48, 68, 107 Bihać, 121, 174 Biroli, General Alessandro, 72 Black Sea, 2, 11,27, 39,41,48, 148, 161 Bleiburg, 106, 136-7 Bohemia, 50 Böhme, General Franz, 111, 117 Bojović, General Petar, 15 Boljanić, 127 Boris III, Tsar of Bulgaria, 21, 36,44, 49, 54, 69, 85 Bosniaks, 32, 44, 170,172-3, 179-81 Bosnian War, 170, 172-5 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 169, 176-7 Bosporus Straits, 39-40 Bozhilov, Dobri, 85 Brašie, General Ilija, 74 Bratislava-Brno Offensive, 87 Brauchitsch, Field Marshal Walther von, 72 Brauer, Oberst Bruno, 62 Brioni Agreement, 154, 170-1 British Army, 53, 60, 106, 136 British Broadcasting Company, 145 Bucharest, 8, 11, 23, 25-7, 36-7,
48, 54, 72, 85,108, 132, 161-2 Bucharest, Treaty of, 8, 27 Budak, Mile, 105 Budapest, 16, 29-30, 37, 67, 71, 154 Bukovina, 36, 68, 107 Bulgaria, uprising against the Ottomans, 1876,2 independence, 1877, 2 during the Balkan War, First 1912-13, 5-6
Index during the Balkan War, Second 1913, 7-9 during World War I, 18-19 army during World War I, 20 conquest of Serbia 1915-18, 20-1 communism, 1953-78, 159-60 Communist Party, 35, 85, 147, 159 coup d’état, 1944, 85-6 during the 1920s, 35-6 during the 1930s, 49 during World War II, 84-5 fighting the Germans, 1945, 87-8 German troops deploy across, 1941, 58, 72, 76 invasion of Yugoslavia, 1941, 86 occupation of Greece, 1941-44, 88-9, 91 People’s Republic of, 1945-53, 146-7 Bulgarian-Hungarian War, 36-7 Bulgarian People’s Army, 160 Bulgarian uprising, 1 bunkers, Albania, 157-8 Călinescu, Prime Minister Armand, 48, 68 Canadian Operational Force, 173 Caporetto, battle of, 33 Carinthia, 32 Carol I, King of Romania, 8, 25 Carol II, King of Romania, 38, 47-8, 67-8 Case Black (Fall Schwarz), 123-4 Case White {Fall Weiss), 121-3 Caserta Agreement, 98 Caucasus Mountains, 8 185 Cavallero, General Ugo, 56 Ceauşescu, Elena, 163 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 154, 159, 161-3 Chania, 50, 62-3 Chervenkov, Válko, 147, 159 Christ, Oberstleutnant Karl, 73 Celje, 136-7 Central Powers, 4, 9, 13, 15-16, 18-19, 21-2, 24—7, 29-30 Cephalonia, 95 Cetniks, see Chetniks Cham refugees, 143 Chanak Crisis, 40 Charles I of Austria, 30 Chervenkov, Vulko, 147, 159 Chetniks, 84, 104, 106-107, 109,115-23,126-8, 135-6, 138 collaboration, 106-107 Churchill, Prime Minister Winston, 57, 63, 98, 102,124, 132, 137, 143, 148 Cincar-Marković, Aleksandar, 69, 78 Cobadin, 26 Codreanu, Corneliu, 38,48, 68 Cold War, 143, 152, 155 Colonels’ Regime, Greece, 164-5 Communist Information Bureau, 135, 142, 145 Communist International
(Comintern), 44, 118 concentration camp, Banjica, 110 Croatian, 109-10 Jasenovac, 105, 108-109, 121,141 Sémiin, 111
186 Balkan Struggles Stara Gradiška, 109, 141 Târgu Jiu, 112 Constanţa, 26 Constantine I, King of Greece, 6, 21-2, 24, 29, 41 Constantine И, King of Greece, 153, 164—6 Constantinople, 3, 5, 7-9, 19, 22, 25, 38, 40-1,160 Constantinople, Treaty of, 9 Contingency G, 55 Corfu, 9, 16-17, 23, 56 Corfu, Protocol of, 17 Corfu, Treaty of, 9 Corinth Canal, 60 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 145 Crete, 50, 57, 60-1, 81, 88-9, 93 Crete, battle of, 61-4 Crimean War, 2 Croatian, Air Force Legion, 105 Armed Forces, 106, 108, 136 Croatian Communist Party, 155 Defence Council, 173 Defence Forces, 136-7 Home Guard, 105, 119-20, 128, 140 Silence, 155 Spring uprising, 153, 155 War of Independence, 169, 171-2 Crusaders, 140-1 Cukavac, General Vladimir, 74 Cvetkovič, Dragiša, 45, 69-71 Cyprus, 2, 50, 166 Czechoslovakia, 29-30, 37, 42-6, 48, 53, 132, 147, 153, 155, 157, 160-1 d’Espèrey, General Franchet, 24 Dalmatian Coast, 102 Damaskinos, Archbishop, 92 Danckelmann, General Heinrich, 103 Danev, Prime Minister Stoyan, 7 Danube, River, 9, 15, 20, 26-7, 73-5, 87-8,136, 171 Danube-Black Sea Canal, 148, 161 Dardanelle Straits, 6-7, 22, 40 Davidovič, Ljubomir, 31 Dayton Agreement, 170, 176-7 Drava River, 74, 87, 128, 136, 137 Dravograd, 136 Democratic Army, Greece, 149—50 Democratic Federative Yugoslavia, 123 Department for People’s Protection, 139-40 Dietrich, Obergruppenführer Sepp, 60, 87-8 Dimitriev, General Radko, 8 Dimitrov, Georgi, 35-6, 147 Dniester River, 37, 107-108, 112 Dobro Pole, 16, 25 Dobruja, Southern, 8, 18, 26, 35, 68, 84, 147 Dodecanese islands, 3, 54, 94 Dojran, 8, 16, 20,
24 Dolomite Declaration, 102, 115-16 Domobrani, see Croatian Home Guard Drenica, 84, 86 Drina River, 15, 119-20, 128 Drvar, 124-6 Dubrovnik, 76, 171 Duca, Ion, 47 Dunkirk, 53, 68 Durmitor Mountains, 123
Index Durrës, 56, 59, 82 Durrës Congress, 18 Eastern Bloc, 142, 146, 149, 160 Edirne, 5-6 Egypt, 54-5, 57, 60-1, 63, 77, 93, 98, 155 Eichmann, Adolph, ПО Einsatzgruppe Serbia, 103 El Álaméin, Second Battle of, 93 Election of Clubs, 3 Elli, battle of, 6 Epirus, 4, 6, 8,17-18, 54-6, 94, 96,143 Epirus Army, 60 Epirus Liberation Front, 84 Erdut Agreement, 172 ethnic cleansing, Croatia 108-109 north east Yugoslavia, 110-11 Ethiopia, see Abyssinia European Community Monitor Mission, 171 European Union, 167, 172, 177 Falkenhayn, General Erich von, 23, 26 Fatherland Front, 85-6, 135, 146-7 Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia, 140 Ferdinand, Tsar of Bulgaria, 7, 15, 20-1, 25, 27, 38 Ferdinand, King of Romania, 38 Filipović-Majstorović, Miroslav, 108 Filov, Bogdan, 84 Fiume, 32 Florina, 59 Focşani Armistice, 27 187 Foggia airfield, Italy, 126 Frank, General Liborius von, 15 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 13-14, 19,21, 142 Franz Joseph, Emperor, 15 Frashëri, Medhi, 82—3 Frederica, Queen of Greece, 149 Free National Committee, Albanian, 156 Freyberg, Major General Bernard, 61-2 Friedrich, István, 37 Galicia, 14 Gallipoli, 5, 13, 19, 21-2 Ganchev, Colonel Petar, 20 General Framework Agreement for Peace, 176 Geneva Conventions, 1949, 179 Georgakis, Kostas, 165 George I, King of Greece, 6 George II, King of Greece, 24, 41, 49-50, 57, 89,149 Georgiev, General Kimon, 49, 86, 147 Geraldine, Queen of Albania, 47 German-Greek Commodity Equalization Company (DEGRIGES), 90 Germany, alliance with Bulgaria, 1915, 15, 20, 22 Anschluss with Austria, 1938, 44-5, 70 Bulgaria declares war on, 1944,
86,91 declares war on Romania, 1915, 25 deploys troops to the Balkans, 64, 68
188 Balkan Struggles deports slave labour, 109 diplomacy with Hungary, 72 diplomacy with Yugoslavia, 69,71 Hitler appointed Chancellor, 1933,43 invades France, 1940, 53 invades Poland, 1939, 67, 70 occupies Czechoslovakia, 1938-39, 45-6, 50 occupies Yugoslavia, 78, 116 Romania declares war on, 1944, 85-6 Romania support for, 1941-44, 107 signs treaty with the Soviet Union, 1939, 48 surrender of 1945, 129, 136 training the Greek army, 21 Treaty of Versailles, 1919, 30 Gestapo, 95, 111 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 148, 160-1 Ghigi, Pellegrino, 89 Gigurtu, Ion, 68 Gizikis, President Phaedon, 166 glasnost, 162 Goga, Octavian, 48 Goražde, 172 Gorkič, Milan, 44 Government of National Salvation, 104,118,138 Government of Unity, Hungary, 110 Grazzi, Emanuele, 55 Great Eastern Crisis, 2 Great Famine, Greece, 90-1 Great Purge, Soviet Union, 44 Greco-Turkish War, 3, 38—41 Greece, Axis Invasion, April 1941, 57-61 Great War, 21-3 battle for, cost of, 64 liberation of, 96-7 military coup, 164-5 Revolution of 21 April, 164 Greek, Air Force, 94 civil war, 97-8, 135, 141 Communist Party, 149-50, 166 Italian occupation of, 88-90 Merchant Navy, 94 military dictatorship, 163-7 resistance, 92—7 Greeks, genocide of, 9-11 Grmeč Mountains, 121-2 Groza, Dr Petru, 148 Guzzoni, General Alfredo, 46 gypsies, 82, 108 Hamid II, Abdiil, 2 Harington, General Charles, 40 Hebrang, Andrija, 142 Heeren, Viktor von, 71 Helm, Hans, 108 Helsinki Accords, 159-60 Heraklion, 62-3 Himmler, Reichsfiihrer-SS Heinrich, 108 Hollenburg, 137 Holocaust, Croatia, 108 Greece, 91 Romania, 112 Serbia, 111 Ukraine 148 Horthy, Regent
Miklós, 72, 110
Index Hoxha, Enver, 83, 141,143-6, 154, 156-8 Hungarian People’s Army, 142 Hungarian Red Army, 36-7 Hungarian uprising, 1956, 153-5, 160-1 Hunter Groups {Jagdverbände), 106 Implementation Force, 176 Independent State of Croatia, 74, 78,100-101,104—108, 110, 116,120,128,140 India, 155 Informbiro Period, 142 İnönü, battles of, 39 Interim Administration Mission, 178 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation, 35 International Court of Justice, 145, 179 International Criminal Tribunal, 170,177,180 International Monetary Fund, 162 International Red Cross Committee, 171 Ionian Sea, 6 Ioannides, General Dimi trios, 166 Ioannis Metaxas, 22, 49-50, 57 Iron Guard, Romania, 38, 47-8, 54, 67-8, 112 Islam, 1, 10-11, 34-5 Istrian peninsula, 130 Italian Invasion of Greece, October 1940, 55-7 Italy, surrender of, 81-2, 84, 88, 90-2, 94-5, 98, 101-102, 105,115-17,123,129-31 Izetbegovic, Alija, 176 189 Jablanica, 122 Jagdkommandos, 103 Jankovič, General Milojko, 78 Jassy-Kishinev Offensive, 131 Jesenice, 137 Kállay, Miklós, 110 Karadžič, Radovan, 172, 180 Karamanlis, Konstantinos, 163, 166-7 Kardelj, Edvard, 137, 142 Károlyi, Mihály, 36 Kartalis, Georgios, 95 Kavala, 23 Kavran, Božidar, 141 Keitel, Field Marshal Wilhelm, 116 Këlcyra, Ali, 83 Kerensky Offensive, 27 Khrushchev, Nikita, 154, 156-7, 159 Killinger, Manfred von, 131 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, 16, 30-5 Kissamos, 63 Kitchener, Field Marshal Earl Horatio, 25 Klagenfurt, 137 Klaras, Thanasis, 96 Kleist, General Paul von, 72, 77 Klingenberg, SS -Hauptsturmführer Fritz, 76 Kninska Krajina, 170 Kočevski Rog, 137 Kolárov,
Vasil, 35-6, 147 Kollias, Konstantinos, 164 Kondomari, 64 Kondylis, General Georgios, 49 Konitsa, battle for, 1947, 149
190 Balkan Struggles Konjic, 122 Konista, 56 Konstantin Popovič, 120 Korçë, 18, 56 Korea, North, 160, 162 Koryzis, Prime Minister Alexandras, 57, 60 KOS, see Army Security Administrative Kosovo Field, battle of 1389, 142 Kosovo Force, 178 Kosovo Liberation Army, 170, 178 Kosovo War, 177-9 Kosovan uprising, 86 Koukidis, Konstantinos, 60 Kountouriotis, Rear Admiral Pavlos, 6 Kozani, 59 Krajina Autonomous Oblast (SAO Krajina), 170-2, 174 Kraljevo, 118 Kren, Major Vladimir, 71, 73 Krivolak, 16 Krokidas, Sodrios, 41 Kumanovo Agreement, 178 Kun, Béla, 36-7 Kupi, Abaz, 84 Kupres, 126 Kvaternik, Slavko, 104 Kyoseivanov, Georgi, 49, 84 Kyrii, Prince of Bulgaria, 146 Lambrakis, Gregorios, 163 Layforce, 63 League of Communists, 154-5 League of Nations, 18, 33-4, 41, 43, 46-7 Leka, Prince of Albania 46-7 Leskošek, Franc, 116 Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveda and Bujanovac, 179 Linz, 88 List, Field Marshal Wilhelm, 58-9, 72, 89 Little Entente, 29-30, 43 Legality Movement (Legaliteti), 81, 84, 145 Lemnos island, 6, 57 Libya, see Tripolitania Vilayet Ljubljana, 76, 102, 116 Lloyd George, Prime Minister David, 24, 38 Log Revolution, Croatia, 169-70 Logothetopoulos, Konstantinos, 92 Löhr, Lieutenant General Alexander, 73, 75 London Conference, 9 Lorković, Mladen, 106, 136 Lošinj island, 130 Luburić, Vjekoslav, 108 Lupescu, Magda, 47, 68 Lüters, General Rudolf, 123 Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive, 85 Lyapchev, Andrey, 36, 49 Macedonia, before the Balkans War, 2-6 between the wars, 32, 35 defending, 1940, 55, 58 deportation of Jews from, 85 division of 1913, 7 during the Second Balkan War, 7-9
during World War I, 16, 18, 23-5, 26 German advance through, April 1941, 59 insurgency, 1999, 178-9
Index Italian attack, October 1940, 54-5 occupation of, World War II, 89-91, 101 republic of, 1945,140 UN deployed across, 1992, 172 Maček, Vladko, 44-5, 69, 72,104 Mackensen, General August von, 20, 26-7 Maclean, Brigadier General Fitzroy, 124 Makanec, Julije, 74 Makarezos, Colonel Nikolaos, 164, 167 Makarios III, Archbishop, 166 Maleme, 62-3 Malenkov, Georgy, 135 Malinov, Aleksandar, 24 Malta, 62, 73, 145 Mandič, Nikola, 105-106 Maniu, Iuliu, 47 Manjača Mountain, 175 Mao Zedong, 157 Marghiloman, Alexandru, 27 Maribor, 136-7 Marič, General August, 71 Markagjoni, Gjon, 34 Markezinis, Spyros, 166 Markov, Georgi, 160 Markovič, Prime Minister Ante, 169 Marmara, Sea of, 5 Megali Idea, 38 Megara, 60 Mehmed II, Sultan, 1 Mehmed, Sultan V, 2 Meindl, Generalmajor Eugen, 62 Metapolitefsi, Greece, 167 Metaxas Line, 53, 55, 58-60 191 Michael, Prince of Romania, 38, 68, 131, 147-8 Mihailovič, General Dragoljub, 107, 116-19, 127 Milea, General Vasile, 163 Miljkovič, General Dragoslav, 74 Miloš, Ljubo, 141 Mirkovič, General Bořivoje, 71, 75 Mojkovac, 16 Moldavia, 27, 37, 131 Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 37 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 48, 70, 141 Monastir, 6, 59 Montenegrin National Army, 136 Montenegro, 3-4, 8,17-18, 25, 78, 82-3, 101, 110, 121,123, 140,170 Morava River, 86 Moravia, 50 Moscow, 5, 8-9, 27, 44, 48, 70-1, 79,91, 131-2, 141-8,153, 155-7,160-1 Mount Olympus, 58-9 Mudros, Armistice of, 14, 25, 27, 40 Mukje Agreement, 81, 84 Munich Conference, 50 Mussolini, Benito, 32-4, 42-3, 45-6, 50, 53-6, 60, 64, 67, 81-2, 104-105 Nafplio, 60 Nagy, Imre, 161 N agykanizsa-Kör
mend Offensive, 87 National Contract, Greece, 98 National Fascist Party, Italy, 31-3, 56 National Front (Balli Kombèìar), 83,86
192 Balkan Struggles National Legionary State, Romania, 68,112 National Liberation Army, 83, 107-18, 127-8, 130-1,139 National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments, 118, 121 National Liberation Front (EAM), 98, 149-50 National Liberation Partisan and Volunteer Army, 119 National Republican League (EDES), 88, 94-8 National Schism of Greece, 21, 24,41 National and Social Liberation (EKKA), 88, 95, 97-8 National Liberation Movement, 81-4, 130 National Union, Bashkimi Kombëtar, 34 Naumović, General Jovan, 74 Nedeljković, General Petar, 74 Nedič, General Milan, 70, 74, 104, 118, 136, 138 Neretva valley, 122-3 Neubacher, Hermann, 82, 90 Neuhausen, Obergruppenführer Franz, 103 Ninčić, Momčilo, 71 Niš, 15, 20, 76, 86 Niš Declaration, 15 Noli, Bishop Fan, 34 North Africa, 3, 53, 56-7, 93-5, 121,123 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), 142, 152, 157, 160, 163, 165, 170, 173-4, 176-8 October Revolution, Russia, 27, 33 Odessa massacre, 107, 112 Odžak, 129 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 126 Operation, military (codename), Achse, 102 Air Bridge, see Halyard Althea, 177 Antagonise, 130 Armpit, 130 Atilla, 166 Autumn Storm (Herbstgewitter), 129 Bagration, 127 Ball Lightning (Kugelblitz), 124 Barbarossa, 61, 78-9, 85, 103, 107, 115, 147 Barclay, 95 Citadel, 125 Compass, 54, 56 Cross, 160 Deliberate Force, 175-6 Downpour ( Wolkenbruch), 129 Drava, 87 E, 54 Fiend, 145 Firm Endeavour, 177 Flash, 172, 174 Flotsam, 124 Flounced, 126 Gladio, 163 Gelignite, 130 Guardian, 140-1 Harling, 96 Halyard, 126-7 Joint Endeavour, 177 Knight’s Move (Rösselsprung), 124-6
Index Konstantin, 82 Little Saturn, 107 Lustre, 57 Maestral II, 175 Margarethe, 101, ПО Marita, 57-60 Mercury, 61-3 Mihailovič, 118 Olive, 93 Ozren, 119-20 Prijedor, 120 Punishment, see Retribution Pyravlos (Rocket), 150 Pyrsos (Torch), 150 Retribution, 75 Sana, 175 Sky Monitor, 173 Snowstorm (Schneesturm), 124 Southeast Croatia, 119-20 Southern Move, 175 Spring Awakening, 87-8, 128 Storm, 172, 175-6 Tidal Wave, 107 Trio, 120-1 Uranus, 107 Užice, 118-19 Valuable, 145 Wacht am Rhein, 87 West-Bosnien, 121 Whirlwind, 161 Winter Storm, 107 Organization X, 97-8 Orthodox Catholicism, 1 Ottoman Empire, 1-4, 7, 9-10, 14, 16-17,19, 21-2, 25, 27, 30,38-9 Ožbalt, Slovenia, 126 OZNa, see Department for People’s Protection 193 Pact of Organisation, 43 Palestine, 92-3 Panagoulis, Alexandros, 165 Pángalos, General Theodoros, 41 Papadopoulos, Georgios, 164-7 Papagos, General Alexandros, 55, 57-8, 60, 155 Papandreou, Georgios, 87, 98, 163-5 Papandreou, Andreas, 164, 167 Papoulas, General Anastasios, 39 Papp, Bishop László, 162 Pappas, Commander Nikolaos, 165 Partisans, Civilian Support, 130 Equipment, 130 Navy, 129-30 rescuing Allied airmen, 115, 126 summary, 131 Pasha, Abdullah, 5 Pasha, Essad, 17-18 Pasha, Kâmil, 5 Pasha, Nazim, 7 Pašie, Nikola, 31-2 Pattakos, Brigadier General Stylianos, 164, 167 Paul, King of Greece, 153, 163-4 Paul, Prince of Yugoslavia, 44-5, 69-71, 153, 163-4 Paulus, General Fredrich, 72 Pavelič, Ante, 32, 78, 104-106, 108, 117, 136 Pécs, 177 Peidl, Gyula, 37 People’s Defence Force, 135, 141 People’s Liberation Army (ELAS), 88, 92, 94, 96-8, 149-50 People’s Republic
of Bulgaria, 146-7
194 Balkan Struggles People’s Republic of China, 156-7, 162 People’s Socialist Republic of Albania, 154, 156-9 perestroika, 162 Permeti, Turhan, 17 Pervizi, Colonel Prenk, 82 Pešić, General Petar, 70 Peter I, King of Serbia, 3 Peter I, King of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, 31 Peter II, King of Yugoslavia, 44, 69, 71,75, 77, 117, 127, 139—40 Petkov, Nikola, 147 Petrovič, General Milorad, 74 Pezë Conference, 83 Philby, Kim, 146 Pindus Mountains, 55, 56 Piraeus, 57-8 Pirin Macedonia, 8, 147 Pitsikas, General Ioannis, 60 Plaka Agreement, 97-8 Plastiras, General Nikolaos, 98 Ploieşti oilfields, 26, 67, 78, 126,132 Poland, invasion of, 45, 48, 55, 67, 78 Poland uprising, 160-1 Polish Corridor, 48 Political Committee of National Liberation, 96, 98 Poljana, 129 Porto Rafti, 60 Potoci, 125 Prasca, General Sebastiano, 55 Prague Spring uprising, 155, 157, 160 Pranjani, 126-7 Prekmurje region, 110, 116 Prenj Mountains, 122 Preveza, 6, 56 Prezan, General Constantin, 26 Prilep, 59 Princip, Gavrilo, 14 Prizren, 77 Protic, Stojan, 31 Protopapadakis, Petros, 41 Prozor, 122 Psarros, Colonel Dimitrios, 95 Putnik, Field Marshal Radomira, 15 Pyromaglou, Komninos, 95 Qamili, Haxhi, 17 Rađenković, General Milan, 74 Račić, Puniša, 32 Radić, Stjepan, 32 Radoslavov, Vasil, 17, 19, 24 Rainer, SS-Obergruppenführer Friedrich, 102 Rallis, Ioannis, 92 Rambouillet Accords, 178 Ramiz Naman Bey, Admiral, 6 Ranković, Aleksandar, 137, 139,154 Ravna Gora Mountains, 116 Red Army, 85, 107, 127, 136, 138-9, 142 in Austria, 88 in Bulgaria, 86 in Czechoslovakia, 153 in Hungary, 87, 132, 142, 153-4, 161
in Romania, 85-6, 91, 108, 131-2, 147-8 in Yugoslavia, 86, 101, 106-107, 111, 115, 127-8, 138 Regency Council, Yugoslavia, 139
Index Regia Aeronautica (Italian Air Force), 73, 77-8 Regia Marina (Italian Navy), 46, 72, 94 Renner, Karl, 88 Republika Srpska, 169, 172, 174-6, 179 Rethymno, 62 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 48, 70 Richthofen, General Wolfram von,73 Rijeka, see Fiume Rimini, 93 Roatta, General Mario, 54—5, 121 Rodopi Mountains, 59 Roman Catholicism, 1 Romania, 1920s, during the, ЗО, 36-8 1930s, during the, 43, 47-9 communist takeover of, 147—8 communism, post-war, 160-3 Eastern Front, fighting on the, 107-108 Germans deploy across, 68-9, 72-3, 76 joins the Axis, 67-8, 70 Holocaust in, 112 oilfields, 67-9, 78, 82, 126 punished by Axis, 68 Red Army crosses, 86, 136 revolution, 162-3 secret police (Securitate), 161-2 Soviet occupation, 147-8 switch to the Allies, 91, 127,131-2 World War I, entering, 8 World War I, during, 23, 25-7 Roosevelt, President Franklin D, 102, 124, 137, 143, 148 195 Rosener, SS-Obergruppenfiihrer Erwin, 102 Royal Hellenic Army in the Middle East, 93 Royal Hungarian Air Force, 73 Royal Navy, British, 21, 43, 46, 50, 53, 57, 61, 63, 90, 94, 126, 129 Royal Navy, Hellenic, 93 Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force, 75 Rukavina, Brigadier General Ivan,138 Rupnik, General Leon, 102 Russian Empire, 2 Russo-Turkish War, 3 Rustemi, Avni, 34 St Jean-de֊Maurienne Agreement, 38 San Savino, Francesco Jacomoni di, 47 Sakellariou, Vice Admiral Alexandros, 93 Šakić, Dinko, 108 Salónica Front, 23-5 Salónica Pact, 49 Samobor, 137 San Stefano, Treaty of, 2 Sarafis, General Stefanos, 94 Sarajevo, 13-15, 21, 77, 118, 120, 128,142,172 Sarajevo Plan, 171 Sarrail, General Maurice, 16, 20, 22 Sator
Mountains, 122 Sava River, 15, 20, 136 Savov, General Mihail, 7-8 Schäfer, SS-Oberfiihrer Emanuel, 111 Scheiger, Major Franz von, 82
196 Balkan Struggles Schimana, SS-Gruppenfìihrer Walter, 93 Schinas, Alexandros, 6 Schönborn-Wiesentheid, Oberstleutnant Clemens von,73 Schröder, General Ludwig von, 103 Scobie, General Ronald, 96-8 Second Hellenic Republic, 31, 41 Second Vienna Award, 68, 172 Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), 145 Seferis, Giorgos, 165 Serbia, during the Great War, 14-17 Serbia and Montenegro, State of, 170 Serbian uprisings, 1 Shehu, Mehmet, 83, 156, 158 Sfakia, 63 Siantos, Georgios, 96 Sigaurimi, Albania’s security ser vice, 145 Sima, Horia, 68 Simeon II, Tsar of Bulgaria, 147 Simović, General Dušan, 70-2, 74 Sitia, 63 Skopje, 3, 15, 20, 23, 25, 59, 76-7, 86 Skorenzy, SS-Sturmbannführer Otto, 124 Skra-di-Legen, Battle of, 24 Skupine units, 106 Slobodan Miloševič, 156, 169, 176 Slovene Home Guard, 102-103, 136 Slovene partisans, 102, 115-16 Slovenian National Liberation Council, 116 Smuts, Generálján, 36 Smyrna, 25, 38-40 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 154—6, 169-70 Soddu, Ubaldo, 56 Sofia (city), 5, 8-9, 15, 19, 21-2, 25, 41, 43, 71-2, 84-6, 91, 141, 160 Sofia, Qtieen of Greece, 21 Sofoulis, Themistoklis, 97 Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, 14 Souda, 62-3 South Korea, 142 Soviet Union, 37, 44, 48, 61, 67-71, 78-9, 82, 85-6, 103-104, 112-13, 118, 130,132,135, 137, 141, 145-6, 148-50,154, 156-7, 159-60, 162 Spain, 53, 106 Special Operations Executive (SOE), 70, 123, 145 Spirų, Nako, 144, 145 Srebrenica, 172—4, 179 Stabilisation Force, 177 Stalin, Premier Joseph, 44, 71, 102, 107, 124, 132, 135, 137, 141-4, 147-8,153, 156-7, 159 Stalin-Tito split, see Tito-Stalin split Stalingrad,
battle for, 107 Stalinism, 156, 169 Stamboliyski, Aleksandar, 21,35 State Security Administration, 140, 142,154 Stoica, Chivu, 161 Stojadinović, Milan, 70 Stroop, SS-Gruppenfiihrer Jürgen, 93 Struma River, 8, 16, 18, 59
Index Strumica, 59 Student, Major General Kurt von, 62 Styrian Mountains, 86 Šubašić, Ivan, 71, 115, 126,128 Sučić, Lovro, 140 Sudeten Crisis, 44—5 Suez Canal, 54 Šufflay, Milan, 44 Süssmann, Generalmajor Wilhelm, 62 Sutjeska River, 123 Syrmia, 15, 128 Systematization, Romania, 162 Székelys, 110 Tahir Bey, Admiral, 6 Târgovişte, 163 Tamovo Constitution, 49 Tehran Conference, 102, 115, 124 Teleki, Prime Minister Pál, 67, 71-2 Ten-Day War, Slovenia, 169-71 Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia, 101, 103-104 Thebes, 59 Thermopylae, 59 Thessaloniki, 5-7, 13, 16, 18, 22-3, 58-9, 89, 91, 164 Thessaly, 1 Thomson, Lieutenant Colonel Christopher, 25-6 Thrace, 3-5, 7-Ю, 25, 35, 39-10, 55, 58-9, 89,91,93, 147 Timişoara, 162 Tirana, 17, 33-4, 45-6, 53, 81-2, 143-6,157 Tisza River, 36-7, 73 197 Tito, Josip Broz, Albania, interference in, 141, 143-4, 156 anti-Partisan operations, 118-26,129 Chetnik rivalry, 104, 107, 117,136 China, dealing with, 157 Croatian rivalry, 105-106 early days, 44 death of, 155, 169 Greece, interference with, 150 Partisan leader, 117-18 post war purges, 111, 138-9 post war rule, 139-40 securing Yugoslavia, 83-4, 86, 107,127-9, 136 Slovene rivalry, 116 Soviet Union, cooperation with, 141 Stalin, dispute with, 142, 147 support for, 102 unrest across Yugoslavia, 155 West, dealing with, 142, 155 Titoism, 143, 154 Tito-Stalin split, 142, 147 Tito-Subašić Agreement, 115, 126 Todorov, Stanko, 160 Tőkés, László, 162 Tomislav II, see Aimone, Fourth Duke of Aosta Toplica, 16 Topolšica, 129 Toshev, Andrey, 49 Toshev, General Stefan, 26 Transdanubian Hills, 87
Transnistria Governorate, 112 Transylvania, 26, 36, 68, ПО, 132,147
198 Balkan Struggles Treaty of, Amity and Alliance, 19 Bucharest, 8, 27 Craiova, 68, 85 Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Aid, 144 Friendship and NonAggression, 71 Lausanne, 40-1 London, 1, 7, 17-18, 33 Moscow, 39 Neuilly, 30, 35 Non-Aggression, Germany and Soviet Union, 48 Plaka, 95 Rapallo, 32 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 29-30, 36-7 Sèvres, 25, ЗО, 39 Tirana, 34, 46 Trianon, 17, 29-30, 37, 76, 110 Varkiza, 87, 147 Versailles, 29-30 Trebeshinë Mountains, 56 Treblinka extermination camp, 92 Triantafyllakos, Nikolaos, 41 Trieste, 32, 128, 130 Trifunovič, General Dušan, 74 Tripartite Pact, 67-71, 85 Triple Entente, 6, 13, 19, 21-2, 25, 30, 33 Tripolitania Vilayet, 3 Trumbić, Ante, 31 Tsankov, Aleksander, 35-6, 147 Tsatsos, President Konstantinos, 167 Tsolakoglou, General Georgios, 60, 89 Tuđman, Franjo, 170, 176 Turkey, 9, 25, 39-41, 43, 70, 93, 142, 166 Turner, SS-Brigadefiihrer Harald, 111 Turtucaia, 26 Tuzla, 177 UDBA, see State Security Administration Udbina, 174 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, 69, 107 Ultra-codebreakers, 57 Union and Progress Committee, 2-3 United Nations, Confidence Restoration Operation, 172 General Assembly, 179 Protection Force (UNPROFOR), 172 Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 97, 144 Security Council, 172-5 United States, 18, 85, 90, 107, 142, 145, 149, 156-7,165, 176 Ustaše, 33, 44—5, 74, 104-106, 108-109, 117, 120-1, 128, 136, 140-1 Ustaše Black Legion, 120 Ustaše Supervisory Service, 108 Uzbekistan, 150 Vafiadis, Markos, 149 Valona, 56 Vance Plan, see Sarajevo Plan Vardar Macedonia, 8, 20, 147 Vardar Mountains, 25
Index Vardar River, 16, 86 Veesenmayer, SS-Standartenführer Edmund, 104 Velouchiotis, Aris, see Klaras, Thanasis Venice, 130 Venizelism, 41 Venizelos, Eleftherios, 3, 16, 21-2, 24, 39,41,49 Verdun, 26 Vedaci, Shefqet, 34, 47 Ver mion Mountains, 58 Versailles Peace Conference, 31 Vesnic, Milenko, 31 Victor Emmanuel III, King of Albania, 47,104—105 Vidovdan Constitution, 30-1, 142 Vienna, 16, 44, 68, 86-8, 119 Viet Cong, 160 Viktring camp, 137 Vis island, 126, 129 Visegrad, 128 Vokić, Ante, 106, 136 Vlorë, 17-18, 30, 33,146 Vlorë War, 18, 30, 33 Vojvodina, 101, 111, 137 Vokić, Ante, 106, 136 Volos, 59-60 Vrban, Major Ante, 140-1 Vrbanja River, 174 Vrbas valley, 122 Vukovar, 171 W Force, 57-8, 60 Walker, Lieutenant General Michael, 177 Wall Street Crash, 31-2, 45, 47, 49 Wallraff, Günter, 165 Wannsee Conference, 109 199 war crimes, 41, 146, 150, 177, 179-80 Warsaw, 75, 92 Warsaw Pact, 142, 155-7, 160-1,163 Washington Agreement, 174 Washington DC, 127, 143, 146,174 Wavell, General Archibald, 60, 63 Wehrmacht, 48, 58, 61, 67-9, 72, 75-6, 78-9, 84-8,104, 106-107, 110-11, 115, 118, 124,131, 136, 147 Weichs, General Maximilian von, 72, 78, 124 Werth, General Henrik, 72-3 West Germany, 158 White Guards of Slovenia, 102 William, Prince of Wied, 17 Wilson, Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Maitland, 57-60, 97 World Bank, 162 Wounded, battle of the, 123 Xoxe, Koçi, 144-5 Yalta Conference, 137, 148 Young Bosnia movement, 13 Young Turk rebellion, 1-3, 5, 10 Yugoslav Army of the Fatherland, 116 Yugoslav People’s Army, 103, 136,139 Yugoslavia, Communist Party, 44, 118-19, 135, 140, 142, 154,
156 division of, 101 Kingdom of, 33, 103
200 Balkan Struggles liberation of, 127-9 march back into, 135, 137-8 Yugov, Anton, 159-60 Zachariadis, Nikolaos, 150 Zadar, 32 Zagreb, 33, 74, 76, 106, 110, 129, 136-7 Zaimis, Alexandras, 22-3 Zervas, Colonel Napoleon, 95 Zhekov, Major General Nikola, 20 Zhivkov, Todor, 159-60 Zivković, General Dimitrije, 74 Zog, King of Albania, 18, 31, 34—5, 45-7, 83-4,143, 145 Zogu, Ahmed, see King Zog Zoitakis, Major General Georgios, 164 Zujović, Sreten, 142 Zveno Movement, 49, 85-6
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Contents Chapter 1 The Balkans Wars 1 October 1912 to July 1913 Chapter 2 The Great War 13 August 1914 to November 1918 Chapter 3 Recovering from the War 29 December 1918 to October 1929 Chapter 4 Another War on the Horizon 43 November 1929 to September 1939 Chapter 5 The Invasion of Greece 53 October 1940 to April 1941 Chapter 6 The Invasion of Yugoslavia 67 April 1941 Chapter 7 Occupation of Albania and Greece 81 April 1939 to October 1944 Chapter 8 Collaboration across the Balkans 101 May 1941 to May 1945 Chapter 9 Resistance across Yugoslavia 115 May 1941 to May 1945 Chapter 10 Post-war Extremism 135 April 1945 to March 1953 Chapter 11 Communist and Fascist Rule 153 March 1953 to December 1991 Chapter 12 The Balkans Conflict 169 June 1991 to June 1999 Index 183
Index Abwehr, German intelligence, 62, 95 Abyssinia, 43, 46, 53 Ačimovič, Milan, 103 Adriatic Sea, 3, 29, 46, 54, 95, 120, 127,177 Adrianople, 5-6 Aegean islands, 6-7, 21, 50, 89, 93, 163,165 Aegean Sea, 3-5, 7-8, 22, 25, 38, 41,54, 89,91 Agrarian National Union, 21, 25, 85 Aimone, Fourth Duke of Aosta, 104-105 Albania, Communist Party, 83 German occupation of, 82-3 Great War, 17-18 People’s Assembly, 135, 144 post Stalin, 156-9 post Second World War, 143-6 resistance, 82-3 revolt, 3 Alexander, King of Greece, 16, 24, 31-3, 39 Alexander, King of Yugoslavia, 32- 3, 44 Alikianos, 64 Allied Rapid Reaction Corps, 177 Altenburg, Ambassador Günther, 89 Ambrosio, General Vittorio, 72 Anatolia, 3-4, 9-11, 21, 25, 30, 38-9, 41 Androutsopoulos, Adamantios, 166 Anschluss, 44—5, 67, 70 Anti-Comintern Pact, 68 Anti-Fascist National Liberation Council, 115, 121, 123, 143 Anti-Fascist Women’s Front, 130 Anti-Partisan Activities, First Enemy Offensive, 118-19 Second Enemy Offensive, 119-20 Third Enemy Offensive, 120-1 Fourth Enemy Offensive, 121-3 Fifth Enemy Offensive, 123-4 Sixth Enemy Offensive, 124 Seventh Enemy Offensive, 125-7 Antonescu, General Ion, 68, 112, 131, 147-8 Apostol, Gheorghe, 160 Armée d'Orient, 16 Armistice, of Belgrade, 25 of Mudanya, 31, 40 of Mudros, 14, 25, 27, 40 of Salónica, 25, 27 Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 173-4 Army Group South Ukraine, 131 Army Security Administrative, 140 Armenians, genocide of, 9-11, 41 Arrow Cross government, Romania, 111-12 Asia Minor, 40-1 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 38, 40
184 Balkan Struggles Athens, 3, 21-4, 38-9, 41, 53, 55, 57-8, 60-1, 89-90, 92, 95-8, 164-7 Athens Polytechnic uprising, Greece, 166-7 Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp, 88, 92, 109-11 Austrian Alps, 88 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 2, 4, 9, 12-21, 25-7, 29-30, 33, 36 Bačka, 73, 76, 110 Bader, Lieutenant General Paul, 108,119 Badoglio, Marshal Pietro, 54, 56 Baillie-Grohman, Rear Admiral Harold, 60 Bairas, Major General Andreas, 23 Bakopoulos, Lieutenant General Konstantinos, 59 Balaton Lake, 87 Balkan Pact, 43,49, 54֊5, 68 Balkan War, First, 1, 4-8, 10, 18 Balkan War, Second, 1, 7-9 Baliuku, General Beqir, 158 Baltic States, 48 Banja Luka, 121, 128, 175, 177 Baranja, 73, 76, 110 Barbara, 137 Bari airfield, Italy, 126 Barzilai, Rabbi Elias, 92 Bastasi, 125 Beijing, 157 Belgrade, 9, 15,25,32, 34, 67, 69-71,74-6, 78,104, 110-11, 116-17, 128-9, 140-5, 154-5, 170 Berlin, 4, 9, 26, 67, 72, 85, 89-90, 105,108 Berlin, Congress of, 2 Bessarabia, 37, 48, 68, 107 Bihać, 121, 174 Biroli, General Alessandro, 72 Black Sea, 2, 11,27, 39,41,48, 148, 161 Bleiburg, 106, 136-7 Bohemia, 50 Böhme, General Franz, 111, 117 Bojović, General Petar, 15 Boljanić, 127 Boris III, Tsar of Bulgaria, 21, 36,44, 49, 54, 69, 85 Bosniaks, 32, 44, 170,172-3, 179-81 Bosnian War, 170, 172-5 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 169, 176-7 Bosporus Straits, 39-40 Bozhilov, Dobri, 85 Brašie, General Ilija, 74 Bratislava-Brno Offensive, 87 Brauchitsch, Field Marshal Walther von, 72 Brauer, Oberst Bruno, 62 Brioni Agreement, 154, 170-1 British Army, 53, 60, 106, 136 British Broadcasting Company, 145 Bucharest, 8, 11, 23, 25-7, 36-7,
48, 54, 72, 85,108, 132, 161-2 Bucharest, Treaty of, 8, 27 Budak, Mile, 105 Budapest, 16, 29-30, 37, 67, 71, 154 Bukovina, 36, 68, 107 Bulgaria, uprising against the Ottomans, 1876,2 independence, 1877, 2 during the Balkan War, First 1912-13, 5-6
Index during the Balkan War, Second 1913, 7-9 during World War I, 18-19 army during World War I, 20 conquest of Serbia 1915-18, 20-1 communism, 1953-78, 159-60 Communist Party, 35, 85, 147, 159 coup d’état, 1944, 85-6 during the 1920s, 35-6 during the 1930s, 49 during World War II, 84-5 fighting the Germans, 1945, 87-8 German troops deploy across, 1941, 58, 72, 76 invasion of Yugoslavia, 1941, 86 occupation of Greece, 1941-44, 88-9, 91 People’s Republic of, 1945-53, 146-7 Bulgarian-Hungarian War, 36-7 Bulgarian People’s Army, 160 Bulgarian uprising, 1 bunkers, Albania, 157-8 Călinescu, Prime Minister Armand, 48, 68 Canadian Operational Force, 173 Caporetto, battle of, 33 Carinthia, 32 Carol I, King of Romania, 8, 25 Carol II, King of Romania, 38, 47-8, 67-8 Case Black (Fall Schwarz), 123-4 Case White {Fall Weiss), 121-3 Caserta Agreement, 98 Caucasus Mountains, 8 185 Cavallero, General Ugo, 56 Ceauşescu, Elena, 163 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 154, 159, 161-3 Chania, 50, 62-3 Chervenkov, Válko, 147, 159 Christ, Oberstleutnant Karl, 73 Celje, 136-7 Central Powers, 4, 9, 13, 15-16, 18-19, 21-2, 24—7, 29-30 Cephalonia, 95 Cetniks, see Chetniks Cham refugees, 143 Chanak Crisis, 40 Charles I of Austria, 30 Chervenkov, Vulko, 147, 159 Chetniks, 84, 104, 106-107, 109,115-23,126-8, 135-6, 138 collaboration, 106-107 Churchill, Prime Minister Winston, 57, 63, 98, 102,124, 132, 137, 143, 148 Cincar-Marković, Aleksandar, 69, 78 Cobadin, 26 Codreanu, Corneliu, 38,48, 68 Cold War, 143, 152, 155 Colonels’ Regime, Greece, 164-5 Communist Information Bureau, 135, 142, 145 Communist International
(Comintern), 44, 118 concentration camp, Banjica, 110 Croatian, 109-10 Jasenovac, 105, 108-109, 121,141 Sémiin, 111
186 Balkan Struggles Stara Gradiška, 109, 141 Târgu Jiu, 112 Constanţa, 26 Constantine I, King of Greece, 6, 21-2, 24, 29, 41 Constantine И, King of Greece, 153, 164—6 Constantinople, 3, 5, 7-9, 19, 22, 25, 38, 40-1,160 Constantinople, Treaty of, 9 Contingency G, 55 Corfu, 9, 16-17, 23, 56 Corfu, Protocol of, 17 Corfu, Treaty of, 9 Corinth Canal, 60 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 145 Crete, 50, 57, 60-1, 81, 88-9, 93 Crete, battle of, 61-4 Crimean War, 2 Croatian, Air Force Legion, 105 Armed Forces, 106, 108, 136 Croatian Communist Party, 155 Defence Council, 173 Defence Forces, 136-7 Home Guard, 105, 119-20, 128, 140 Silence, 155 Spring uprising, 153, 155 War of Independence, 169, 171-2 Crusaders, 140-1 Cukavac, General Vladimir, 74 Cvetkovič, Dragiša, 45, 69-71 Cyprus, 2, 50, 166 Czechoslovakia, 29-30, 37, 42-6, 48, 53, 132, 147, 153, 155, 157, 160-1 d’Espèrey, General Franchet, 24 Dalmatian Coast, 102 Damaskinos, Archbishop, 92 Danckelmann, General Heinrich, 103 Danev, Prime Minister Stoyan, 7 Danube, River, 9, 15, 20, 26-7, 73-5, 87-8,136, 171 Danube-Black Sea Canal, 148, 161 Dardanelle Straits, 6-7, 22, 40 Davidovič, Ljubomir, 31 Dayton Agreement, 170, 176-7 Drava River, 74, 87, 128, 136, 137 Dravograd, 136 Democratic Army, Greece, 149—50 Democratic Federative Yugoslavia, 123 Department for People’s Protection, 139-40 Dietrich, Obergruppenführer Sepp, 60, 87-8 Dimitriev, General Radko, 8 Dimitrov, Georgi, 35-6, 147 Dniester River, 37, 107-108, 112 Dobro Pole, 16, 25 Dobruja, Southern, 8, 18, 26, 35, 68, 84, 147 Dodecanese islands, 3, 54, 94 Dojran, 8, 16, 20,
24 Dolomite Declaration, 102, 115-16 Domobrani, see Croatian Home Guard Drenica, 84, 86 Drina River, 15, 119-20, 128 Drvar, 124-6 Dubrovnik, 76, 171 Duca, Ion, 47 Dunkirk, 53, 68 Durmitor Mountains, 123
Index Durrës, 56, 59, 82 Durrës Congress, 18 Eastern Bloc, 142, 146, 149, 160 Edirne, 5-6 Egypt, 54-5, 57, 60-1, 63, 77, 93, 98, 155 Eichmann, Adolph, ПО Einsatzgruppe Serbia, 103 El Álaméin, Second Battle of, 93 Election of Clubs, 3 Elli, battle of, 6 Epirus, 4, 6, 8,17-18, 54-6, 94, 96,143 Epirus Army, 60 Epirus Liberation Front, 84 Erdut Agreement, 172 ethnic cleansing, Croatia 108-109 north east Yugoslavia, 110-11 Ethiopia, see Abyssinia European Community Monitor Mission, 171 European Union, 167, 172, 177 Falkenhayn, General Erich von, 23, 26 Fatherland Front, 85-6, 135, 146-7 Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia, 140 Ferdinand, Tsar of Bulgaria, 7, 15, 20-1, 25, 27, 38 Ferdinand, King of Romania, 38 Filipović-Majstorović, Miroslav, 108 Filov, Bogdan, 84 Fiume, 32 Florina, 59 Focşani Armistice, 27 187 Foggia airfield, Italy, 126 Frank, General Liborius von, 15 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 13-14, 19,21, 142 Franz Joseph, Emperor, 15 Frashëri, Medhi, 82—3 Frederica, Queen of Greece, 149 Free National Committee, Albanian, 156 Freyberg, Major General Bernard, 61-2 Friedrich, István, 37 Galicia, 14 Gallipoli, 5, 13, 19, 21-2 Ganchev, Colonel Petar, 20 General Framework Agreement for Peace, 176 Geneva Conventions, 1949, 179 Georgakis, Kostas, 165 George I, King of Greece, 6 George II, King of Greece, 24, 41, 49-50, 57, 89,149 Georgiev, General Kimon, 49, 86, 147 Geraldine, Queen of Albania, 47 German-Greek Commodity Equalization Company (DEGRIGES), 90 Germany, alliance with Bulgaria, 1915, 15, 20, 22 Anschluss with Austria, 1938, 44-5, 70 Bulgaria declares war on, 1944,
86,91 declares war on Romania, 1915, 25 deploys troops to the Balkans, 64, 68
188 Balkan Struggles deports slave labour, 109 diplomacy with Hungary, 72 diplomacy with Yugoslavia, 69,71 Hitler appointed Chancellor, 1933,43 invades France, 1940, 53 invades Poland, 1939, 67, 70 occupies Czechoslovakia, 1938-39, 45-6, 50 occupies Yugoslavia, 78, 116 Romania declares war on, 1944, 85-6 Romania support for, 1941-44, 107 signs treaty with the Soviet Union, 1939, 48 surrender of 1945, 129, 136 training the Greek army, 21 Treaty of Versailles, 1919, 30 Gestapo, 95, 111 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 148, 160-1 Ghigi, Pellegrino, 89 Gigurtu, Ion, 68 Gizikis, President Phaedon, 166 glasnost, 162 Goga, Octavian, 48 Goražde, 172 Gorkič, Milan, 44 Government of National Salvation, 104,118,138 Government of Unity, Hungary, 110 Grazzi, Emanuele, 55 Great Eastern Crisis, 2 Great Famine, Greece, 90-1 Great Purge, Soviet Union, 44 Greco-Turkish War, 3, 38—41 Greece, Axis Invasion, April 1941, 57-61 Great War, 21-3 battle for, cost of, 64 liberation of, 96-7 military coup, 164-5 Revolution of 21 April, 164 Greek, Air Force, 94 civil war, 97-8, 135, 141 Communist Party, 149-50, 166 Italian occupation of, 88-90 Merchant Navy, 94 military dictatorship, 163-7 resistance, 92—7 Greeks, genocide of, 9-11 Grmeč Mountains, 121-2 Groza, Dr Petru, 148 Guzzoni, General Alfredo, 46 gypsies, 82, 108 Hamid II, Abdiil, 2 Harington, General Charles, 40 Hebrang, Andrija, 142 Heeren, Viktor von, 71 Helm, Hans, 108 Helsinki Accords, 159-60 Heraklion, 62-3 Himmler, Reichsfiihrer-SS Heinrich, 108 Hollenburg, 137 Holocaust, Croatia, 108 Greece, 91 Romania, 112 Serbia, 111 Ukraine 148 Horthy, Regent
Miklós, 72, 110
Index Hoxha, Enver, 83, 141,143-6, 154, 156-8 Hungarian People’s Army, 142 Hungarian Red Army, 36-7 Hungarian uprising, 1956, 153-5, 160-1 Hunter Groups {Jagdverbände), 106 Implementation Force, 176 Independent State of Croatia, 74, 78,100-101,104—108, 110, 116,120,128,140 India, 155 Informbiro Period, 142 İnönü, battles of, 39 Interim Administration Mission, 178 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation, 35 International Court of Justice, 145, 179 International Criminal Tribunal, 170,177,180 International Monetary Fund, 162 International Red Cross Committee, 171 Ionian Sea, 6 Ioannides, General Dimi trios, 166 Ioannis Metaxas, 22, 49-50, 57 Iron Guard, Romania, 38, 47-8, 54, 67-8, 112 Islam, 1, 10-11, 34-5 Istrian peninsula, 130 Italian Invasion of Greece, October 1940, 55-7 Italy, surrender of, 81-2, 84, 88, 90-2, 94-5, 98, 101-102, 105,115-17,123,129-31 Izetbegovic, Alija, 176 189 Jablanica, 122 Jagdkommandos, 103 Jankovič, General Milojko, 78 Jassy-Kishinev Offensive, 131 Jesenice, 137 Kállay, Miklós, 110 Karadžič, Radovan, 172, 180 Karamanlis, Konstantinos, 163, 166-7 Kardelj, Edvard, 137, 142 Károlyi, Mihály, 36 Kartalis, Georgios, 95 Kavala, 23 Kavran, Božidar, 141 Keitel, Field Marshal Wilhelm, 116 Këlcyra, Ali, 83 Kerensky Offensive, 27 Khrushchev, Nikita, 154, 156-7, 159 Killinger, Manfred von, 131 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, 16, 30-5 Kissamos, 63 Kitchener, Field Marshal Earl Horatio, 25 Klagenfurt, 137 Klaras, Thanasis, 96 Kleist, General Paul von, 72, 77 Klingenberg, SS -Hauptsturmführer Fritz, 76 Kninska Krajina, 170 Kočevski Rog, 137 Kolárov,
Vasil, 35-6, 147 Kollias, Konstantinos, 164 Kondomari, 64 Kondylis, General Georgios, 49 Konitsa, battle for, 1947, 149
190 Balkan Struggles Konjic, 122 Konista, 56 Konstantin Popovič, 120 Korçë, 18, 56 Korea, North, 160, 162 Koryzis, Prime Minister Alexandras, 57, 60 KOS, see Army Security Administrative Kosovo Field, battle of 1389, 142 Kosovo Force, 178 Kosovo Liberation Army, 170, 178 Kosovo War, 177-9 Kosovan uprising, 86 Koukidis, Konstantinos, 60 Kountouriotis, Rear Admiral Pavlos, 6 Kozani, 59 Krajina Autonomous Oblast (SAO Krajina), 170-2, 174 Kraljevo, 118 Kren, Major Vladimir, 71, 73 Krivolak, 16 Krokidas, Sodrios, 41 Kumanovo Agreement, 178 Kun, Béla, 36-7 Kupi, Abaz, 84 Kupres, 126 Kvaternik, Slavko, 104 Kyoseivanov, Georgi, 49, 84 Kyrii, Prince of Bulgaria, 146 Lambrakis, Gregorios, 163 Layforce, 63 League of Communists, 154-5 League of Nations, 18, 33-4, 41, 43, 46-7 Leka, Prince of Albania 46-7 Leskošek, Franc, 116 Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveda and Bujanovac, 179 Linz, 88 List, Field Marshal Wilhelm, 58-9, 72, 89 Little Entente, 29-30, 43 Legality Movement (Legaliteti), 81, 84, 145 Lemnos island, 6, 57 Libya, see Tripolitania Vilayet Ljubljana, 76, 102, 116 Lloyd George, Prime Minister David, 24, 38 Log Revolution, Croatia, 169-70 Logothetopoulos, Konstantinos, 92 Löhr, Lieutenant General Alexander, 73, 75 London Conference, 9 Lorković, Mladen, 106, 136 Lošinj island, 130 Luburić, Vjekoslav, 108 Lupescu, Magda, 47, 68 Lüters, General Rudolf, 123 Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive, 85 Lyapchev, Andrey, 36, 49 Macedonia, before the Balkans War, 2-6 between the wars, 32, 35 defending, 1940, 55, 58 deportation of Jews from, 85 division of 1913, 7 during the Second Balkan War, 7-9
during World War I, 16, 18, 23-5, 26 German advance through, April 1941, 59 insurgency, 1999, 178-9
Index Italian attack, October 1940, 54-5 occupation of, World War II, 89-91, 101 republic of, 1945,140 UN deployed across, 1992, 172 Maček, Vladko, 44-5, 69, 72,104 Mackensen, General August von, 20, 26-7 Maclean, Brigadier General Fitzroy, 124 Makanec, Julije, 74 Makarezos, Colonel Nikolaos, 164, 167 Makarios III, Archbishop, 166 Maleme, 62-3 Malenkov, Georgy, 135 Malinov, Aleksandar, 24 Malta, 62, 73, 145 Mandič, Nikola, 105-106 Maniu, Iuliu, 47 Manjača Mountain, 175 Mao Zedong, 157 Marghiloman, Alexandru, 27 Maribor, 136-7 Marič, General August, 71 Markagjoni, Gjon, 34 Markezinis, Spyros, 166 Markov, Georgi, 160 Markovič, Prime Minister Ante, 169 Marmara, Sea of, 5 Megali Idea, 38 Megara, 60 Mehmed II, Sultan, 1 Mehmed, Sultan V, 2 Meindl, Generalmajor Eugen, 62 Metapolitefsi, Greece, 167 Metaxas Line, 53, 55, 58-60 191 Michael, Prince of Romania, 38, 68, 131, 147-8 Mihailovič, General Dragoljub, 107, 116-19, 127 Milea, General Vasile, 163 Miljkovič, General Dragoslav, 74 Miloš, Ljubo, 141 Mirkovič, General Bořivoje, 71, 75 Mojkovac, 16 Moldavia, 27, 37, 131 Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 37 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 48, 70, 141 Monastir, 6, 59 Montenegrin National Army, 136 Montenegro, 3-4, 8,17-18, 25, 78, 82-3, 101, 110, 121,123, 140,170 Morava River, 86 Moravia, 50 Moscow, 5, 8-9, 27, 44, 48, 70-1, 79,91, 131-2, 141-8,153, 155-7,160-1 Mount Olympus, 58-9 Mudros, Armistice of, 14, 25, 27, 40 Mukje Agreement, 81, 84 Munich Conference, 50 Mussolini, Benito, 32-4, 42-3, 45-6, 50, 53-6, 60, 64, 67, 81-2, 104-105 Nafplio, 60 Nagy, Imre, 161 N agykanizsa-Kör
mend Offensive, 87 National Contract, Greece, 98 National Fascist Party, Italy, 31-3, 56 National Front (Balli Kombèìar), 83,86
192 Balkan Struggles National Legionary State, Romania, 68,112 National Liberation Army, 83, 107-18, 127-8, 130-1,139 National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments, 118, 121 National Liberation Front (EAM), 98, 149-50 National Liberation Partisan and Volunteer Army, 119 National Republican League (EDES), 88, 94-8 National Schism of Greece, 21, 24,41 National and Social Liberation (EKKA), 88, 95, 97-8 National Liberation Movement, 81-4, 130 National Union, Bashkimi Kombëtar, 34 Naumović, General Jovan, 74 Nedeljković, General Petar, 74 Nedič, General Milan, 70, 74, 104, 118, 136, 138 Neretva valley, 122-3 Neubacher, Hermann, 82, 90 Neuhausen, Obergruppenführer Franz, 103 Ninčić, Momčilo, 71 Niš, 15, 20, 76, 86 Niš Declaration, 15 Noli, Bishop Fan, 34 North Africa, 3, 53, 56-7, 93-5, 121,123 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), 142, 152, 157, 160, 163, 165, 170, 173-4, 176-8 October Revolution, Russia, 27, 33 Odessa massacre, 107, 112 Odžak, 129 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 126 Operation, military (codename), Achse, 102 Air Bridge, see Halyard Althea, 177 Antagonise, 130 Armpit, 130 Atilla, 166 Autumn Storm (Herbstgewitter), 129 Bagration, 127 Ball Lightning (Kugelblitz), 124 Barbarossa, 61, 78-9, 85, 103, 107, 115, 147 Barclay, 95 Citadel, 125 Compass, 54, 56 Cross, 160 Deliberate Force, 175-6 Downpour ( Wolkenbruch), 129 Drava, 87 E, 54 Fiend, 145 Firm Endeavour, 177 Flash, 172, 174 Flotsam, 124 Flounced, 126 Gladio, 163 Gelignite, 130 Guardian, 140-1 Harling, 96 Halyard, 126-7 Joint Endeavour, 177 Knight’s Move (Rösselsprung), 124-6
Index Konstantin, 82 Little Saturn, 107 Lustre, 57 Maestral II, 175 Margarethe, 101, ПО Marita, 57-60 Mercury, 61-3 Mihailovič, 118 Olive, 93 Ozren, 119-20 Prijedor, 120 Punishment, see Retribution Pyravlos (Rocket), 150 Pyrsos (Torch), 150 Retribution, 75 Sana, 175 Sky Monitor, 173 Snowstorm (Schneesturm), 124 Southeast Croatia, 119-20 Southern Move, 175 Spring Awakening, 87-8, 128 Storm, 172, 175-6 Tidal Wave, 107 Trio, 120-1 Uranus, 107 Užice, 118-19 Valuable, 145 Wacht am Rhein, 87 West-Bosnien, 121 Whirlwind, 161 Winter Storm, 107 Organization X, 97-8 Orthodox Catholicism, 1 Ottoman Empire, 1-4, 7, 9-10, 14, 16-17,19, 21-2, 25, 27, 30,38-9 Ožbalt, Slovenia, 126 OZNa, see Department for People’s Protection 193 Pact of Organisation, 43 Palestine, 92-3 Panagoulis, Alexandros, 165 Pángalos, General Theodoros, 41 Papadopoulos, Georgios, 164-7 Papagos, General Alexandros, 55, 57-8, 60, 155 Papandreou, Georgios, 87, 98, 163-5 Papandreou, Andreas, 164, 167 Papoulas, General Anastasios, 39 Papp, Bishop László, 162 Pappas, Commander Nikolaos, 165 Partisans, Civilian Support, 130 Equipment, 130 Navy, 129-30 rescuing Allied airmen, 115, 126 summary, 131 Pasha, Abdullah, 5 Pasha, Essad, 17-18 Pasha, Kâmil, 5 Pasha, Nazim, 7 Pašie, Nikola, 31-2 Pattakos, Brigadier General Stylianos, 164, 167 Paul, King of Greece, 153, 163-4 Paul, Prince of Yugoslavia, 44-5, 69-71, 153, 163-4 Paulus, General Fredrich, 72 Pavelič, Ante, 32, 78, 104-106, 108, 117, 136 Pécs, 177 Peidl, Gyula, 37 People’s Defence Force, 135, 141 People’s Liberation Army (ELAS), 88, 92, 94, 96-8, 149-50 People’s Republic
of Bulgaria, 146-7
194 Balkan Struggles People’s Republic of China, 156-7, 162 People’s Socialist Republic of Albania, 154, 156-9 perestroika, 162 Permeti, Turhan, 17 Pervizi, Colonel Prenk, 82 Pešić, General Petar, 70 Peter I, King of Serbia, 3 Peter I, King of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, 31 Peter II, King of Yugoslavia, 44, 69, 71,75, 77, 117, 127, 139—40 Petkov, Nikola, 147 Petrovič, General Milorad, 74 Pezë Conference, 83 Philby, Kim, 146 Pindus Mountains, 55, 56 Piraeus, 57-8 Pirin Macedonia, 8, 147 Pitsikas, General Ioannis, 60 Plaka Agreement, 97-8 Plastiras, General Nikolaos, 98 Ploieşti oilfields, 26, 67, 78, 126,132 Poland, invasion of, 45, 48, 55, 67, 78 Poland uprising, 160-1 Polish Corridor, 48 Political Committee of National Liberation, 96, 98 Poljana, 129 Porto Rafti, 60 Potoci, 125 Prasca, General Sebastiano, 55 Prague Spring uprising, 155, 157, 160 Pranjani, 126-7 Prekmurje region, 110, 116 Prenj Mountains, 122 Preveza, 6, 56 Prezan, General Constantin, 26 Prilep, 59 Princip, Gavrilo, 14 Prizren, 77 Protic, Stojan, 31 Protopapadakis, Petros, 41 Prozor, 122 Psarros, Colonel Dimitrios, 95 Putnik, Field Marshal Radomira, 15 Pyromaglou, Komninos, 95 Qamili, Haxhi, 17 Rađenković, General Milan, 74 Račić, Puniša, 32 Radić, Stjepan, 32 Radoslavov, Vasil, 17, 19, 24 Rainer, SS-Obergruppenführer Friedrich, 102 Rallis, Ioannis, 92 Rambouillet Accords, 178 Ramiz Naman Bey, Admiral, 6 Ranković, Aleksandar, 137, 139,154 Ravna Gora Mountains, 116 Red Army, 85, 107, 127, 136, 138-9, 142 in Austria, 88 in Bulgaria, 86 in Czechoslovakia, 153 in Hungary, 87, 132, 142, 153-4, 161
in Romania, 85-6, 91, 108, 131-2, 147-8 in Yugoslavia, 86, 101, 106-107, 111, 115, 127-8, 138 Regency Council, Yugoslavia, 139
Index Regia Aeronautica (Italian Air Force), 73, 77-8 Regia Marina (Italian Navy), 46, 72, 94 Renner, Karl, 88 Republika Srpska, 169, 172, 174-6, 179 Rethymno, 62 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 48, 70 Richthofen, General Wolfram von,73 Rijeka, see Fiume Rimini, 93 Roatta, General Mario, 54—5, 121 Rodopi Mountains, 59 Roman Catholicism, 1 Romania, 1920s, during the, ЗО, 36-8 1930s, during the, 43, 47-9 communist takeover of, 147—8 communism, post-war, 160-3 Eastern Front, fighting on the, 107-108 Germans deploy across, 68-9, 72-3, 76 joins the Axis, 67-8, 70 Holocaust in, 112 oilfields, 67-9, 78, 82, 126 punished by Axis, 68 Red Army crosses, 86, 136 revolution, 162-3 secret police (Securitate), 161-2 Soviet occupation, 147-8 switch to the Allies, 91, 127,131-2 World War I, entering, 8 World War I, during, 23, 25-7 Roosevelt, President Franklin D, 102, 124, 137, 143, 148 195 Rosener, SS-Obergruppenfiihrer Erwin, 102 Royal Hellenic Army in the Middle East, 93 Royal Hungarian Air Force, 73 Royal Navy, British, 21, 43, 46, 50, 53, 57, 61, 63, 90, 94, 126, 129 Royal Navy, Hellenic, 93 Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force, 75 Rukavina, Brigadier General Ivan,138 Rupnik, General Leon, 102 Russian Empire, 2 Russo-Turkish War, 3 Rustemi, Avni, 34 St Jean-de֊Maurienne Agreement, 38 San Savino, Francesco Jacomoni di, 47 Sakellariou, Vice Admiral Alexandros, 93 Šakić, Dinko, 108 Salónica Front, 23-5 Salónica Pact, 49 Samobor, 137 San Stefano, Treaty of, 2 Sarafis, General Stefanos, 94 Sarajevo, 13-15, 21, 77, 118, 120, 128,142,172 Sarajevo Plan, 171 Sarrail, General Maurice, 16, 20, 22 Sator
Mountains, 122 Sava River, 15, 20, 136 Savov, General Mihail, 7-8 Schäfer, SS-Oberfiihrer Emanuel, 111 Scheiger, Major Franz von, 82
196 Balkan Struggles Schimana, SS-Gruppenfìihrer Walter, 93 Schinas, Alexandros, 6 Schönborn-Wiesentheid, Oberstleutnant Clemens von,73 Schröder, General Ludwig von, 103 Scobie, General Ronald, 96-8 Second Hellenic Republic, 31, 41 Second Vienna Award, 68, 172 Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), 145 Seferis, Giorgos, 165 Serbia, during the Great War, 14-17 Serbia and Montenegro, State of, 170 Serbian uprisings, 1 Shehu, Mehmet, 83, 156, 158 Sfakia, 63 Siantos, Georgios, 96 Sigaurimi, Albania’s security ser vice, 145 Sima, Horia, 68 Simeon II, Tsar of Bulgaria, 147 Simović, General Dušan, 70-2, 74 Sitia, 63 Skopje, 3, 15, 20, 23, 25, 59, 76-7, 86 Skorenzy, SS-Sturmbannführer Otto, 124 Skra-di-Legen, Battle of, 24 Skupine units, 106 Slobodan Miloševič, 156, 169, 176 Slovene Home Guard, 102-103, 136 Slovene partisans, 102, 115-16 Slovenian National Liberation Council, 116 Smuts, Generálján, 36 Smyrna, 25, 38-40 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 154—6, 169-70 Soddu, Ubaldo, 56 Sofia (city), 5, 8-9, 15, 19, 21-2, 25, 41, 43, 71-2, 84-6, 91, 141, 160 Sofia, Qtieen of Greece, 21 Sofoulis, Themistoklis, 97 Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, 14 Souda, 62-3 South Korea, 142 Soviet Union, 37, 44, 48, 61, 67-71, 78-9, 82, 85-6, 103-104, 112-13, 118, 130,132,135, 137, 141, 145-6, 148-50,154, 156-7, 159-60, 162 Spain, 53, 106 Special Operations Executive (SOE), 70, 123, 145 Spirų, Nako, 144, 145 Srebrenica, 172—4, 179 Stabilisation Force, 177 Stalin, Premier Joseph, 44, 71, 102, 107, 124, 132, 135, 137, 141-4, 147-8,153, 156-7, 159 Stalin-Tito split, see Tito-Stalin split Stalingrad,
battle for, 107 Stalinism, 156, 169 Stamboliyski, Aleksandar, 21,35 State Security Administration, 140, 142,154 Stoica, Chivu, 161 Stojadinović, Milan, 70 Stroop, SS-Gruppenfiihrer Jürgen, 93 Struma River, 8, 16, 18, 59
Index Strumica, 59 Student, Major General Kurt von, 62 Styrian Mountains, 86 Šubašić, Ivan, 71, 115, 126,128 Sučić, Lovro, 140 Sudeten Crisis, 44—5 Suez Canal, 54 Šufflay, Milan, 44 Süssmann, Generalmajor Wilhelm, 62 Sutjeska River, 123 Syrmia, 15, 128 Systematization, Romania, 162 Székelys, 110 Tahir Bey, Admiral, 6 Târgovişte, 163 Tamovo Constitution, 49 Tehran Conference, 102, 115, 124 Teleki, Prime Minister Pál, 67, 71-2 Ten-Day War, Slovenia, 169-71 Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia, 101, 103-104 Thebes, 59 Thermopylae, 59 Thessaloniki, 5-7, 13, 16, 18, 22-3, 58-9, 89, 91, 164 Thessaly, 1 Thomson, Lieutenant Colonel Christopher, 25-6 Thrace, 3-5, 7-Ю, 25, 35, 39-10, 55, 58-9, 89,91,93, 147 Timişoara, 162 Tirana, 17, 33-4, 45-6, 53, 81-2, 143-6,157 Tisza River, 36-7, 73 197 Tito, Josip Broz, Albania, interference in, 141, 143-4, 156 anti-Partisan operations, 118-26,129 Chetnik rivalry, 104, 107, 117,136 China, dealing with, 157 Croatian rivalry, 105-106 early days, 44 death of, 155, 169 Greece, interference with, 150 Partisan leader, 117-18 post war purges, 111, 138-9 post war rule, 139-40 securing Yugoslavia, 83-4, 86, 107,127-9, 136 Slovene rivalry, 116 Soviet Union, cooperation with, 141 Stalin, dispute with, 142, 147 support for, 102 unrest across Yugoslavia, 155 West, dealing with, 142, 155 Titoism, 143, 154 Tito-Stalin split, 142, 147 Tito-Subašić Agreement, 115, 126 Todorov, Stanko, 160 Tőkés, László, 162 Tomislav II, see Aimone, Fourth Duke of Aosta Toplica, 16 Topolšica, 129 Toshev, Andrey, 49 Toshev, General Stefan, 26 Transdanubian Hills, 87
Transnistria Governorate, 112 Transylvania, 26, 36, 68, ПО, 132,147
198 Balkan Struggles Treaty of, Amity and Alliance, 19 Bucharest, 8, 27 Craiova, 68, 85 Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Aid, 144 Friendship and NonAggression, 71 Lausanne, 40-1 London, 1, 7, 17-18, 33 Moscow, 39 Neuilly, 30, 35 Non-Aggression, Germany and Soviet Union, 48 Plaka, 95 Rapallo, 32 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 29-30, 36-7 Sèvres, 25, ЗО, 39 Tirana, 34, 46 Trianon, 17, 29-30, 37, 76, 110 Varkiza, 87, 147 Versailles, 29-30 Trebeshinë Mountains, 56 Treblinka extermination camp, 92 Triantafyllakos, Nikolaos, 41 Trieste, 32, 128, 130 Trifunovič, General Dušan, 74 Tripartite Pact, 67-71, 85 Triple Entente, 6, 13, 19, 21-2, 25, 30, 33 Tripolitania Vilayet, 3 Trumbić, Ante, 31 Tsankov, Aleksander, 35-6, 147 Tsatsos, President Konstantinos, 167 Tsolakoglou, General Georgios, 60, 89 Tuđman, Franjo, 170, 176 Turkey, 9, 25, 39-41, 43, 70, 93, 142, 166 Turner, SS-Brigadefiihrer Harald, 111 Turtucaia, 26 Tuzla, 177 UDBA, see State Security Administration Udbina, 174 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, 69, 107 Ultra-codebreakers, 57 Union and Progress Committee, 2-3 United Nations, Confidence Restoration Operation, 172 General Assembly, 179 Protection Force (UNPROFOR), 172 Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 97, 144 Security Council, 172-5 United States, 18, 85, 90, 107, 142, 145, 149, 156-7,165, 176 Ustaše, 33, 44—5, 74, 104-106, 108-109, 117, 120-1, 128, 136, 140-1 Ustaše Black Legion, 120 Ustaše Supervisory Service, 108 Uzbekistan, 150 Vafiadis, Markos, 149 Valona, 56 Vance Plan, see Sarajevo Plan Vardar Macedonia, 8, 20, 147 Vardar Mountains, 25
Index Vardar River, 16, 86 Veesenmayer, SS-Standartenführer Edmund, 104 Velouchiotis, Aris, see Klaras, Thanasis Venice, 130 Venizelism, 41 Venizelos, Eleftherios, 3, 16, 21-2, 24, 39,41,49 Verdun, 26 Vedaci, Shefqet, 34, 47 Ver mion Mountains, 58 Versailles Peace Conference, 31 Vesnic, Milenko, 31 Victor Emmanuel III, King of Albania, 47,104—105 Vidovdan Constitution, 30-1, 142 Vienna, 16, 44, 68, 86-8, 119 Viet Cong, 160 Viktring camp, 137 Vis island, 126, 129 Visegrad, 128 Vokić, Ante, 106, 136 Vlorë, 17-18, 30, 33,146 Vlorë War, 18, 30, 33 Vojvodina, 101, 111, 137 Vokić, Ante, 106, 136 Volos, 59-60 Vrban, Major Ante, 140-1 Vrbanja River, 174 Vrbas valley, 122 Vukovar, 171 W Force, 57-8, 60 Walker, Lieutenant General Michael, 177 Wall Street Crash, 31-2, 45, 47, 49 Wallraff, Günter, 165 Wannsee Conference, 109 199 war crimes, 41, 146, 150, 177, 179-80 Warsaw, 75, 92 Warsaw Pact, 142, 155-7, 160-1,163 Washington Agreement, 174 Washington DC, 127, 143, 146,174 Wavell, General Archibald, 60, 63 Wehrmacht, 48, 58, 61, 67-9, 72, 75-6, 78-9, 84-8,104, 106-107, 110-11, 115, 118, 124,131, 136, 147 Weichs, General Maximilian von, 72, 78, 124 Werth, General Henrik, 72-3 West Germany, 158 White Guards of Slovenia, 102 William, Prince of Wied, 17 Wilson, Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Maitland, 57-60, 97 World Bank, 162 Wounded, battle of the, 123 Xoxe, Koçi, 144-5 Yalta Conference, 137, 148 Young Bosnia movement, 13 Young Turk rebellion, 1-3, 5, 10 Yugoslav Army of the Fatherland, 116 Yugoslav People’s Army, 103, 136,139 Yugoslavia, Communist Party, 44, 118-19, 135, 140, 142, 154,
156 division of, 101 Kingdom of, 33, 103
200 Balkan Struggles liberation of, 127-9 march back into, 135, 137-8 Yugov, Anton, 159-60 Zachariadis, Nikolaos, 150 Zadar, 32 Zagreb, 33, 74, 76, 106, 110, 129, 136-7 Zaimis, Alexandras, 22-3 Zervas, Colonel Napoleon, 95 Zhekov, Major General Nikola, 20 Zhivkov, Todor, 159-60 Zivković, General Dimitrije, 74 Zog, King of Albania, 18, 31, 34—5, 45-7, 83-4,143, 145 Zogu, Ahmed, see King Zog Zoitakis, Major General Georgios, 164 Zujović, Sreten, 142 Zveno Movement, 49, 85-6 |
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| author | Rawson, Andrew |
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| author_facet | Rawson, Andrew |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1277015617 (DE-599)BVBBV047465755 |
| era | Geschichte 1912-1999 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1912-1999 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Südosteuropa (DE-588)4058449-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Südosteuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV047465755 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:07:49Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:12:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781526761446 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032867463 |
| oclc_num | 1277015617 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 200 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits (schwarz-weiß) |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20211006 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Pen & Sword Military |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rawson, Andrew Verfasser (DE-588)120234688X aut Balkan struggles Andrew Rawson Barnsley Pen & Sword Military 2021 200 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits (schwarz-weiß) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes index The Balkans witnessed several bloody conflicts during the twentieth century. New nations emerged in 1913, after 500 years of Ottoman rule, only for them to go to war just weeks later. Italian designs on the Balkans resulted in the occupation of Albania in March 1939, but it failed to take control of Greece over the winter of 1940-41. A German blitzkrieg quickly defeated both Yugoslavia and Greece in the spring of 1941, and the population of both countries then suffered terribly as the occupying forces encouraged collaboration and punished resistance. The area was rife with guerrilla activity, as monarchists, nationalists and communists fought each other as often as the occupying troops. This, in turn, led to communism sweeping across most of the region in the post-war years, while Greece was taken over by a fascist regime. Most of the belligerents would be drawn into the region, while the post-war border changes created tensions. Communism eventually ended, but ethnic troubles resulted in a ten-year conflict across Yugoslavia. It would be divided into Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo, at the end of the bloodiest conflict in Europe since World War II. Geschichte 1912-1999 gnd rswk-swf Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd rswk-swf Südosteuropa (DE-588)4058449-5 gnd rswk-swf Balkan Peninsula / History / 20th century Balkan Peninsula / Politics and government / 20th century Politics and government Balkan Peninsula 1900-1999 History Südosteuropa (DE-588)4058449-5 g Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 s Geschichte 1912-1999 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032867463&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032867463&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Rawson, Andrew Balkan struggles Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033114-3 (DE-588)4058449-5 |
| title | Balkan struggles |
| title_auth | Balkan struggles |
| title_exact_search | Balkan struggles |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Balkan struggles |
| title_full | Balkan struggles Andrew Rawson |
| title_fullStr | Balkan struggles Andrew Rawson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Balkan struggles Andrew Rawson |
| title_short | Balkan struggles |
| title_sort | balkan struggles |
| topic | Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Krieg Südosteuropa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032867463&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032867463&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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