Prestige, manipulation, and coercion: elite power struggles in the Soviet Union and China after Stalin and Mao
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New Haven ; London
Yale University Press
[2022]
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| Beschreibung: | xvi, 296 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780300254235 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Prestige, manipulation, and coercion |b elite power struggles in the Soviet Union and China after Stalin and Mao |c Joseph Torigian |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents Acknowledgments ix List ofAbbreviations xv i i. Theory շ. The D efeat of В eria 3. The Anti-Party Group 4. The Gang of Four 5. The Fall of Hua Guofeng 6. Conclusion Chronology Notes 221 Index 283 193 211 19 44 84 136
Index agriculture and agricultural policies, 47,49,108,146 Andreas,Joel, ш-12 Andropov, Iurii, 195 anti-party group: collective lead ership and, 50; compromising material against, 72-76; deliber ations against, 17, 76-78, 82-83; de-Stalinization and, 61,68; Gang of Four compared to, 125,127; move against Khrushchev by, 50-51, 76-78; power ministries and, 79-81; prestige of, 17,69-73; Zhukov and, 17,45-46, 76-81, 248Ո207 Aristov, Averkii, 73 Artem'ev, Pavel, 40 atomic programs. See nuclear weapons audience costs (domestic pressures), 206-7 Austria, Soviet foreign policy on, 54, 55, 239Ո62 authority model: anti-party group deliberations and, 45-46, 81; case study selection and, 12; Deng Xiao ping and, 18; Gang of Four and, 52, 56, 84-87; Hua Guofeng’s fall and, 17-18,137-38; Kimjong-il and, 204-6; methodological approach to, 12-15; Stalin’s rise and, 200-202; theory of, 4, 6-8. See also coercion; compromising material; prestige; rules and boundaries Barbalet, J. Μ., 4-5 Baum, Richard, 142,145 Belorussian resistance, 28-29 Beria, Lavrentii, 16-17; arrest of, 33-36,40; Bulganin and, 25, 27, 29-30, 32, 33, 38; decision-making bodies on, 33-34; deliberations against, 31-33; de-Stalinization and, 24, 61, 65; forged diaries of, 21; historical legacies and com promising material on, 21, 26-31, 42; institutionalization and, 37-38, 41; Kaganovich and, 22, 24, 31, 33; legitimacy of actions against, 35-37; Malenkov nominated by, 20; Mo lotov and, 22-27, 29, 32, 33, 35, 36, 40, 243Ո112; nuclear program and, 26-28, 38-39, 42, 233ПІ10; Pervu khin and, 27, 33; policies of, 24-26,
42-43; political style of, 22-24; power ministries and, 21-22, 37-40, 42-43; Presidium appointment of, 19; Shepilov on, 24, 31; Stalin and, 24, 27; threat of coercion and, 17, 39-40; Voroshilov and, 22-23, 27, 283
284 Index Beria, Lavrentii (continued) 30, 31, 33, 36; Zhukov and, 27, 33, 40,41. See also Khrushchev, Nikita, for their relationship Beriia, Sergo, 232Ո91 Biography ofLuo Ruiqing, 172 Bohlen, Charles, 44, 234П1 Bonapartism, 10, 24 Bo Yibo, 197 Brezhnev, Leonid, 50, 51, 73, 75, 79, 195 Budennyi, Semen, 41, 74 Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, 3,5,11 Bukharin, Nikolai, 60, 66,108 Bulganin, Nikolai: Beria and, 25, 27, 29-30, 32, 33, 38; compro mising materials used by, 74; de-Stalinization and, 60, 62, 65; Khrushchev and, 45, 227Ո9; leader ship of, 46; on Molotov, 57, 236Ո33; Presidium appointment of, 19, 20; Serov and, 31-32, 80 Bunce, Valerie, 12 Capoccia, Giovanni, 14 Central Advisory Commission (China), 196-97 Central Committee (China) and Gang of Four’s arrest, 86,125-27 Central Committee (Soviet Union): anti-party group deliberations and, 76-78, 81,127; Beria’s arrest and, 33-36, 40; de-Stalinization and, 62-66; generational issues in, 71; Khrushchev and rules of, 46,49, 5152, 56, 76-78; Molotov’s criticism of Khrushchev and, 57-59; MVD and, 29; Zhukov’s compromising material and, 73-76 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 182, 204, 205 Central Military Commission (CMC): Deng Xiaoping and, 163-64, 191-92; Hua Guofeng’s chairman ship of, 171-72,174,183; Jiang Qing and, 128; Mao’s weakening of Ye Jianying and, 125; resistance to Gang of Four in, 130; Zhang Chunqiao and, 129 character assassination: in authority model, 7; of Gang of Four, 114; of Hua Guofeng, 158,160,170. See also compromising material; prestige Chen Boda, 98,107,121 Chen Heqiao, 178 ChenPixian, 119 ChenXilian,
125,126,135,160,168 ChenYonggui, 126 Chen Yun: on Cultural Revolution as political struggle, 103; Deng Xiao ping and, 142,149,150,197-98; Gang of Four arrests and, 126,127; Hua Guofeng and, 160-61,167; PSC membership of, 167,168; rehabilitation of, 142; Vietnam invasion and, 187-89 Cheng Zhongyuan, 146,155 Cheonan sinking, 281Ո74 Chi Haotian, 132 China: case selection of, 10-12; chronology (1969-1982), 215-19; “old-person” politics in, 21, 83, 136; political trajectory of, 193, 196-99; Stalin’s legacy in, 64-65, 67. See also specific governing bodies and leaders ChinaYouth, 154 chronology: China (1969-1982), 215-19; Soviet Union (1952-1957), 211-і 5 Chronology ofMao Zedong, 95-96 Chung Yen-lin, 188 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 182, 204, 205 civilian supremacy norms, 10 CMC. See Central Military Commission
Index coercion: anti-party group deliber ations and, 79-81; Beria and, 17, 39-40; Deng Xiaoping and, 185-89, 191; Gang of Four’s arrest and, 86-87, ԼՅ1՜!2; Khrushchev and, 80-81; methodological approach to, 13; policy differences vs., 207. See also power ministries Cohen, Stephen, 61 collective leadership, 15; anti-party group and, 50; Beria and, 22-24; Deng Xiaoping and, 11,139, 166,192; Gang of Four and, 99; Hua Guofeng and, it, 85,140; Khrushchev and, 11, 45-49, 51-52, 57-58, 75, 82, 194; Malenkov and, it, 47; Molotov and, 54, 57-58, 69, 194; Trotsky and, 202-3 Committee of State Security (KGB): Beria reevaluating arrests of for mer members, 23; compromising material from, 74; Khrushchev’s control over, 46, 76, 78, 80; Khru shchev’s removal and, 42-43 compromising materials: against anti-party group, 72-76; Beria and, 21, 26-31,42; Bulganin and, 74; Cultural Revolution and, 103, 159-60; Deng Xiaoping and, 16062; Gang of Four and, 86,114-23, 125; historical legacies and, 15,193; Hua Guofeng and, 158-62,189-90; Khrushchev and use of, 30, 69-76; Stalin using about Trotsky, 202 Cook, Alexander, 133 corruption, 86,103, n8֊2o “Criticize Lin Biao and Confucius” campaign, 87, 91,101,105,129-30 Cuban missile crisis, 207 cult of personality: Deng Xiaoping and, 197; Hua Guofeng and, 140, 142; Khrushchev and, 51, 70; Ma lenkov and, 47; Stalin’s legacy and, 61-66, 72 285 Cultural Revolution: Deng Xiaoping and, 95-96,136-37; Gang of Four and, 17,93-98,101-2,109-10, 112-14,122-23; Hua Guofeng and legacy of, 18,158-59,167-68; Jiang Qing on, 88-89; Khrushch ev’s influence on, 84;
Mao’s legacy and, 94-95, 97,102,104,106-7, 122,130; PLA and, 172,178-79; as political struggle, 85-86,102-4; “practice” debate on verdicts of, 152-54; prestige system of, 122-23; Wang Hongwen on, 89-90; Zhou Enlai and, 91 Daniels, Robert V, 5 Deng Liqun: on Cultural Revolu tion, 104; Gang of Four and, 156; on Hua Guofeng, 139,144; Hua Guofeng’s removal and, 161,165, 169-70; “supporting proletarians” slogan and, 182-83; “two whatevers” debate and, 148,150; on Vietnam invasion, 187 Deng Xiaoping: Chen Yun and, 142; collective leadership vs., 11,139, 166,192; compromising materi als used by, 160-62; deliberations against Hua Guofeng by, 18, 162-67; Gang of Four and, 92-98, 135,156,181; institutionalization and, 196-99, 208-9; manipulation of party rules by, 167-70, 202-3; Mao and, 95-96,139,143-44, 171,176-77,191-92; Mao’s legacy perpetuated by, 3,196-99; martial prestige of, 16; policies of, 144-53, 155-58,188; political style of, 138-44, 209; power ministries and, i, 18,138, 171,182-84,186-87, 190-92; “practice” debate and, 138, 151-55,166,172,176-78,180, 185-86; rehabilitation of, 88, 92-93, 95,136-37,147-5°; shtP “l6°”
շ 86 Index Deng Xiaoping (continued) explosion and naval inspection, 172-75; Tiananmen Square demon strations and, 144-45,198; Trotsky compared to, 200, 202-3; Vietnam invasion and, 186-89, 207-8; Xi Jinping and legacy of, 11, 208-9 Deng Yingchao, 91,142,166,168 de-Stalinization: Beria and, 24, 61, 65; evaluations of Stalin and, 61-68; Molotov and, 53; rehabilitations and, 59-61,64,66, qy, responsibility for crimes during, 65, 72-76 dictatorship of the proletariat, 94,104, 107 Ding Sheng, 89,97 Dittmer, Lowell, 108,123,137 Dobson, Miriam, 59 Doctors’ Plot (1953), 23, 24 Dudorov, Nikolai, 74 Dunn, John, 9 economic model: Beria and, 21, 26; Deng Xiaoping and, 18; on Gang of Four, 52, 56, 84-87; Hua Guofeng’s fall and, 137-38; methodol ogy of, 12-15; օռ Stalin’s rise, 200; theory of, 4-7. See also authority model Eden, Anthony, 53 Egorychev, Nikolai, 195 Eleventh Party Congress (1977), 156 episode analysis, 14-15 factionalism, 35,68, 76, 78,104, 111-12, 203 Fairbank Center Collection (H. C. Fung Library), 137 “February Adverse Current” (1967), 87-88 FengWenbin, 161,164 Fengqing Incident, 93 Filitov, Aleksei, 25-26, 54, 55 Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 69 foreign policy: Deng Xiaoping and, 188; dictatorship’s influence on, 206-8; Gang of Four and, 108-9; Khrushchev and, 45,51, 206, 207; Molotov and, 53-56, 207; Soviet views on Austria, 54, 55, 239Ո62; Stalin and, 201 game theory, 14 Gang of Four: anti-party group compared to, 125,127; on Cul tural Revolution’s mistakes, 96-98; decision-making bodies on, 125-27; deliberations against, 17,123-25, 155-56; economic vs. authority model
on, 52, 56, 84-87; histor ical legacies and compromising material on, 86,114-23,125; Hua Guofeng and, 86, 98-101,109, 123-27,130-35» *45’ 160-61,166; institutionalization and, 133-34; legitimacy of behavior against, 127; Mao and, 85, 86, tot, 102, no-11, 113-14,121-24; policies of, 102-13; political style of, 87-102; power ministries and, 17, 86-87,128-33; recognizing mistakes of Cultural Revolution, to 1-2,113; threat of coercion against, 86-87, 131-32; Ye Jianying and, 92,96,100,120, 124-27,130-345 Zhou Enlai and, 90-92, 98,101,106,108-9. See also specific members Gao Huaiming, 183-84 Gause, Ken E., 281Ո74 GDR (German Democratic Republic), 25,26 General Political Department (GPD), 163,171,172,175-76,180,182,183 Geneva Conference (1954), 53 Geng Biao, 148,163 Georgian party officials, 23,25 German Democratic Republic (GDR), 25, 26
Index Germany and Soviet foreign policy, 54-55 Getty, J. Arch, 200-201 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 195 GPD (General Political Department), 163,171,172,175-76,180,182,183 Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 61 Great Terror, 72, 73-76 Gromyko, Andrei, 47,54,69-71,195 grudges, 27, tor, 103,118-20,174. See also compromising materials Guangming Daily, 152-54, J77 Han Gang, 13 7,141,148-49,15 5,168, 170 Harding, Harry, 141,145-46 H. C. Fung Library (Fairbank Center Collection), 137 He Long, 101 He Zizhen, 115 History of Contemporary Chinese Political Movements (database), 137, 275Ո211 Hodnett, Grey, 12 Holloway, David, 39, 233Ш10 Hong Xuezhi, 163 Hujiwei, 140,141,152-53, L^9’ I7°’ 186 Hu Qiaomu, 156,169,176,179,183 Hu Qili, 166 Hu Yaobang: Deng Xiaoping and, 139,191-92,197; Hua Guofeng and, 141,157,161,166,167; on Jiang Qing, 92; “practice” debate and, 152,177-78; removal of, 198; Zhang Chunqiao and, 113 Hua Guofeng: collective leadership and, ii, 85,140; compared to Stalin, 200, 203; decision-making bodies and, 167-70; decision not to attack Deng Xiaoping by, 141; de liberations against, 17-18,162-67; Deng Xiaoping’s rehabilitation and, 142-43,147-50; economic vs. 287 authority model on fall of, 137-38; Gang of Four and, 86, 98-ior, 109,123-27,13Օ՜35 t45 160-61, 166; historical legacies and com promising material on, 158-62, 189-90; Hu Yaobang and, 141,157, 161, i66,167; institutionalization and, 189-90; on Jiang Qing, 116; Jiang Qing and, loo-ioi, 127,135; legitimacy of behavior against, 170; Li Xiannian and, 142,161,165-68; Mao’s legacy and, 147-49,151, 161-62; PLA and, 182-85,190; policies
of, 144-58; political style of, 138-44,164; power ministries and, i, 138,171-85; rehabilitation of old revolutionaries and, 137, 141-42,145; resignation of, 140-41, 164,183,190; ship “160” explo sion and naval inspection, 172-75; threat of coercion against, 185-89; Tiananmen Square demonstra tions and, 113,147-49; Vietnam invasion and, 187; Ye Jianying and, 113,139-41,159,162,164,165, 167-68,174; Zhang Chunqiao and, 99-100 Hua Nan, 177,183 Huang Yongsheng, 116,118 Hubei Provincial Archives, 137,176 Hungary, Soviet invasion of, 206, 247Ո169 Huntington, Samuel, 5 lakir, Iona, 2, 72 Iakovlev, Aleksandr, 64 ideology and ideological study cam paigns: Cultural Revolution and, 112-13; Deng Xiaoping’s policy changes, effect on PLA, 178-82; family ties and, 206; Gang of Four and, 94-95,113; Stalin and, 201 Ignat'ev, S. D., 29 Ignatov, Nikolai, 52
շ88 Index industrial policies and economic production: Deng Xiaoping and, 14Ճ, 188; Hua Guofeng on, 134-35, 146-47; Khrushchev and, 56-59, 72; Mao on, 106-7, IIOi Zhang Chunqiao and, 104-8 inflation and price reform, 198 information control: Beria and, 28-31, 34; Khrushchev and, 76. See also power ministries “Inner Mongolia” case, 141 institutionalization, 2-4; authority model and, 6-8; Beria and, 37-38, 41; case study selection and, 11; defined, 6; Deng Xiaoping and, 196-99, 208-9; economic model and, 4-6; Gang of Four and, 133-34; Hua Guofeng and, 189-90; Khrushchev and, 43, 81; in Leninist regimes, 9-10,12; methodological approach to, 14 January Revolution (1967), 103-4 Ji Dengkui, 94,126, 158-59,168,185 Jiang Qing: coherence of Gang of Four and, in; compromising material on, 84,114-17,119; Cultural Rev olution and, 101; Deng Xiaoping and, 92-98,100,106, 130; “Febru ary Adverse Current” and, 87-88; Gang of Four’s arrest and, 123-27; Hua Guofeng and, 100-101,127, 135; Kim Song-ае compared to, 204; marriage to Mao and, 115-17, 121; methodological approach to, 85; PLA and, 128-30; policies of, 107,108, in; radical leftism denied by, 112; rehabilitated cadres and, 88-89; sexism and, 86,114,116-17, 129; Ye Jianying and, 92; Zhou Enlai and, 90-92. See also Gang of Four Jiang Zemin, 189,198 Jones, Polly, 59 Kaganovich, Lazar': anti-party group deliberations and, 79, 80; Beria and, 22, 24, 31,33; compromising ma terial on, 2, 73-76; de-Stalinization and, 62-64, 68; Khrushchev and, 45-46,48, 50, 51, 56, 227Ո9; on Molotov, 56, 238-39Ո58; on MVD, 41-42; Presidium appointment of,
20; prestige of, 70; on seniority, 26-27 Kaganovich, Mikhail, 22 Kang Sheng, 87-88, 96,120 KGB. See Committee of State Security Khlevniuk, Oleg, 201 Khrushchev, Nikita: anti-party group deliberations and, 2,17,45, 76-82, 127; Beria’s control of power min istries and, 29-30, 37-39; Beria’s outreach to, 22-23, 25; CCP politics influenced by, 84,125,127, 130,134; collective leadership vs., 11,45-49,51-52,57-58, 75, 82, 194; deliberations against Beria and, 31-37; de-Stalinization and, 59-68; foreign policy and, 52-56, 207, 240Ո70; historical legacies and compromising material on, 30, 69-76; institutionalization and, 43, 81; on Latvia, 28-29; legiti macy of actions of, 34-37,40, 78, 82-83; Malenkov and, 45-48, 51, 73, 227Ո9; Mao Zedong influenced by, 84,134; Mikoian and, 50, 76, 194-95; Molotov’s prestige attacked by, 71-72, 240Ո70; Pervukhin and, 27, 56; policies of, 42,45, 51, 52-68, 206, 207; political style of, 3,46-52, 82; post-Stalin rise of, 20-21; power ministries and, 17, 37-38,45-46, 76, 78-82, 247Ո169; Presidium appointment of, 19; removal of, 42-43,194-95, 207; Secret Speech of, 59-60, 63-66, 68, 72; Serov and, 48-49, 52, 79-80; Shepilov and, 24;
Index Stalin’s legacy and, 59-70; Voroshi lov and, 45,48, 50, 56-57; Zhukov and, 45, 51-52,69,194 Kibita, Nataliya, 58 Kim II, 204 Kim H-sung, 204-5 Kim Jong-il, 204-Ճ Kimjong-nam, 206 Kim Jong-un, 206, 281Ո74 Kim Song-ae, 204 Kirichenko, Aleksei, 58, 79 KMT (Kuomintang), 16, 96,118,171 Kommunist, Konev, Ivan, 37, 74, 78, 80 Kong Dan Oh, 204 Kosygin, Aleksei, 57,195 Kotkin, Stephen, 201, 203 Kozlov, Frol, 58 Kramer, Mark, 24, 25, 27 Kuai Dafu, 96,104 Kucherov, Samuel, 72 Kuomintang (KMT), 16,96,118,171 Kuromiya, Hiroaki, 201 Lampton, David, 189 Latvia, 28-29 Le Yuhong, 115 Lenin, Vladimir, 35,47,153, 200-202 Leningrad Affair, 60 Leninist regimes: challenges in analyz ing, 208-9; circular flow of power in, 5; dominance over military in, 187; institutionalization in, 9-10, 12; Molotov and, 69, 70 LeoGrande, William Μ., 8 Levine, Steven, 146,189 Levitsky, Steven, 16 Li Danhui, 84,104,119,124,127,131 Li Desheng, 156 Li Haiwen, 84, 87,137 Li Honglin, 139 Li Mancun, 176 Li Peng, 198 Li Rui, 3,197,199 289 Li Xiannian: Deng Xiaoping and, 95-96; Gang of Four and, 126; Hua Guofeng and, 142,161,165-68; on Khrushchev, 127; PSC membership of, 167 Li Xin, 147-48 Li Xun, 84, 99,103,122 Li Zhenghua, 155 Liang Biye, 163,175-76 Liang Jinquan, 186 Liao Hansheng, 89 Liao Zukang, 132 Lilun dmgtai (journal), 154 Lin Biao, 87,121,123,128,130, 205 Lithuanian nationalist resistance, 28-29 Liu Bocheng, 126 Liu Shaoqi, 93,101,109,180 Long Pingping, 153 loyalty. See party discipline Lu Xun, 114 Lu Zhengcao, 159-60 Lu Zhichao, 199 Luo Ruiqing, 159,173-75,177,178, 186 MaTianshui, 100,105,124-25,l3°’
132 MacFarquhar, Roderick, 84 Makhnev, Vasilii, 38-39 Malenkov, Georgii: anti-party group deliberations and, 77, 79,127; Beria and, 23, 25, 29-33, 35, 38-40,48; collective leadership and, 11,47; compromising material against, 73-76; de-Stalinization and, 61, 67, 68; Khrushchev and, 45-48, 51, 73, 227Ո9; legitimacy of Beria’s arrest and, 40; Mikoian and, 47; on Molotov, 57; MVD criticized by, 42; Presidium appointment of, 19; Shepilov on, 47, 50; on Stalin’s succession, 20 Malin, Vladimir, 75
290 Index Malkin, V Μ., 65 Malyshev, Vìacheslav, 27 manipulation. See rules and boundaries; specific actors and institutions Mao Yuanxin, 95,99,119,122,160, 205 Mao Zedong: case selection of, 10-12, 15-18; on Chen Yun, 197; Cultural Revolution’s legacy and, 94-95, 97, 102,104,106-7,122’ death of, 114,121-22; Deng Xiaoping and, 95-96,13 9,143-44,171, ιη6-ηη, 191-92; “FebruaryAdverse Current” and, 87-88; Gang of Four and, 85, 86,101,102, no-11, 113-14,121-24; Hua Guofeng and legacy of, 139,147-49,151,161-62; Khrushchev’s influence on, 84,134; marriage to Jiang Qing, 115-17, 121; North Korean succession and, 205; on old revolutionaries, 87; policy discussion under, no; “prac tice” debate on legacy of, 152-53; on Soviet anti-party group, 46; on stability of communist parties, 10; Tiananmen Square demonstrations and, 144-45; Wang Hongwen and, 92,119-21; Zhou Enlai and, 91 Mdivani, Georgii, 30 median voters, 5, 8 Meretskov, Kirill, 74 methodology, 12-15 Mikoian, Anastas: on Beria, 23, 31-34, 38; de-Stalinization and, 62, 68; on Khrushchev, 45, 51, 58; Khrushchev and, 50, 76,194-95; Malenkov and, 47; on Molotov, 69, 75; Presidium appointment of, 20; Stalin on, 19 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union), 22, 25, 53 Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD): Beria and, 22, 24, 25, 28-31, 34, 37, 39-43; compromising materials from, 74; criticism and weakening of, 41-42; Khrushchev’s control over, 76, 80 Ministry of State Security, arrest of former members of, 23 Mitrokhin, Nikolai, 52 Moe, Terry, 7 Molotov, Vìacheslav: anti-party group deliberations and, 76-79, 81, 127; Beria and,
22-27, 29, 32, 33, 35, 36; Bulganin on, 57, 236Ո33; compromising material against, 72-76; de-Stalinization and, 59-68; Khrushchev and, 2,45,48-51, 56, 63-64,194; legitimacy of Beria’s ar rest and, 40, 243Ш12; on Malenkov, 48; Mikoian on, 69, 75; Ministry of Foreign Affairs under, 22, 25, 53; policies of, 53-56, 207, 238-39Ո58; political reform and, 56-59; Presid ium appointment of, 20; prestige of, 69-72, 8շ; Stahn and, 19-20, 59-70 Moskalenko, Kirill, 24, 32-33, 37, 39-40, 68, 81 Mukhitdinov, Nuritdin, 57, 64, 70, 78, 81 MVD. See Ministry of Internal Affairs Naumov, Vladimir, 34 naval inspection and ship “160” explo sion, 172-75,189 New Economic Policy (NEP) and Trotsky, 201 Ni Zhifu, 94, 142 Nie Rongzhen, 131,162-63,185,188 Nie Yuanzi, 104 Ninety Years of the Chinese Communist Party, 84 Nixon, Richard, 54 NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs), 40, 74 North Korea and Kim Jong-il’s succes sion, 204-6 nuclear weapons: Beria and Soviet program for, 26-28, 38-39,42,
Index 233Ш10; Hua Guofeng and Chi nese program for, 171 Oksenberg, Michel, 139 old revolutionaries in China: Deng Xiaoping and era of, 136-37; Gang of Four and, 85-88,94-98; Hu Yaobang on, 192; Mao on, 87-88,104, 122-23; rehabilitation of, 87-90,137, 152,159; “took-the-stage” vs. “felloff-the-stage” groups of, 158-60,172 old revolutionaries in North Korea, 205-6 old revolutionaries in Soviet Union: China’s old revolutionaries com pared to, 83; legitimacy of, 15; rehabilitation of, 59-61,64,66, 73; Stalin and, 19-20. See also anti-party group Pantsov, Alexander, 146,189 party discipline, 134,191, 208. See also rules and boundaries patronage, 2, 5, 7, 8,16,144 Peng Dehuai, i, 142 Peng Zhen, 101-2,142,162,165 People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), 40, 74 People's Daily, 13 2,145,148,15 2,154, 160,186 People’s Liberation Army (PLA): Deng Xiaoping’s control over, r, 18,138, 171,182-84,186-87,190-92; Gang of Four and, 86-87,128-32; Hua Guofeng’s prestige in, 182-85,19°; personnel decisions in, 163-64; ship “160” explosion and, 172-75; “SUP՜ porting proletarians” slogan and, 182-83; Third Plenum responses within, 178-82; Vietnam invasion and, 186-87,189. See also power ministries People's Liberation Army Daily, 180,185-86 291 perestroika, 60 Perevertkin, S. N., 41 Perlmutter, Amos, 8 Perry, Elizabeth J., 122 Pervukhin, Mikhail: Beria and, 27, 33; de-Stalinization and, 68; Khrushchev and, 27, 56; on Molo tov, 57; Presidium appointment of, 19 Pierson, Paul, 2, 7 Pikhoia, Rudolf, 42 PLA. See People’s Liberation Army Podgornyi, Nikolai, 195 Polianskii, Dmitrii, 194,195
policy differences: audience costs and, 206-7; Beria and, 17, 21, 25-26, 28; Gang of Four and, 85-86,102-13; historical legacies superseding, 12,17-18, 201, 206-9; between Hua Guofeng and Deng Xiaoping, 144-58,167,187,191 ; Khrushchev and, 45,46,48, 51-68, 207; Malen kov and, 47-48; between Stalin and Trotsky, 202 Politburo Standing Committee (PSC): Deng Xiaoping and, 197; Gang of Four’s arrest and, 125-27,135 *n June 1981,167; work conference of 1978 and, 138,167-70 popularity. See prestige Pospelov, Petr, 61 ֊6 2,67 power ministries: anti-party group deliberations and, 79-81; authority model on, 8-9, 207; Beria and, 212 2, 3 7-40,42-43; civilian supremacy and, 10; Deng Xiaoping and, 1, 18,138, 156,162, 171-87,190-92; economic model on, 5-6; Gang of Four and, 17, 86-87,128-33; Hua Guofeng and, 1,138,171-85; Khrushchev and, 17, 37-38,45-46, 76, 78-82, 247Ո169; methodological approach to, 13; Stalin and, 203; Trotsky and, 203; Xi Jinping and, 209
2ý շ Index “practice is the sole criterion of truth,” 138,151-54,166,172,176-78, 180-82,185-86 Pravda, ąj, 72, 202 Presidium of the Supreme Soviet: anti-party group deliberations and, 17, 76-80; Beria’s arrest and, 21, 31-36,40; Beria’s memoranda on national cadres and, 28-30; creation of, 19-20; de-Stalinization and, 66-68; Khrushchev’s antagonism of, 45-51, 56-57,194-95; Malenkov perceived as threat to, 47-48; Polit buro vs., 221П2; Zhukov’s compro mising material and, 73-76 prestige: anti-party group and, 17; in authority model, 3, 7, 8, 207; Beria and, 24, 26-28; Cultural Revolution and, 122-23; family ties and, 206; Gang of Four and, 114,122-23; Hua Guofeng and, 165,179,18285,190; in international systems, 9; Khrushchev and, 45; Malenkov and, 47-48; Xi Jinping and, 209 price reform and inflation, 198 PSC. See Politburo Standing Committee Public Security Ministry (China), 118-19 Qi Benyu, 90,97 Qiao Ya, 174 Qinjiwei, 184-85 Radek, Karl, 202 Red Flag, 154 Red Guards, 103,104, 116 rehabilitation of old revolutionaries: Chen Yun and, 142; Deng Xiaoping and, 88,92-93,95, i3 5-37 I47-5°; de-Stalinization and, 59-61, 64, 66, 73; Hua Guofeng and, 137,141-42, 145; Jiang Qing and, 88-89; Wang Hongwen and, 89-90, 95; Zhou Enlai and, 88 Ren Zhongyi, 199 retroduction, 15 Revolutionary Committees of Cultural Revolution, 102 Riumin, M. D., 29 Roberts, Geoffrey, 54 Rodos, B. V, 62 Ruan Ming, 182 Rudenko, Roman, 36, 37 rules and boundaries: anti-party group deliberations and, 77-78, 81; audi ence costs and, 207; Beria’s arrest and, 21, 33-37, 39,41-43; Deng Xiaoping’s manipulation
of, 138, 170,196-98, 202-3; GangofFour’s arrest and, 86,126-27,133; Hua Guofeng’s removal and, 167-70, 190; Khrushchev’s manipulation of, 45-46, 77-78, 82-83; in Leninist regimes, 9-го, 193; methodolog ical approach to, 13; Trotsky and, 202-3; Xi Jinping and, 209 Saburov, Maksim: on anti-party group deliberations, 8o֊8i; Beria and, 27, 33; Khrushchev and, 56-57; on Malenkov, 47-48; Presidium appointment of, 19 Sakharov, Andrei, 38,47 satellite republics, 28-29 Schoenhals, Michael, 84 scientific policies, 113, 146 scientific realism, 14-15 Secret Speech (Khrushchev to Twenti eth Party Congress), 59-60, 63-66, 68, 72 Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, 180, 275Ո207 selectorate theory, 5-8,11,12, 86,171 Serov, Ivan: anti-party group delib erations and, 76-81, 248Ո193,
Index 248Ո200, 248Ո207; Beria’s arrest and, 39; Bulganin and, 31-32, 80; compromising material provided by, 74-76; Khrushchev and, 48-49, 52, 79-80; on rehabilitation of old comrades, 60 Service, Robert, 24-25, 52-53 Service Center for Chinese Publica tions, 137 Shanghai militia, 86,130-32 Shatunovskaia, Oľga, 60 Shelepin, Aleksandr, 194,195 Shelest, Petro, 195 Shen Baoxiang, 153 Shepilov, Dmitrii: on Beria, 24, 31; on Malenkov, 47, 50; on Molotov, 69, 73; prestige of, 70; Stalin’s legacy and, 62, 66-67; 011 Zhukov, 51-52, 73 Shi Yun, 84,104,119,124,127,131 Shih, Victor, 13 Simonov, Konstantin, 24 Sin Kyong-wan, 204 “61 Traitor Clique” case, 141-42 Sixty-Sixth Army artillery regiment, 183-84 Slater, Dan, 16 Smith,Alastair, 3, 5, it Song Renqiong, 141,197 Song Shilun, 90 Soviet Union: case selection of, 10-12; chronology (1952-1957), 211-15; political trajectory of, 193-95. See also specific governing bodies and leaders sovnarkhozy (regional economic coun cils), 58-59 special case committees, 159-60,168 Special Economic Zones, 146 Stalin, Iosif: Beria and legacy of, 24, 27; case selection of, 10-12, 15-18; death of, 21; Hua Guofeng compared to, 200, 203; Khrushchev 293 vs. Molotov on legacy of, 59-70; Malenkov and legacy of, 47; Nine teenth Party Congress and, 19-20; power ministries and, 43, 203; Trotsky and, 200-203 Stalin Prizes, 61 “State Council Conference to Discuss Principles” (1978), 146 Streeck, Wolfgang, 6 Su Shaozhi, 158 Su Yu, 130,188 Su Zhenhua, 93,94,142,172-75, Sudoplatov, Pavel, 27-28, 30-31 Sukhanov, Dmitrii, 32-33 Sun, Warren: on Gang of Four, 93, 95,
nt, 124; on Hua Guofeng, 133; social-science interpreta tions through work of, 84,137; on Xiaojinzhuang village, 108; on Ye Jianying’s position on Vietnam, 188 Sun Yefang, 107 Svolik, Milan W., 2 2 3Ո31 Swain, Geoffrey, 29, 59 Talley, Christian, no TanZhenlin, 154,159 Tao Zhu, 97,142 Taubman, William, 20 Taylor, Brian D., 8, 35, 80 Teiwes, Frederick C.: on Gang of Four, 93, 95, in, 124; on Hua Guofeng, 133,146,159; on invasion of Viet nam, 187; social-science interpreta tions through work of, 84,137; on Xiaojinzhuang village, 108 Thelen, Kathleen, 6,14 Third Plenum of Tenth Party Congress (China, 1978): Deng Xiaoping and, 142, 150,157, 160; Gang of Four and, no, 126; Hua Guofeng and, 146, 150,157, 165,179; leadership changes through, 168-69; young officers’ responses to, 178-82
294 Index Thirteenth Party Congress (1924), 203 Tiananmen Square demonstrations (1976), 113,129,144-45,147-5Ն 154,180 Tiananmen Square violence (1989), 198 Tompson, William, 48 Torigian, Joseph, 208 Trotsky, Lev, 108, 200-203 Twentieth Party Congress (1956), 53-54 59՜^Օ 62-63. 74 շ ist Century Global Report, 199 Twenty-Second Party Congress (1961), 76 “two whatevers” and “whateverists”: Deng Xiaoping’s attacks against, 157-58,169,176-78,181-82; Hua Guofeng and, 142,144,145, 147-52,157-58, 268Ո56; Wang Dongxing and, 155 Ukraine and Ukrainian resistance, 28-30, 75 Ustinov, Dmitrii, 195 Uzbekistan and political reform, 57, 64 Vietnam invasion, 138,186-89, 207-8 Vogel, Ezra, 141,148,159,190, 273Ո163 Voronov, Gennadii, 195 Voroshilov, Kliment: anti-party group deliberations and, 76, 79; Beria and, 22-23, 27, 30, 3і, 33, 3 5; compro mising material against, 73-76; de-Stalinization and, 62, 65-66, 68; Khrushchev and, 45, 48, 50, 56-57; Presidium appointment of, 19—20; prestige of, 70-71 Walder, Andrew, 102 Wang Dongxing: Gang of Four’s arrest and, 86-87,ΙΙΣ, XI4 I24 126,131-32,164; Hua Guofeng and, 147,160,167-68; on Jiang Qing, 90,116; November 1978 work conference and, 167-68,170; “practice” debate and, 153-55,17^, 185-86; removal of, 169; special case committees and, 159; on Wang Hongwen, 120 Wang Hongwen: on coherence of Gang of Four, iii, 120; compro mising material on, 119-21; Deng Xiaoping and, 93,95; failure to support leftists by, 112; PLA and, 129-30; policies of, 113; rehabil itation of old cadres and, 89-90, 95; Ye Jianying and, 92; Zhou Enlai and, 90-92. See also
Gang of Four Wang Nianyi, 101 Wang Ping, 163 Wang Renzhong, 142,154,184 Wang Shangrong, 163,188 Wang Xiaozhong, 196-97 WangXiuzhen, too, 130 WangYuxiang, 155 Wang Zhen, 140,142,148,150,168, 187,197 War on the Rocks blog, 208 Watson, Derek, 59 Way, Lucan A., 16 Weber, Max, 4, 6 Weeks, Jessica L. P., 11, 206 Wei Guoqing, 163,175-76,182,183 Weinstein, Jeremy, 16 Wen Jing (née Li Shufen), 118 Wenhui boo (newspaper), 98 Westad, Arne, no Witke, Roxane, 88-89,114-15,117, 128,129 Wood, Elisabeth, 16 work conference (November 1978): historical legacies influencing, 159; Hua Guofeng’s standing damaged
Index by, 157,167,170; “two whatevers” criticism and, 151,154-55; Vietnam attack and, 189 Wu De, 88,126,127,133-34,145,159, 168,268Ո56 Wu Faxian, 128 Wu Guixian, 94,116-17,1շ6 Wu Jiang, 177-78 Wu Lengxi, 152-53 Xi Jinping, it, 196, 208-9 Xiang Nan, 146-47 Xiang Ying, 115-16 Xiao Donglian, 15,139,160-61,165, 169,181-82, 275Ո207 Xiao Hongda, 163 Xiao Jingguang, 173-74 Xiao Mu, 99-100 Xiaojinzhuang village as agricultural model, 108 Xiaoming Zhang, 188 Xiejingyi, 112 Xujingxian, 95, 99,100,112,132 Xu Mingqing, 115 Xu Qingquan, 145 Xu Shiyou, 120-22 XuXiangqian, 163,166,188 Xu Youyu, 103 Xuezhi Guo, 196,198 Yang Chengwu, 130-32 Yang Guoyu, 173 Yangjisheng, 175,197 YangXiguang, 152 Yang Yong, 89,163 Yao Wenyuan: on collective leader ship, 99; on Cultural Revolu tion’s mistakes, 96-97; “February Adverse Current” and, 87-88; Hua Guofeng and, 100; ideological study campaign and, 94; on Jiang Qing, 12 ւ֊շշ; on Mao Yuanxin, 205; PLA and, 128,130; policies 295 of, 86,107-8,110. See also Gang of Four Yao Yllin, 198 Yao Yuanfang, 177 Ye Jianying: on Cultural Revolution, 109-10,150; Deng Xiaoping and, 95,139,143-44,167, 190, 268Ո64; Gang of Four and, 92,96,100,120, 124-27,130-34; Hua Guofeng and, 113,139-41,159,162,164, 165,167-68,174; PLA person nel changes and, 162-64; power ministries and, 171-72; on Vietnam invasion, 188 Ye Yonglie, 92 Yeonpyeong Island, 281Ո74 Yin Hongbiao, 103 Yu Guangyuan, 150 Yu Ruxin, 174-75 Yugoslavia, Soviet foreign policy on, 53-56,68, 240Ո70 Zasiad'ko, Alexandr, 57 Zhang Aiping, i, 141,170 Zhang Chunqiao: on collective leadership, 99; compromising
material on, 117-19; on corruption in Cultural Revolution, 103; Deng Xiaoping and, 93, 96, 113,135; “February Adverse Current” and, 87-88; Hua Guofeng and, 99-100; ideological study campaign and, 94-95; PLA’s views on, 128,129; policies of, 86,104-8, no-11; Zhou Enlai and, 91-92. See also Gang of Four Zhang Guanghua, 178-80 Zhang Hanzhi, 111 Zhang Tingfa, 132 Zhang Wentian, 115-16 Zhang Xiangshan, 140 Zhao Ziyang, 150-51,162,166,167, 191-92,197,198
Index 2ў6 Zhou Deli, 189 Zhou Enlai: Cultural Revolution persecutions by, 101-2; death of, 144; Deng Xiaoping and, 95; Gang of Four and, 90-92,98,101,10Ճ, 108-9; Jiang Qing and, tt6; Mao replacing with Deng Xiaoping, 136; rehabilitations and, 88; Wang Hongwen’s vice premier nomina tion by, 120-21 Zhou Genlong, 163 Zhu Fuxiang, 183 Zhu Yongjia, 95,119-20,132 ZhuYunqian, 163 Zhukov, Georgii: anti-party group deliberations and, 2,17,46, 76-81, 248Ո207; Beria and, 27,33,40,41; compromising material used by, 72-76; de-Stalinization and, 66-67; Khrushchev and, 45, 51-52, 69,194; martial prestige of, 16,17 Ziblatt, Daniel, 14 Zubkova, Elena, 47,48 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
| adam_txt |
Contents Acknowledgments ix List ofAbbreviations xv i i. Theory շ. The D efeat of В eria 3. The Anti-Party Group 4. The Gang of Four 5. The Fall of Hua Guofeng 6. Conclusion Chronology Notes 221 Index 283 193 211 19 44 84 136
Index agriculture and agricultural policies, 47,49,108,146 Andreas,Joel, ш-12 Andropov, Iurii, 195 anti-party group: collective lead ership and, 50; compromising material against, 72-76; deliber ations against, 17, 76-78, 82-83; de-Stalinization and, 61,68; Gang of Four compared to, 125,127; move against Khrushchev by, 50-51, 76-78; power ministries and, 79-81; prestige of, 17,69-73; Zhukov and, 17,45-46, 76-81, 248Ո207 Aristov, Averkii, 73 Artem'ev, Pavel, 40 atomic programs. See nuclear weapons audience costs (domestic pressures), 206-7 Austria, Soviet foreign policy on, 54, 55, 239Ո62 authority model: anti-party group deliberations and, 45-46, 81; case study selection and, 12; Deng Xiao ping and, 18; Gang of Four and, 52, 56, 84-87; Hua Guofeng’s fall and, 17-18,137-38; Kimjong-il and, 204-6; methodological approach to, 12-15; Stalin’s rise and, 200-202; theory of, 4, 6-8. See also coercion; compromising material; prestige; rules and boundaries Barbalet, J. Μ., 4-5 Baum, Richard, 142,145 Belorussian resistance, 28-29 Beria, Lavrentii, 16-17; arrest of, 33-36,40; Bulganin and, 25, 27, 29-30, 32, 33, 38; decision-making bodies on, 33-34; deliberations against, 31-33; de-Stalinization and, 24, 61, 65; forged diaries of, 21; historical legacies and com promising material on, 21, 26-31, 42; institutionalization and, 37-38, 41; Kaganovich and, 22, 24, 31, 33; legitimacy of actions against, 35-37; Malenkov nominated by, 20; Mo lotov and, 22-27, 29, 32, 33, 35, 36, 40, 243Ո112; nuclear program and, 26-28, 38-39, 42, 233ПІ10; Pervu khin and, 27, 33; policies of, 24-26,
42-43; political style of, 22-24; power ministries and, 21-22, 37-40, 42-43; Presidium appointment of, 19; Shepilov on, 24, 31; Stalin and, 24, 27; threat of coercion and, 17, 39-40; Voroshilov and, 22-23, 27, 283
284 Index Beria, Lavrentii (continued) 30, 31, 33, 36; Zhukov and, 27, 33, 40,41. See also Khrushchev, Nikita, for their relationship Beriia, Sergo, 232Ո91 Biography ofLuo Ruiqing, 172 Bohlen, Charles, 44, 234П1 Bonapartism, 10, 24 Bo Yibo, 197 Brezhnev, Leonid, 50, 51, 73, 75, 79, 195 Budennyi, Semen, 41, 74 Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, 3,5,11 Bukharin, Nikolai, 60, 66,108 Bulganin, Nikolai: Beria and, 25, 27, 29-30, 32, 33, 38; compro mising materials used by, 74; de-Stalinization and, 60, 62, 65; Khrushchev and, 45, 227Ո9; leader ship of, 46; on Molotov, 57, 236Ո33; Presidium appointment of, 19, 20; Serov and, 31-32, 80 Bunce, Valerie, 12 Capoccia, Giovanni, 14 Central Advisory Commission (China), 196-97 Central Committee (China) and Gang of Four’s arrest, 86,125-27 Central Committee (Soviet Union): anti-party group deliberations and, 76-78, 81,127; Beria’s arrest and, 33-36, 40; de-Stalinization and, 62-66; generational issues in, 71; Khrushchev and rules of, 46,49, 5152, 56, 76-78; Molotov’s criticism of Khrushchev and, 57-59; MVD and, 29; Zhukov’s compromising material and, 73-76 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 182, 204, 205 Central Military Commission (CMC): Deng Xiaoping and, 163-64, 191-92; Hua Guofeng’s chairman ship of, 171-72,174,183; Jiang Qing and, 128; Mao’s weakening of Ye Jianying and, 125; resistance to Gang of Four in, 130; Zhang Chunqiao and, 129 character assassination: in authority model, 7; of Gang of Four, 114; of Hua Guofeng, 158,160,170. See also compromising material; prestige Chen Boda, 98,107,121 Chen Heqiao, 178 ChenPixian, 119 ChenXilian,
125,126,135,160,168 ChenYonggui, 126 Chen Yun: on Cultural Revolution as political struggle, 103; Deng Xiao ping and, 142,149,150,197-98; Gang of Four arrests and, 126,127; Hua Guofeng and, 160-61,167; PSC membership of, 167,168; rehabilitation of, 142; Vietnam invasion and, 187-89 Cheng Zhongyuan, 146,155 Cheonan sinking, 281Ո74 Chi Haotian, 132 China: case selection of, 10-12; chronology (1969-1982), 215-19; “old-person” politics in, 21, 83, 136; political trajectory of, 193, 196-99; Stalin’s legacy in, 64-65, 67. See also specific governing bodies and leaders ChinaYouth, 154 chronology: China (1969-1982), 215-19; Soviet Union (1952-1957), 211-і 5 Chronology ofMao Zedong, 95-96 Chung Yen-lin, 188 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 182, 204, 205 civilian supremacy norms, 10 CMC. See Central Military Commission
Index coercion: anti-party group deliber ations and, 79-81; Beria and, 17, 39-40; Deng Xiaoping and, 185-89, 191; Gang of Four’s arrest and, 86-87, ԼՅ1՜!2; Khrushchev and, 80-81; methodological approach to, 13; policy differences vs., 207. See also power ministries Cohen, Stephen, 61 collective leadership, 15; anti-party group and, 50; Beria and, 22-24; Deng Xiaoping and, 11,139, 166,192; Gang of Four and, 99; Hua Guofeng and, it, 85,140; Khrushchev and, 11, 45-49, 51-52, 57-58, 75, 82, 194; Malenkov and, it, 47; Molotov and, 54, 57-58, 69, 194; Trotsky and, 202-3 Committee of State Security (KGB): Beria reevaluating arrests of for mer members, 23; compromising material from, 74; Khrushchev’s control over, 46, 76, 78, 80; Khru shchev’s removal and, 42-43 compromising materials: against anti-party group, 72-76; Beria and, 21, 26-31,42; Bulganin and, 74; Cultural Revolution and, 103, 159-60; Deng Xiaoping and, 16062; Gang of Four and, 86,114-23, 125; historical legacies and, 15,193; Hua Guofeng and, 158-62,189-90; Khrushchev and use of, 30, 69-76; Stalin using about Trotsky, 202 Cook, Alexander, 133 corruption, 86,103, n8֊2o “Criticize Lin Biao and Confucius” campaign, 87, 91,101,105,129-30 Cuban missile crisis, 207 cult of personality: Deng Xiaoping and, 197; Hua Guofeng and, 140, 142; Khrushchev and, 51, 70; Ma lenkov and, 47; Stalin’s legacy and, 61-66, 72 285 Cultural Revolution: Deng Xiaoping and, 95-96,136-37; Gang of Four and, 17,93-98,101-2,109-10, 112-14,122-23; Hua Guofeng and legacy of, 18,158-59,167-68; Jiang Qing on, 88-89; Khrushch ev’s influence on, 84;
Mao’s legacy and, 94-95, 97,102,104,106-7, 122,130; PLA and, 172,178-79; as political struggle, 85-86,102-4; “practice” debate on verdicts of, 152-54; prestige system of, 122-23; Wang Hongwen on, 89-90; Zhou Enlai and, 91 Daniels, Robert V, 5 Deng Liqun: on Cultural Revolu tion, 104; Gang of Four and, 156; on Hua Guofeng, 139,144; Hua Guofeng’s removal and, 161,165, 169-70; “supporting proletarians” slogan and, 182-83; “two whatevers” debate and, 148,150; on Vietnam invasion, 187 Deng Xiaoping: Chen Yun and, 142; collective leadership vs., 11,139, 166,192; compromising materi als used by, 160-62; deliberations against Hua Guofeng by, 18, 162-67; Gang of Four and, 92-98, 135,156,181; institutionalization and, 196-99, 208-9; manipulation of party rules by, 167-70, 202-3; Mao and, 95-96,139,143-44, 171,176-77,191-92; Mao’s legacy perpetuated by, 3,196-99; martial prestige of, 16; policies of, 144-53, 155-58,188; political style of, 138-44, 209; power ministries and, i, 18,138, 171,182-84,186-87, 190-92; “practice” debate and, 138, 151-55,166,172,176-78,180, 185-86; rehabilitation of, 88, 92-93, 95,136-37,147-5°; shtP “l6°”
շ 86 Index Deng Xiaoping (continued) explosion and naval inspection, 172-75; Tiananmen Square demon strations and, 144-45,198; Trotsky compared to, 200, 202-3; Vietnam invasion and, 186-89, 207-8; Xi Jinping and legacy of, 11, 208-9 Deng Yingchao, 91,142,166,168 de-Stalinization: Beria and, 24, 61, 65; evaluations of Stalin and, 61-68; Molotov and, 53; rehabilitations and, 59-61,64,66, qy, responsibility for crimes during, 65, 72-76 dictatorship of the proletariat, 94,104, 107 Ding Sheng, 89,97 Dittmer, Lowell, 108,123,137 Dobson, Miriam, 59 Doctors’ Plot (1953), 23, 24 Dudorov, Nikolai, 74 Dunn, John, 9 economic model: Beria and, 21, 26; Deng Xiaoping and, 18; on Gang of Four, 52, 56, 84-87; Hua Guofeng’s fall and, 137-38; methodol ogy of, 12-15; օռ Stalin’s rise, 200; theory of, 4-7. See also authority model Eden, Anthony, 53 Egorychev, Nikolai, 195 Eleventh Party Congress (1977), 156 episode analysis, 14-15 factionalism, 35,68, 76, 78,104, 111-12, 203 Fairbank Center Collection (H. C. Fung Library), 137 “February Adverse Current” (1967), 87-88 FengWenbin, 161,164 Fengqing Incident, 93 Filitov, Aleksei, 25-26, 54, 55 Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 69 foreign policy: Deng Xiaoping and, 188; dictatorship’s influence on, 206-8; Gang of Four and, 108-9; Khrushchev and, 45,51, 206, 207; Molotov and, 53-56, 207; Soviet views on Austria, 54, 55, 239Ո62; Stalin and, 201 game theory, 14 Gang of Four: anti-party group compared to, 125,127; on Cul tural Revolution’s mistakes, 96-98; decision-making bodies on, 125-27; deliberations against, 17,123-25, 155-56; economic vs. authority model
on, 52, 56, 84-87; histor ical legacies and compromising material on, 86,114-23,125; Hua Guofeng and, 86, 98-101,109, 123-27,130-35» *45’ 160-61,166; institutionalization and, 133-34; legitimacy of behavior against, 127; Mao and, 85, 86, tot, 102, no-11, 113-14,121-24; policies of, 102-13; political style of, 87-102; power ministries and, 17, 86-87,128-33; recognizing mistakes of Cultural Revolution, to 1-2,113; threat of coercion against, 86-87, 131-32; Ye Jianying and, 92,96,100,120, 124-27,130-345 Zhou Enlai and, 90-92, 98,101,106,108-9. See also specific members Gao Huaiming, 183-84 Gause, Ken E., 281Ո74 GDR (German Democratic Republic), 25,26 General Political Department (GPD), 163,171,172,175-76,180,182,183 Geneva Conference (1954), 53 Geng Biao, 148,163 Georgian party officials, 23,25 German Democratic Republic (GDR), 25, 26
Index Germany and Soviet foreign policy, 54-55 Getty, J. Arch, 200-201 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 195 GPD (General Political Department), 163,171,172,175-76,180,182,183 Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 61 Great Terror, 72, 73-76 Gromyko, Andrei, 47,54,69-71,195 grudges, 27, tor, 103,118-20,174. See also compromising materials Guangming Daily, 152-54, J77 Han Gang, 13 7,141,148-49,15 5,168, 170 Harding, Harry, 141,145-46 H. C. Fung Library (Fairbank Center Collection), 137 He Long, 101 He Zizhen, 115 History of Contemporary Chinese Political Movements (database), 137, 275Ո211 Hodnett, Grey, 12 Holloway, David, 39, 233Ш10 Hong Xuezhi, 163 Hujiwei, 140,141,152-53, L^9’ I7°’ 186 Hu Qiaomu, 156,169,176,179,183 Hu Qili, 166 Hu Yaobang: Deng Xiaoping and, 139,191-92,197; Hua Guofeng and, 141,157,161,166,167; on Jiang Qing, 92; “practice” debate and, 152,177-78; removal of, 198; Zhang Chunqiao and, 113 Hua Guofeng: collective leadership and, ii, 85,140; compared to Stalin, 200, 203; decision-making bodies and, 167-70; decision not to attack Deng Xiaoping by, 141; de liberations against, 17-18,162-67; Deng Xiaoping’s rehabilitation and, 142-43,147-50; economic vs. 287 authority model on fall of, 137-38; Gang of Four and, 86, 98-ior, 109,123-27,13Օ՜35 t45 160-61, 166; historical legacies and com promising material on, 158-62, 189-90; Hu Yaobang and, 141,157, 161, i66,167; institutionalization and, 189-90; on Jiang Qing, 116; Jiang Qing and, loo-ioi, 127,135; legitimacy of behavior against, 170; Li Xiannian and, 142,161,165-68; Mao’s legacy and, 147-49,151, 161-62; PLA and, 182-85,190; policies
of, 144-58; political style of, 138-44,164; power ministries and, i, 138,171-85; rehabilitation of old revolutionaries and, 137, 141-42,145; resignation of, 140-41, 164,183,190; ship “160” explo sion and naval inspection, 172-75; threat of coercion against, 185-89; Tiananmen Square demonstra tions and, 113,147-49; Vietnam invasion and, 187; Ye Jianying and, 113,139-41,159,162,164,165, 167-68,174; Zhang Chunqiao and, 99-100 Hua Nan, 177,183 Huang Yongsheng, 116,118 Hubei Provincial Archives, 137,176 Hungary, Soviet invasion of, 206, 247Ո169 Huntington, Samuel, 5 lakir, Iona, 2, 72 Iakovlev, Aleksandr, 64 ideology and ideological study cam paigns: Cultural Revolution and, 112-13; Deng Xiaoping’s policy changes, effect on PLA, 178-82; family ties and, 206; Gang of Four and, 94-95,113; Stalin and, 201 Ignat'ev, S. D., 29 Ignatov, Nikolai, 52
շ88 Index industrial policies and economic production: Deng Xiaoping and, 14Ճ, 188; Hua Guofeng on, 134-35, 146-47; Khrushchev and, 56-59, 72; Mao on, 106-7, IIOi Zhang Chunqiao and, 104-8 inflation and price reform, 198 information control: Beria and, 28-31, 34; Khrushchev and, 76. See also power ministries “Inner Mongolia” case, 141 institutionalization, 2-4; authority model and, 6-8; Beria and, 37-38, 41; case study selection and, 11; defined, 6; Deng Xiaoping and, 196-99, 208-9; economic model and, 4-6; Gang of Four and, 133-34; Hua Guofeng and, 189-90; Khrushchev and, 43, 81; in Leninist regimes, 9-10,12; methodological approach to, 14 January Revolution (1967), 103-4 Ji Dengkui, 94,126, 158-59,168,185 Jiang Qing: coherence of Gang of Four and, in; compromising material on, 84,114-17,119; Cultural Rev olution and, 101; Deng Xiaoping and, 92-98,100,106, 130; “Febru ary Adverse Current” and, 87-88; Gang of Four’s arrest and, 123-27; Hua Guofeng and, 100-101,127, 135; Kim Song-ае compared to, 204; marriage to Mao and, 115-17, 121; methodological approach to, 85; PLA and, 128-30; policies of, 107,108, in; radical leftism denied by, 112; rehabilitated cadres and, 88-89; sexism and, 86,114,116-17, 129; Ye Jianying and, 92; Zhou Enlai and, 90-92. See also Gang of Four Jiang Zemin, 189,198 Jones, Polly, 59 Kaganovich, Lazar': anti-party group deliberations and, 79, 80; Beria and, 22, 24, 31,33; compromising ma terial on, 2, 73-76; de-Stalinization and, 62-64, 68; Khrushchev and, 45-46,48, 50, 51, 56, 227Ո9; on Molotov, 56, 238-39Ո58; on MVD, 41-42; Presidium appointment of,
20; prestige of, 70; on seniority, 26-27 Kaganovich, Mikhail, 22 Kang Sheng, 87-88, 96,120 KGB. See Committee of State Security Khlevniuk, Oleg, 201 Khrushchev, Nikita: anti-party group deliberations and, 2,17,45, 76-82, 127; Beria’s control of power min istries and, 29-30, 37-39; Beria’s outreach to, 22-23, 25; CCP politics influenced by, 84,125,127, 130,134; collective leadership vs., 11,45-49,51-52,57-58, 75, 82, 194; deliberations against Beria and, 31-37; de-Stalinization and, 59-68; foreign policy and, 52-56, 207, 240Ո70; historical legacies and compromising material on, 30, 69-76; institutionalization and, 43, 81; on Latvia, 28-29; legiti macy of actions of, 34-37,40, 78, 82-83; Malenkov and, 45-48, 51, 73, 227Ո9; Mao Zedong influenced by, 84,134; Mikoian and, 50, 76, 194-95; Molotov’s prestige attacked by, 71-72, 240Ո70; Pervukhin and, 27, 56; policies of, 42,45, 51, 52-68, 206, 207; political style of, 3,46-52, 82; post-Stalin rise of, 20-21; power ministries and, 17, 37-38,45-46, 76, 78-82, 247Ո169; Presidium appointment of, 19; removal of, 42-43,194-95, 207; Secret Speech of, 59-60, 63-66, 68, 72; Serov and, 48-49, 52, 79-80; Shepilov and, 24;
Index Stalin’s legacy and, 59-70; Voroshi lov and, 45,48, 50, 56-57; Zhukov and, 45, 51-52,69,194 Kibita, Nataliya, 58 Kim II, 204 Kim H-sung, 204-5 Kim Jong-il, 204-Ճ Kimjong-nam, 206 Kim Jong-un, 206, 281Ո74 Kim Song-ae, 204 Kirichenko, Aleksei, 58, 79 KMT (Kuomintang), 16, 96,118,171 Kommunist, Konev, Ivan, 37, 74, 78, 80 Kong Dan Oh, 204 Kosygin, Aleksei, 57,195 Kotkin, Stephen, 201, 203 Kozlov, Frol, 58 Kramer, Mark, 24, 25, 27 Kuai Dafu, 96,104 Kucherov, Samuel, 72 Kuomintang (KMT), 16,96,118,171 Kuromiya, Hiroaki, 201 Lampton, David, 189 Latvia, 28-29 Le Yuhong, 115 Lenin, Vladimir, 35,47,153, 200-202 Leningrad Affair, 60 Leninist regimes: challenges in analyz ing, 208-9; circular flow of power in, 5; dominance over military in, 187; institutionalization in, 9-10, 12; Molotov and, 69, 70 LeoGrande, William Μ., 8 Levine, Steven, 146,189 Levitsky, Steven, 16 Li Danhui, 84,104,119,124,127,131 Li Desheng, 156 Li Haiwen, 84, 87,137 Li Honglin, 139 Li Mancun, 176 Li Peng, 198 Li Rui, 3,197,199 289 Li Xiannian: Deng Xiaoping and, 95-96; Gang of Four and, 126; Hua Guofeng and, 142,161,165-68; on Khrushchev, 127; PSC membership of, 167 Li Xin, 147-48 Li Xun, 84, 99,103,122 Li Zhenghua, 155 Liang Biye, 163,175-76 Liang Jinquan, 186 Liao Hansheng, 89 Liao Zukang, 132 Lilun dmgtai (journal), 154 Lin Biao, 87,121,123,128,130, 205 Lithuanian nationalist resistance, 28-29 Liu Bocheng, 126 Liu Shaoqi, 93,101,109,180 Long Pingping, 153 loyalty. See party discipline Lu Xun, 114 Lu Zhengcao, 159-60 Lu Zhichao, 199 Luo Ruiqing, 159,173-75,177,178, 186 MaTianshui, 100,105,124-25,l3°’
132 MacFarquhar, Roderick, 84 Makhnev, Vasilii, 38-39 Malenkov, Georgii: anti-party group deliberations and, 77, 79,127; Beria and, 23, 25, 29-33, 35, 38-40,48; collective leadership and, 11,47; compromising material against, 73-76; de-Stalinization and, 61, 67, 68; Khrushchev and, 45-48, 51, 73, 227Ո9; legitimacy of Beria’s arrest and, 40; Mikoian and, 47; on Molotov, 57; MVD criticized by, 42; Presidium appointment of, 19; Shepilov on, 47, 50; on Stalin’s succession, 20 Malin, Vladimir, 75
290 Index Malkin, V Μ., 65 Malyshev, Vìacheslav, 27 manipulation. See rules and boundaries; specific actors and institutions Mao Yuanxin, 95,99,119,122,160, 205 Mao Zedong: case selection of, 10-12, 15-18; on Chen Yun, 197; Cultural Revolution’s legacy and, 94-95, 97, 102,104,106-7,122’ death of, 114,121-22; Deng Xiaoping and, 95-96,13 9,143-44,171, ιη6-ηη, 191-92; “FebruaryAdverse Current” and, 87-88; Gang of Four and, 85, 86,101,102, no-11, 113-14,121-24; Hua Guofeng and legacy of, 139,147-49,151,161-62; Khrushchev’s influence on, 84,134; marriage to Jiang Qing, 115-17, 121; North Korean succession and, 205; on old revolutionaries, 87; policy discussion under, no; “prac tice” debate on legacy of, 152-53; on Soviet anti-party group, 46; on stability of communist parties, 10; Tiananmen Square demonstrations and, 144-45; Wang Hongwen and, 92,119-21; Zhou Enlai and, 91 Mdivani, Georgii, 30 median voters, 5, 8 Meretskov, Kirill, 74 methodology, 12-15 Mikoian, Anastas: on Beria, 23, 31-34, 38; de-Stalinization and, 62, 68; on Khrushchev, 45, 51, 58; Khrushchev and, 50, 76,194-95; Malenkov and, 47; on Molotov, 69, 75; Presidium appointment of, 20; Stalin on, 19 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union), 22, 25, 53 Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD): Beria and, 22, 24, 25, 28-31, 34, 37, 39-43; compromising materials from, 74; criticism and weakening of, 41-42; Khrushchev’s control over, 76, 80 Ministry of State Security, arrest of former members of, 23 Mitrokhin, Nikolai, 52 Moe, Terry, 7 Molotov, Vìacheslav: anti-party group deliberations and, 76-79, 81, 127; Beria and,
22-27, 29, 32, 33, 35, 36; Bulganin on, 57, 236Ո33; compromising material against, 72-76; de-Stalinization and, 59-68; Khrushchev and, 2,45,48-51, 56, 63-64,194; legitimacy of Beria’s ar rest and, 40, 243Ш12; on Malenkov, 48; Mikoian on, 69, 75; Ministry of Foreign Affairs under, 22, 25, 53; policies of, 53-56, 207, 238-39Ո58; political reform and, 56-59; Presid ium appointment of, 20; prestige of, 69-72, 8շ; Stahn and, 19-20, 59-70 Moskalenko, Kirill, 24, 32-33, 37, 39-40, 68, 81 Mukhitdinov, Nuritdin, 57, 64, 70, 78, 81 MVD. See Ministry of Internal Affairs Naumov, Vladimir, 34 naval inspection and ship “160” explo sion, 172-75,189 New Economic Policy (NEP) and Trotsky, 201 Ni Zhifu, 94, 142 Nie Rongzhen, 131,162-63,185,188 Nie Yuanzi, 104 Ninety Years of the Chinese Communist Party, 84 Nixon, Richard, 54 NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs), 40, 74 North Korea and Kim Jong-il’s succes sion, 204-6 nuclear weapons: Beria and Soviet program for, 26-28, 38-39,42,
Index 233Ш10; Hua Guofeng and Chi nese program for, 171 Oksenberg, Michel, 139 old revolutionaries in China: Deng Xiaoping and era of, 136-37; Gang of Four and, 85-88,94-98; Hu Yaobang on, 192; Mao on, 87-88,104, 122-23; rehabilitation of, 87-90,137, 152,159; “took-the-stage” vs. “felloff-the-stage” groups of, 158-60,172 old revolutionaries in North Korea, 205-6 old revolutionaries in Soviet Union: China’s old revolutionaries com pared to, 83; legitimacy of, 15; rehabilitation of, 59-61,64,66, 73; Stalin and, 19-20. See also anti-party group Pantsov, Alexander, 146,189 party discipline, 134,191, 208. See also rules and boundaries patronage, 2, 5, 7, 8,16,144 Peng Dehuai, i, 142 Peng Zhen, 101-2,142,162,165 People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), 40, 74 People's Daily, 13 2,145,148,15 2,154, 160,186 People’s Liberation Army (PLA): Deng Xiaoping’s control over, r, 18,138, 171,182-84,186-87,190-92; Gang of Four and, 86-87,128-32; Hua Guofeng’s prestige in, 182-85,19°; personnel decisions in, 163-64; ship “160” explosion and, 172-75; “SUP՜ porting proletarians” slogan and, 182-83; Third Plenum responses within, 178-82; Vietnam invasion and, 186-87,189. See also power ministries People's Liberation Army Daily, 180,185-86 291 perestroika, 60 Perevertkin, S. N., 41 Perlmutter, Amos, 8 Perry, Elizabeth J., 122 Pervukhin, Mikhail: Beria and, 27, 33; de-Stalinization and, 68; Khrushchev and, 27, 56; on Molo tov, 57; Presidium appointment of, 19 Pierson, Paul, 2, 7 Pikhoia, Rudolf, 42 PLA. See People’s Liberation Army Podgornyi, Nikolai, 195 Polianskii, Dmitrii, 194,195
policy differences: audience costs and, 206-7; Beria and, 17, 21, 25-26, 28; Gang of Four and, 85-86,102-13; historical legacies superseding, 12,17-18, 201, 206-9; between Hua Guofeng and Deng Xiaoping, 144-58,167,187,191 ; Khrushchev and, 45,46,48, 51-68, 207; Malen kov and, 47-48; between Stalin and Trotsky, 202 Politburo Standing Committee (PSC): Deng Xiaoping and, 197; Gang of Four’s arrest and, 125-27,135 *n June 1981,167; work conference of 1978 and, 138,167-70 popularity. See prestige Pospelov, Petr, 61 ֊6 2,67 power ministries: anti-party group deliberations and, 79-81; authority model on, 8-9, 207; Beria and, 212 2, 3 7-40,42-43; civilian supremacy and, 10; Deng Xiaoping and, 1, 18,138, 156,162, 171-87,190-92; economic model on, 5-6; Gang of Four and, 17, 86-87,128-33; Hua Guofeng and, 1,138,171-85; Khrushchev and, 17, 37-38,45-46, 76, 78-82, 247Ո169; methodological approach to, 13; Stalin and, 203; Trotsky and, 203; Xi Jinping and, 209
2ý շ Index “practice is the sole criterion of truth,” 138,151-54,166,172,176-78, 180-82,185-86 Pravda, ąj, 72, 202 Presidium of the Supreme Soviet: anti-party group deliberations and, 17, 76-80; Beria’s arrest and, 21, 31-36,40; Beria’s memoranda on national cadres and, 28-30; creation of, 19-20; de-Stalinization and, 66-68; Khrushchev’s antagonism of, 45-51, 56-57,194-95; Malenkov perceived as threat to, 47-48; Polit buro vs., 221П2; Zhukov’s compro mising material and, 73-76 prestige: anti-party group and, 17; in authority model, 3, 7, 8, 207; Beria and, 24, 26-28; Cultural Revolution and, 122-23; family ties and, 206; Gang of Four and, 114,122-23; Hua Guofeng and, 165,179,18285,190; in international systems, 9; Khrushchev and, 45; Malenkov and, 47-48; Xi Jinping and, 209 price reform and inflation, 198 PSC. See Politburo Standing Committee Public Security Ministry (China), 118-19 Qi Benyu, 90,97 Qiao Ya, 174 Qinjiwei, 184-85 Radek, Karl, 202 Red Flag, 154 Red Guards, 103,104, 116 rehabilitation of old revolutionaries: Chen Yun and, 142; Deng Xiaoping and, 88,92-93,95, i3 5-37 I47-5°; de-Stalinization and, 59-61, 64, 66, 73; Hua Guofeng and, 137,141-42, 145; Jiang Qing and, 88-89; Wang Hongwen and, 89-90, 95; Zhou Enlai and, 88 Ren Zhongyi, 199 retroduction, 15 Revolutionary Committees of Cultural Revolution, 102 Riumin, M. D., 29 Roberts, Geoffrey, 54 Rodos, B. V, 62 Ruan Ming, 182 Rudenko, Roman, 36, 37 rules and boundaries: anti-party group deliberations and, 77-78, 81; audi ence costs and, 207; Beria’s arrest and, 21, 33-37, 39,41-43; Deng Xiaoping’s manipulation
of, 138, 170,196-98, 202-3; GangofFour’s arrest and, 86,126-27,133; Hua Guofeng’s removal and, 167-70, 190; Khrushchev’s manipulation of, 45-46, 77-78, 82-83; in Leninist regimes, 9-го, 193; methodolog ical approach to, 13; Trotsky and, 202-3; Xi Jinping and, 209 Saburov, Maksim: on anti-party group deliberations, 8o֊8i; Beria and, 27, 33; Khrushchev and, 56-57; on Malenkov, 47-48; Presidium appointment of, 19 Sakharov, Andrei, 38,47 satellite republics, 28-29 Schoenhals, Michael, 84 scientific policies, 113, 146 scientific realism, 14-15 Secret Speech (Khrushchev to Twenti eth Party Congress), 59-60, 63-66, 68, 72 Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, 180, 275Ո207 selectorate theory, 5-8,11,12, 86,171 Serov, Ivan: anti-party group delib erations and, 76-81, 248Ո193,
Index 248Ո200, 248Ո207; Beria’s arrest and, 39; Bulganin and, 31-32, 80; compromising material provided by, 74-76; Khrushchev and, 48-49, 52, 79-80; on rehabilitation of old comrades, 60 Service, Robert, 24-25, 52-53 Service Center for Chinese Publica tions, 137 Shanghai militia, 86,130-32 Shatunovskaia, Oľga, 60 Shelepin, Aleksandr, 194,195 Shelest, Petro, 195 Shen Baoxiang, 153 Shepilov, Dmitrii: on Beria, 24, 31; on Malenkov, 47, 50; on Molotov, 69, 73; prestige of, 70; Stalin’s legacy and, 62, 66-67; 011 Zhukov, 51-52, 73 Shi Yun, 84,104,119,124,127,131 Shih, Victor, 13 Simonov, Konstantin, 24 Sin Kyong-wan, 204 “61 Traitor Clique” case, 141-42 Sixty-Sixth Army artillery regiment, 183-84 Slater, Dan, 16 Smith,Alastair, 3, 5, it Song Renqiong, 141,197 Song Shilun, 90 Soviet Union: case selection of, 10-12; chronology (1952-1957), 211-15; political trajectory of, 193-95. See also specific governing bodies and leaders sovnarkhozy (regional economic coun cils), 58-59 special case committees, 159-60,168 Special Economic Zones, 146 Stalin, Iosif: Beria and legacy of, 24, 27; case selection of, 10-12, 15-18; death of, 21; Hua Guofeng compared to, 200, 203; Khrushchev 293 vs. Molotov on legacy of, 59-70; Malenkov and legacy of, 47; Nine teenth Party Congress and, 19-20; power ministries and, 43, 203; Trotsky and, 200-203 Stalin Prizes, 61 “State Council Conference to Discuss Principles” (1978), 146 Streeck, Wolfgang, 6 Su Shaozhi, 158 Su Yu, 130,188 Su Zhenhua, 93,94,142,172-75, Sudoplatov, Pavel, 27-28, 30-31 Sukhanov, Dmitrii, 32-33 Sun, Warren: on Gang of Four, 93, 95,
nt, 124; on Hua Guofeng, 133; social-science interpreta tions through work of, 84,137; on Xiaojinzhuang village, 108; on Ye Jianying’s position on Vietnam, 188 Sun Yefang, 107 Svolik, Milan W., 2 2 3Ո31 Swain, Geoffrey, 29, 59 Talley, Christian, no TanZhenlin, 154,159 Tao Zhu, 97,142 Taubman, William, 20 Taylor, Brian D., 8, 35, 80 Teiwes, Frederick C.: on Gang of Four, 93, 95, in, 124; on Hua Guofeng, 133,146,159; on invasion of Viet nam, 187; social-science interpreta tions through work of, 84,137; on Xiaojinzhuang village, 108 Thelen, Kathleen, 6,14 Third Plenum of Tenth Party Congress (China, 1978): Deng Xiaoping and, 142, 150,157, 160; Gang of Four and, no, 126; Hua Guofeng and, 146, 150,157, 165,179; leadership changes through, 168-69; young officers’ responses to, 178-82
294 Index Thirteenth Party Congress (1924), 203 Tiananmen Square demonstrations (1976), 113,129,144-45,147-5Ն 154,180 Tiananmen Square violence (1989), 198 Tompson, William, 48 Torigian, Joseph, 208 Trotsky, Lev, 108, 200-203 Twentieth Party Congress (1956), 53-54 59՜^Օ 62-63. 74 շ ist Century Global Report, 199 Twenty-Second Party Congress (1961), 76 “two whatevers” and “whateverists”: Deng Xiaoping’s attacks against, 157-58,169,176-78,181-82; Hua Guofeng and, 142,144,145, 147-52,157-58, 268Ո56; Wang Dongxing and, 155 Ukraine and Ukrainian resistance, 28-30, 75 Ustinov, Dmitrii, 195 Uzbekistan and political reform, 57, 64 Vietnam invasion, 138,186-89, 207-8 Vogel, Ezra, 141,148,159,190, 273Ո163 Voronov, Gennadii, 195 Voroshilov, Kliment: anti-party group deliberations and, 76, 79; Beria and, 22-23, 27, 30, 3і, 33, 3 5; compro mising material against, 73-76; de-Stalinization and, 62, 65-66, 68; Khrushchev and, 45, 48, 50, 56-57; Presidium appointment of, 19—20; prestige of, 70-71 Walder, Andrew, 102 Wang Dongxing: Gang of Four’s arrest and, 86-87,ΙΙΣ, XI4 I24 126,131-32,164; Hua Guofeng and, 147,160,167-68; on Jiang Qing, 90,116; November 1978 work conference and, 167-68,170; “practice” debate and, 153-55,17^, 185-86; removal of, 169; special case committees and, 159; on Wang Hongwen, 120 Wang Hongwen: on coherence of Gang of Four, iii, 120; compro mising material on, 119-21; Deng Xiaoping and, 93,95; failure to support leftists by, 112; PLA and, 129-30; policies of, 113; rehabil itation of old cadres and, 89-90, 95; Ye Jianying and, 92; Zhou Enlai and, 90-92. See also
Gang of Four Wang Nianyi, 101 Wang Ping, 163 Wang Renzhong, 142,154,184 Wang Shangrong, 163,188 Wang Xiaozhong, 196-97 WangXiuzhen, too, 130 WangYuxiang, 155 Wang Zhen, 140,142,148,150,168, 187,197 War on the Rocks blog, 208 Watson, Derek, 59 Way, Lucan A., 16 Weber, Max, 4, 6 Weeks, Jessica L. P., 11, 206 Wei Guoqing, 163,175-76,182,183 Weinstein, Jeremy, 16 Wen Jing (née Li Shufen), 118 Wenhui boo (newspaper), 98 Westad, Arne, no Witke, Roxane, 88-89,114-15,117, 128,129 Wood, Elisabeth, 16 work conference (November 1978): historical legacies influencing, 159; Hua Guofeng’s standing damaged
Index by, 157,167,170; “two whatevers” criticism and, 151,154-55; Vietnam attack and, 189 Wu De, 88,126,127,133-34,145,159, 168,268Ո56 Wu Faxian, 128 Wu Guixian, 94,116-17,1շ6 Wu Jiang, 177-78 Wu Lengxi, 152-53 Xi Jinping, it, 196, 208-9 Xiang Nan, 146-47 Xiang Ying, 115-16 Xiao Donglian, 15,139,160-61,165, 169,181-82, 275Ո207 Xiao Hongda, 163 Xiao Jingguang, 173-74 Xiao Mu, 99-100 Xiaojinzhuang village as agricultural model, 108 Xiaoming Zhang, 188 Xiejingyi, 112 Xujingxian, 95, 99,100,112,132 Xu Mingqing, 115 Xu Qingquan, 145 Xu Shiyou, 120-22 XuXiangqian, 163,166,188 Xu Youyu, 103 Xuezhi Guo, 196,198 Yang Chengwu, 130-32 Yang Guoyu, 173 Yangjisheng, 175,197 YangXiguang, 152 Yang Yong, 89,163 Yao Wenyuan: on collective leader ship, 99; on Cultural Revolu tion’s mistakes, 96-97; “February Adverse Current” and, 87-88; Hua Guofeng and, 100; ideological study campaign and, 94; on Jiang Qing, 12 ւ֊շշ; on Mao Yuanxin, 205; PLA and, 128,130; policies 295 of, 86,107-8,110. See also Gang of Four Yao Yllin, 198 Yao Yuanfang, 177 Ye Jianying: on Cultural Revolution, 109-10,150; Deng Xiaoping and, 95,139,143-44,167, 190, 268Ո64; Gang of Four and, 92,96,100,120, 124-27,130-34; Hua Guofeng and, 113,139-41,159,162,164, 165,167-68,174; PLA person nel changes and, 162-64; power ministries and, 171-72; on Vietnam invasion, 188 Ye Yonglie, 92 Yeonpyeong Island, 281Ո74 Yin Hongbiao, 103 Yu Guangyuan, 150 Yu Ruxin, 174-75 Yugoslavia, Soviet foreign policy on, 53-56,68, 240Ո70 Zasiad'ko, Alexandr, 57 Zhang Aiping, i, 141,170 Zhang Chunqiao: on collective leadership, 99; compromising
material on, 117-19; on corruption in Cultural Revolution, 103; Deng Xiaoping and, 93, 96, 113,135; “February Adverse Current” and, 87-88; Hua Guofeng and, 99-100; ideological study campaign and, 94-95; PLA’s views on, 128,129; policies of, 86,104-8, no-11; Zhou Enlai and, 91-92. See also Gang of Four Zhang Guanghua, 178-80 Zhang Hanzhi, 111 Zhang Tingfa, 132 Zhang Wentian, 115-16 Zhang Xiangshan, 140 Zhao Ziyang, 150-51,162,166,167, 191-92,197,198
Index 2ў6 Zhou Deli, 189 Zhou Enlai: Cultural Revolution persecutions by, 101-2; death of, 144; Deng Xiaoping and, 95; Gang of Four and, 90-92,98,101,10Ճ, 108-9; Jiang Qing and, tt6; Mao replacing with Deng Xiaoping, 136; rehabilitations and, 88; Wang Hongwen’s vice premier nomina tion by, 120-21 Zhou Genlong, 163 Zhu Fuxiang, 183 Zhu Yongjia, 95,119-20,132 ZhuYunqian, 163 Zhukov, Georgii: anti-party group deliberations and, 2,17,46, 76-81, 248Ո207; Beria and, 27,33,40,41; compromising material used by, 72-76; de-Stalinization and, 66-67; Khrushchev and, 45, 51-52, 69,194; martial prestige of, 16,17 Ziblatt, Daniel, 14 Zubkova, Elena, 47,48 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author | Torigian, Joseph |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1187864633 |
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| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
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| era_facet | Geschichte 1953-1981 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV047457382 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:05:08Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-22T19:02:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780300254235 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032859231 |
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| physical | xvi, 296 Seiten |
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| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
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| publisher | Yale University Press |
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| spelling | Torigian, Joseph Verfasser (DE-588)1187864633 aut Prestige, manipulation, and coercion elite power struggles in the Soviet Union and China after Stalin and Mao Joseph Torigian New Haven ; London Yale University Press [2022] © 2022 xvi, 296 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mao, Zedong 1893-1976 (DE-588)118577425 gnd rswk-swf Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1953-1981 gnd rswk-swf Machtkampf (DE-588)4168425-4 gnd rswk-swf Nachfolge (DE-588)4225195-3 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 p Mao, Zedong 1893-1976 (DE-588)118577425 p Nachfolge (DE-588)4225195-3 s Machtkampf (DE-588)4168425-4 s Geschichte 1953-1981 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-300-26565-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032859231&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032859231&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Torigian, Joseph Prestige, manipulation, and coercion elite power struggles in the Soviet Union and China after Stalin and Mao Mao, Zedong 1893-1976 (DE-588)118577425 gnd Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd Machtkampf (DE-588)4168425-4 gnd Nachfolge (DE-588)4225195-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118577425 (DE-588)118642499 (DE-588)4168425-4 (DE-588)4225195-3 (DE-588)4009937-4 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Prestige, manipulation, and coercion elite power struggles in the Soviet Union and China after Stalin and Mao |
| title_auth | Prestige, manipulation, and coercion elite power struggles in the Soviet Union and China after Stalin and Mao |
| title_exact_search | Prestige, manipulation, and coercion elite power struggles in the Soviet Union and China after Stalin and Mao |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Prestige, manipulation, and coercion elite power struggles in the Soviet Union and China after Stalin and Mao |
| title_full | Prestige, manipulation, and coercion elite power struggles in the Soviet Union and China after Stalin and Mao Joseph Torigian |
| title_fullStr | Prestige, manipulation, and coercion elite power struggles in the Soviet Union and China after Stalin and Mao Joseph Torigian |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prestige, manipulation, and coercion elite power struggles in the Soviet Union and China after Stalin and Mao Joseph Torigian |
| title_short | Prestige, manipulation, and coercion |
| title_sort | prestige manipulation and coercion elite power struggles in the soviet union and china after stalin and mao |
| title_sub | elite power struggles in the Soviet Union and China after Stalin and Mao |
| topic | Mao, Zedong 1893-1976 (DE-588)118577425 gnd Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd Machtkampf (DE-588)4168425-4 gnd Nachfolge (DE-588)4225195-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mao, Zedong 1893-1976 Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 Machtkampf Nachfolge China Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032859231&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032859231&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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