An unchosen people: Jewish political reckoning in interwar Poland
A revisionist account of interwar Europe's largest Jewish community that upends histories of Jewish agency to rediscover reckonings with nationalism's pathologies, diaspora's fragility, Zionism's promises, and the necessity of choice. What did the future hold for interwar Europe&...
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Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England
Harvard University Press
2021
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| Zusammenfassung: | A revisionist account of interwar Europe's largest Jewish community that upends histories of Jewish agency to rediscover reckonings with nationalism's pathologies, diaspora's fragility, Zionism's promises, and the necessity of choice. What did the future hold for interwar Europe's largest Jewish community, the font of global Jewish hopes? When intrepid analysts asked these questions on the cusp of the 1930s, they discovered a Polish Jewry reckoning with "no tomorrow." Assailed by antisemitism and witnessing liberalism's collapse, some Polish Jews looked past progressive hopes or religious certainties to investigate what the nation-state was becoming, what powers minority communities really possessed, and where a future might be found-and for whom. The story of modern Jewry is often told as one of creativity and contestation. Kenneth B. Moss traces instead a late Jewish reckoning with diasporic vulnerability, nationalism's terrible potencies, Zionism's promises, and the necessity of choice. Moss examines the works of Polish Jewry's most searching thinkers as they confronted political irrationality, state crisis, and the limits of resistance. He reconstructs the desperate creativity of activists seeking to counter despair where they could not redress its causes. And he recovers a lost grassroots history of critical thought and political searching among ordinary Jews, young and powerless, as they struggled to find a viable future for themselves-in Palestine if not in Poland, individually if not communally. Focusing not on ideals but on a search for realism, Moss recasts the history of modern Jewish political thought. Where much scholarship seeks Jewish agency over a collective future, An Unchosen People recovers a darker tradition characterized by painful tradeoffs amid a harrowing political reality, making Polish Jewry a paradigmatic example of the minority experience endemic to the nation-state |
| Beschreibung: | ix, 388 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte |
| ISBN: | 9780674245105 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Introduction: Unchosen times, unchosen conditions -- Futurelessness and the Jewish question -- Toward a politics of doubt and exit -- Minorityhood and the limits of culture -- Antisemitism, nationalism, eliminationism -- of skepticism and chastened inquiry -- Palestine as possibility -- reason, exit, and post-communal triage -- Conclusion: "With a cruel logic" | |
| 520 | |a A revisionist account of interwar Europe's largest Jewish community that upends histories of Jewish agency to rediscover reckonings with nationalism's pathologies, diaspora's fragility, Zionism's promises, and the necessity of choice. What did the future hold for interwar Europe's largest Jewish community, the font of global Jewish hopes? When intrepid analysts asked these questions on the cusp of the 1930s, they discovered a Polish Jewry reckoning with "no tomorrow." Assailed by antisemitism and witnessing liberalism's collapse, some Polish Jews looked past progressive hopes or religious certainties to investigate what the nation-state was becoming, what powers minority communities really possessed, and where a future might be found-and for whom. The story of modern Jewry is often told as one of creativity and contestation. Kenneth B. Moss traces instead a late Jewish reckoning with diasporic vulnerability, nationalism's terrible potencies, Zionism's promises, and the necessity of choice. Moss examines the works of Polish Jewry's most searching thinkers as they confronted political irrationality, state crisis, and the limits of resistance. He reconstructs the desperate creativity of activists seeking to counter despair where they could not redress its causes. And he recovers a lost grassroots history of critical thought and political searching among ordinary Jews, young and powerless, as they struggled to find a viable future for themselves-in Palestine if not in Poland, individually if not communally. Focusing not on ideals but on a search for realism, Moss recasts the history of modern Jewish political thought. Where much scholarship seeks Jewish agency over a collective future, An Unchosen People recovers a darker tradition characterized by painful tradeoffs amid a harrowing political reality, making Polish Jewry a paradigmatic example of the minority experience endemic to the nation-state | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS Note on Transliteration and Translation Map Introduction: Unchosen Times, Unchosen Conditions ІХ xii 1 1 Futurelessness and the Jewish Question 41 2 Toward a Politics of Doubt and Exit 88 3 Minorityhood and the Limits of Culture 114 4 Antisemitism, Nationalism, Eliminationism 154 5 From Ideology to Inquiry 193 6 Palestine as Possibility 221 7 Reason, Exit, and Postcommunal Triage 254 Conclusion: “With a Cruel Logic” 306 Notes 331 Acknowledgments 365 Index 369
INDEX Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. Adam Mickiewicz Gymnasium, Pružana, 106 African American experience (in Polish Jewish thought), 71, 128-134, 136, 141, 148,151-153,175-176, 348n30, 363n51. See also culture; Golomb, Avrom; Jewish people, the; Latski-Bertoldi, Zeev-Volf; literature; minorityhood; race and racism; Weinreich, Max agency, Jewish (posited collective Jewish capacity to substantially determine outcome of political processes affecting Jews): as central assumption of modern Jewish politics in Eastern Europe, 10-12; vs. growing recognition of relative powerless ness, 1-2, 36, 287-305. See also Astour (Tshemikhov), Mikhl; Binyomen R.; danger; ideologies, Jewish; inquiry; Lestschinsky, Yankev; politics, Jewish; realism; socialism; Zionism Agudes Yisroel (Agudat Israel) party (the Agudah), 33, 94,108, 110, 320. See also Hasidism; Orthodoxy Aleksiun, Natalia, 13, 98, 99 Al ha-Mishmar faction, 251 aliyah. See Fifth Aliyah; Fourth Aliyah; Third Aliyah Alter, Avrom Mordkhe (Gerer Rebbe), 363ո45 Alter, Leon, 264 anarchism, 96-97, 210, 244, 344nl9. See also socialism antisemitism (Judeophobia, Jew-hatred): abject Jewish political status as contri buting factor to, in Tsarist Russia, 9-10; across interwar Europe, 6, 8, 296; Jewish analyses of character; sources, and trajectory of, 19-21,24-25, 58-70, 74-79,157-159, 160-172, 174-192, 219; Jewish outlooks reshaped by rising, 69-78, 85-87,110-113, 134-137, 196, 217, 250, 253; and the Jewish Question in Polish politics and culture, 8, 13, 18-30, 39, 44-45, 65-67, 79-86, 164-165, 171-190, 308-311; rejection of
and resistance to, in Polish politics and culture, 5, 22-24, 58, 86-87, 162-163, 311; and Ukrainian population in Poland, 27, 78, 178, 184-185; and violence, 9, 12, 18, 38, 77-78, 80-81, 85, 156, 169-171, 178, 187, 246, 308; in younger generation, 27-29, 186-189; and anti-Zionism, 22, 38, 39. See also Appenszlak, Jakob; Arendt, Hannah; Burshtin, Mikhoel; Bychowski, Gustav; Czapiński, Kazimierz; danger; Dmowski, Roman; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; Giterman, Isaac; Golomb, Avrom; Hertz, Aleksander; Hirszhorn, Samuel; Jewish Question; Kipowa, Łucja; Lestschinsky, Yankev; Levinson, Avraham; middleman minority, Jews as; minorityhood; nationalism; Oberlaender, Ludwik; Poland; progressivism; race and racism; 369
INDEX antisemitism (Judeophobia, Jew-hatred) (icontinued) realism; Right, the European radical; Right, the Polish nationalist; social theory, East European Jewish; state capture; Weinreich, Max Appenszlak, Jakob, 57-58, 69 Arab-Jewish conflict. See Jewish-Palestinian conflict Arab population of Mandate Palestine. See Palestinians Arendt, Hannah, 7, 9, 327 Argentina, 42^13,166. See also emigration; exitism Aronovitsh, Ezriel, 206 Ashkenazy, Szymon, 107 Assimilation. See Polonization assimilationism (Jewish self-Polonization and integrationism as ideological program): commitment to ideology of, 4, 97-98, 264; disillusionment with political promise of, 6, 33, 102, 105-107; historiography of, 30; and Palestine, 232, 252; psychic vulnerability and suffering attributed to, 72, 129-130, 196-197; Yiddishism con trasted with, 130. See also Alter, Leon; Bychowski, Gustav; Hertz, Aleksander; Joselewicz, Berek; Korczak, Janusz; Polish Socialist Party (PPS); Polonization; Sanacja; Tuwim, Julian; Związek Akademickiej Młodzieży Zjednoczeniowej (ZAMZ) Astour (Tshernikhov), Mikhl, 1-7, 13, 27, 30, 104,122, 197, 219-220, 279, 299 Auerbach, Rokhl, 4 Australia, 322. See also emigration; exitism Austria, gains of the radical Right in, 27, 32, 57,112-113,141-142,155,189. See also Nazism; Right, the European radical Ayzenberg, G., 50 Baden-Powell, Robert, 94, 120 Baginen (journal), 205 Balfour Declaration, 278, 316 Balibar, Etienne, 181, 352n51 Bassok, Ido, 111, 268, 321 Bastomski, Shloyme, 52 370 BBWR. See Sanacja Będzin, 48, 88 Bełchatów, 231 Belis, Shloyme, 149 Ben-Asher, Haim, 95, 103, 106,
211-212, 218,219, 224-225, 229, 283 Ben-Gurion, David, 49,152,153, 207, 275, 278, 284 Ben-Shemen Youth Village, Palestine, 233, 356ո31 Bernshteyn, Yitshok, 115 Bernstein, Fritz, 175-176 Betar, 14, 93, 98, 197, 200, 207, 217-218, 221. See also Binyomen R.; Jabotinsky, Ze’ev; Revisionist Zionism; Zionism Bialik, Chaim Nahman, 48-49,152,286-287, 291 Białystok, 88, 95, 166, 187, 189, 207 Białystok area, 18, 45, 81 Biber, Haim, 97 Bielsko, 48 Bielsk Podlaski, 16, 43, 76-77, 79, 101, 201-208. See also Binyomen R. Bin (The Bee: youth movement), 103-104, 120-122, 121. See also Astour (Tshernikhov), Mikhl; Diasporism; Golomb, Avrom; Ran, Leyzer; Shabad, Tsemakh; Sutzkever, Avrom; Weinreich, Max; Yiddishism Binyomen R. (Binyomen Rotberg) [pseud onym], 16, 30, 43, 72, 75-81,100-101, 111-112, 198-208, 219, 270-271, 285-288,290-294,297,321, 328. See also Communism; exitism; inquiry; Palestinism/ Yishuvism; realism; Weinreich, Max; youth, Polish Jewish; Zionism Birobidzhan, Soviet Union, 43,255,267,280, 318. See also Communism; emigration; exitism; Zionism Black experience in Polish Jewish thought. See African American experience Błaszczyk, Adam, 18 Błonie, 60-61. See also Burshtin, Mikhoel Bluhm-Kwiatkowski, Aleksander, 85 Bnai Brith, 174 Borochov, Ber, 10
INDEX Brandes, Georg, 130 Brown, Sterling, ISI Brześć, 163-164 Buczacz, 54, 118 Buehler, Charlotte, 32,139 Bund (Algemeyner yidisher arbeter bund in Poyln): approach to Jewish Question, 2, 9, 15,32-33,36,51,112,116-117,155,193, 279, 317, 321, 325; critiques of, 2, 193, 279, 323; and Diasporism, 15, 31,104; Diasporist intellectuals’ relationships to, 32, 35, 120, 155, 157, 194, 261; doubts within and defection from, 42, 51-52, 90, 100-105, 201, 206, 321; historiography of, 31, 96; optimism bred by ideology of, 116-117; PPS and, 23, 32, 317-318; reach and support of, 35, 42, 93, 96-97, 104, 116-117, 218, 236, 283, 317-319, 362n22; recent celebration of, 31; and Zionism, 209,218,228,236,273, 275, 321. See also Astour (Tshernikhov), Mikhl; Bin; class; Diasporism; Erlikh, Henryk; Gutgeshtalt, Hirsh; Left, Polish; Lestschinsky, Yankev; Marxism; Menes, Avrom; Polish Socialist Party (PPS); socialism; Tsukunft; TsYShO; Urinsky, Gershn; Uryevitsh, Yente; Weinreich, Max; Zilberfarb, Moyshe Bürgin, Yehiel, 311 Burshtin, Mikhoel, 67-69, 123-127, 323-324; Bay di taykhn fun Mazovye, 323; Goyrl (Fate), 68; Iber di khurves fun Ployne, 60-65, 61, 67-68, 124, 184 Bychowski, Gustav, 174 Bychowski, Jan Ryszard, 174 Byelorussian population in kresy, 78 Cahan, Ab., 240 Cała, Alina, 18, 22, 23-24, 25 Caluń, Tomasz, 163. See also Sanacja Cammy, Justin, 140-142, 144,147-148, 323 Case, Holly, 8 Catholic Church in Poland (approaches to Jewish Question in), 22-24, 310. See also Christianity Catholic University, Lublin, 22 Catholic Youth League, 310 Celine, Louis-Ferdinand, 23 Certificates (allowing
immigration to Palestine), 14,42-43,50-51,94,101,110, 200, 213, 215, 278, 291 Chalasiński, Józef, 28-29. See also peasants Cherniavsky, Irith, 14-15, 94,196,221-223, 227-228 children (future of, as a stake in Polish Jewish thought and decision-making), 40, 298-299, 301-305. See also Druyanov, Alter; exitism; Lahad, Ezra; Lakerman, Shmuel; Urinsky, Gershn Chile, 318. See also emigration; exitism Chizhik, Baruch, 243 Chmielewski, Samuel, 318 Christian Democrats, 165 Christianity (and Jewish Question), 22-25, 75, 110, 167-168, 181-182. See also Catholic Church in Poland class: and Jewish communal and political life, 11, 14-15, 42, 51-52, 53-55, 57, 94, 103, 113,118, 211, 221, 232, 236, 242, 282,292, 303, 342n88, 345n36; in Jewish political and social thought, 2, 9, 32-33, 36, 51-52, 55-56, 101, 103, 112, 118, 121,123-125, 155, 158,165-171, 175, 200, 210, 228, 234-236, 240, 242, 260, 325; and the Jewish Question in Eastern Europe, 8, 13,19, 23, 25, 26, 35, 44, 60, 78,112-113,160-161,165-166,170,177, 179-181, 185-186, 264, 327. See also declassing; ideologies, Jewish; middleman minority, Jews as; poverty; socialism colonialism and imperialism (Polish Jewish thought about), 184-185, 237-238, 245-248, 262-263, 273-274, 300, 322, 358nl0. See also Jewish-Palestinian conflict; kresy, territorialization Communism (Polish Jewish engagement with): anti-Bundism of, 55, 104; anti-Zionism of, 55, 226; attraction of, 14, 55; approach to Jewish Question of, 2, 32-33, 325; critiques of, 2, 55-56, 78, 142, 287-288, 291; disillusionment with and defection from, 56-57, 90,102-105, 112-113, 201,
210, 337n87; effects of investment in 371
INDEX Communism (Polish Jewish engagement with) (continued) ideology of, 55, 116, 203, 280, 283; historiography of, 96; Jewish religious anti-, 324; supporters of and nature of support for, 97, 100-101, 104, 116, 200-203, 206-207, 209-210, 233, 235, 280, 292; in Yiddish literature, 123, 141, 151-152; discourse about Jews and, 80, 210, 309. See also Binyomen R.; class; Forget-Me-Not; Greyno; ideologies, Jewish; Khatskels, Helena; Knaphays, Moyshe; Marxism; Naymark, Yoelke; socialism community (exitism and considerations of), 256-260, 292-294, 297-298. See also children; realism compensation (psychological), 139,175,194, 199,289,291; Jewish culture and, 133-137 Connelly, John, 26 conservatism, Polish, 24, 45. See also liberalism conspiracy theories: Jews as subject of, 8, 21-22, 24-25, 59, 79-80, 164-165, 171, 182, 296; Zionism as subject of, 22 correspondence to/from Yishuv, 229-231 critical inquiry. See inquiry Cullen, Countee, 151 culture: capacities of, as a problem of interwar Polish Jewish thought and praxis, 117,124, 139-153, 323-325; Jewish, (as Jewish nationalist project), 7, 10, 84,139; Jewish, (in anthropological sense) in Eastern Europe and Poland, general characteristics and trends, 3-5, 41^12, 55-75, 88-91, 93-101, 114-139, 193-220; Polish cultural sphere, 4, 22-23, 36, 38, 98-99, 126,148,162-163,174. See also identity, Jewish; Binyomen R.; Burshtin, Mikhoel; Diasporism; film and cinema; Grade, Chaim; Hebraism; Hebrew; ideologies, Jewish; literature; Marxism; nature; Poland; Polonization; psychology; Shneurson, Fishl; subjectivity; Sutzkever, Avrom; Vogel,
Debora; Weinreich, Max; Yiddish culture and literature; Yiddishism; Zionism Czapiński, Kazimierz, 23, 86 372 Czas (journal), 24, 45 Częstochowa, 48, 79-80, 88, 90, 116 Czyżew-Osada, 104, IOS, 108-110, 308 danger (in Polish Jewish political thinking and experience): Jewish sense of growing, 1-2, 5-6, 54-71, 74-83, 184-192, 254-256, 262-264; political sources of, 13, 16-17, 21-30, 44, 54-75, 77, 83; and realism, 3, 6-7, 9,13, 31, 37-38, 71, 75-82, 84, 87,101, 111, 154, 186-192, 195-196, 256-258, 285-298; and rise of the Right, 5,12-13,17-18,25-26, 58-59, 182-190; timing of Polish Jewish recogni tion of, 159-160,190. See aho antisemitism; children; diaspora; exitism; extrapolatory thinking; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; Jewish Question; middleman minority, Jews as; nation alism; Poland; realism; Right, the Euro pean radical; Right, the Polish nationalist; Zionism Davar (newspaper), 241 declassing (mass impoverishment of Jews previously in commercial sector), 53, 55, 118,121,124-125,161,177,264,268,292 Depression. See Great Depression Diamond, Cora, 150 diaspora (Jewish thought about), 114, 117, 125-127, 137-140, 240-249; dispersion and minorityhood vs. territorialization and ethnic concentration, 244-249. See also Diasporism; Jews, East European; Jews, Polish; middleman minority, Jews as; Zionism Diasporism: and crisis of Polish Jewish sub jectivity, 114-153; critiques of, 1-2, 138, 270, 279; disillusionment with parties advocating, 102-105, 234, 280; historiog raphy of, 30; ideology and thought of, 1, 6,11,13,15,42,114-127,137-139,157, 323, 325;
Jewish-Polish special relation ship in ideology of, 126-127; political outlooks among supporters of, 28, 42, 114; response of, to crisis in the 1930s, 34, 114-153; romanticism about Eastern
INDEX Europe in, 360ո74; scholarly and popular engagement with, 30-31; Yiddishism as cultural ideology of, 1,42, 68, 82,139-140; Zionism compared to, 242-245,247-249. See also Bin; Bund; Burshtin, Mikhoel; diaspora; economic self-help; Giterman, Isaac; Golomb, Avrom; Jewish Society for Knowing the Land; kasses; Lakerman, Shmuel; Lestschinsky, Yankev; minorityhood; public health, Jewish; Shabad, Tsemakh; socialism; state, the; Sutzkever, Avrom; territorialization; Weinreich, Max; Yiddishism; Zionism Dimentman, Leah, 110, 111 Dizhur, Il’ya, 161 Dmowski, Roman, 17, 25-26; Świat pow ojenny і Polska, 59, 164-165 Dobkin, Eliahu, 277-279 Doikeyt. See Diasporism Dollfuss, Engelbert, 79, 112, 189 Dothan, Shmuel, 320 doubt about Jewish prospects in Eastern Europe. See future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish Druyanov, Alter, 41-43, 83, 110, 113, 115, 179, 222-223, 302-303 Dynner, Glenn, 96 Dzień Polski (journal), 24, 45 East European Jewry. See Jews, East European economic self-help, 82, 118-119,119, 249, 317-318. See also Burshtin, Mikhoel; declassing; Giterman, Isaac; Joint Distri bution Committee; kasses; ORT; poverty; public health, Jewish; Shalit, Moyshe; Zilberfarb, Moyshe emigration: Certificates for, to Palestine, 14, 42^13, 50-51, 94,101, 110, 200, 213, 215, 278, 291; desire for, regardless of destination, 15, 42-43, 47, 49, 89-92, 318-319; international restrictions on, 47-48,267; mass, 221,229,255,263-264, 266,281,309,311,318-319,322; of 1905, 11; organizations seeking to facilitate, 263-267; to Palestine, 13-15, 37, 48^19, 221-222,229-230, 298-305, 314;
political situation as source of the need fot; 263-264. See also Argentina; Australia; Birobidzhan; children; exitism; Giterman, Isaac; Jewish Central Emigration Society; Palestine; South Africa; Yishuv; Zionism emissaries, Zionist. See shlihim Endecja, Endeks. See Right, the Polish nationalist Engel, David, 7, 332nl3, 336n77 Erlikh, Henryk, 32, 36, 155 escapism: among Polish Jewish youth, 73,115, 123, 139; realism and rational judgment vs., 194-197; Zionism portrayed as, 242-243. See also fantasy; psychology; realism Ewa (journal), 166 exitism (emigrationism, politics of exit): causes of, 110, 194, 196; increasing desire for, among Polish Jewry, 6, 15, 33, 42, 73, 88-92, 203, 319; individual vs. communal considerations and, 256-260, 292-294, 297-298; turn to Zionism and, 88-92, 102-103, 106-107, 203, 218, 250, 252, 276; Jewish Question and, 110-113, 276; as last-resort solution to 1930s crisis, 38, 42,194,252,255-259,263,266,282,314, 319; transcending the diaspora-emigrationZionism divide, 281-284; youth’s embrace of, 103, 194, 293, 297-298. See also Binyomen R.; children; community; danger; emigration; Faygenberg, Rokhl; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; Giterman, Isaac; Glatshteyn, Yankev; Hehalutz; ideologies, Jewish; inquiry; Jewish Central Emigration Society; Palestine; Polneç Majer; Tartakovep Aryeh; Urinsky, Gershn; Yishuv; Zionism extrapolatory thinking, 184-192, 270, 273-276, 312. See also danger, future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; realism; social theory, East European Jewish fantasy: as escapism vs. as a source of social
energy, 242-243. See also subjectivity fascism, 2, 56, 79, 185, 188, 219, 289. See also Austria; Germany; Right, the European radical Ї7Ї
INDEX Faygenberg, Rokhl (Rachel), 15,16, 30, 43, 160,172,193-194, 219, 228 Faynshteyn, Mikhoel, 54 feminism, 166 Fifth Aliyah, 37, 94-96, 110,214,221,223, 228,229,231,253, 269, 333ո26. See also Hehalutz; Palestine; Yishuv; Zionism film and cinema, 36, 73, 77 Fisk University, 128 Folkstsaytung (journal), 209, 228 Forget-Me-Not (pseudonym), 55-56 Forverts (newspaper), 238, 240 Fourth Aliyah, 49, 221, 233, 248, 259, 269. See also Palestine; Yishuv; Zionism Frankel, David, 110 Frankel, Jonathan, 12 Frayhayt, 39, 105, 205, 206, 208-209, 283-284. See also Poalei Tsion Right; Zionism Frayland (journal), 280 Frayland-Lige, 208, 260-261, 279-281, 299. See also Territorialism Fraynd (newspaper), 209 Free-loan programs. See economic self-help; kasses Freemasonry (in conspiracy theories), 22, 59, 164-165 Freud, Sigmund, 94, 173-174. See also psychology Fridlander, Yosef, 106 Friedman, Filip, 124 Fuks, Tadeusz, 77, 112 future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish: and decisions about family and children, 40, 298-299, 301-305; convic tion of likely bad outcomes as common and spreading among Jews, 5-6, 12-17, 32-33,41-55, 88-96, 100-110, 113-115, 123-124,128, 154, 194-195, 199-202, 213, 235, 253-254; concrete factors and developments shaping conviction of likely bad outcomes in the early 1930s, 17-30, 44—45, 75-81; conviction of likely bad outcomes deriving from political experi ence and analysis of political and social developments in Poland and Europe, 1-2, 374 5-7,17-19, 31-33, 34-35, 44-45, 57-87, 91-92, 110-113, 151-156, 161, 172, 177-181,184-190,194-195,197,219-220, 253,
255-256, 263-264; in the late imperial period, 9-12; and extrapolatory thinking, 1-2, 159, 184-192, 219-220, 262-263,269-270,287-305; and Yiddish literature, 139-140; and Zionism, 14, 42, 88-92, 100-103, 106-107, 203, 218, 250, 252, 276-279, 281-282, 287-292, 302-305. See also antisemitism; children; danger; diaspora; exitism; extrapolatory thinking; ideologies, Jewish; inquiry; Jewish Question; Marxism; middleman minority, Jews as; minorityhood; progressivism; realism; social theory, East European Jewish; Zionism futurelessness. See danger; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish Gafni, Sarah (née Strausberg), 94 Gal-Ed, Efrat, 34 Gazeta Polska (newspaper), 28 Gazeta Żywiecka (newspaper), 21 gender (as a factor in Polish Jewish political culture and thinking), 88, 199-200, 213, 225, 228, 304 General Jewish Labor Bund. See Bund Ger, Gur, Góra-Kalwaria. See Hasidism German Jews (in Polish Jewish thought), 175, 294-297 Germany: events in, 1-2; German anti-fascist thought, 167-168; German Jews, 294-297. See also German Jews; Nazism Gershom, A., 250 Geyar, Zelig, 282-284 Giddens, Anthony, 238 Giterman, Isaac (Yitshok), 28,48, 81-83, 81, 106-107, 113, 117-120,119, 179, 253 Glatshteyn, Yankev, Vert Yash iz gekumen, 254-257, 285, 287 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 149 Goldman, Emma, 240 Goldszmit, Henryk. See Korczak, Janusz Golomb, Avrom, 103-104, 114, 138, 156, 176, 248, 251,299
INDEX Gordon, A. D., 94 Gordonia youth movement, 103,106. See also Zionism Gotlib, Yehoshua, 138 Grabski, Władysław, 66 Grade, Chaim, 140-151, 153, 323, 326; “Baym shayn fun der levone,” 143-146; “Ikh zing fun shney badektn barg arunter,” 143-144, 146-147, 149; “Vin,” 141-142; “Veit in nayntsn fir un draysik,” 141; “Yehezkel,” 323; “Yo,” 143-150; Yo, 142-149, 323 Great Depression: effects of, 25, 44, 53-55, 118-119; in relation to political develop ments as source of 1930s crisis for Jews, 16-17, 25-29, 44-45, 55-57, 75-76, 83, 155-156, 177. See also antisemitism; Binyomen R.; class; declassing; Jewish Question; Krzywicki, Ludwik; Marxism; Poland; politics, Jewish; poverty Greenberg, Gershon, 324 Greyno (pseudonym), 116, 210d Grinboym, Yitzhak, 46-47, 60,69, 156,158, 168-172,179,182,251,277-279,281-282, 287, 291,319 Grodno, 204, 285-286, 322 Grodno Tarbut school, 205, 207, 285 Grodzenski, Rabbi Hayim Oyzer, 363n45 Grott, Bogumił, 19 Gura, Yitzhak, 104-105 Gutgeshtalt, Hirsh, 117, 140, 141 Gutman, Shoyl, 281 Habas, Brakha, 215. See also Hebraism; Shlimovits (Shalev), Miriam Hagen, William, 28, 65, 82 Ha-Oved, 213 Harkavy, Alexander, 128 Hartglas, Apollinary, 251-253 Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair, 94, 199, 204, 207, 212,282-283 Hasidism (and Polish Jewish political life), 15, 32-33, 94,96-98,102,104-105,108-111, 193, 230, 320-321, 357n48. See also Agudes Yisroel; Alter, Avrom Mordkhe (Gerer Rebbe); Czyżew-Osada; Druyanov, 575 Alter; Frankel, David; Mineberg, Leib; Orthodoxy; Shapiro, Rabbi Ka!onymous Kalmish (Piaseczner Rebbe); Vaserman, Rabbi Elkhonen; Warsaw Haynt (newspaper),
138,151-152, 227, 228, 232, 234 Hebraism: as a centerpiece of ideologically serious Zionism, 49, 93, 215-216, 243; indifference to, among Zionists as mark of exitist and political-realism motivations over ideological motivations, 49, 91, 200, 216, 285-286; institutions of, 103, 106, 205, 207, 222-223. See also Binyomen R.; culture; Shlimovits (Shalev), Miriam; Zionism Hebrew (language and culture in Polish Jewish society), 90, 93,204, 211-212,285, 360n53 Hehalutz, 216; attractions and motivations for joining, 49-51, 90-91,94-95,101,102, 103, 199-200, 203, 212-213, 218-219, 289-291; Hasidim and, 109; interest of Diasporists in model of, 120; and kibbutz movement in Palestine, 49-50; political involvement of, 39; popularity of, 14, 49-50, 88, 221; reports of shlihim about Polish, 88-97, 105, 107-108, 211-218, 224-225; Zionist ideology of, 49-50, 94. See also exitism; Hehalutz ha-Tsair; shlihim; Zionism Hehalutz ha-Tsair, 95, 103, 106, 211, 213, 225,283-284. See also Hehalutz; Frayhayt; shlihim; youth, Polish Jewish; Zionism Heller, Daniel, 28, 98, 196-197, 223, 224 Helman, Yaakov, 320 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 151 Hertz, Aleksander, 19-20, 24-25, 29, 311 Hirszhorn, Samuel, 58-59, 69,160-162, 172 Histadrut, 238, 239-242, 250. See also Weinreich, Max; Zionism historiography, 2-5, 7-8, 13, 30-31, 92-93, 96-99, 196, 306-312, 317, 325-328 Hitahdut, 284 Hitler, Adolf, 1, 132, 154, 232, 255 Hughes, Langston, 151
INDEX identity, Jewish: commitments to, rendered irrelevant by political exigency, 39, 256-257, 276-277, 281, 285-287, 301-302, 316; chosen and unchosen, 7, 127-139. See also Binyomen R.; culture; danger; exitism; ideologies, Jewish; Lakerman, Shmuel; politics, Jewish ideologies, Jewish (and camps, main Jewish political, in Poland and Eastern Europe): adherence to one of the, 4, 32, 93-94, 96-99; and presumption of Jewish agency, 10-12; skepticism and skeptical inquiry regarding claims of, search for alterna tives to, and turn to forms of exitism or Zionism-as-Yishuvism, 1-2, 7, 13-15, 31-37, 88-92, 93-96, 99-113, 193-220, 223-253,267-298, 303-305; transcending the diaspora-emigration-Zionism divide, 281-284. See also agency, Jewish; assimilationism; Diasporism; exitism; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; identity, Jewish; inquiry; liberalism; Orthodoxy; Palestinism / Yishuvism; progressivism; realism; socialism; social theory, East European Jewish; Zionism imperialism. See colonialism and imperialism inquiry (in Polish Jewish political culture): into political situation, 30, 37, 195-220; as a praxis, 37, 203-218; about Yishuv, 224-233. See also Binyomen R.; youth, Polish Jewish Instytut Gospodarstwa Społecznego, 25 integrationism. See assimilationism Jabotinsky, Ze’ev, 319 Jackiewicz, Stepan, 77, 112 Jacobs, Jack, 96 Jewish Agency, 14, 106-107, 278 Jewish Central Emigration Society (YEAS), 47, 263-267, 277, 279, 284, 319 Jewish National Fund, 41, 222 Jewish-Palestinian conflict, 37, 38, 39, 236-237, 250, 273-275, 299-301, 316, 320. See also colonialism
and imperialism; Jewish Question; Kosover, Mordkhe; Lakerman, Shmuel; Levita, Lova; 376 nationalism; Palestine; Qassam, Izz ad-Din al-; self-defense; Tshernikhov, Yoysef; Weinreich, Max; Zionism Jewish people, the (in Jewish thought): cultural compensatory resources available to, 133-137; and national oppression, 152; positive identity being replaced by sense of stigma, 131-133; as worldwide diasporic community, 114, 126-127,138. See also African American experience; culture; East European Jewry; Golomb, Avrom; identity, Jewish; Latski-Bertoldi, Zeev-Volf; minorityhood; nationalism; Polish Jewry; subjectivity Jewish Problem. See anti-Semitism; Jewish Question Jewish Question, the: essential tensions in Jewish political thought concerning, 6, 306-307, 322; in Europe, 8, 13; and individual exit, 110-113, 255, 263-267, 322; Jewish confrontations with, 2, 6-13, 56-85, 154-192, 312, 318-322; in Polish political culture, 5, 8, 18-30, 44-45, 82-87, 160-161, 188, 307-312; Zionism as a partial answer to, 268-305. See also antisemitism; danger; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; mid dleman minority, Jews as; minorityhood; nationalism; Zionism Jewish Society for Knowing the Land (ZTK; Żydowskie Towarzystwo Krajoznawcze), 84-86, 124-125. See also Burshtin, Mikhoel; Diasporism Jewish Workers’ Party (YAP), 218, 226. See also socialism Jews, East European: characteristics and historical trajectory general to, including Polish Jewry, 1-3, 8-12, 308; historiog raphy of, 3, 7-8, 30-31, 306-308; Jewish sociological and political analysis con cerning situation of,
including Polish Jewry, 114,154-157,174-181,184-187,320-321. See also antisemitism; culture; Jewish people, the; Jewish Question; Jews, Polish; ideologies, Jewish; Poland; politics, Jewish; Yiddish culture and literature
INDEX Jews, Polish: characteristics and situation of, circa 1918, 1930, and 1935, 2, 4, 12, 14, 26, 46-55, 73, 113, 200-201; and children’s future, 254, 298-305; constitu tional rights of, 5; coup of 1926 and, 13, 17, 44; cultural habits of, 73; economic self-help of, 118, 317-318; emigration to Palestine of, 13-15, 37, 48-49, 221-222, 229-230, 298-305, 314; historiography of, 4-5,13, 92-93, 96-99, 196, 307-312, 317, 325-328; ideologies and/vs. changing political views of, 1-2,4-8,13-17, 30-40, 41-46, 72, 82-83, 88-113, 145, 196, 200-201, 249-253; individual vs. com munal considerations among, 39-40, 195-196, 256-260, 292-294, 297-298; in interwar period, 1-8, 307-308; minority rights for, 46-47, 138; political resources of, 1-3, 6, 7, 9-11, 13-14, 17, 29-38,194-195,220, 256-305, 313-316; Polonization of, 4-6, 72, 84, 97-98, 195-196; in post-1935 period, 316-328; poverty in, 48, 53-55; secularization of, 107-108; subjectivity of, 34, 114-142. See also antisemitism; assimiliationism; culture; exitism; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; ideologies, Jewish; inquiry; Jewish Question; Jews, East European; literature; minorityhood; Orthodoxy; Poland; politics, Jewish; Polonization; socialism; subjectivity; youth, Polish Jewish; Zionism Jeziorski, Ireneusz, 21 Jezreel Valley, 95 Johnson, Helen, 151 Joint Distribution Committee, 48, 81, 117-118 Joselewicz, Berek, 66-67 Jude, Der (journal), 167 Kagan, Moyshe, 54 Kahan-Virgily, Arkady, 194 Kalisz, 48, 88, 90 Kalmanovitsh, Sholem. See Luria, Shalom Kalmanovitsh, Zelig, 103, 280, 324 Kaplánsky, Volf, 204-205 kasses
(microloan institutions), psychological and political effects, 118-119. See also Diasporism; economic self-help; Giterman, Isaac Kassow, Samuel, 4, 34, 98, 99, 323 Kazimierz-Dolny, 254, 257 Khatskels, Helena, 233, 240 Kibbutz Ein Harod, 215 kibbutzim, 49-50, 225, 230-231, 240, 245, 272, 304 Kielce, 18, 79, 91 Kielce region, 18, 45, 79, 80, 163 Kijek, Kamil, 18, 24, 37, 72, 79-81, 87, 98, 129,196-197, 223 Kipowa, Łucja, 19-20, 24 Kishinev pogrom, 9 Kleck, 211, 283 Kleinbaum, Mojżesz, 187-190, 320 Kliger, Moshe, 213-214 Kligsberg, Moyshe, 51 Knaphays, Moyshe, 116 Kobryń, 283 Kolbe, Shabtai, 207 Kolki, 217 Koluszki, 95 Kondratieff cycles, 157 Koneczny, Feliks, 21 KOP. See Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza Kopit, Yisrolik, 107-108,214-215, 225-226 Korczak, Janusz (penname of Henryk Goldszmit), 22-23, 99 Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza (KOP; Border Protection Corps), 19-21 Kosover, Mordkhe, 317 Kosoy, Y., 219 Kowel, 54, 213 Krah, Franziska, 167 Kraków, 45, 48, 83, 84, 94, 97, 284 kresy (Poland’s eastern borderlands), 21, 43, 91, 102, 104, 184-185, 224, 282, 318 Krzywicki, Ludwik, 25, 66 Krzywiec, Grzegorz, 18, 25 Kula, Marcin, 229 Kurier Poznański (newspaper), 22 Kuznitz, Cecile, 34 377
INDEX Labor Zionism, 49,152, 264, 266, 278-279, 280,283 Lahad, Ezra (né Lakerman), 299, ЗОЇ, 302 Lakerman, Basya, 299, 302 Lakerman, Shmuel, 298-301, 300, 302 Landau-Czajka, Anna, 4, 8, 24, 26, 27 Landkentenish/Krajoznawstwo (journal), 85-86 Lapin, Chava, 207 Latski-Bertoldi, Zeev-Volf, 151-157,191 League for a Laboring Land of Israel, 109, 200 Lebenzon, Micha Yosef, 285 Lebiedziew, 211 Left, Jewish. See anarchism; Binyomen R.; Bund; Communism; Forget-Me-Not; Gutgeshtalt, Hirsh; Marxism; socialism; Poalei Tsion Left; Poalei Tsion Right; progressivism; socialism Left, Polish, 23, 97,116, 165-166, 178,186, 311. See also assimilationism; Communism; Hertz, Aleksander; Lestschinsky, Yankev; Marxism; Polish Socialist Party (PPS); socialism Lehmann, Siegfried, 233 Lestschinsky, Yankev, 15, 27-28, 30, 35-36, 43, 49,154-159,155,177-179,184-187, 191, 195-196, 260-263, 271, 285, 301, 328 Levin, Gershon, 171-172 Levin, Moyshe, 325 Levinson, Avraham, 156, 158, 162-168, 172, 182-183 Levita, Lova, 53-54, 88-93, 89, 213, 228, 250, 304 Levita, Nimrod, 89 Lewin, Rabbi Arn, 321 liberalism, 2,4, 9-11, 24, 27,128,160,173, 177, 182, 270, 324; and sites of Jewish liberal-Zionist dialogue, 174-175. See also Bernstein, Fritz; Bnai Brith; Bychowski, Gustav; conservatism, Polish; Oberlaender, Ludwik; progressivism; Zionism Lichten, Joseph, 98 Lida, 88,284, 311 Literarishe Bieter (journal), 195 378 literature (belles lettres): African American, 151-153; Polish, 23, 98-99, 126, 148, 162-163; Yiddish, 60-68, 139-152. See also culture; Yiddish culture and literature; Yiddishism Łódź, 47-48, 66-67,
84,115,140,166,209, 260, 321 Łódź area, 18, 45, 95, 231 Łomża, 215 Łomża area, 214-215 Łowicz, 85-86 Lublin, 22, 230 Lublin region, 45, 293 Luck (Lutsk, town), 213, 321 Luria, Shalom, 280 Lux (pseudonym), 132-133,137, 151-152 Lwów, 18, 58, 83, 97, 99,169-171, 178-179 Malakh, Leyb, 233 Manchuria, 318. See also emigration; exitism Mann, Michael, 238 Mapai (political party), 153, 235, 284 Marcus, Joseph, 319 Markowski, Florian, 80 Marxism: ideology of, as source of optimism and praxis, 6, 10, 12, 32, 35, 112, 116-117, 155, 157-158; and right-wing success in the 1930s, 35, 55-56, 113, 185; heterodox, 10, 34, 116, 155-156, 194; and social analysis, 157-158, 184-185; Zionism and, 10, 94. See also Bund; Communism; declassing; Erlikh, Henryk; Greyno; Gutgeshtalt, Hirsh; Lestschinsky, Yankev; middleman minority, Jews as; poverty; Rozin, Avrom; socialism; social theory, East European Jewish Masaryk, Tomáš, 296 masculinity. See Zionism Matz, Hersh, 324-325 Mayer, Dovid, 319 Mazyl, Nakhman, 195 McKay, Claude, 151 Meirkevitsh, Avrom, 208-209 Meitzer, Natan, 265 Melzer, Emanuel, 28, 310
INDEX men and boys, Jewish, as particular kinds of social actors. See gender; masculinity Mendelsohn, Ezra, 54-55,196 Mendelson, Shloyme, 51 Menes, Avrom, 157-158 Meyerovitsh, Sima, 104 Mickiewicz, Adam, 162 Middle Eastern and North African Jewries, historiography of, 3-4, 30, 322 middleman minority, Jews as, 8, 25, 35, 179-181, 263-264, 327 Miedziński, Bogusław, 28, 189 Miesięcznik Żydowski (journal), 175,176,181 Mikhalevitsh, Beynish, 104 Milosz, Czeslaw, 24, 311 Mineberg, Leib, 321 Minorities Treaty, 27, 138 minorityhood: as political condition, 2-3, 7, 8, 25, 35, 179-181, 263-264, 327; as status, experience and consciousness, in Polish Jewish thought, 71, 127-139, 152-153. See also African American experience; culture; diaspora; psychology; subjectivity; Weinreich, Max modernity: art, myth, and secular, 148; East European Jewry and, 6-12; scholarship on Jews and, 306. See also culture; ideologies, Jewish; minorityhood Modras, Ronald, 22, 24 Moment (newspaper), 208, 228, 231, 318 Morgenshtern (sports club), 56 Moszczeńska, Iza, 166 Mucha (journal), 38, 39 Murshteyn, Shmuel, 52 Myśl Narodowa (newspaper), 22, 59 Nalevke, Sane, 206 NARA, 77, 79,112,187 Narutowicz, Gabriel, 26 Nasz Przegląd (newspaper), 57-58,223-224, 227-228 Nathans, Benjamin, 311 National Democracy. See Right, the Polish nationalist nationalism: analysis of, in Polish Jewish thought, 12-13, 35, 57, 154-159, 179-183, 185-186, 190-191; division within Polish, 5; inclusive tradition in Polish, 5, 12-13, 19-20, 22-23, 28, 36, 56, 162-163; right-wing and antisemític traditions and trajectory of, in Poland and
Europe, 5,12-13,17-19,24-26,29,58-59, 66-67, 77, 79-81,159,161-172, 181,183, 189, 191, 308-311. See also antisemitism; Jewish Question; Oberlaender, Ludwik; Poland; Right, the Polish nationalist; Zionism national minorities in Poland, 5, 7, 21; hostility toward, 19-21, 29; regionalism and, 126; rights of, 46^-7. See also anti semitism; minorityhood; Poland; politics, Jewish; Right, the Polish nationalist; Sanacja; Ukrainians National Workers Party, 165 nation-state (Polish Jewish thought about), 7, 179-181, 320-321 nature (in Polish Jewish thought), 84-86, 144-151, 124-126, 255, 257. See also culture Naymark, Yoelke, 201, 207 Nazism: exitism linked to rise and easy victory of, in Germany, 113, 253; and the Jewish Question in Polish political culture, 18, 27-28, 187-188; persecution of Jews by, 255; and Polish Jewish thought, 1-2, 26-27, 32, 56-57, 75,113,139-141,155, 295-297. See also Blaszczyk, Adam; Right, the European radical New Jew (of Zionism), 15, 101, 224 Niemojewski, Andzrej, 166 Nowersztern, Avraham, 140-141, 147 Nowogródek, 108 Nowogródek region, 45 Nowostaw, 216 Nowy Sącz, 95 Oberlaender, Ludwik, 156, 158, 181-183, 190-191 Oberie, Eric, 39 Obóz Wielkiej Polski (OWP; Camp for Greater Poland). See Right, the Polish nationalist 379
INDEX Opatoshu, Yoysef, 126, 233 Oppenheim, Yisrael, 94 Ordonówna, Hanka, 232 ORT (industrial training organization), 54, 120, 177, 180 Orthodoxy (traditionalist Jewry as an ideo logical camp in Polish Jewish life): approach to Polish Jewish situation advocated by spiritual and political leaders of, 32-33, 289, 320-321; changing political outlooks and rising political disillusionment among adherents of, 41,102, 104—105,107-111, 193; changing relationship to Zionism and the Yishuv within, 94, 104-105, 108-111, 193, 230, 320-321, 357n48; historiography of, as cultural and political force in Polish Jewish life, 4, 6, 30, 96-97; in post-1935 period, 324; and psychic resilience, 72; and theodicy, 289, 324. See also Agudes Yisroel; Alter, Avrom Mordkhe (Gerer Rebbe); Druyanov, Alter; Grodzenski, Rabbi Hayim Oyzer; Hasidism; Lewin, Rabbi Arn; Mineberg, Leib; Rotenberg, Rabbi Mordechai of Antwerp; Sorotzkin, Rabbi Zalman; Shapiro, Rabbi Kalonymous Kalmish (Piaseczner Rebbe); Vaserman, Rabbi Elkhonen Osowa Wyszka, 217-218, 267 Ostrowiec-Świętokrzyski, 163 Otwock, 193 Oyerbakh, Rokhl. See Auerbach, Rokhl OZON (Camp of National Unity), 160, 309-310 Palestine: analytical, empirical, non-Zionist, and post-anti-Zionist inquiry by Polish Jews into realities and possibilities of Jewish life in, 6-7, 222-253; Arab (Palestinian) population of, in Polish Jewish thought, 37, 224, 226, 235-237, 239, 250, 273-275, 299-301, 316; assimilationists and, 232, 252; economic investment in, 269-271, 275-276; interethnic violence in, 37, 38, 88,236,245,248,250,273-275,299-301, 316; growth and
consolidation of Jewish national community and polity (Yishuv) 380 in, 6-7,229-238,261-262, 269, 275-276, 333n26; and Jewish statehood, 236-238, 246, 249-250, 320-321; language question in, 243; 1905; Mandate, 14, 37, 48, 193, 221, 314, 316-317, 319-320; as partial solution to crisis facing Polish Jews, 232-233, 258-260, 267-277, 287-305; partition proposal for, 320-321; Polish Jews’ emigration to, 13-15, 37, 48-49, 221-222, 229-230,298-305, 314; selfdefense in, 240, 243, 245-246, 250-251; tourism to, 231-233; travelogues about, 226-227, 234-249, 258-259, 268-269, 271-277, 294-297. See also Dobkin, Eliahu; Golomb, Avrom; Grinboym, Yitzhak; Jewish-Palestinian conflict; Lakerman, Shmuel; Mineberg, Leib; Palestinians; Palestinism/Yishuvism; Shabad, Tsemakh; territorialization; Tshernikhov, Yoysef; Weinreich, Max; Yishuv; Zionism Palestinians (Arab community of Mandate Palestine): Polish Jewish thought about and encounters with, 224, 226, 235-237, 239, 250,273-275,299-301,316. See also Jewish-Palestinian conflict; Lakerman, Shmuel; Palestine; Qassam, Izz ad-Din al-; Weinreich, Max; Zionism Palestinism/Yishuvism, 14, 37, 251-253. See also children; exitism; Yishuv; Zionism peasants (Poland): economic hardships of, in interwar Poland, 25, 54, 78; ideological and political sentiments of, 25, 28-29, 30, 65-67; and Jews, 18, 24-25, 28-29, 63-67, 78-79, 188; right-wing nationalism in Poland and, 18, 24, 79-80. See also Binyomen R.; Burshtin, Mikhoel; Chaiasiński, Józef; Grabski, Władysław; Krzywicki, Ludwik; Piast Party Perelman, Abram, 115 Peretz, Y. L., 11-12 Peretz School,
Pružana, 102-103, 106 Peru, 318. See also emigration; exitism pessimism. See danger; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish Piast Party, 65
INDEX Piątnica, 214 Pickhan, Gertrud, 96 Piekuty, 308 Pieracki, Bronisław, 79 Piłsudski, Józef, 5,13, 17, 23, 27, 98, 160, 307 Pinsker, Leon, Autoemancipation, 9-10 Piński, Hershl, 230-231 Pińsk region, 230 Płach, Eva, 23,44 Płock, 115 Poalei Tsion Left, 96, 103, 105, 109, 208, 210, 345n43. See also Marxism; Ringel blum, Emanuel; socialism; Tomszow, Jezik Poalei Tsion Right, 207, 208, 283-284. See also Frayhayt; Zionism poetry. See culture; literature Polakiewicz, Moyshe, 46-47, 51 Poland: culture and literature of, and Polish Jews, 4, 22-23, 36, 38, 98-99, 126, 148, 162-163, 174; as divided polity and society, 4-5, 8, 12-13, 17, 26, 44-45, 57-60; economic underdevelopment, underemployment, poverty, and Great Depression in, 8,17, 25-27, 29-30, 48, 53-55, 118; ethnonationalist, intolerant, and anti-Jewish strains and trends in political culture of, 5,18-22,24-26,44-45, 58-60, 65-67, 76-82, 85-86, 110-112, 165-166, 177-190, 308-312; Jewish population, general characteristics and situation in, circa 1918, 1930, and 1935, 2,4, 12,14, 26,46-55, 73, 113,200-201; Jewish Question and antisemitism in, 5, 8,18-30,38, 39, 60, 62, 75-86,111-112, 172, 177-190, 309-312; the Left (Polish socialism) in, 23, 32, 57, 86, 97, 116, 186-187; map of, xii·, moderate camp (Sanacja-supporting) in, 23, 24, 56, 57, 80, 163; multiethnic society of, 4-5; national minorities in, 20-21, 184-185; OZON, 308-312; religious actors (political views and influence of), 22-24, 26; the Right (National Democracy, organized ethnon ationalist movement) in, 5, 8, 12-13, 17-19, 25-26, 44-45, 79-86,164-165, 168-172;
and Sanacja/Piłsudski regime, 5, 9, 17-18, 23-24, 28, 57-60, 80-83, 163-164,188-19; tolerance and opposition to antisemitism in politics and culture of, 5,22-23, 56, 86,73, 98-99,116,162-163, 310-312; Ukrainian population in, 20-21, 27, 78, 178, 184-185; youth and rightwing politics in, 27-28, 79-80, 111, 186-189. See also antisemitism; Będzin; Bełchatów; Białystok; Bielsko; Bielsk Podlaski; Błonie; Brześć; Buczacz; Burshtin, Mikhoel; Catholic Church in Poland; Częstochowa; Czyżew-Osada; Giterman, Isaac; Grinboym, Yitzhak; Grodno; Hertz, Aleksander; Jewish Question; Jews, Polish; Kalisz; Kazimierz-Dolny; Kielce; Kipowa, Łucja; Kłeck; Kobryń; Kolki; Koluszki; Kowel; Kraków; kresy; Krzywicki, Ludwik; Lebiedziew; Left, Polish; Lestschinsky, Yankev; Lida; Łódź; Łomża; Łowicz; Luck; middleman minority, Jews as; Levinson, Avraham; Nowogródek; Nowy Sącz; Osowa Wyszka; Ostrowiec-Świętokrzyski; Otwock; peasants; Piątnica; Piekuty; Płock; Pružana; Raduń; Right, the Polish nationalist; Równe; Sanacja; Siedlce, Sieradz; Smorgonie; Sosnowiec; state, the; Stolpce; Tarnów; Warsaw; Wilno; Włodzimierzec; Zawiercie; Żywiec Polish Jewry. See Jews, Poland Polish Socialist Party (PPS), 23, 26, 32, 165-166,188,310, 317. See ако Czapiński, Kazimierz; Left, Polish political ideologies. See ideologies, Jewish politics, Jewish: critical inquiry and, 193-194, 196-220, 223-253; of existing camps, movements, and parties vs. skepticism about existing forms of, and search for alternative to, 33, 36-37, 88-113; as expression of ideals and ideology vs. as expression of assessment of Jewish situation and
capacities to affect same, 1-2, 255, 267-298, 303-305; and future of Jewish children, 297-305; individual vs. communal considerations in, 39-40, 255-267, 292-294, 297-305; Jewish 381
INDEX politics, Jewish (continued) identity and cultural commitments over shadowed by exigencies of, 256-257, 276-282, 285-287, 316; and the question of Jewish agency and resources, 1-2, 35-36, 194-196, 258-263, 287-305. See also agency, Jewish; assimilationism; Binyomen R.; children; community; Diasporism; Druyanov, Alter; exitism; Faygenberg, Rokhl; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; identity, Jewish; ideologies, Jewish; inquiry; Levita, Lova; liberalism; minorityhood; Ortho doxy; progressivism; realism; self-defense; Shlimovits (Shalev), Miriam; socialism; social theory, East European Jewish; Weinreich, Max; Zionism politics of exit. See exitism Polner, Majer, 318, 322 Polonization, 4-6, 68, 72-73, 84, 90-91, 93, 97-99, 106,126, 130, 164, 174, 196, 313. See also assimilationism Polonsky, Antony, 28, 310, 319 Porter, Brian, 18,25 Pound, Ezra, 23 poverty, 48, 53-55, 118 PPS. See Polish Socialist Party (PPS) progressivism: confidence in inevitability of historical progress and temporary character of political reaction as dominant strain in modern East European Jewish thought, 6, 9-12, 162, 177, 182, 187, 190; critiques of political assumptions of, 2, 9-11, 34-35, 165-166, 190; and social theory, 35; and socialism, 10; and Zionism, 162. See also agency, Jewish; economic selfhelp; Hertz, Aleksander; ideologies, Jewish; Korczak, Janusz; Levinson, Avraham; liberalism; Marxism; Matz, Hersh; public health, Jewish; realism; Rozin, Avrom; Vulman, Leon; Zilberfarb, Moyshe Prokop-Janiec, Eugenia, 99 Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 21, 25 Pružana, 41-43,
95,102-103,106,282-283, 304-305 Przegląd Katolicki (journal), 22 382 Przegląd Społeczny (journal), 148 psychology (as approach and concern in Polish Jewish thought): of antisemitism, 159, 167-168, 173-176; and minority condition, 127-139; of Polish Jewish youth, 127-139,194,199-200. See also Bernstein, Fritz; Bychowski, Gustav; compensation; escapism; fantasy; Freud, Sigmund; Golomb, Avrom; Perelman, Abram; realism; Shneurson, Fishl; subjectivity; Weinreich, Max public health, Jewish (as form of activism), 54, 82, 299, 302, 324-325. See also Diasporism; Lakerman, Shmuel; poverty; progressivism; Shabad, Tsemakh; Vulman, Leon Qassam, Izz ad-Din al-, 245 Rabon, Yisroel, 140 race and racism, 130-133,137, 152, 173, 322, 348n30 Raduń, 108 Ran, Leyzer, 345n47 rationality. See realism Ravitsh, Meylekh, 68, 140, 280-282, 285 realism (in interwar Jewish political thought): as attempt to recalibrate Jewish politics around dual recognition of rising danger and of limited Jewish powers to meet same, as opposed to proceeding from doctrinal and ideological commitments, 2-3, 6-11, 31-32, 256, 258-259, 262, 287-305; about dangers to Jewish well being, 3, 6-7, 9, 13, 31, 37-38, 40, 71, 75-82, 84, 87, 101, 111, 154, 186-192, 195-196, 256-258, 285-298; and limits of Jewish agency and resources, 31-32, 36, 38, 141, 257-259, 262, 290-294; escapism and fantasy vs., 194,196-197; in history, 31, 337nn82-83; intellectuals and, 156-157; and limits of Jewish agency and resources, 31-32, 36, 38, 141, 257-259, 290-294; of Polish Jewish youth, 197-220; transcending the diasporaemigration-Zionism divide,
281-284.
INDEX See also Binyomen R.; danger; exitism; future, outlooks on the likely East Euro pean Jewish; Lakerman, Shmuel; Mineberg, Leib; Shabad, Tsemakh; Tshernikhov, Yoysef; Weinreich, Max; Zionism regionalism, 126 Reinhold (Rinot), Hanoch, 296-297 Revisionist Zionism, 93, 101, 222. See also Betar; Jabotinsky; Zionism Reyzen, Zalman, 97 Right, the European radical: Jewish analysis of the rise of, in interwar Europe, 1-2, 27, 32, 56,112,114,141,154-156,174-175, 181-183, 219. See also Austria; fascism; Forget-me-Not; Germany; Lestschinsky, Yankev; Nazism; Oberlaender, Ludwik; Right, the Polish nationalist; Rozin, Avrom Right, the Polish nationalist (National Democ racy, the organized Polish ethnonationalist camp), 5, 8,12-13,17-19, 21-22, 25-26, 29, 44-46, 58-60, 79-82, 85-86, 111, 164-165, 308-311; eliminationist anti semitism and “the Jewish Question” in program of, 18,23, 45, 58-59, 77, 79-82, 159, 161-172, 181, 183, 191; Jewish experience and analysis of, 74, 77, 116, 156, 160-165,168-172, 181, 183, 191, 246, 254-255; resonance of ideology of, in wider society, 18-21, 23-24, 25-26, 27-29,36,45,59-60,67, 81,181,309-311; late nineteenth-century roots of, 18, 25-26; vs. Sanacja, 17-18, 28, 44, 58, 79-80, 161-162, 169-171, 189-190, 309; popularity, reach, influence, and vitality of, 17-19, 26, 45, 56, 59, 77, 79-80; younger generation’s attraction to, 18, 24, 27-29, 36, 60, 77. See also antisemitism; Błaszczyk, Adam; Bluhm-Kwiatkowski, Aleksander; Chałasiński, Józef; Dmowski, Roman; Faygenberg, Rokhl; Grabski, Władysław; Grinboym, Yitzhak; Hertz, Aleksander; Jewish Question;
Kipowa, Łucja; Lestschinsky, Yankev; Levinson, Avraham; Markowski, Florian; NARA; nationalism; Oberlaendei, Ludwik; Poland Ringelblum, Emanuel, 4, 99, 124 Rotenberg, Rabbi Mordechai of Antwerp, 320-321 Rotenstreich, Fiszel, 59 Rothschild, Joseph, 18, 81 Równe, 113, 213 Rozin, Avrom (Ben-Adir), 57, 157, 179-181, 261-263, 279. See also Territorialism Rubinstein, Sarah, 215. See also Shlimovits (Shalev), Miriam Rudnicki, Szymon, 23, 24, 45, 59 Sanacja (regime): ideology, goals, mixed composition of, extent and limits of support in Polish society for, and limits of efforts and capacity to reshape Polish political cukure, 5, 8-9,13,17-19,23-24, 27-28, 44, 80, 82-83, 86, 163-164, 308-311; Polish Jewish relationship to and views of intentions, capacities, and trajectories of, 5, 13, 58, 74-75, 82-83, 160-161,168-172,177-181, 184-190, 254-255. See also Caluń, Tomasz; Dizhur, Il’ya; Faygenberg, Rokhl; Grinboym, Yitzhak; Hertz, Aleksander; Jewish Question; Kipowa, Łucja; Kleinbaum, Mojżesz; Left, Polish; Lestschinsky, Yankev; Levinson, Avraham; Miedziński, Bogusław; nationalism; OZON; Poland; Piłsudski, Józef; Right, the Polish nation alist; Rozin, Avrom; Wysocki, Alfred Schipper, Ignacy, 264 Schmitz, Oskar, 167-168 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 147 Schulz, Bruno, 99 Scott, Daryl Michael, 137 searchers and inquirers. See inquiry; youth, Polish Jewish security, of life in the Yishuv, 244-245, 247-248, 250, 253, 298. See Palestinism/Yishuvism self-defense: of East European Jews, 245-246, 309; in Palestine, 240, 243, 245-246, 250. See Weinreich, Max Senator, Werner, 106-107, 253 Shabad,
Tsemakh, 121, 155, 233-234, 259 Shaf, Yisrael, Akhsah bat Kalev, 285 383
INDEX Shalit, Moyshe, 69-70, 264 Shapiro, Rabbi Kalonymous Kalmish (Piaseczner Rebbe), 96 shlihim (Zionist emissaries to Polish Jewish youth or communities), 37, 41-42, 88, 211-219, 222, 224-226, 228, 230, 284, 304. See also Ayzenberg, G.; Ben-Asher, Haim; Druyanov, Alter; Kliger, Moshe; Kopit, Yisrolik; Kosoy, Y.; Levita, Lova; Pinski, Hershi; Shlimovits (Shalev), Miriam; Tsvik, Aryeh Shlimovits (Shalev), Miriam, 95, 215-219, 225-226, 228, 267-268, 283-284 Shmeruk, Chone, 62 Shneurson, Fishi, 72 Shore, Marci, 4, 31 Shteynberg, Yitshok (205), 279, ЗОЇ Siedlce, 91 Sienkiewicz, Henryk, 98 Sieradz, 88, 90 Skaff, Sheila, 73 skepticism. See future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; ideologies, Jewish; inquiry; politics, Jewish Słonimski, Antoni, “Murzyn Warszawski” (The Warsaw Negro), 130 Słowacki, Juliusz, 174 Smorgonie, 211 Snyder, Timothy, 18-19, 25-26 socialism (as political ideology and move ment): approach to Jewish Question of socialist parties and their supporters, 2, 9, 23, 31, 32, 36, 111-113, 116-117, 123, 162, 165-166, 178, 188, 201, 219, 287-289, 311, 325; Diasporist intellectuals and, 116-117, 140-142; disillusionment with political approach and capacities of, in Poland, 2, 6, 33, 55-56, 102-105, 112-113,140-142,186,194, 219; histori ography of, 96; myths of, 116-117; in post-1935 Poland, 311, 324-325; optimism provided by promises of revolutionary, 4, 32, 51, 116-117,177, 317-318; reach of ideas and assumptions of, among Polish Jews, 4, 6, 93, 96-97,104,116,140-142, 208; and Territorialism, 279-280; and Zionism, 10, 162, 241-242, 283-284, 287-297. See
also anarchism; Binyomen R.; Bund; Communism; Diasporism; ForgetMe-Not; Grade, Chaim; Gutgeshtalt, Hirsh; Jewish Workers’ Party (YAP); Knaphays, Moyshe; Left, Polish; Marxism; Polish Socialist Party (PPS); Zionism social theory, East European Jewish: challenges to progressive presumptions of secular, 2, 9-11, 34-35, 165-166, 190; dominance of progressive and Marxian assumptions in secular, 9-12, 32,157-158; about middleman minorityhood in age of nationalism, 179-181, 189; presumptions about Jewish collective agency in secular, 10-12; Orthodox, 32-33, 320-321, 324; regarding territorial concentration (vs. dispersion), the state, and sovereignty, 238, 246-248, 320-321. See also antisemitism; Bychowski, Gustav; class; Golomb, Avrom; Hertz, Aleksander; inquiry; Kipowa, Lucja; Lestschinsky, Yankev; Levinson, Avraham; Marxism; Menes, Avrom; nation alism; Oberlaender, Ludwik; progressivism; Rozin, Avrom; Schmitz, Oskar; state, the; Weinreich, Max Sorotzkin, Rabbi Zalman, 321 Sosnowiec, 48,119 South Africa, 48, 166. See also emigration; exitism sratw-Zionists, 302-303 state, the (Polish Jewish thought about and experience of): capacities of, and of sovereignty/power over territory and infrastructure to reshape Jewish condition, 238, 246-248, 320-321; capture of, by popular ethnonationalist sentiment, 179-181, 189; federalism vs., 11-12; Palestine as potential Jewish, 236-238, 249-250, 320-321; relation of Polish, toward the Jews, 1, 5, 9, 11-13, 20, 24, 26-28, 35, 57-60, 69-70, 74-75, 82-83, 159-161,163-164,177-181,186,188-190, 310. See also Palestine; Poland; Rozin, Avrom;
Sanacja; social theory, East Euro pean Jewish; Weinreich, Max; Zionism 384
INDEX State capture, 179-181, 189. See also antisemitism; nationalism Steinberg, Isaac. See Shteynberg, Yitshok Steinlauf, Michael, 99 Stolpce, 211 Strausberg sisters. See Gafni, Sarah; Vainshtein, Miriam subjectivity (Polish Jewish): crisis of, 34, 114-116; defenses of, 115; Diasporism and, 116, 120-127, 135, 137; Grade’s poetry and, 140-151; ideological support of, 116-117; as minority consciousness, 127-139; nourishment of the will in, 120-121; pathologies ascribed to, 120-123, 127-139; search for new meanings to nourish, 117-127; social thought in response to, 115-116. See also culture; identity, Jewish; minorityhood Sutzkever, Avrom, 149-150,153; “Heymishe Felder,” 149; “Marts,” 149 Świętochowski, Aleksander, 166 Szabad, Zemach. See Shabad, Tsemakh Szajes, Beri, 108 Szajman, Malka, 109-110 Szembek, Jan, 310 Szymaniak, Karolina, 4, 34, 98, 99 Tog (newspaper), 97, 238, 295, 301 Tolstoy, Leo, 94 Tomaszewski, Jerzy, 310, 311 Tomszow, Jezik, 209-210 tourism, 84-86,124-126, 231-233 Toybenfeld, Y., 85-86 TOZ. See public health, Jewish traditionalism. See Orthodoxy travelogues (about Palestine/Yishuv), 226-227, 234-249, 258-259, 268-269, 271-277, 294-297. See also Khatskels, Helena; Opatoshu, Yoysef; tourism; Tshernikhov, Yoysef; Weinreich, Max; Yishuv Trębacz, Zofia, 311 Trotsky, Leon, 1, 56 Tsaytlin, Arn, 139-140 Tshernikhov, Yoysef, 224, 227, 233-238, 241, 268-270, 280, 312, 320 Tsukunft (youth movement), 97, 101, 102-103, 117, 200 Tsvik, Aryeh, 105, 108 TsYShO, 206, 208 Tuskegee Institute, 128, 132 Tuwim, Julian, 23 Ukrainians: economic politics of, 318; and Jewish
Question, 27, 78, 178, 184-185; hostility toward, 19-20; nationalism of, 21, 98, 184; political unrest involving, 44, 79, 184 Underhill, Karen, 4, 98, 99 Unger, Menashe, 316 United Kibbutz movement, 231 United Peasant Party, 188 United States: immigration policy of, 47-48 Vnzer ekspres (newspaper), 227 Urinsky, Gershn, 41-43, 102-103, 304-305 Uryevitsh, Yente, 42 Tarbut. See Hebraism Tarnów, 48 Tartakover, Aryeh, 265-266, 320, 322 Tel Aviv, 231, 235-237, 239-241, 244, 246-247, 250 Territoriálisra, 39, 205, 233-234, 248, 259-261, 279-281, ЗОЇ, 320. See also Astour (Tshernikhov), Mikhl; Communism; Diasporism; Frayland-Lige; Ravitsh, Meylekh; Rozin, Avrom; Shabad, Tsemakh; Shteynberg, Yitshok; socialism; Tshernikhov, Yoysef; Yiddishism; Zionism territorialization (ethnic concentration and local majorityhood) in Jewish thought, 237-238,244-249 Tetmajer, Kazimierz, 126 Third Aliyah, 215; See also Palestine; Yishuv; Zionism Vainshtein, Miriam (née Strausberg), 94 Valk, Yitshok, 266, 279, 285 Vaserman, Rabbi Elkhonen, 324 Vaynig, Naftole, 4, 99,124 385
INDEX Vidrovits, Leah, 113 Vilna. See Wilno Viiner Tog (newspaper), 132 Viltshinski, Yehezkl, 126 violence: and Jews in Eastern Europe, 9, 12, 18, 38, 77-78, 80-81, 85, 156, 169-171, 178,187, 246, 308; in Palestine, 38, 88, 236, 245, 248, 250, 273-275, 299-301, 316; self-defense, 245-246, 309 Virtshaft un lebn (journal), 180 Vogel, Debora, 4, 99, 148 Vohlman, Miriam, 228 Vohlman, Yehudah Leyb, 228 Volf, Leyzer, 140, 148 Vulman, Leon, 54,124 Vygotsky, Lev, 139 Warsaw, 13, 18, 28, 31, 45, 46, 48, 51, 54, 57-58, 62, 68, 84, 93, 97, 105-107, 169-172, 298, 308, 311, 320, 345n36 Washington, Booker T., 194 Weber, Max, 170, 256-260 Weeks, Theodore, 18, 25 Weinreich, Max, 13-16,30,32,34,43,51-53, 70-77, 100, 120-123, 121, 150-152, 154, 169, 194, 197, 226-227, 238-250, 258-259, 270-277, 285, 286, 289-297, 323, 325, 328; Veg tsu unzer yugnt, 16, 71-73, 75-76, 100-101, 127-139, 175, 194, 198-203, 242-244, 250, 270, 287, 289-293, 297 Wilno (Vilna), 1, 18, 52, 76, 77, 103-104, 120,122, 140-142, 148,169 Witos, Wincenty, 65 Wlodzimierzec, 95-96 women and girls, Jewish, as particular kinds of social actors or subjects of ideology, 88, 215, 228. See also gender Wynot, Edward, Jr., 310 Wysocki, Alfred, 28 YEAS. See Jewish Central Emigration Society Yefroykin, Yisroel, 320 386 Yeushzohn, B., 232, 298 Yiddish culture and literature (secular-modern), 1, 116-117, 120-153, 286; in relation to Jewish condition and exigencies of Jewish question, 42, 285-287, 298-302, 305. See also Auerbach, Rokhl; Burshtin, Mikhoel; culture; Diasporism; Glatshteyn, Yankev; Grade, Chaim; Jews, East European;
literature; Rabon, Yisroel; Sutzkevej; Avrom; Tsaytlin, Arn; Vaynig, Naftole; Vogel, Debora; Yiddishism; Zaromb, Shmuel Yiddishism: assimilationism contrasted with, 130; and culture, 139-152, 195; and Diasporism, 1, 42, 68, 82, 139-140; irrelevance of, to Polish Jewish fate, 286-287, 301-302; in post-1935 period, 324; resilience vs. despair relating to, 72, 280; Territorialism and, 280; weakness of, 135, 195-196; and the Yishuv/Zionism, 233-234, 239, 301-302, 320. See also Astour (Tshernikhov), Mikhl; Bin; Binyomen R.; Burshtin, Mikhoel; Diasporism; Jewish Society for Knowing the Land; Ravitsh, Meylekh; Ringelblum, Emanuel; Territorialism; TsYShO; Urinsky, Gershn; Weinreich, Max; YIVO Yishuv: information gathering about, 224-233; interest in, 14, 37,212, 222-225; language question in, 239; myths of, 218, 224, 229; New Jews of, 15; Poland compared to, 49, 240, 245-250; positive accounts of, 236-249, 251, 269, 272; press coverage of, 227-229; security offered by, 92, 244-245, 247-248,250-251, 253, 298; travelogues about, 226-227,234-249, 258-259, 268-269, 271-277, 294-297. See also inquiry; Jewish-Palestinian con flict; Khatskels, Helena; kibbutzim; Lakerman, Shmuel; Palestine; Palestinians; Palestinism/Yishuvism; Tel Aviv; tourism; travelogues; Tshernikhov, Yoysef; Weinreich, Max; Zionism Yishuvism. See Palestinism/Yishuvism YIVO, 13, 15, 52-53, 55, 74, 75, 98, 114, 197-198, 208-210, 230, 238-239, 268, 286, 321
INDEX YIVO-Bleter (journal), 176 Yona, Rona, 94-95, 196, 223, 224 youth, Polish Jewish: autobiographical reflections of, 13-14,52-53, 55-56, 70-72, 74-77, 98, 110-111, 114-116, 197-198, 208-210, 230, 249, 250, 268, 293, 321; Binyomen R. as case example of, 75-81, 198-208; doubt and pessimism among, 13-16, 48-49, 52-53, 70-75, 77, 88-91, 127-139,196-198, 201-202, 254; emi gration as response to crisis facing, 14-15, 42-43, 49-51; gendered motivations for political decisions of, 199-200; pathologies ascribed to, 114-115,127-139, 196-197, 199, 289-290; political experience and engagement of, 73-81, 91, 198-208, 212-218; realism and rationality of, 197-220; searchers and inquirers among, 198-220. See also Bin; Binyomen R.; Communism; exitism; Faygenberg, Rokhl; Frayhayt; Hehalutz; Hehalutz ha-Tsair; inquiry; politics, Jewish; sblihim·, subjec tivity; Tsukunft; Weinreich, Max; Zionism Youth Aliyah program, 296-297 Yudishe veit, Di (journal), 286 277-284,291; exitism and, 14, 42, 88-92, 100-103, 106-107, 203, 218, 250, 252, 276; ideological vs. emergency consider ations in, 277-279, 281-282, 287-292; in interwar period, 6; labor policies of, 225-226, 235-236, 241-242; Labor Zionism, 49, 152, 264, 266, 278-279, 280, 283; masculinist/militarist aspect of, 224; motivations for interest in, 88-92, 100-101, 211-218, 222-224, 304-305; myths of, 93, 95, 101, 108, 212, 214, 218, 223-224, 224, 227, 229, 230, 238, 244-245; new adherents disinterested in cultural ideology of, 33, 48-50, 88-91, 94-95, 100-101, 211-218; New Jews of, 101, 224; and Palestinism/Yishuvism, 14, 37, 251-253;
Polish interest in, 107, 309, 355nl3; resilience and optimism provided by, 72, 242, 272, 289-291; Revisionist, 93, 101, 222; Territorialism in relation to, 259, 261-262, 279-284; and tourism, 231; transcending the diaspora-emigrationZionism divide, 281-284. See also African American experience; Appenszlak, Jakob; Ben-Gurion, David; Bernshteyn, Yitshok; Betar; Bialik, Chaim Nahman; Bnai Brith; children; Czyżew-Osada; danger; Dobkin, Eliahu; exitism; emigration; fantasy; Faygenberg, Rokhl; Fifth Aliyah; Fourth Aliyah; Frayhayt; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; gender; Gordonia youth movement; Gotlib, Yehoshua; Grinboym, Yitzhak; Ha-Oved; Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair; Haynt; Hebraism; Hehalutz; Hehalutz ha-Tsair; Histadrut; Hitahdut; Jabotinsky, Ze’ev; Jewish Central Emigration Society; JewishPalestinian conflict; Kishinev Pogrom; Kleinbaum, Mojżesz; Lakerman, Shmuel; Latski-Bertoldi, Zeev-Volf; Lestschinsky, Yankev; Levinson, Avraham; Levita, Lova; Mapai; Miesięcznik Żydowski·, Nasz Przegląd; Oberlaender, Ludwik; Palestíne; Palestinism/Yishuvism; Perelman, Abram; Pinsker, Leon; Poalei Tsion Left; Poalei Tsion Right; Polakiewicz, Moyshe; politics; Zahra, Tara, 265 Zaromb, Shmuel, 139 Zawiercie, 90, 118 Zdziechowski, Marian, 23 Zenderland, Leila, 132 Żeromski, Stefan, 126, 162 Zilberfarb, Moyshe, 120, 177, 180 Zionism: antisemitism and, 22, 38, 39, 74-75, 249-251; anti- and non-Zionists turning to, 90, 92, 102-110; attracting mass support among Polish Jews, 6, 14, 37, 48-51, 88-91, 93-95, 211-218, 221-224, 320-321; attractions of, 14,197, 199, 290; Bund’s relationship
with, 35-36; critiques of, 158,221, 226, 235-236,242, 259, 290, 292, 295; Diasporism compared to, 242-245, 247-249; efficacy of, as solution for Polish Jews, 233, 258-260, 267-284, 301-303; and emigration, 14, 48-51, 89, 95-96,193,213-215,263-267, 387
INDEX Zionism (continued) realism; shlihim; Shalit, Moyshe; Shlimovits (Shalev), Miriam; sintn-Zionists; Tartakover, Aryeh; Tshemikhov, Yoysef; Valk, Yitshok; Weinreich, Max; Yishuv; Zionist Congresses; Złotnicka, Beyle Zionist Congresses, 22, 205, 222, 317 Zloch, Stephanie, 17 Złotnicka, Beyle, 208 Zmierzch Izraela, 21-22 ZTK. See Jewish Society for Knowing the Laná Związek Akademickiej Młodzieży Zjednoczeniowej (ZAMZ), 97-98. See also assimiliationism Żywiec, 21 388 ŕ--------------------\ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mönchen V._ _------------ / |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS Note on Transliteration and Translation Map Introduction: Unchosen Times, Unchosen Conditions ІХ xii 1 1 Futurelessness and the Jewish Question 41 2 Toward a Politics of Doubt and Exit 88 3 Minorityhood and the Limits of Culture 114 4 Antisemitism, Nationalism, Eliminationism 154 5 From Ideology to Inquiry 193 6 Palestine as Possibility 221 7 Reason, Exit, and Postcommunal Triage 254 Conclusion: “With a Cruel Logic” 306 Notes 331 Acknowledgments 365 Index 369
INDEX Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. Adam Mickiewicz Gymnasium, Pružana, 106 African American experience (in Polish Jewish thought), 71, 128-134, 136, 141, 148,151-153,175-176, 348n30, 363n51. See also culture; Golomb, Avrom; Jewish people, the; Latski-Bertoldi, Zeev-Volf; literature; minorityhood; race and racism; Weinreich, Max agency, Jewish (posited collective Jewish capacity to substantially determine outcome of political processes affecting Jews): as central assumption of modern Jewish politics in Eastern Europe, 10-12; vs. growing recognition of relative powerless ness, 1-2, 36, 287-305. See also Astour (Tshemikhov), Mikhl; Binyomen R.; danger; ideologies, Jewish; inquiry; Lestschinsky, Yankev; politics, Jewish; realism; socialism; Zionism Agudes Yisroel (Agudat Israel) party (the Agudah), 33, 94,108, 110, 320. See also Hasidism; Orthodoxy Aleksiun, Natalia, 13, 98, 99 Al ha-Mishmar faction, 251 aliyah. See Fifth Aliyah; Fourth Aliyah; Third Aliyah Alter, Avrom Mordkhe (Gerer Rebbe), 363ո45 Alter, Leon, 264 anarchism, 96-97, 210, 244, 344nl9. See also socialism antisemitism (Judeophobia, Jew-hatred): abject Jewish political status as contri buting factor to, in Tsarist Russia, 9-10; across interwar Europe, 6, 8, 296; Jewish analyses of character; sources, and trajectory of, 19-21,24-25, 58-70, 74-79,157-159, 160-172, 174-192, 219; Jewish outlooks reshaped by rising, 69-78, 85-87,110-113, 134-137, 196, 217, 250, 253; and the Jewish Question in Polish politics and culture, 8, 13, 18-30, 39, 44-45, 65-67, 79-86, 164-165, 171-190, 308-311; rejection of
and resistance to, in Polish politics and culture, 5, 22-24, 58, 86-87, 162-163, 311; and Ukrainian population in Poland, 27, 78, 178, 184-185; and violence, 9, 12, 18, 38, 77-78, 80-81, 85, 156, 169-171, 178, 187, 246, 308; in younger generation, 27-29, 186-189; and anti-Zionism, 22, 38, 39. See also Appenszlak, Jakob; Arendt, Hannah; Burshtin, Mikhoel; Bychowski, Gustav; Czapiński, Kazimierz; danger; Dmowski, Roman; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; Giterman, Isaac; Golomb, Avrom; Hertz, Aleksander; Hirszhorn, Samuel; Jewish Question; Kipowa, Łucja; Lestschinsky, Yankev; Levinson, Avraham; middleman minority, Jews as; minorityhood; nationalism; Oberlaender, Ludwik; Poland; progressivism; race and racism; 369
INDEX antisemitism (Judeophobia, Jew-hatred) (icontinued) realism; Right, the European radical; Right, the Polish nationalist; social theory, East European Jewish; state capture; Weinreich, Max Appenszlak, Jakob, 57-58, 69 Arab-Jewish conflict. See Jewish-Palestinian conflict Arab population of Mandate Palestine. See Palestinians Arendt, Hannah, 7, 9, 327 Argentina, 42^13,166. See also emigration; exitism Aronovitsh, Ezriel, 206 Ashkenazy, Szymon, 107 Assimilation. See Polonization assimilationism (Jewish self-Polonization and integrationism as ideological program): commitment to ideology of, 4, 97-98, 264; disillusionment with political promise of, 6, 33, 102, 105-107; historiography of, 30; and Palestine, 232, 252; psychic vulnerability and suffering attributed to, 72, 129-130, 196-197; Yiddishism con trasted with, 130. See also Alter, Leon; Bychowski, Gustav; Hertz, Aleksander; Joselewicz, Berek; Korczak, Janusz; Polish Socialist Party (PPS); Polonization; Sanacja; Tuwim, Julian; Związek Akademickiej Młodzieży Zjednoczeniowej (ZAMZ) Astour (Tshernikhov), Mikhl, 1-7, 13, 27, 30, 104,122, 197, 219-220, 279, 299 Auerbach, Rokhl, 4 Australia, 322. See also emigration; exitism Austria, gains of the radical Right in, 27, 32, 57,112-113,141-142,155,189. See also Nazism; Right, the European radical Ayzenberg, G., 50 Baden-Powell, Robert, 94, 120 Baginen (journal), 205 Balfour Declaration, 278, 316 Balibar, Etienne, 181, 352n51 Bassok, Ido, 111, 268, 321 Bastomski, Shloyme, 52 370 BBWR. See Sanacja Będzin, 48, 88 Bełchatów, 231 Belis, Shloyme, 149 Ben-Asher, Haim, 95, 103, 106,
211-212, 218,219, 224-225, 229, 283 Ben-Gurion, David, 49,152,153, 207, 275, 278, 284 Ben-Shemen Youth Village, Palestine, 233, 356ո31 Bernshteyn, Yitshok, 115 Bernstein, Fritz, 175-176 Betar, 14, 93, 98, 197, 200, 207, 217-218, 221. See also Binyomen R.; Jabotinsky, Ze’ev; Revisionist Zionism; Zionism Bialik, Chaim Nahman, 48-49,152,286-287, 291 Białystok, 88, 95, 166, 187, 189, 207 Białystok area, 18, 45, 81 Biber, Haim, 97 Bielsko, 48 Bielsk Podlaski, 16, 43, 76-77, 79, 101, 201-208. See also Binyomen R. Bin (The Bee: youth movement), 103-104, 120-122, 121. See also Astour (Tshernikhov), Mikhl; Diasporism; Golomb, Avrom; Ran, Leyzer; Shabad, Tsemakh; Sutzkever, Avrom; Weinreich, Max; Yiddishism Binyomen R. (Binyomen Rotberg) [pseud onym], 16, 30, 43, 72, 75-81,100-101, 111-112, 198-208, 219, 270-271, 285-288,290-294,297,321, 328. See also Communism; exitism; inquiry; Palestinism/ Yishuvism; realism; Weinreich, Max; youth, Polish Jewish; Zionism Birobidzhan, Soviet Union, 43,255,267,280, 318. See also Communism; emigration; exitism; Zionism Black experience in Polish Jewish thought. See African American experience Błaszczyk, Adam, 18 Błonie, 60-61. See also Burshtin, Mikhoel Bluhm-Kwiatkowski, Aleksander, 85 Bnai Brith, 174 Borochov, Ber, 10
INDEX Brandes, Georg, 130 Brown, Sterling, ISI Brześć, 163-164 Buczacz, 54, 118 Buehler, Charlotte, 32,139 Bund (Algemeyner yidisher arbeter bund in Poyln): approach to Jewish Question, 2, 9, 15,32-33,36,51,112,116-117,155,193, 279, 317, 321, 325; critiques of, 2, 193, 279, 323; and Diasporism, 15, 31,104; Diasporist intellectuals’ relationships to, 32, 35, 120, 155, 157, 194, 261; doubts within and defection from, 42, 51-52, 90, 100-105, 201, 206, 321; historiography of, 31, 96; optimism bred by ideology of, 116-117; PPS and, 23, 32, 317-318; reach and support of, 35, 42, 93, 96-97, 104, 116-117, 218, 236, 283, 317-319, 362n22; recent celebration of, 31; and Zionism, 209,218,228,236,273, 275, 321. See also Astour (Tshernikhov), Mikhl; Bin; class; Diasporism; Erlikh, Henryk; Gutgeshtalt, Hirsh; Left, Polish; Lestschinsky, Yankev; Marxism; Menes, Avrom; Polish Socialist Party (PPS); socialism; Tsukunft; TsYShO; Urinsky, Gershn; Uryevitsh, Yente; Weinreich, Max; Zilberfarb, Moyshe Bürgin, Yehiel, 311 Burshtin, Mikhoel, 67-69, 123-127, 323-324; Bay di taykhn fun Mazovye, 323; Goyrl (Fate), 68; Iber di khurves fun Ployne, 60-65, 61, 67-68, 124, 184 Bychowski, Gustav, 174 Bychowski, Jan Ryszard, 174 Byelorussian population in kresy, 78 Cahan, Ab., 240 Cała, Alina, 18, 22, 23-24, 25 Caluń, Tomasz, 163. See also Sanacja Cammy, Justin, 140-142, 144,147-148, 323 Case, Holly, 8 Catholic Church in Poland (approaches to Jewish Question in), 22-24, 310. See also Christianity Catholic University, Lublin, 22 Catholic Youth League, 310 Celine, Louis-Ferdinand, 23 Certificates (allowing
immigration to Palestine), 14,42-43,50-51,94,101,110, 200, 213, 215, 278, 291 Chalasiński, Józef, 28-29. See also peasants Cherniavsky, Irith, 14-15, 94,196,221-223, 227-228 children (future of, as a stake in Polish Jewish thought and decision-making), 40, 298-299, 301-305. See also Druyanov, Alter; exitism; Lahad, Ezra; Lakerman, Shmuel; Urinsky, Gershn Chile, 318. See also emigration; exitism Chizhik, Baruch, 243 Chmielewski, Samuel, 318 Christian Democrats, 165 Christianity (and Jewish Question), 22-25, 75, 110, 167-168, 181-182. See also Catholic Church in Poland class: and Jewish communal and political life, 11, 14-15, 42, 51-52, 53-55, 57, 94, 103, 113,118, 211, 221, 232, 236, 242, 282,292, 303, 342n88, 345n36; in Jewish political and social thought, 2, 9, 32-33, 36, 51-52, 55-56, 101, 103, 112, 118, 121,123-125, 155, 158,165-171, 175, 200, 210, 228, 234-236, 240, 242, 260, 325; and the Jewish Question in Eastern Europe, 8, 13,19, 23, 25, 26, 35, 44, 60, 78,112-113,160-161,165-166,170,177, 179-181, 185-186, 264, 327. See also declassing; ideologies, Jewish; middleman minority, Jews as; poverty; socialism colonialism and imperialism (Polish Jewish thought about), 184-185, 237-238, 245-248, 262-263, 273-274, 300, 322, 358nl0. See also Jewish-Palestinian conflict; kresy, territorialization Communism (Polish Jewish engagement with): anti-Bundism of, 55, 104; anti-Zionism of, 55, 226; attraction of, 14, 55; approach to Jewish Question of, 2, 32-33, 325; critiques of, 2, 55-56, 78, 142, 287-288, 291; disillusionment with and defection from, 56-57, 90,102-105, 112-113, 201,
210, 337n87; effects of investment in 371
INDEX Communism (Polish Jewish engagement with) (continued) ideology of, 55, 116, 203, 280, 283; historiography of, 96; Jewish religious anti-, 324; supporters of and nature of support for, 97, 100-101, 104, 116, 200-203, 206-207, 209-210, 233, 235, 280, 292; in Yiddish literature, 123, 141, 151-152; discourse about Jews and, 80, 210, 309. See also Binyomen R.; class; Forget-Me-Not; Greyno; ideologies, Jewish; Khatskels, Helena; Knaphays, Moyshe; Marxism; Naymark, Yoelke; socialism community (exitism and considerations of), 256-260, 292-294, 297-298. See also children; realism compensation (psychological), 139,175,194, 199,289,291; Jewish culture and, 133-137 Connelly, John, 26 conservatism, Polish, 24, 45. See also liberalism conspiracy theories: Jews as subject of, 8, 21-22, 24-25, 59, 79-80, 164-165, 171, 182, 296; Zionism as subject of, 22 correspondence to/from Yishuv, 229-231 critical inquiry. See inquiry Cullen, Countee, 151 culture: capacities of, as a problem of interwar Polish Jewish thought and praxis, 117,124, 139-153, 323-325; Jewish, (as Jewish nationalist project), 7, 10, 84,139; Jewish, (in anthropological sense) in Eastern Europe and Poland, general characteristics and trends, 3-5, 41^12, 55-75, 88-91, 93-101, 114-139, 193-220; Polish cultural sphere, 4, 22-23, 36, 38, 98-99, 126,148,162-163,174. See also identity, Jewish; Binyomen R.; Burshtin, Mikhoel; Diasporism; film and cinema; Grade, Chaim; Hebraism; Hebrew; ideologies, Jewish; literature; Marxism; nature; Poland; Polonization; psychology; Shneurson, Fishl; subjectivity; Sutzkever, Avrom; Vogel,
Debora; Weinreich, Max; Yiddish culture and literature; Yiddishism; Zionism Czapiński, Kazimierz, 23, 86 372 Czas (journal), 24, 45 Częstochowa, 48, 79-80, 88, 90, 116 Czyżew-Osada, 104, IOS, 108-110, 308 danger (in Polish Jewish political thinking and experience): Jewish sense of growing, 1-2, 5-6, 54-71, 74-83, 184-192, 254-256, 262-264; political sources of, 13, 16-17, 21-30, 44, 54-75, 77, 83; and realism, 3, 6-7, 9,13, 31, 37-38, 71, 75-82, 84, 87,101, 111, 154, 186-192, 195-196, 256-258, 285-298; and rise of the Right, 5,12-13,17-18,25-26, 58-59, 182-190; timing of Polish Jewish recogni tion of, 159-160,190. See aho antisemitism; children; diaspora; exitism; extrapolatory thinking; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; Jewish Question; middleman minority, Jews as; nation alism; Poland; realism; Right, the Euro pean radical; Right, the Polish nationalist; Zionism Davar (newspaper), 241 declassing (mass impoverishment of Jews previously in commercial sector), 53, 55, 118,121,124-125,161,177,264,268,292 Depression. See Great Depression Diamond, Cora, 150 diaspora (Jewish thought about), 114, 117, 125-127, 137-140, 240-249; dispersion and minorityhood vs. territorialization and ethnic concentration, 244-249. See also Diasporism; Jews, East European; Jews, Polish; middleman minority, Jews as; Zionism Diasporism: and crisis of Polish Jewish sub jectivity, 114-153; critiques of, 1-2, 138, 270, 279; disillusionment with parties advocating, 102-105, 234, 280; historiog raphy of, 30; ideology and thought of, 1, 6,11,13,15,42,114-127,137-139,157, 323, 325;
Jewish-Polish special relation ship in ideology of, 126-127; political outlooks among supporters of, 28, 42, 114; response of, to crisis in the 1930s, 34, 114-153; romanticism about Eastern
INDEX Europe in, 360ո74; scholarly and popular engagement with, 30-31; Yiddishism as cultural ideology of, 1,42, 68, 82,139-140; Zionism compared to, 242-245,247-249. See also Bin; Bund; Burshtin, Mikhoel; diaspora; economic self-help; Giterman, Isaac; Golomb, Avrom; Jewish Society for Knowing the Land; kasses; Lakerman, Shmuel; Lestschinsky, Yankev; minorityhood; public health, Jewish; Shabad, Tsemakh; socialism; state, the; Sutzkever, Avrom; territorialization; Weinreich, Max; Yiddishism; Zionism Dimentman, Leah, 110, 111 Dizhur, Il’ya, 161 Dmowski, Roman, 17, 25-26; Świat pow ojenny і Polska, 59, 164-165 Dobkin, Eliahu, 277-279 Doikeyt. See Diasporism Dollfuss, Engelbert, 79, 112, 189 Dothan, Shmuel, 320 doubt about Jewish prospects in Eastern Europe. See future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish Druyanov, Alter, 41-43, 83, 110, 113, 115, 179, 222-223, 302-303 Dynner, Glenn, 96 Dzień Polski (journal), 24, 45 East European Jewry. See Jews, East European economic self-help, 82, 118-119,119, 249, 317-318. See also Burshtin, Mikhoel; declassing; Giterman, Isaac; Joint Distri bution Committee; kasses; ORT; poverty; public health, Jewish; Shalit, Moyshe; Zilberfarb, Moyshe emigration: Certificates for, to Palestine, 14, 42^13, 50-51, 94,101, 110, 200, 213, 215, 278, 291; desire for, regardless of destination, 15, 42-43, 47, 49, 89-92, 318-319; international restrictions on, 47-48,267; mass, 221,229,255,263-264, 266,281,309,311,318-319,322; of 1905, 11; organizations seeking to facilitate, 263-267; to Palestine, 13-15, 37, 48^19, 221-222,229-230, 298-305, 314;
political situation as source of the need fot; 263-264. See also Argentina; Australia; Birobidzhan; children; exitism; Giterman, Isaac; Jewish Central Emigration Society; Palestine; South Africa; Yishuv; Zionism emissaries, Zionist. See shlihim Endecja, Endeks. See Right, the Polish nationalist Engel, David, 7, 332nl3, 336n77 Erlikh, Henryk, 32, 36, 155 escapism: among Polish Jewish youth, 73,115, 123, 139; realism and rational judgment vs., 194-197; Zionism portrayed as, 242-243. See also fantasy; psychology; realism Ewa (journal), 166 exitism (emigrationism, politics of exit): causes of, 110, 194, 196; increasing desire for, among Polish Jewry, 6, 15, 33, 42, 73, 88-92, 203, 319; individual vs. communal considerations and, 256-260, 292-294, 297-298; turn to Zionism and, 88-92, 102-103, 106-107, 203, 218, 250, 252, 276; Jewish Question and, 110-113, 276; as last-resort solution to 1930s crisis, 38, 42,194,252,255-259,263,266,282,314, 319; transcending the diaspora-emigrationZionism divide, 281-284; youth’s embrace of, 103, 194, 293, 297-298. See also Binyomen R.; children; community; danger; emigration; Faygenberg, Rokhl; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; Giterman, Isaac; Glatshteyn, Yankev; Hehalutz; ideologies, Jewish; inquiry; Jewish Central Emigration Society; Palestine; Polneç Majer; Tartakovep Aryeh; Urinsky, Gershn; Yishuv; Zionism extrapolatory thinking, 184-192, 270, 273-276, 312. See also danger, future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; realism; social theory, East European Jewish fantasy: as escapism vs. as a source of social
energy, 242-243. See also subjectivity fascism, 2, 56, 79, 185, 188, 219, 289. See also Austria; Germany; Right, the European radical Ї7Ї
INDEX Faygenberg, Rokhl (Rachel), 15,16, 30, 43, 160,172,193-194, 219, 228 Faynshteyn, Mikhoel, 54 feminism, 166 Fifth Aliyah, 37, 94-96, 110,214,221,223, 228,229,231,253, 269, 333ո26. See also Hehalutz; Palestine; Yishuv; Zionism film and cinema, 36, 73, 77 Fisk University, 128 Folkstsaytung (journal), 209, 228 Forget-Me-Not (pseudonym), 55-56 Forverts (newspaper), 238, 240 Fourth Aliyah, 49, 221, 233, 248, 259, 269. See also Palestine; Yishuv; Zionism Frankel, David, 110 Frankel, Jonathan, 12 Frayhayt, 39, 105, 205, 206, 208-209, 283-284. See also Poalei Tsion Right; Zionism Frayland (journal), 280 Frayland-Lige, 208, 260-261, 279-281, 299. See also Territorialism Fraynd (newspaper), 209 Free-loan programs. See economic self-help; kasses Freemasonry (in conspiracy theories), 22, 59, 164-165 Freud, Sigmund, 94, 173-174. See also psychology Fridlander, Yosef, 106 Friedman, Filip, 124 Fuks, Tadeusz, 77, 112 future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish: and decisions about family and children, 40, 298-299, 301-305; convic tion of likely bad outcomes as common and spreading among Jews, 5-6, 12-17, 32-33,41-55, 88-96, 100-110, 113-115, 123-124,128, 154, 194-195, 199-202, 213, 235, 253-254; concrete factors and developments shaping conviction of likely bad outcomes in the early 1930s, 17-30, 44—45, 75-81; conviction of likely bad outcomes deriving from political experi ence and analysis of political and social developments in Poland and Europe, 1-2, 374 5-7,17-19, 31-33, 34-35, 44-45, 57-87, 91-92, 110-113, 151-156, 161, 172, 177-181,184-190,194-195,197,219-220, 253,
255-256, 263-264; in the late imperial period, 9-12; and extrapolatory thinking, 1-2, 159, 184-192, 219-220, 262-263,269-270,287-305; and Yiddish literature, 139-140; and Zionism, 14, 42, 88-92, 100-103, 106-107, 203, 218, 250, 252, 276-279, 281-282, 287-292, 302-305. See also antisemitism; children; danger; diaspora; exitism; extrapolatory thinking; ideologies, Jewish; inquiry; Jewish Question; Marxism; middleman minority, Jews as; minorityhood; progressivism; realism; social theory, East European Jewish; Zionism futurelessness. See danger; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish Gafni, Sarah (née Strausberg), 94 Gal-Ed, Efrat, 34 Gazeta Polska (newspaper), 28 Gazeta Żywiecka (newspaper), 21 gender (as a factor in Polish Jewish political culture and thinking), 88, 199-200, 213, 225, 228, 304 General Jewish Labor Bund. See Bund Ger, Gur, Góra-Kalwaria. See Hasidism German Jews (in Polish Jewish thought), 175, 294-297 Germany: events in, 1-2; German anti-fascist thought, 167-168; German Jews, 294-297. See also German Jews; Nazism Gershom, A., 250 Geyar, Zelig, 282-284 Giddens, Anthony, 238 Giterman, Isaac (Yitshok), 28,48, 81-83, 81, 106-107, 113, 117-120,119, 179, 253 Glatshteyn, Yankev, Vert Yash iz gekumen, 254-257, 285, 287 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 149 Goldman, Emma, 240 Goldszmit, Henryk. See Korczak, Janusz Golomb, Avrom, 103-104, 114, 138, 156, 176, 248, 251,299
INDEX Gordon, A. D., 94 Gordonia youth movement, 103,106. See also Zionism Gotlib, Yehoshua, 138 Grabski, Władysław, 66 Grade, Chaim, 140-151, 153, 323, 326; “Baym shayn fun der levone,” 143-146; “Ikh zing fun shney badektn barg arunter,” 143-144, 146-147, 149; “Vin,” 141-142; “Veit in nayntsn fir un draysik,” 141; “Yehezkel,” 323; “Yo,” 143-150; Yo, 142-149, 323 Great Depression: effects of, 25, 44, 53-55, 118-119; in relation to political develop ments as source of 1930s crisis for Jews, 16-17, 25-29, 44-45, 55-57, 75-76, 83, 155-156, 177. See also antisemitism; Binyomen R.; class; declassing; Jewish Question; Krzywicki, Ludwik; Marxism; Poland; politics, Jewish; poverty Greenberg, Gershon, 324 Greyno (pseudonym), 116, 210d Grinboym, Yitzhak, 46-47, 60,69, 156,158, 168-172,179,182,251,277-279,281-282, 287, 291,319 Grodno, 204, 285-286, 322 Grodno Tarbut school, 205, 207, 285 Grodzenski, Rabbi Hayim Oyzer, 363n45 Grott, Bogumił, 19 Gura, Yitzhak, 104-105 Gutgeshtalt, Hirsh, 117, 140, 141 Gutman, Shoyl, 281 Habas, Brakha, 215. See also Hebraism; Shlimovits (Shalev), Miriam Hagen, William, 28, 65, 82 Ha-Oved, 213 Harkavy, Alexander, 128 Hartglas, Apollinary, 251-253 Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair, 94, 199, 204, 207, 212,282-283 Hasidism (and Polish Jewish political life), 15, 32-33, 94,96-98,102,104-105,108-111, 193, 230, 320-321, 357n48. See also Agudes Yisroel; Alter, Avrom Mordkhe (Gerer Rebbe); Czyżew-Osada; Druyanov, 575 Alter; Frankel, David; Mineberg, Leib; Orthodoxy; Shapiro, Rabbi Ka!onymous Kalmish (Piaseczner Rebbe); Vaserman, Rabbi Elkhonen; Warsaw Haynt (newspaper),
138,151-152, 227, 228, 232, 234 Hebraism: as a centerpiece of ideologically serious Zionism, 49, 93, 215-216, 243; indifference to, among Zionists as mark of exitist and political-realism motivations over ideological motivations, 49, 91, 200, 216, 285-286; institutions of, 103, 106, 205, 207, 222-223. See also Binyomen R.; culture; Shlimovits (Shalev), Miriam; Zionism Hebrew (language and culture in Polish Jewish society), 90, 93,204, 211-212,285, 360n53 Hehalutz, 216; attractions and motivations for joining, 49-51, 90-91,94-95,101,102, 103, 199-200, 203, 212-213, 218-219, 289-291; Hasidim and, 109; interest of Diasporists in model of, 120; and kibbutz movement in Palestine, 49-50; political involvement of, 39; popularity of, 14, 49-50, 88, 221; reports of shlihim about Polish, 88-97, 105, 107-108, 211-218, 224-225; Zionist ideology of, 49-50, 94. See also exitism; Hehalutz ha-Tsair; shlihim; Zionism Hehalutz ha-Tsair, 95, 103, 106, 211, 213, 225,283-284. See also Hehalutz; Frayhayt; shlihim; youth, Polish Jewish; Zionism Heller, Daniel, 28, 98, 196-197, 223, 224 Helman, Yaakov, 320 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 151 Hertz, Aleksander, 19-20, 24-25, 29, 311 Hirszhorn, Samuel, 58-59, 69,160-162, 172 Histadrut, 238, 239-242, 250. See also Weinreich, Max; Zionism historiography, 2-5, 7-8, 13, 30-31, 92-93, 96-99, 196, 306-312, 317, 325-328 Hitahdut, 284 Hitler, Adolf, 1, 132, 154, 232, 255 Hughes, Langston, 151
INDEX identity, Jewish: commitments to, rendered irrelevant by political exigency, 39, 256-257, 276-277, 281, 285-287, 301-302, 316; chosen and unchosen, 7, 127-139. See also Binyomen R.; culture; danger; exitism; ideologies, Jewish; Lakerman, Shmuel; politics, Jewish ideologies, Jewish (and camps, main Jewish political, in Poland and Eastern Europe): adherence to one of the, 4, 32, 93-94, 96-99; and presumption of Jewish agency, 10-12; skepticism and skeptical inquiry regarding claims of, search for alterna tives to, and turn to forms of exitism or Zionism-as-Yishuvism, 1-2, 7, 13-15, 31-37, 88-92, 93-96, 99-113, 193-220, 223-253,267-298, 303-305; transcending the diaspora-emigration-Zionism divide, 281-284. See also agency, Jewish; assimilationism; Diasporism; exitism; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; identity, Jewish; inquiry; liberalism; Orthodoxy; Palestinism / Yishuvism; progressivism; realism; socialism; social theory, East European Jewish; Zionism imperialism. See colonialism and imperialism inquiry (in Polish Jewish political culture): into political situation, 30, 37, 195-220; as a praxis, 37, 203-218; about Yishuv, 224-233. See also Binyomen R.; youth, Polish Jewish Instytut Gospodarstwa Społecznego, 25 integrationism. See assimilationism Jabotinsky, Ze’ev, 319 Jackiewicz, Stepan, 77, 112 Jacobs, Jack, 96 Jewish Agency, 14, 106-107, 278 Jewish Central Emigration Society (YEAS), 47, 263-267, 277, 279, 284, 319 Jewish National Fund, 41, 222 Jewish-Palestinian conflict, 37, 38, 39, 236-237, 250, 273-275, 299-301, 316, 320. See also colonialism
and imperialism; Jewish Question; Kosover, Mordkhe; Lakerman, Shmuel; Levita, Lova; 376 nationalism; Palestine; Qassam, Izz ad-Din al-; self-defense; Tshernikhov, Yoysef; Weinreich, Max; Zionism Jewish people, the (in Jewish thought): cultural compensatory resources available to, 133-137; and national oppression, 152; positive identity being replaced by sense of stigma, 131-133; as worldwide diasporic community, 114, 126-127,138. See also African American experience; culture; East European Jewry; Golomb, Avrom; identity, Jewish; Latski-Bertoldi, Zeev-Volf; minorityhood; nationalism; Polish Jewry; subjectivity Jewish Problem. See anti-Semitism; Jewish Question Jewish Question, the: essential tensions in Jewish political thought concerning, 6, 306-307, 322; in Europe, 8, 13; and individual exit, 110-113, 255, 263-267, 322; Jewish confrontations with, 2, 6-13, 56-85, 154-192, 312, 318-322; in Polish political culture, 5, 8, 18-30, 44-45, 82-87, 160-161, 188, 307-312; Zionism as a partial answer to, 268-305. See also antisemitism; danger; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; mid dleman minority, Jews as; minorityhood; nationalism; Zionism Jewish Society for Knowing the Land (ZTK; Żydowskie Towarzystwo Krajoznawcze), 84-86, 124-125. See also Burshtin, Mikhoel; Diasporism Jewish Workers’ Party (YAP), 218, 226. See also socialism Jews, East European: characteristics and historical trajectory general to, including Polish Jewry, 1-3, 8-12, 308; historiog raphy of, 3, 7-8, 30-31, 306-308; Jewish sociological and political analysis con cerning situation of,
including Polish Jewry, 114,154-157,174-181,184-187,320-321. See also antisemitism; culture; Jewish people, the; Jewish Question; Jews, Polish; ideologies, Jewish; Poland; politics, Jewish; Yiddish culture and literature
INDEX Jews, Polish: characteristics and situation of, circa 1918, 1930, and 1935, 2, 4, 12, 14, 26, 46-55, 73, 113, 200-201; and children’s future, 254, 298-305; constitu tional rights of, 5; coup of 1926 and, 13, 17, 44; cultural habits of, 73; economic self-help of, 118, 317-318; emigration to Palestine of, 13-15, 37, 48-49, 221-222, 229-230, 298-305, 314; historiography of, 4-5,13, 92-93, 96-99, 196, 307-312, 317, 325-328; ideologies and/vs. changing political views of, 1-2,4-8,13-17, 30-40, 41-46, 72, 82-83, 88-113, 145, 196, 200-201, 249-253; individual vs. com munal considerations among, 39-40, 195-196, 256-260, 292-294, 297-298; in interwar period, 1-8, 307-308; minority rights for, 46-47, 138; political resources of, 1-3, 6, 7, 9-11, 13-14, 17, 29-38,194-195,220, 256-305, 313-316; Polonization of, 4-6, 72, 84, 97-98, 195-196; in post-1935 period, 316-328; poverty in, 48, 53-55; secularization of, 107-108; subjectivity of, 34, 114-142. See also antisemitism; assimiliationism; culture; exitism; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; ideologies, Jewish; inquiry; Jewish Question; Jews, East European; literature; minorityhood; Orthodoxy; Poland; politics, Jewish; Polonization; socialism; subjectivity; youth, Polish Jewish; Zionism Jeziorski, Ireneusz, 21 Jezreel Valley, 95 Johnson, Helen, 151 Joint Distribution Committee, 48, 81, 117-118 Joselewicz, Berek, 66-67 Jude, Der (journal), 167 Kagan, Moyshe, 54 Kahan-Virgily, Arkady, 194 Kalisz, 48, 88, 90 Kalmanovitsh, Sholem. See Luria, Shalom Kalmanovitsh, Zelig, 103, 280, 324 Kaplánsky, Volf, 204-205 kasses
(microloan institutions), psychological and political effects, 118-119. See also Diasporism; economic self-help; Giterman, Isaac Kassow, Samuel, 4, 34, 98, 99, 323 Kazimierz-Dolny, 254, 257 Khatskels, Helena, 233, 240 Kibbutz Ein Harod, 215 kibbutzim, 49-50, 225, 230-231, 240, 245, 272, 304 Kielce, 18, 79, 91 Kielce region, 18, 45, 79, 80, 163 Kijek, Kamil, 18, 24, 37, 72, 79-81, 87, 98, 129,196-197, 223 Kipowa, Łucja, 19-20, 24 Kishinev pogrom, 9 Kleck, 211, 283 Kleinbaum, Mojżesz, 187-190, 320 Kliger, Moshe, 213-214 Kligsberg, Moyshe, 51 Knaphays, Moyshe, 116 Kobryń, 283 Kolbe, Shabtai, 207 Kolki, 217 Koluszki, 95 Kondratieff cycles, 157 Koneczny, Feliks, 21 KOP. See Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza Kopit, Yisrolik, 107-108,214-215, 225-226 Korczak, Janusz (penname of Henryk Goldszmit), 22-23, 99 Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza (KOP; Border Protection Corps), 19-21 Kosover, Mordkhe, 317 Kosoy, Y., 219 Kowel, 54, 213 Krah, Franziska, 167 Kraków, 45, 48, 83, 84, 94, 97, 284 kresy (Poland’s eastern borderlands), 21, 43, 91, 102, 104, 184-185, 224, 282, 318 Krzywicki, Ludwik, 25, 66 Krzywiec, Grzegorz, 18, 25 Kula, Marcin, 229 Kurier Poznański (newspaper), 22 Kuznitz, Cecile, 34 377
INDEX Labor Zionism, 49,152, 264, 266, 278-279, 280,283 Lahad, Ezra (né Lakerman), 299, ЗОЇ, 302 Lakerman, Basya, 299, 302 Lakerman, Shmuel, 298-301, 300, 302 Landau-Czajka, Anna, 4, 8, 24, 26, 27 Landkentenish/Krajoznawstwo (journal), 85-86 Lapin, Chava, 207 Latski-Bertoldi, Zeev-Volf, 151-157,191 League for a Laboring Land of Israel, 109, 200 Lebenzon, Micha Yosef, 285 Lebiedziew, 211 Left, Jewish. See anarchism; Binyomen R.; Bund; Communism; Forget-Me-Not; Gutgeshtalt, Hirsh; Marxism; socialism; Poalei Tsion Left; Poalei Tsion Right; progressivism; socialism Left, Polish, 23, 97,116, 165-166, 178,186, 311. See also assimilationism; Communism; Hertz, Aleksander; Lestschinsky, Yankev; Marxism; Polish Socialist Party (PPS); socialism Lehmann, Siegfried, 233 Lestschinsky, Yankev, 15, 27-28, 30, 35-36, 43, 49,154-159,155,177-179,184-187, 191, 195-196, 260-263, 271, 285, 301, 328 Levin, Gershon, 171-172 Levin, Moyshe, 325 Levinson, Avraham, 156, 158, 162-168, 172, 182-183 Levita, Lova, 53-54, 88-93, 89, 213, 228, 250, 304 Levita, Nimrod, 89 Lewin, Rabbi Arn, 321 liberalism, 2,4, 9-11, 24, 27,128,160,173, 177, 182, 270, 324; and sites of Jewish liberal-Zionist dialogue, 174-175. See also Bernstein, Fritz; Bnai Brith; Bychowski, Gustav; conservatism, Polish; Oberlaender, Ludwik; progressivism; Zionism Lichten, Joseph, 98 Lida, 88,284, 311 Literarishe Bieter (journal), 195 378 literature (belles lettres): African American, 151-153; Polish, 23, 98-99, 126, 148, 162-163; Yiddish, 60-68, 139-152. See also culture; Yiddish culture and literature; Yiddishism Łódź, 47-48, 66-67,
84,115,140,166,209, 260, 321 Łódź area, 18, 45, 95, 231 Łomża, 215 Łomża area, 214-215 Łowicz, 85-86 Lublin, 22, 230 Lublin region, 45, 293 Luck (Lutsk, town), 213, 321 Luria, Shalom, 280 Lux (pseudonym), 132-133,137, 151-152 Lwów, 18, 58, 83, 97, 99,169-171, 178-179 Malakh, Leyb, 233 Manchuria, 318. See also emigration; exitism Mann, Michael, 238 Mapai (political party), 153, 235, 284 Marcus, Joseph, 319 Markowski, Florian, 80 Marxism: ideology of, as source of optimism and praxis, 6, 10, 12, 32, 35, 112, 116-117, 155, 157-158; and right-wing success in the 1930s, 35, 55-56, 113, 185; heterodox, 10, 34, 116, 155-156, 194; and social analysis, 157-158, 184-185; Zionism and, 10, 94. See also Bund; Communism; declassing; Erlikh, Henryk; Greyno; Gutgeshtalt, Hirsh; Lestschinsky, Yankev; middleman minority, Jews as; poverty; Rozin, Avrom; socialism; social theory, East European Jewish Masaryk, Tomáš, 296 masculinity. See Zionism Matz, Hersh, 324-325 Mayer, Dovid, 319 Mazyl, Nakhman, 195 McKay, Claude, 151 Meirkevitsh, Avrom, 208-209 Meitzer, Natan, 265 Melzer, Emanuel, 28, 310
INDEX men and boys, Jewish, as particular kinds of social actors. See gender; masculinity Mendelsohn, Ezra, 54-55,196 Mendelson, Shloyme, 51 Menes, Avrom, 157-158 Meyerovitsh, Sima, 104 Mickiewicz, Adam, 162 Middle Eastern and North African Jewries, historiography of, 3-4, 30, 322 middleman minority, Jews as, 8, 25, 35, 179-181, 263-264, 327 Miedziński, Bogusław, 28, 189 Miesięcznik Żydowski (journal), 175,176,181 Mikhalevitsh, Beynish, 104 Milosz, Czeslaw, 24, 311 Mineberg, Leib, 321 Minorities Treaty, 27, 138 minorityhood: as political condition, 2-3, 7, 8, 25, 35, 179-181, 263-264, 327; as status, experience and consciousness, in Polish Jewish thought, 71, 127-139, 152-153. See also African American experience; culture; diaspora; psychology; subjectivity; Weinreich, Max modernity: art, myth, and secular, 148; East European Jewry and, 6-12; scholarship on Jews and, 306. See also culture; ideologies, Jewish; minorityhood Modras, Ronald, 22, 24 Moment (newspaper), 208, 228, 231, 318 Morgenshtern (sports club), 56 Moszczeńska, Iza, 166 Mucha (journal), 38, 39 Murshteyn, Shmuel, 52 Myśl Narodowa (newspaper), 22, 59 Nalevke, Sane, 206 NARA, 77, 79,112,187 Narutowicz, Gabriel, 26 Nasz Przegląd (newspaper), 57-58,223-224, 227-228 Nathans, Benjamin, 311 National Democracy. See Right, the Polish nationalist nationalism: analysis of, in Polish Jewish thought, 12-13, 35, 57, 154-159, 179-183, 185-186, 190-191; division within Polish, 5; inclusive tradition in Polish, 5, 12-13, 19-20, 22-23, 28, 36, 56, 162-163; right-wing and antisemític traditions and trajectory of, in Poland and
Europe, 5,12-13,17-19,24-26,29,58-59, 66-67, 77, 79-81,159,161-172, 181,183, 189, 191, 308-311. See also antisemitism; Jewish Question; Oberlaender, Ludwik; Poland; Right, the Polish nationalist; Zionism national minorities in Poland, 5, 7, 21; hostility toward, 19-21, 29; regionalism and, 126; rights of, 46^-7. See also anti semitism; minorityhood; Poland; politics, Jewish; Right, the Polish nationalist; Sanacja; Ukrainians National Workers Party, 165 nation-state (Polish Jewish thought about), 7, 179-181, 320-321 nature (in Polish Jewish thought), 84-86, 144-151, 124-126, 255, 257. See also culture Naymark, Yoelke, 201, 207 Nazism: exitism linked to rise and easy victory of, in Germany, 113, 253; and the Jewish Question in Polish political culture, 18, 27-28, 187-188; persecution of Jews by, 255; and Polish Jewish thought, 1-2, 26-27, 32, 56-57, 75,113,139-141,155, 295-297. See also Blaszczyk, Adam; Right, the European radical New Jew (of Zionism), 15, 101, 224 Niemojewski, Andzrej, 166 Nowersztern, Avraham, 140-141, 147 Nowogródek, 108 Nowogródek region, 45 Nowostaw, 216 Nowy Sącz, 95 Oberlaender, Ludwik, 156, 158, 181-183, 190-191 Oberie, Eric, 39 Obóz Wielkiej Polski (OWP; Camp for Greater Poland). See Right, the Polish nationalist 379
INDEX Opatoshu, Yoysef, 126, 233 Oppenheim, Yisrael, 94 Ordonówna, Hanka, 232 ORT (industrial training organization), 54, 120, 177, 180 Orthodoxy (traditionalist Jewry as an ideo logical camp in Polish Jewish life): approach to Polish Jewish situation advocated by spiritual and political leaders of, 32-33, 289, 320-321; changing political outlooks and rising political disillusionment among adherents of, 41,102, 104—105,107-111, 193; changing relationship to Zionism and the Yishuv within, 94, 104-105, 108-111, 193, 230, 320-321, 357n48; historiography of, as cultural and political force in Polish Jewish life, 4, 6, 30, 96-97; in post-1935 period, 324; and psychic resilience, 72; and theodicy, 289, 324. See also Agudes Yisroel; Alter, Avrom Mordkhe (Gerer Rebbe); Druyanov, Alter; Grodzenski, Rabbi Hayim Oyzer; Hasidism; Lewin, Rabbi Arn; Mineberg, Leib; Rotenberg, Rabbi Mordechai of Antwerp; Sorotzkin, Rabbi Zalman; Shapiro, Rabbi Kalonymous Kalmish (Piaseczner Rebbe); Vaserman, Rabbi Elkhonen Osowa Wyszka, 217-218, 267 Ostrowiec-Świętokrzyski, 163 Otwock, 193 Oyerbakh, Rokhl. See Auerbach, Rokhl OZON (Camp of National Unity), 160, 309-310 Palestine: analytical, empirical, non-Zionist, and post-anti-Zionist inquiry by Polish Jews into realities and possibilities of Jewish life in, 6-7, 222-253; Arab (Palestinian) population of, in Polish Jewish thought, 37, 224, 226, 235-237, 239, 250, 273-275, 299-301, 316; assimilationists and, 232, 252; economic investment in, 269-271, 275-276; interethnic violence in, 37, 38, 88,236,245,248,250,273-275,299-301, 316; growth and
consolidation of Jewish national community and polity (Yishuv) 380 in, 6-7,229-238,261-262, 269, 275-276, 333n26; and Jewish statehood, 236-238, 246, 249-250, 320-321; language question in, 243; 1905; Mandate, 14, 37, 48, 193, 221, 314, 316-317, 319-320; as partial solution to crisis facing Polish Jews, 232-233, 258-260, 267-277, 287-305; partition proposal for, 320-321; Polish Jews’ emigration to, 13-15, 37, 48-49, 221-222, 229-230,298-305, 314; selfdefense in, 240, 243, 245-246, 250-251; tourism to, 231-233; travelogues about, 226-227, 234-249, 258-259, 268-269, 271-277, 294-297. See also Dobkin, Eliahu; Golomb, Avrom; Grinboym, Yitzhak; Jewish-Palestinian conflict; Lakerman, Shmuel; Mineberg, Leib; Palestinians; Palestinism/Yishuvism; Shabad, Tsemakh; territorialization; Tshernikhov, Yoysef; Weinreich, Max; Yishuv; Zionism Palestinians (Arab community of Mandate Palestine): Polish Jewish thought about and encounters with, 224, 226, 235-237, 239, 250,273-275,299-301,316. See also Jewish-Palestinian conflict; Lakerman, Shmuel; Palestine; Qassam, Izz ad-Din al-; Weinreich, Max; Zionism Palestinism/Yishuvism, 14, 37, 251-253. See also children; exitism; Yishuv; Zionism peasants (Poland): economic hardships of, in interwar Poland, 25, 54, 78; ideological and political sentiments of, 25, 28-29, 30, 65-67; and Jews, 18, 24-25, 28-29, 63-67, 78-79, 188; right-wing nationalism in Poland and, 18, 24, 79-80. See also Binyomen R.; Burshtin, Mikhoel; Chaiasiński, Józef; Grabski, Władysław; Krzywicki, Ludwik; Piast Party Perelman, Abram, 115 Peretz, Y. L., 11-12 Peretz School,
Pružana, 102-103, 106 Peru, 318. See also emigration; exitism pessimism. See danger; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish Piast Party, 65
INDEX Piątnica, 214 Pickhan, Gertrud, 96 Piekuty, 308 Pieracki, Bronisław, 79 Piłsudski, Józef, 5,13, 17, 23, 27, 98, 160, 307 Pinsker, Leon, Autoemancipation, 9-10 Piński, Hershl, 230-231 Pińsk region, 230 Płach, Eva, 23,44 Płock, 115 Poalei Tsion Left, 96, 103, 105, 109, 208, 210, 345n43. See also Marxism; Ringel blum, Emanuel; socialism; Tomszow, Jezik Poalei Tsion Right, 207, 208, 283-284. See also Frayhayt; Zionism poetry. See culture; literature Polakiewicz, Moyshe, 46-47, 51 Poland: culture and literature of, and Polish Jews, 4, 22-23, 36, 38, 98-99, 126, 148, 162-163, 174; as divided polity and society, 4-5, 8, 12-13, 17, 26, 44-45, 57-60; economic underdevelopment, underemployment, poverty, and Great Depression in, 8,17, 25-27, 29-30, 48, 53-55, 118; ethnonationalist, intolerant, and anti-Jewish strains and trends in political culture of, 5,18-22,24-26,44-45, 58-60, 65-67, 76-82, 85-86, 110-112, 165-166, 177-190, 308-312; Jewish population, general characteristics and situation in, circa 1918, 1930, and 1935, 2,4, 12,14, 26,46-55, 73, 113,200-201; Jewish Question and antisemitism in, 5, 8,18-30,38, 39, 60, 62, 75-86,111-112, 172, 177-190, 309-312; the Left (Polish socialism) in, 23, 32, 57, 86, 97, 116, 186-187; map of, xii·, moderate camp (Sanacja-supporting) in, 23, 24, 56, 57, 80, 163; multiethnic society of, 4-5; national minorities in, 20-21, 184-185; OZON, 308-312; religious actors (political views and influence of), 22-24, 26; the Right (National Democracy, organized ethnon ationalist movement) in, 5, 8, 12-13, 17-19, 25-26, 44-45, 79-86,164-165, 168-172;
and Sanacja/Piłsudski regime, 5, 9, 17-18, 23-24, 28, 57-60, 80-83, 163-164,188-19; tolerance and opposition to antisemitism in politics and culture of, 5,22-23, 56, 86,73, 98-99,116,162-163, 310-312; Ukrainian population in, 20-21, 27, 78, 178, 184-185; youth and rightwing politics in, 27-28, 79-80, 111, 186-189. See also antisemitism; Będzin; Bełchatów; Białystok; Bielsko; Bielsk Podlaski; Błonie; Brześć; Buczacz; Burshtin, Mikhoel; Catholic Church in Poland; Częstochowa; Czyżew-Osada; Giterman, Isaac; Grinboym, Yitzhak; Grodno; Hertz, Aleksander; Jewish Question; Jews, Polish; Kalisz; Kazimierz-Dolny; Kielce; Kipowa, Łucja; Kłeck; Kobryń; Kolki; Koluszki; Kowel; Kraków; kresy; Krzywicki, Ludwik; Lebiedziew; Left, Polish; Lestschinsky, Yankev; Lida; Łódź; Łomża; Łowicz; Luck; middleman minority, Jews as; Levinson, Avraham; Nowogródek; Nowy Sącz; Osowa Wyszka; Ostrowiec-Świętokrzyski; Otwock; peasants; Piątnica; Piekuty; Płock; Pružana; Raduń; Right, the Polish nationalist; Równe; Sanacja; Siedlce, Sieradz; Smorgonie; Sosnowiec; state, the; Stolpce; Tarnów; Warsaw; Wilno; Włodzimierzec; Zawiercie; Żywiec Polish Jewry. See Jews, Poland Polish Socialist Party (PPS), 23, 26, 32, 165-166,188,310, 317. See ако Czapiński, Kazimierz; Left, Polish political ideologies. See ideologies, Jewish politics, Jewish: critical inquiry and, 193-194, 196-220, 223-253; of existing camps, movements, and parties vs. skepticism about existing forms of, and search for alternative to, 33, 36-37, 88-113; as expression of ideals and ideology vs. as expression of assessment of Jewish situation and
capacities to affect same, 1-2, 255, 267-298, 303-305; and future of Jewish children, 297-305; individual vs. communal considerations in, 39-40, 255-267, 292-294, 297-305; Jewish 381
INDEX politics, Jewish (continued) identity and cultural commitments over shadowed by exigencies of, 256-257, 276-282, 285-287, 316; and the question of Jewish agency and resources, 1-2, 35-36, 194-196, 258-263, 287-305. See also agency, Jewish; assimilationism; Binyomen R.; children; community; Diasporism; Druyanov, Alter; exitism; Faygenberg, Rokhl; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; identity, Jewish; ideologies, Jewish; inquiry; Levita, Lova; liberalism; minorityhood; Ortho doxy; progressivism; realism; self-defense; Shlimovits (Shalev), Miriam; socialism; social theory, East European Jewish; Weinreich, Max; Zionism politics of exit. See exitism Polner, Majer, 318, 322 Polonization, 4-6, 68, 72-73, 84, 90-91, 93, 97-99, 106,126, 130, 164, 174, 196, 313. See also assimilationism Polonsky, Antony, 28, 310, 319 Porter, Brian, 18,25 Pound, Ezra, 23 poverty, 48, 53-55, 118 PPS. See Polish Socialist Party (PPS) progressivism: confidence in inevitability of historical progress and temporary character of political reaction as dominant strain in modern East European Jewish thought, 6, 9-12, 162, 177, 182, 187, 190; critiques of political assumptions of, 2, 9-11, 34-35, 165-166, 190; and social theory, 35; and socialism, 10; and Zionism, 162. See also agency, Jewish; economic selfhelp; Hertz, Aleksander; ideologies, Jewish; Korczak, Janusz; Levinson, Avraham; liberalism; Marxism; Matz, Hersh; public health, Jewish; realism; Rozin, Avrom; Vulman, Leon; Zilberfarb, Moyshe Prokop-Janiec, Eugenia, 99 Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 21, 25 Pružana, 41-43,
95,102-103,106,282-283, 304-305 Przegląd Katolicki (journal), 22 382 Przegląd Społeczny (journal), 148 psychology (as approach and concern in Polish Jewish thought): of antisemitism, 159, 167-168, 173-176; and minority condition, 127-139; of Polish Jewish youth, 127-139,194,199-200. See also Bernstein, Fritz; Bychowski, Gustav; compensation; escapism; fantasy; Freud, Sigmund; Golomb, Avrom; Perelman, Abram; realism; Shneurson, Fishl; subjectivity; Weinreich, Max public health, Jewish (as form of activism), 54, 82, 299, 302, 324-325. See also Diasporism; Lakerman, Shmuel; poverty; progressivism; Shabad, Tsemakh; Vulman, Leon Qassam, Izz ad-Din al-, 245 Rabon, Yisroel, 140 race and racism, 130-133,137, 152, 173, 322, 348n30 Raduń, 108 Ran, Leyzer, 345n47 rationality. See realism Ravitsh, Meylekh, 68, 140, 280-282, 285 realism (in interwar Jewish political thought): as attempt to recalibrate Jewish politics around dual recognition of rising danger and of limited Jewish powers to meet same, as opposed to proceeding from doctrinal and ideological commitments, 2-3, 6-11, 31-32, 256, 258-259, 262, 287-305; about dangers to Jewish well being, 3, 6-7, 9, 13, 31, 37-38, 40, 71, 75-82, 84, 87, 101, 111, 154, 186-192, 195-196, 256-258, 285-298; and limits of Jewish agency and resources, 31-32, 36, 38, 141, 257-259, 262, 290-294; escapism and fantasy vs., 194,196-197; in history, 31, 337nn82-83; intellectuals and, 156-157; and limits of Jewish agency and resources, 31-32, 36, 38, 141, 257-259, 290-294; of Polish Jewish youth, 197-220; transcending the diasporaemigration-Zionism divide,
281-284.
INDEX See also Binyomen R.; danger; exitism; future, outlooks on the likely East Euro pean Jewish; Lakerman, Shmuel; Mineberg, Leib; Shabad, Tsemakh; Tshernikhov, Yoysef; Weinreich, Max; Zionism regionalism, 126 Reinhold (Rinot), Hanoch, 296-297 Revisionist Zionism, 93, 101, 222. See also Betar; Jabotinsky; Zionism Reyzen, Zalman, 97 Right, the European radical: Jewish analysis of the rise of, in interwar Europe, 1-2, 27, 32, 56,112,114,141,154-156,174-175, 181-183, 219. See also Austria; fascism; Forget-me-Not; Germany; Lestschinsky, Yankev; Nazism; Oberlaender, Ludwik; Right, the Polish nationalist; Rozin, Avrom Right, the Polish nationalist (National Democ racy, the organized Polish ethnonationalist camp), 5, 8,12-13,17-19, 21-22, 25-26, 29, 44-46, 58-60, 79-82, 85-86, 111, 164-165, 308-311; eliminationist anti semitism and “the Jewish Question” in program of, 18,23, 45, 58-59, 77, 79-82, 159, 161-172, 181, 183, 191; Jewish experience and analysis of, 74, 77, 116, 156, 160-165,168-172, 181, 183, 191, 246, 254-255; resonance of ideology of, in wider society, 18-21, 23-24, 25-26, 27-29,36,45,59-60,67, 81,181,309-311; late nineteenth-century roots of, 18, 25-26; vs. Sanacja, 17-18, 28, 44, 58, 79-80, 161-162, 169-171, 189-190, 309; popularity, reach, influence, and vitality of, 17-19, 26, 45, 56, 59, 77, 79-80; younger generation’s attraction to, 18, 24, 27-29, 36, 60, 77. See also antisemitism; Błaszczyk, Adam; Bluhm-Kwiatkowski, Aleksander; Chałasiński, Józef; Dmowski, Roman; Faygenberg, Rokhl; Grabski, Władysław; Grinboym, Yitzhak; Hertz, Aleksander; Jewish Question;
Kipowa, Łucja; Lestschinsky, Yankev; Levinson, Avraham; Markowski, Florian; NARA; nationalism; Oberlaendei, Ludwik; Poland Ringelblum, Emanuel, 4, 99, 124 Rotenberg, Rabbi Mordechai of Antwerp, 320-321 Rotenstreich, Fiszel, 59 Rothschild, Joseph, 18, 81 Równe, 113, 213 Rozin, Avrom (Ben-Adir), 57, 157, 179-181, 261-263, 279. See also Territorialism Rubinstein, Sarah, 215. See also Shlimovits (Shalev), Miriam Rudnicki, Szymon, 23, 24, 45, 59 Sanacja (regime): ideology, goals, mixed composition of, extent and limits of support in Polish society for, and limits of efforts and capacity to reshape Polish political cukure, 5, 8-9,13,17-19,23-24, 27-28, 44, 80, 82-83, 86, 163-164, 308-311; Polish Jewish relationship to and views of intentions, capacities, and trajectories of, 5, 13, 58, 74-75, 82-83, 160-161,168-172,177-181, 184-190, 254-255. See also Caluń, Tomasz; Dizhur, Il’ya; Faygenberg, Rokhl; Grinboym, Yitzhak; Hertz, Aleksander; Jewish Question; Kipowa, Łucja; Kleinbaum, Mojżesz; Left, Polish; Lestschinsky, Yankev; Levinson, Avraham; Miedziński, Bogusław; nationalism; OZON; Poland; Piłsudski, Józef; Right, the Polish nation alist; Rozin, Avrom; Wysocki, Alfred Schipper, Ignacy, 264 Schmitz, Oskar, 167-168 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 147 Schulz, Bruno, 99 Scott, Daryl Michael, 137 searchers and inquirers. See inquiry; youth, Polish Jewish security, of life in the Yishuv, 244-245, 247-248, 250, 253, 298. See Palestinism/Yishuvism self-defense: of East European Jews, 245-246, 309; in Palestine, 240, 243, 245-246, 250. See Weinreich, Max Senator, Werner, 106-107, 253 Shabad,
Tsemakh, 121, 155, 233-234, 259 Shaf, Yisrael, Akhsah bat Kalev, 285 383
INDEX Shalit, Moyshe, 69-70, 264 Shapiro, Rabbi Kalonymous Kalmish (Piaseczner Rebbe), 96 shlihim (Zionist emissaries to Polish Jewish youth or communities), 37, 41-42, 88, 211-219, 222, 224-226, 228, 230, 284, 304. See also Ayzenberg, G.; Ben-Asher, Haim; Druyanov, Alter; Kliger, Moshe; Kopit, Yisrolik; Kosoy, Y.; Levita, Lova; Pinski, Hershi; Shlimovits (Shalev), Miriam; Tsvik, Aryeh Shlimovits (Shalev), Miriam, 95, 215-219, 225-226, 228, 267-268, 283-284 Shmeruk, Chone, 62 Shneurson, Fishi, 72 Shore, Marci, 4, 31 Shteynberg, Yitshok (205), 279, ЗОЇ Siedlce, 91 Sienkiewicz, Henryk, 98 Sieradz, 88, 90 Skaff, Sheila, 73 skepticism. See future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; ideologies, Jewish; inquiry; politics, Jewish Słonimski, Antoni, “Murzyn Warszawski” (The Warsaw Negro), 130 Słowacki, Juliusz, 174 Smorgonie, 211 Snyder, Timothy, 18-19, 25-26 socialism (as political ideology and move ment): approach to Jewish Question of socialist parties and their supporters, 2, 9, 23, 31, 32, 36, 111-113, 116-117, 123, 162, 165-166, 178, 188, 201, 219, 287-289, 311, 325; Diasporist intellectuals and, 116-117, 140-142; disillusionment with political approach and capacities of, in Poland, 2, 6, 33, 55-56, 102-105, 112-113,140-142,186,194, 219; histori ography of, 96; myths of, 116-117; in post-1935 Poland, 311, 324-325; optimism provided by promises of revolutionary, 4, 32, 51, 116-117,177, 317-318; reach of ideas and assumptions of, among Polish Jews, 4, 6, 93, 96-97,104,116,140-142, 208; and Territorialism, 279-280; and Zionism, 10, 162, 241-242, 283-284, 287-297. See
also anarchism; Binyomen R.; Bund; Communism; Diasporism; ForgetMe-Not; Grade, Chaim; Gutgeshtalt, Hirsh; Jewish Workers’ Party (YAP); Knaphays, Moyshe; Left, Polish; Marxism; Polish Socialist Party (PPS); Zionism social theory, East European Jewish: challenges to progressive presumptions of secular, 2, 9-11, 34-35, 165-166, 190; dominance of progressive and Marxian assumptions in secular, 9-12, 32,157-158; about middleman minorityhood in age of nationalism, 179-181, 189; presumptions about Jewish collective agency in secular, 10-12; Orthodox, 32-33, 320-321, 324; regarding territorial concentration (vs. dispersion), the state, and sovereignty, 238, 246-248, 320-321. See also antisemitism; Bychowski, Gustav; class; Golomb, Avrom; Hertz, Aleksander; inquiry; Kipowa, Lucja; Lestschinsky, Yankev; Levinson, Avraham; Marxism; Menes, Avrom; nation alism; Oberlaender, Ludwik; progressivism; Rozin, Avrom; Schmitz, Oskar; state, the; Weinreich, Max Sorotzkin, Rabbi Zalman, 321 Sosnowiec, 48,119 South Africa, 48, 166. See also emigration; exitism sratw-Zionists, 302-303 state, the (Polish Jewish thought about and experience of): capacities of, and of sovereignty/power over territory and infrastructure to reshape Jewish condition, 238, 246-248, 320-321; capture of, by popular ethnonationalist sentiment, 179-181, 189; federalism vs., 11-12; Palestine as potential Jewish, 236-238, 249-250, 320-321; relation of Polish, toward the Jews, 1, 5, 9, 11-13, 20, 24, 26-28, 35, 57-60, 69-70, 74-75, 82-83, 159-161,163-164,177-181,186,188-190, 310. See also Palestine; Poland; Rozin, Avrom;
Sanacja; social theory, East Euro pean Jewish; Weinreich, Max; Zionism 384
INDEX State capture, 179-181, 189. See also antisemitism; nationalism Steinberg, Isaac. See Shteynberg, Yitshok Steinlauf, Michael, 99 Stolpce, 211 Strausberg sisters. See Gafni, Sarah; Vainshtein, Miriam subjectivity (Polish Jewish): crisis of, 34, 114-116; defenses of, 115; Diasporism and, 116, 120-127, 135, 137; Grade’s poetry and, 140-151; ideological support of, 116-117; as minority consciousness, 127-139; nourishment of the will in, 120-121; pathologies ascribed to, 120-123, 127-139; search for new meanings to nourish, 117-127; social thought in response to, 115-116. See also culture; identity, Jewish; minorityhood Sutzkever, Avrom, 149-150,153; “Heymishe Felder,” 149; “Marts,” 149 Świętochowski, Aleksander, 166 Szabad, Zemach. See Shabad, Tsemakh Szajes, Beri, 108 Szajman, Malka, 109-110 Szembek, Jan, 310 Szymaniak, Karolina, 4, 34, 98, 99 Tog (newspaper), 97, 238, 295, 301 Tolstoy, Leo, 94 Tomaszewski, Jerzy, 310, 311 Tomszow, Jezik, 209-210 tourism, 84-86,124-126, 231-233 Toybenfeld, Y., 85-86 TOZ. See public health, Jewish traditionalism. See Orthodoxy travelogues (about Palestine/Yishuv), 226-227, 234-249, 258-259, 268-269, 271-277, 294-297. See also Khatskels, Helena; Opatoshu, Yoysef; tourism; Tshernikhov, Yoysef; Weinreich, Max; Yishuv Trębacz, Zofia, 311 Trotsky, Leon, 1, 56 Tsaytlin, Arn, 139-140 Tshernikhov, Yoysef, 224, 227, 233-238, 241, 268-270, 280, 312, 320 Tsukunft (youth movement), 97, 101, 102-103, 117, 200 Tsvik, Aryeh, 105, 108 TsYShO, 206, 208 Tuskegee Institute, 128, 132 Tuwim, Julian, 23 Ukrainians: economic politics of, 318; and Jewish
Question, 27, 78, 178, 184-185; hostility toward, 19-20; nationalism of, 21, 98, 184; political unrest involving, 44, 79, 184 Underhill, Karen, 4, 98, 99 Unger, Menashe, 316 United Kibbutz movement, 231 United Peasant Party, 188 United States: immigration policy of, 47-48 Vnzer ekspres (newspaper), 227 Urinsky, Gershn, 41-43, 102-103, 304-305 Uryevitsh, Yente, 42 Tarbut. See Hebraism Tarnów, 48 Tartakover, Aryeh, 265-266, 320, 322 Tel Aviv, 231, 235-237, 239-241, 244, 246-247, 250 Territoriálisra, 39, 205, 233-234, 248, 259-261, 279-281, ЗОЇ, 320. See also Astour (Tshernikhov), Mikhl; Communism; Diasporism; Frayland-Lige; Ravitsh, Meylekh; Rozin, Avrom; Shabad, Tsemakh; Shteynberg, Yitshok; socialism; Tshernikhov, Yoysef; Yiddishism; Zionism territorialization (ethnic concentration and local majorityhood) in Jewish thought, 237-238,244-249 Tetmajer, Kazimierz, 126 Third Aliyah, 215; See also Palestine; Yishuv; Zionism Vainshtein, Miriam (née Strausberg), 94 Valk, Yitshok, 266, 279, 285 Vaserman, Rabbi Elkhonen, 324 Vaynig, Naftole, 4, 99,124 385
INDEX Vidrovits, Leah, 113 Vilna. See Wilno Viiner Tog (newspaper), 132 Viltshinski, Yehezkl, 126 violence: and Jews in Eastern Europe, 9, 12, 18, 38, 77-78, 80-81, 85, 156, 169-171, 178,187, 246, 308; in Palestine, 38, 88, 236, 245, 248, 250, 273-275, 299-301, 316; self-defense, 245-246, 309 Virtshaft un lebn (journal), 180 Vogel, Debora, 4, 99, 148 Vohlman, Miriam, 228 Vohlman, Yehudah Leyb, 228 Volf, Leyzer, 140, 148 Vulman, Leon, 54,124 Vygotsky, Lev, 139 Warsaw, 13, 18, 28, 31, 45, 46, 48, 51, 54, 57-58, 62, 68, 84, 93, 97, 105-107, 169-172, 298, 308, 311, 320, 345n36 Washington, Booker T., 194 Weber, Max, 170, 256-260 Weeks, Theodore, 18, 25 Weinreich, Max, 13-16,30,32,34,43,51-53, 70-77, 100, 120-123, 121, 150-152, 154, 169, 194, 197, 226-227, 238-250, 258-259, 270-277, 285, 286, 289-297, 323, 325, 328; Veg tsu unzer yugnt, 16, 71-73, 75-76, 100-101, 127-139, 175, 194, 198-203, 242-244, 250, 270, 287, 289-293, 297 Wilno (Vilna), 1, 18, 52, 76, 77, 103-104, 120,122, 140-142, 148,169 Witos, Wincenty, 65 Wlodzimierzec, 95-96 women and girls, Jewish, as particular kinds of social actors or subjects of ideology, 88, 215, 228. See also gender Wynot, Edward, Jr., 310 Wysocki, Alfred, 28 YEAS. See Jewish Central Emigration Society Yefroykin, Yisroel, 320 386 Yeushzohn, B., 232, 298 Yiddish culture and literature (secular-modern), 1, 116-117, 120-153, 286; in relation to Jewish condition and exigencies of Jewish question, 42, 285-287, 298-302, 305. See also Auerbach, Rokhl; Burshtin, Mikhoel; culture; Diasporism; Glatshteyn, Yankev; Grade, Chaim; Jews, East European;
literature; Rabon, Yisroel; Sutzkevej; Avrom; Tsaytlin, Arn; Vaynig, Naftole; Vogel, Debora; Yiddishism; Zaromb, Shmuel Yiddishism: assimilationism contrasted with, 130; and culture, 139-152, 195; and Diasporism, 1, 42, 68, 82, 139-140; irrelevance of, to Polish Jewish fate, 286-287, 301-302; in post-1935 period, 324; resilience vs. despair relating to, 72, 280; Territorialism and, 280; weakness of, 135, 195-196; and the Yishuv/Zionism, 233-234, 239, 301-302, 320. See also Astour (Tshernikhov), Mikhl; Bin; Binyomen R.; Burshtin, Mikhoel; Diasporism; Jewish Society for Knowing the Land; Ravitsh, Meylekh; Ringelblum, Emanuel; Territorialism; TsYShO; Urinsky, Gershn; Weinreich, Max; YIVO Yishuv: information gathering about, 224-233; interest in, 14, 37,212, 222-225; language question in, 239; myths of, 218, 224, 229; New Jews of, 15; Poland compared to, 49, 240, 245-250; positive accounts of, 236-249, 251, 269, 272; press coverage of, 227-229; security offered by, 92, 244-245, 247-248,250-251, 253, 298; travelogues about, 226-227,234-249, 258-259, 268-269, 271-277, 294-297. See also inquiry; Jewish-Palestinian con flict; Khatskels, Helena; kibbutzim; Lakerman, Shmuel; Palestine; Palestinians; Palestinism/Yishuvism; Tel Aviv; tourism; travelogues; Tshernikhov, Yoysef; Weinreich, Max; Zionism Yishuvism. See Palestinism/Yishuvism YIVO, 13, 15, 52-53, 55, 74, 75, 98, 114, 197-198, 208-210, 230, 238-239, 268, 286, 321
INDEX YIVO-Bleter (journal), 176 Yona, Rona, 94-95, 196, 223, 224 youth, Polish Jewish: autobiographical reflections of, 13-14,52-53, 55-56, 70-72, 74-77, 98, 110-111, 114-116, 197-198, 208-210, 230, 249, 250, 268, 293, 321; Binyomen R. as case example of, 75-81, 198-208; doubt and pessimism among, 13-16, 48-49, 52-53, 70-75, 77, 88-91, 127-139,196-198, 201-202, 254; emi gration as response to crisis facing, 14-15, 42-43, 49-51; gendered motivations for political decisions of, 199-200; pathologies ascribed to, 114-115,127-139, 196-197, 199, 289-290; political experience and engagement of, 73-81, 91, 198-208, 212-218; realism and rationality of, 197-220; searchers and inquirers among, 198-220. See also Bin; Binyomen R.; Communism; exitism; Faygenberg, Rokhl; Frayhayt; Hehalutz; Hehalutz ha-Tsair; inquiry; politics, Jewish; sblihim·, subjec tivity; Tsukunft; Weinreich, Max; Zionism Youth Aliyah program, 296-297 Yudishe veit, Di (journal), 286 277-284,291; exitism and, 14, 42, 88-92, 100-103, 106-107, 203, 218, 250, 252, 276; ideological vs. emergency consider ations in, 277-279, 281-282, 287-292; in interwar period, 6; labor policies of, 225-226, 235-236, 241-242; Labor Zionism, 49, 152, 264, 266, 278-279, 280, 283; masculinist/militarist aspect of, 224; motivations for interest in, 88-92, 100-101, 211-218, 222-224, 304-305; myths of, 93, 95, 101, 108, 212, 214, 218, 223-224, 224, 227, 229, 230, 238, 244-245; new adherents disinterested in cultural ideology of, 33, 48-50, 88-91, 94-95, 100-101, 211-218; New Jews of, 101, 224; and Palestinism/Yishuvism, 14, 37, 251-253;
Polish interest in, 107, 309, 355nl3; resilience and optimism provided by, 72, 242, 272, 289-291; Revisionist, 93, 101, 222; Territorialism in relation to, 259, 261-262, 279-284; and tourism, 231; transcending the diaspora-emigrationZionism divide, 281-284. See also African American experience; Appenszlak, Jakob; Ben-Gurion, David; Bernshteyn, Yitshok; Betar; Bialik, Chaim Nahman; Bnai Brith; children; Czyżew-Osada; danger; Dobkin, Eliahu; exitism; emigration; fantasy; Faygenberg, Rokhl; Fifth Aliyah; Fourth Aliyah; Frayhayt; future, outlooks on the likely East European Jewish; gender; Gordonia youth movement; Gotlib, Yehoshua; Grinboym, Yitzhak; Ha-Oved; Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair; Haynt; Hebraism; Hehalutz; Hehalutz ha-Tsair; Histadrut; Hitahdut; Jabotinsky, Ze’ev; Jewish Central Emigration Society; JewishPalestinian conflict; Kishinev Pogrom; Kleinbaum, Mojżesz; Lakerman, Shmuel; Latski-Bertoldi, Zeev-Volf; Lestschinsky, Yankev; Levinson, Avraham; Levita, Lova; Mapai; Miesięcznik Żydowski·, Nasz Przegląd; Oberlaender, Ludwik; Palestíne; Palestinism/Yishuvism; Perelman, Abram; Pinsker, Leon; Poalei Tsion Left; Poalei Tsion Right; Polakiewicz, Moyshe; politics; Zahra, Tara, 265 Zaromb, Shmuel, 139 Zawiercie, 90, 118 Zdziechowski, Marian, 23 Zenderland, Leila, 132 Żeromski, Stefan, 126, 162 Zilberfarb, Moyshe, 120, 177, 180 Zionism: antisemitism and, 22, 38, 39, 74-75, 249-251; anti- and non-Zionists turning to, 90, 92, 102-110; attracting mass support among Polish Jews, 6, 14, 37, 48-51, 88-91, 93-95, 211-218, 221-224, 320-321; attractions of, 14,197, 199, 290; Bund’s relationship
with, 35-36; critiques of, 158,221, 226, 235-236,242, 259, 290, 292, 295; Diasporism compared to, 242-245, 247-249; efficacy of, as solution for Polish Jews, 233, 258-260, 267-284, 301-303; and emigration, 14, 48-51, 89, 95-96,193,213-215,263-267, 387
INDEX Zionism (continued) realism; shlihim; Shalit, Moyshe; Shlimovits (Shalev), Miriam; sintn-Zionists; Tartakover, Aryeh; Tshemikhov, Yoysef; Valk, Yitshok; Weinreich, Max; Yishuv; Zionist Congresses; Złotnicka, Beyle Zionist Congresses, 22, 205, 222, 317 Zloch, Stephanie, 17 Złotnicka, Beyle, 208 Zmierzch Izraela, 21-22 ZTK. See Jewish Society for Knowing the Laná Związek Akademickiej Młodzieży Zjednoczeniowej (ZAMZ), 97-98. See also assimiliationism Żywiec, 21 388 ŕ--------------------\ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mönchen V._ _------------ / |
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| author_variant | k b m kb kbm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047458643 |
| classification_rvk | BD 7020 BD 7040 NY 4770 |
| contents | Introduction: Unchosen times, unchosen conditions -- Futurelessness and the Jewish question -- Toward a politics of doubt and exit -- Minorityhood and the limits of culture -- Antisemitism, nationalism, eliminationism -- of skepticism and chastened inquiry -- Palestine as possibility -- reason, exit, and post-communal triage -- Conclusion: "With a cruel logic" |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1288316550 (DE-599)BVBBV047458643 |
| discipline | Geschichte Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
| era | Geschichte 1918-1939 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1918-1939 |
| format | Book |
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Moss</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England</subfield><subfield code="b">Harvard University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2021</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ix, 388 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Karte</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Introduction: Unchosen times, unchosen conditions -- Futurelessness and the Jewish question -- Toward a politics of doubt and exit -- Minorityhood and the limits of culture -- Antisemitism, nationalism, eliminationism -- of skepticism and chastened inquiry -- Palestine as possibility -- reason, exit, and post-communal triage -- Conclusion: "With a cruel logic"</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">A revisionist account of interwar Europe's largest Jewish community that upends histories of Jewish agency to rediscover reckonings with nationalism's pathologies, diaspora's fragility, Zionism's promises, and the necessity of choice. What did the future hold for interwar Europe's largest Jewish community, the font of global Jewish hopes? When intrepid analysts asked these questions on the cusp of the 1930s, they discovered a Polish Jewry reckoning with "no tomorrow." Assailed by antisemitism and witnessing liberalism's collapse, some Polish Jews looked past progressive hopes or religious certainties to investigate what the nation-state was becoming, what powers minority communities really possessed, and where a future might be found-and for whom. The story of modern Jewry is often told as one of creativity and contestation. Kenneth B. Moss traces instead a late Jewish reckoning with diasporic vulnerability, nationalism's terrible potencies, Zionism's promises, and the necessity of choice. Moss examines the works of Polish Jewry's most searching thinkers as they confronted political irrationality, state crisis, and the limits of resistance. 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| geographic | Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV047458643 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:05:32Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T04:27:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780674245105 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032860457 |
| oclc_num | 1288316550 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-521 |
| physical | ix, 388 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220315 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Harvard University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Moss, Kenneth B. 1974- Verfasser (DE-588)135804744 aut An unchosen people Jewish political reckoning in interwar Poland Kenneth B. Moss Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England Harvard University Press 2021 ix, 388 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Introduction: Unchosen times, unchosen conditions -- Futurelessness and the Jewish question -- Toward a politics of doubt and exit -- Minorityhood and the limits of culture -- Antisemitism, nationalism, eliminationism -- of skepticism and chastened inquiry -- Palestine as possibility -- reason, exit, and post-communal triage -- Conclusion: "With a cruel logic" A revisionist account of interwar Europe's largest Jewish community that upends histories of Jewish agency to rediscover reckonings with nationalism's pathologies, diaspora's fragility, Zionism's promises, and the necessity of choice. What did the future hold for interwar Europe's largest Jewish community, the font of global Jewish hopes? When intrepid analysts asked these questions on the cusp of the 1930s, they discovered a Polish Jewry reckoning with "no tomorrow." Assailed by antisemitism and witnessing liberalism's collapse, some Polish Jews looked past progressive hopes or religious certainties to investigate what the nation-state was becoming, what powers minority communities really possessed, and where a future might be found-and for whom. The story of modern Jewry is often told as one of creativity and contestation. Kenneth B. Moss traces instead a late Jewish reckoning with diasporic vulnerability, nationalism's terrible potencies, Zionism's promises, and the necessity of choice. Moss examines the works of Polish Jewry's most searching thinkers as they confronted political irrationality, state crisis, and the limits of resistance. He reconstructs the desperate creativity of activists seeking to counter despair where they could not redress its causes. And he recovers a lost grassroots history of critical thought and political searching among ordinary Jews, young and powerless, as they struggled to find a viable future for themselves-in Palestine if not in Poland, individually if not communally. Focusing not on ideals but on a search for realism, Moss recasts the history of modern Jewish political thought. Where much scholarship seeks Jewish agency over a collective future, An Unchosen People recovers a darker tradition characterized by painful tradeoffs amid a harrowing political reality, making Polish Jewry a paradigmatic example of the minority experience endemic to the nation-state Geschichte 1918-1939 gnd rswk-swf Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Antisemitismus (DE-588)4002333-3 gnd rswk-swf Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Jews / Poland / Identity / History / 20th century Jews / Poland / Politics and government / History / 20th century Jewish nationalism / Poland / History / 20th century Antisemitism / Poland / History / 20th century Poland / History / 1918-1945 Antisemitism Jewish nationalism Jews / Identity Jews / Politics and government Poland 1900-1999 History Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 s Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 s Antisemitismus (DE-588)4002333-3 s Geschichte 1918-1939 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-0-674-26998-9 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-0-674-26997-2 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032860457&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032860457&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Moss, Kenneth B. 1974- An unchosen people Jewish political reckoning in interwar Poland Introduction: Unchosen times, unchosen conditions -- Futurelessness and the Jewish question -- Toward a politics of doubt and exit -- Minorityhood and the limits of culture -- Antisemitism, nationalism, eliminationism -- of skepticism and chastened inquiry -- Palestine as possibility -- reason, exit, and post-communal triage -- Conclusion: "With a cruel logic" Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Antisemitismus (DE-588)4002333-3 gnd Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026482-8 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4002333-3 (DE-588)4170001-6 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | An unchosen people Jewish political reckoning in interwar Poland |
| title_auth | An unchosen people Jewish political reckoning in interwar Poland |
| title_exact_search | An unchosen people Jewish political reckoning in interwar Poland |
| title_exact_search_txtP | An unchosen people Jewish political reckoning in interwar Poland |
| title_full | An unchosen people Jewish political reckoning in interwar Poland Kenneth B. Moss |
| title_fullStr | An unchosen people Jewish political reckoning in interwar Poland Kenneth B. Moss |
| title_full_unstemmed | An unchosen people Jewish political reckoning in interwar Poland Kenneth B. Moss |
| title_short | An unchosen people |
| title_sort | an unchosen people jewish political reckoning in interwar poland |
| title_sub | Jewish political reckoning in interwar Poland |
| topic | Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Antisemitismus (DE-588)4002333-3 gnd Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Identität Juden Antisemitismus Minderheitenpolitik Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032860457&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032860457&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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