The Soviet myth of World War II: patriotic memory and the Russian question in the USSR
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| Schriftenreihe: | Studies in the social and cultural history of modern warfare
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| Beschreibung: | xiii, 306 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | The Soviet Myth of World
War II
Patriotic Memory and the Russian Question
in the USSR
Jonathan Brunstedt
Texas A amp;M University
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITYPRESS
Contents
List of Figures page viii
Acknowledgments ix
List of Abbreviations xii
Maps xiv
Introduction:
War and the Tensions of Patriotism 1
1 Stalin s Toast:
Victory and the Vagaries of Postwar Russocentrism 35
2 Victory Days:
The War Theme in the Stalinist Commemorative
Landscape 72
3 Usable Pasts:
The Crisis of Patriotism and the Origins of the War Cult 116
4 Monumental Memory:
Patriotic Identity in the High War Cult 168
5 Patriotic Wars:
Late-Soviet War Memory and the Politics of Russian
Nationalism 214
Conclusion 257
Bibliography
Index
The Soviet Myth of World War II How did a socialist society, ostensibly committed to Marxist ideals of internationalism and global class struggle, reconcile itself to notions of patriotism, homeland, Russian ethnocentrism, and the glorification of war? In this provocative new history, Jonathan Brunstedt pursues this question through the lens of the myth and remembrance of victory in World War II ֊ arguably the central defining event of the Soviet epoch. The book shows that while the experience and legacy of the conflict did much to reinforce a sense of Russian primacy and Russiandominated ethnic hierarchy, the story of the war enabled an alternative, supra-ethnic source of belonging, which subsumed Russian and nonRussian loyalties alike to the Soviet whole. The tension and competition between Russocentric and ‘internationalist’ conceptions of victory, which burst into the open during the late 1980s, reflected a wider struggle over the nature of patriotic identity in a multiethnic society that continues to reverberate in the post-Soviet space. The book sheds new light on long-standing questions linked to the politics of remem brance and provides a crucial historical context for the patriotic revival of the war’s memory in Russia today.
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Politburo of the CC CPSU 267
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Index Abdykalykov, Mukhamedzhan Abdykalykovich, 52-57 Abramov, Fedor Aleksandrovich, 219,221 Against Anti-Historicism (Yakovlev), 232-235 Aktürk, Şener Soviet people doctrine, 147, 152 Aleksandrov, Georgii, 16, 51, 62, 63, 91 Alekseev, Sergei, 192-193 All-Russian Society for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Monuments (VOOPIiK), 170, 196, 215, 254 Komsomol, relationship with, 219-220 Kulikovo commemoration, 245-249 pan-Sovieťinternationalism, 250,252-253 patriotic education, 245 rising influence, 246-253 ancestral heroism, 111, 254 ethnic hierarchy, 17 Klochkov, 3 patriotism, 13, 125, 130-132, 193, 219, 235 Russocentrism, 2-3, 42-43, 92, 118, 129, 142, 143, 178, 194, 237 war memorials, 116 Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich, 249, 250-251 anticosmopolitanism, 65-66 antisemitism, 67-68 anti-repatriation campaigns Armenia, 94-96 antisemitism, 16, 41, 68-69, 263 anticosmopolitanism and, 65, 67-68 Komsomol, 182 pan-Soviet paradigm, 68 Pavlov group, 182 Zhdanov doctrine, 64-65 Armenia Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutyun), 94 Soviet propaganda, 96 assimilationist language, 151-152 298 Yerevan’s Victory Monument, 112 see also non-Russian participation in the war. assimilation, 149-151 assimilation versus multiethnicity, 150-152, 153 “fusion” [sliianie] of nations, 148-149, 151, 152 new historical community, 148-149 “rapprochement” [sblizhenie] of Soviet nations, 148, 151, 153 Soviet people doctrine, 147, 149-150 Azerbaijan Russocentric paradigm, 59-60 see also non-Russian participation in the war. Bagration, Petr, see ancestral heroism Battle for Moscow (1941).
see twenty-eight Panfilovtsy Battle of Borodino, 162, 211, 225-226, 244, 245, 254 Battle of Kulikovo Field, celebration of (1980), 242-253 Literatumaia gazeta, 244-245 State Historical Museum, 245-246 VOOPIiK, 245-249 Belarus, 50, 90, 138, 259 Victory Day (1965), 198 see also non-Russian participation in the war. Belov, Vasilii Ivanovich, 219, 259 Boltin, Evgenii Arsen’evich, 134, 143-144 Boundary of Glory (Russia), 199-201, 202, 205 ethnic ambiguity, 199-206 Brandenberger, David, 14, 20-21, 88 Brezhnev, Leonid Il’ich, 8, 124, 169 death, 241, 251 new historical community, 148-149, 155, 232 Novyi mir affair, 232-233
Index pan-Soviet ideological primacy, 172, 182, 188,190-191 supra-ethnic patriotism, 179, 243 Victory Day (1965), 173-174, 179 war cult, 124, 156, 164, 170, 182, 197, 212-213, 222, 223 Yakovlev affair, 233 Brudny, Yitzhak, 21-22, 173, 182, 242 inclusionary politics, 216-217, 218 purge of Novyi mir, 229 Brusilov, Aleksei, see ancestral heroism Burdzhalov, Eduard Nikolaevich, 132 Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow, 78, 183, 260 Chalmaev, Viktor Andreevich, 218 criticisms, 229 devastation of war, 221-222 opposition to pan-Soviet identity, 222-223 Russian nationalism, 220-221 see also Chalmaevism. Chalmaevism, 218, 220, 227 crackdown, 229-230, 236-237 Stalinist Russocentrism, relationship with, 226-227, 228 see also Chalmaev, Viktor Andreevich. Chelovek i zakon (journal), 236 Chernenko, Konstantin Ustinovich, 251-252 Chemiaev, Anatolii Sergeevich, 255-256 Chivilikhin, Vladimir Alekseevich, 161, 241, 242, 251, 254, 257 Christianity and religious symbolism, 163-164, 203, 258, 259, 260 Poklonnaia Hill, Moscow, 211 see also religious ideology, class struggle as a liberation theme, 50, 62 rejection of, 48, 235 Cold War, 88 patriotic agenda, 89, 178 representation of war, impact on, 91, 101-102, 112 Soviet identity, impact of, 89-90, 99, 141 collectivization, 9,15,51,215 commemoration of war abandonment of pomp and pagentry, 72-73 destalinization, 32, 129 post-Stalin diversity, 124-126 Russifying war memory, 32, 40 Soviet commemorative culture, 124-129 Stalinist era, 32, 72-75 late-Stalinist commemorations, 32, 73-75 299 state war remembrance, 156-159, 166 see also war
memorials. Communist Information Bureau (Cominform), 94-95 Communist Party, 172, 218 hierarchy, 215 History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1959), 133-134 leadership, 90, 215, 264 Russocentrism, 151, 181, 193, 199, 264 war myth, 33 competing mythologies pan-Soviet ideological primacy, see panSoviet paradigm russocentralism. see Stalinist Russocentrism, Russocentric nationalism cultural “thaw”, 117, 122, 174-175 conservative backlash, 159-160, 170 cultural and spiritual identity, 67, 146, 223-224, 232 see also Christianity and religious sym bolism; religious ideology, cultural heritage cultural renewal rising Russian nationalism, 215-217,218 eradication from memory, 214-215 prerevolutionary cultural heritage, 15, 44, 103, 173, 214, 226, 231 see also All-Russian Society for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Monuments (VOOPIiK); ancestral heroism. Daniliuk, Leonid Semenovich., 116-117 Danilov, N.N. Moscow’s 800-year jubilee, 104-106 Danishevskii, Ivan Mikhailovich, 178, 180 Davydovskaia, S.A., 178, 180 Department of Propaganda and Agitation (Agitprop), 22, 94, 100-101 pan-Soviet paradigm, 57, 96 Propaganda Measures Concerning the Idea of Soviet Patriotism among the Population, 63 Russocentrism, 16, 92 Desiatnikov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich, 261-262 destalinization, 32, 110-112, 116-117, 166,264 Russocentrism, 29-31 state war commemoration, 117-119 (Third) Party Program (1961), 136 Donskoi, Dmitrii. see ancestral heroism
300 Index Dovzhenko, Oleksandr, 48-49 Dubrovskii, Sergei Mitrofanovich, 161-163, 167, 178, 180 Dudintsev, Vladimir Dmitrievich, 117 Ehrenburg, Ilya Grigor’evich, 16, 18, 36, 95, 122, 239, 251 elder brother, Russia as, 24, 47, 48, 59, 60, 69-70, 150, 208-209, 234 Epishev, Aleksei Alekseevich, 176 essentialization of ethnic identities, 17-19 Estonia Soviet propaganda, 50 see also non-Russian participation in the war. ethnic deportations, 127, 180 Chechens, 18 Ingush, 18 ethnic supremacy, 180-181 see also Russian chauvinism, ethnocentrism versus internationalism patriotism and patriotic identity, 5, 12-13, 27-29, 45, 181 Etkind, Alexander, 209 Fadeev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 74 Falsifiers of History (1948), 95 Fatuev, Roman, 106 five-year plans, 15, 57, 97, 99 foreign narratives contributing to Soviet war myth, 90-92 “friendship” friendship of the peoples doctrine, 24, 113-115, 180, 193, 226 Kazakh-Russian friendship, promotion of, 39, 49, 52 multiethnic friendship, 24, 39, 127, 193 Soviet identity, 180 Ukrainian-Russian friendship, 49 wartime “friendship”, promotion of, 49,50 Yakut-Russia friendship, 49 friendship of the peoples doctrine, 24, 113-115, 180, 193, 226 Frunze, Mikhail Vasil’evich, 254 ‘fusion’ [sliianie] of nations, 148-149, 151, 152 Gabdullin, Malik, 54 Gagarin, Iurii Alekseevich, 183 Ganichev, Valeţii Nikolaevich, 183-184,234 Georgia patriotism and patriotic identity, 45-46, 67, 117 see also non-Russian participation in the war. glasnost, 194, 218, 256, 260—261 Glazunov, Il’ia Sergeevich, 160-161, 164, 167 Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich, 255-256 Gorbatov,
Boris Leont’evich, 61 Gorodetskii, Efim Naumovich, 50 Gorpenko, Anatolil Andreevich, 129-130 Grossman, Vasily Semenovich, 122-123 Haider Group, 90 Heart of the Motherland [Serdtse rodiny] (Semanov), 236-239 hierarchical heroism, 15-19 ethnocentric versus Russocentric, 19-20 Russian primacy, 20-22, 42-43 historic subject matter, use of Kazakhstan, 54 Marxists, 14 prerevolutionary military achievements, 210-211, 254-255 Russocentric theme, 194-196 Stalin, 13-14,25 see also ancestral heroism, historical preservation, 218, 242, 260 see also All-Russian Society for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Monuments (VOOPIiK). History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1959), 133-134 History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union (6 vols.), 134—146 concluding volume (6th), 141-145 Volume 5, 137-141 Hider, Adolf, 13, 90, 95, 99, 141, 163, 183, 235 Hosking, Geoffrey, 230, 265 iconography imperial/prerevolutionary iconography, 15, 16, 21, 183, 211 prerevolutionary Kazakh commanders, 54 Ideological Commission, 160, 163 religious ideology, 163 Il’in, Mikhail Andreevich, 80 inclusionary politics, 217, 218, 245 Chalmaevists, 220 war cult, interaction with, 218-219 indigenization policies bourgeois nationalism and, 13 indoctrination military-patriotic ideology Komsomol, 183-185, 186-188 Melent’ev, 229 Pavlov, 182-183, 187-188 non-Russians recruits, 16
Index political indoctrination, 168, 197 Stalinist Russocentrism, 14 Institute of Marxism-Leninism, 134 Institute of Russian History, 65, 66, 68-69, 132 Dubrovskii, 161-162 intellectuals and intelligensia pan-Soviet paradigm, 218 Russophile intellectuals, 6, 21, 30, 119, 170, 253, 254 subvertion of victory myth, 219, 254 targeting of, 65, 230 International Relations during the Great Patriotic War (Deborin), ЗОЇ Jewish heroes, 50, 64 Jewish wartime experience, 65, 67-68, 126 Auschwitz trials, 158 Eichmann trial, 158 universal suffering, 18-19, 217 June Resolution (1956), 128, 129, 136 Kazakhstanskaia Pravda (journal), 52, 58 Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich commemoration of the war, 156, 197 crackdown on religious ideology, 163, 215 denunciation of Stalin, 32,117,118-119, 127, 128-129, 166, 173, 226, 227 fall from power, 135, 170, 215, 219 “fusion” [stilante] of nations, 152 intellectual liberalization, 215 new historical community, 146-155, 260 pan-Soviet ideological primacy, 26, 29-31, 121, 124, 167, 172 Kliueva, Nina Georgievna, 66-68 Klochkov, Vasilii Georgievich, 2-3, 28, 43, 187 Memorial of Glory, 206 Klykov, Viacheslav Mikhailovich, 257-259 Kochemasov, Viacheslav Ivanovich, 246-249 Kol’tsov, Sergei Vasiľevich, 79 Kommunist (journal), 231 Komsomol youth organization, 125 militarism, 182 Russocentric nationalism, 182-183 Soviet patriotic identity, 182 VOOPIiK, relationship with, 219-220 Komsomol’skaia metro station, 111,112,129 Konenkov, Sergei Timofeevich, 214 Korin, Pavel Dmitriyevich, 111, 159, 214 Korobov, Vladimir Ivanovich, 196-197 Kozlov, Denis, 155 Krasnaia zvezda
(Red Army newspaper), 2 Krivitskii, Aleksandr Iur’evich, 2 Krotov, Fedor Grigor’evich, 168-169 Alma-Ata mission, 169 Kulikovo commemoration, see Battle of Kulikovo Field, celebration of (1980) Kulish, Panteleimon Oleksandrovich, 20 Kutuzov, Mikhail, see ancestral heroism Kuusinen, Otto, 153 Kuznetsov, Aleksei Aleksandrovich, 62 Kuznetsov, Fedor Fedotovich, 100-101 Kyrgyzstan, see non-Russian participation in the war Kazakhstan Bekmakhanov, Ermukhan, 52 ideological shortcomings, 52-59 Kazakh-Russian friendship, promotion of, 39, 49, 52 Memorial of Glory, 4, 207-208 nationalism, 52, 53, 259 patriotism, 54-59 see also non-Russian participation in the war. language, 20, 23 mandatory Russian language instruction, 13, 147 non-Russian recruits, 16-17 primacy of Russian, 150, 152-154, 180, 191 Latvia Soviet propaganda, 50 see also non-Russian participation in the war. 100-101 interpretation and the war myth, 169-170, 258 creation of a transcendent, pan-Soviet identity, 19-20,212-213 generational divide, 158-159 pan-Soviet interpretation, 138-139, 144, 238, 240 Russocentrism, 20-22, 36, 38, 170-171, 178, 220, 231 ambiguity of, 88, 109-110, 131-134, 136, 140-142 see also pan-Soviet paradigm war myth; Russocentric nationalism; war memorials. Victory Monument (Moscow) religious connotations, 258-259 Soviet people doctrine, 258 Iovchuk, Mikhail Trifonovich, 50 Ivanov, Mikhail Sergeevich, 68-69 Ivanov, Viktor Semenovich, 246 Ivanov, Vladimir Nikolaevich, 219 Ivanov, Vsevolod Viacheslavovich, 223
302 Index legitimating the leadership, 8, 14, 15, 118, 219 Lenin, Vladimir, 12, 59, 121, 138 city commemorations, 77, 110, 161 national and ethnic differences, 127, 149, 151 protection of Russia’s cultural heritage, 214 Leningrad Affair, 88 Leonov, Leonid Maksimovich, 214, 220 Lert, Raisa, 230-231 Likhachev, Dmitrii Sergeevich, 215 Literatumaiagazeta (literary newspaper), 38 criticism of Molodaia guardila, 228 Kulikovo commemoration, 244-245 Yakovlev affair, 233 Literatumaia Rossiia (literary newspaper), 249, 258 Lithuania Soviet propaganda, 50 see also non-Russian participation in the war. Lobanov, Mikhail Petrovich, 223-225 localism, 112, 166 victory monuments, 77-78 Malenkov, Georgii Maksimilianovich, 50, 52 Mamaev Kurgan, see Monument to the Heroes of Stalingrad (Volgograd, Russia) Marxism national identity, 12 Marxist-Leninist interpretation of the past, 42, 179, 225, 233 Melent’ev, Iurii Serafimovich, 218, 229-230, 245-247, 248, 249, 250, 252 Memorial of Glory (Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan) ethnic ambiguity, 4, 205-206 memorials to the war. see war memorials Memory [Pamiať] (Chivilikhin) (novel), 241-242 memory, importance of, 254 see also commemoration of war; war memorials. military-patriotic ideology, 85, 159 character of the program, 184-185 great ancestors and, 191 indoctrination, 182, 229 Komsomol, 125, 127, 183 Minin, Kuz’ma. see ancestral heroism Mints, Isaak Izrailevich, 41-44, 65, 68, 100 Mitrokhin, Nikolai, 21—22, 172, 182, 188 mobilization, 5, 240 competing patriotic tendencies, 264 friendship of the peoples doctrine, 180 imperial patriotism, 33-34 labor
mobilization, 96-98 non-Russian participation in the war, 17, 51 pan-Soviet identity, 217, 236 Russocentrism and, 21, 22, 71, 153, 182 Victory Day (1965), 171 VOOPIiK, 252 war memorials, 197 mobilization of non-Russians, see nonRussian participation in the war Mochalin, Fedor Ivanovich, 206 modern “Russianness”, 261-263 Moldavia Soviet propaganda, 50 see also non-Russian participation in the war. Molodaia guardila (journal), 214-215, 216, 218-220 Chalmaevism, 220, 222, 223, 227, 228 debates surrounding nationalist content, 228 declining influence, 229, 231 Komsomol, relationship with, 229 reverence for Stalin, 227 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, 95 Monument to the Heroes of Stalingrad (Volgograd, Russia), 197, 232 Monument to the Twenty-Eight Panfilov Heroes (Dubosekovo, Russia), 205, 207, 208 ethnic ambiguity, 207-209 Moscow’s 800-year jubilee pan-Soviet identity, 107—109 Russocentrism, 102-110 “most Soviet nation”, Russia as, 264-265 multiethnic friendship, 2, 24, 39, 127, 193 multiethnicity Moscow’s 800-year jubilee, 107-108 Poklonnaia Hill, 261 twenty-eight Panfilovtsy, 2, 3-4 Nakhimov, Pavel, see ancestral heroism Nash sovremennik (literary journal), 195, 216, 229, 244, 249, 251, 258, 259 Nedogonov, Aleksei Ivanovich, 237, 239 Nefedov, Konstantin, 52-54, 58 Nevskii, Aleksandr, see ancestral heroism new historical community assimilation, 148-149 Brezhnev, Leonid, 148-149, 155, 190 Khrushchev, Nikita, 148-155
Index new national anthem, 16, 24, 28 non-Russian participation in the war, 42-43, 45,48-51, 108 ethnic categorization, 17-18 language, 16 political indoctrination, 16 political indoctrination of recruits, 16 resurrection of non-Russian national pasts, 17 Novy։ mir (literary journal), 176, 224, 228-232 Novyi mir affair, 228—232 On the Great Patriotic War (Stalin), 62, 134 Osipov, Vladimir Nikolaevich, 234-235 prerevolutionary imagery in wartime propaganda, 235-236 Pamiať (social movement), 260 Panfilov, see twenty-eight Panfilovtsy Pankratova, Anna Mikhailovna, 40-45, 52, 64, 119-120, 132 pan-Soviet paradigm, 27-29, 31, 39, 96, 141 antisemitism, 68 emergence, 92-94, 109-110 fiftieth anniversary of the USSR’s founding (1972), 188 Khrushchev, 29-31, 167 Lenin’s 100th birthday (1970), 188 Moscows’s 800-year jubilee, 107-109 neonationalists, 181 On the Great Patriotic War, 62—63 Propaganda Measures Concerning the Idea of Soviet Patriotism among the Population, 63 Soviet people doctrine, 225 war myth, 44-47, 49, 196-197, 217 patriotism and patriotic identity, 6, 46^17 destalinization, 166 ethnocentrism versus internationalism, 5, 12-13, 27-29, 45, 181 generational divide, 158-160 pan-Soviet/Russocentric divide, 5, 13-15, 20-22, 40-42, 160-163, 178-180 socialism, 243 Soviet people doctrine, see Soviet people doctrine Stalin’s victory toast (1945), 40-47 transhistorical versus postrevolutionary ideologies, 5, 40-45, 46 Ukrainian-centered patriotism, 48-49 Pavlov group, 187,216, 226 303 Pavlov, Sergei Pavlovich, 172, 174, 187, 188 Komsomol, 182, 183 Peskov, Vasilii Mikhailovich,
177-178 Peter the Great, see ancestral heroism Politicheskii dnevnik (journal), 180, 230 Ponomarev, Boris Nikolayevich, 94, 95, 133 History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 133—134 Soviet people doctrine, 95-96, 149 Popov, Georgii Mikhailovich, 62, 88-89 Moscow’s 800-year jubilee, 102-110 victory monuments, 78, 82-83 Popov-Shaman, Aleksandr Ivanovich victory monuments, 80-82 positive discrimination against ethnic Russian elites, 12-13 Pospelov, Petr Nikolaevich, 40, 134, 137, 145, 150 Soviet people doctrine, 149 Pozharskii, Dmitrii. see ancestral heroism Pravda (CPSU newspaper) Kulikovo commemoration, 249 prerevolutionary cultural heritage, 15, 44, 103, 173,214, 226, 231 see also ancestral heroism, press crackdowns Molodaia gvardiia, 228 Russocentric nationalism, 228-230 propaganda and Soviet identity On the Great Patriotic War, 62—63 Propaganda Measures Concerning the Idea of Soviet Patriotism among the Population, 63 school texts, 64 Western world, directed at, 94-96 Propaganda Measures Concerning the Idea of Soviet Patriotism among the Population (Agitprop), 63 Pugachev’s Rebellion, 131 Pushkin, Alexander Sergeevich, 15,61 Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 261-262 Raiskin, E.V., 168-169 “rapprochement” [sblizhenie] of Soviet nations, 148, 151, 153 Rasputin, Valentin Grigor’evich, 243, 249, 255,259 reconciliation of Russocentric and panSoviet/intemationalist tendencies, 27, 39-40, 43-44, 69-70, 89, 110-111, 119, 209-212 rejection of the past, 28, 202
304 Index religious ideology Khrushchev’s crackdown, 163-164 see also Christianity and religious symbolism. Roshchin, Semen, 142-144 Roskin, Grigoril Iosifovich, 66-68 Russian chauvinism Chalmaevism, 230-231 see also ethnic supremacy. Russian Communist Party, 12, 88, 215 Russian exceptionalism, 75, 102 Russian historical motifs, 13-15, 23, 119, 123 Russian nationalism, 60-61, 112 crackdown, 228-230, 249, 254 Russian national-patriotic redefinition, 209 Victory Monument (Poklonnaia Hill, Moscow), 209-212 Russification of the state, 147-154, 253 monolithic unity, 154 Russocentric nationalism, 218, 253, 263-264 Chalmaevists and, 220 decline, 188, 192-193 war cult, relationship with, 222-223 war myth, 217 see also Stalinist Russocentrism. Russophilism Osipov, 234-235 Rykalov, V.S., 134 Semanov, Sergei Nikolaevich, 254 Heart of the Motherland pan-Soviet/intemationalist interpretation, 238-240 Russocentrism, 237-238, 240-241 Soviet people doctrine, 224-226 Sevastopol, 77 Shauro, Vasilii Filimonovich, 176,218 Shcherbakov, Aleksandr Sergeevich, 2 Shelepin group, 216, 229 Shelepin, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 171, 172-174, 230 Shepilov, Dmitrii Trofimovich, 101, 120-121 Shestakov, Andrei Vasil’evich, 64 Shevchenko, Taras, 20 see also ancestral heroism. Shoshin, Vladislav Andreevich, 195-196 Shunkov, Viktor Ivanovich, 68 Simonov, Grigorii Aleksandrovich, 122 victory monuments, 83-86 Simonov, 1.1., 132 Simonov, Konstantin Mikhailovich, 175-176, 194 Smirnov, Sergei Sergeevich, 185-186 Sobolev, Aleksandr Ivanovich, 44 socialism in one country doctrine, 13, 23 socialist motherland motif,
23-25, 26, 43, 44, 46, 55, 57, 58, 136, 146 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isaevich, 159 Soviet economic and political system, 25, 26, 42, 67, 92, 97, 121, 146, 190, 238, 243, 262 see also new historical community. Soviet identity, 19-20, 33-40 de-Stalinization, 32 “friendship of the peoples” doctrine, 180 pan-Soviet victory myth, 256 promotion post-war in occupied regions, 48-50 Russocentrism, 21, 60-61, 196 Soviet militarization, 127, 189 Soviet people doctrine, 29-31, 146—148, 149, 190, 218, 224-226 Kulikovo commemoration, 244 Stalin, Iosif Vissarionovich embodiment of victory, 112 great ancestors speech (1941), 22-23, 129 literary depictions great ancestors theme, 194-195 russocentralism. see Stalinist Russocentrism socialism in one country, 13 Stalinist Russocentrism, 12-15, 29, 61 defining the war memory Great Ancestors speech (1941), 22-23 positioning the Great Patriotic War, 22-23 idealization of “our great ancestors”, 22-23, 130-132 “Russification” of socialist motherland motif, 23 victory toast (1945), 35-71, 89, 93, 97, 102, 110-111, 138-140, 144, 146, 181, 193, 253, 261 Starinov, Iľia Grigor’evich, 136-137, 141 state hymn, see new national anthem Stepakov, Vladimir Il’ich, 218 supra-ethnic sense of belonging, 6, 23, 28, 45, 47, 63, 92, 151-155, 226, 233, 242 Brezhnev, 179 Communist Party leadership, 33, 112, 187, 191 The Great Russian People, 44 see also friendship of the peoples doctrine.
Index Suslov, Mikhail Andreevich, 249 Soviet people doctrine, 95-96, 149 Suvorov, Aleksandr, see ancestral heroism Tajikistan, see non-Russian participation in the war Tarle, Evgenii Viktorovich, 66 Tatars, 61 transhistorical versus postrevolutionary ideologies Kazakhstan, 54 Moscow’s symbolic connection to prere volutionary military achievements, 210-211 patriotism and patriotic identity, 5, 40-45, 46 victory monuments, 80-83 victory myth, 100-101 Treptower Park Memorial (Berlin, Germany), 129-130, 164, 203 Trifonov, Iurii Valentinovich, 244 tsarist symbolism, 15-16, 142 Tumarkin, Nina, 122, 210, 260 Turkmenistan Victory Day (1965), 198 see also non-Russian participation in the war. Tvardovskii, Aleksandr Trifonovich, 122 Twentieth Party Congress June Resolution (1956), 129 Khrushchev denunciation of Stalin, 117, 119, 133 pan-Soviet model of patriotism, 120, 125, 127, 186 twenty-eight Panfilovtsy Alma-Ata monument, Kazakhstan, 4, 205-206 Dubosekovo monument, Russia, 205, 207, 208 ethnocentric importance, 3-4 Klochkov, 2-3 multiethnic composition, 2, 3-4 mythologising of, 1-4, 17 patriotic contradictions of myth, 5 Twenty-Second Party Congress, 172 condemnation of Stalin, 133, 137, 145, 161, 173, 177 Khrushchev crackdown on religious ideology, 163 Soviet people doctrine, 146-147, 149 new (Third) Party Program, 136 nullification of June Resolution, 129 Russocentric patriotism, 160, 166 305 Ukraine Russocentric paradigm, 59 Soviet propaganda, 50 Ukrainian-centered patriotism, 48-49, 181-182 Ukrainian-Russian friendship, 49 see also non-Russian participation in the war. Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics, establishment of, 12 universal suffering principle, 18-19 Ushakov, Fedor, see ancestral heroism Uzbekistan, see non-Russian participation in the war Veche (journal), 234 Victory Day (1965), 96-99, 158, 171-172 Brezhnev’s report, 173-174 framing the war narrative, 172-173, 175-182 Russia’s cultural heritage forgotten, 214-215 success, 174-175 Victory Monument, Poklonnaia Hill, Moscow, 197, 209-212, 213, 258-261 victory monuments, see war memorials Voprosy istorii (journal), 120, 130, 132, 134, 230 Vuchetich, Evgenii Viktorovich, 156, 175-176 Stalingrad memorial, 203-204 Treptower Park memorial (Berlin), 203 Victory Monument (Moscow), 197 war cult, 30 commemorative practices, 94, 157, 170 Brezhnev, 124, 197 war memorials, 197-212 origins, 155-166 patriotic expression, 170,232 Russian cultural nationalism, 170-171,197 see abo Victory Day (1965). Russocentrism, relationship with, 222-223 Soviet people doctrine, 217, 219 see also war memorials. war memorials Arch of Victory (Berlin), 75-76 Boundary of Glory design competition, 199-201 historical-Russocentric imagery, 201-204 pan-Soviet nature of individual monuments, 205-206
306 Index war memorials (cont.) Dubosekovo memorial (Russia), 207-209 ethnic ambiguity, 197-199 Boundary of Glory, 199-206 Dubosekovo memorial, 207-209 Memorial of Glory, 4, 205-206 ideological tensions Leningrad, 87 Moscow, 78-87 Sevastopol, 77 Stalingrad, 78 interpretation of imagery, 76-77 local memory, 77-78 Monument to the Heroes of Stalingrad (Volgograd, Russia), 197, 232 Piskarevskoe Cemetery (Leningrad, Russia), 232 planning, 197-198 Boundary of Glory, 199-204 Komsomol-initiated monuments, 198-199 Soldier-Liberator monument (Berlin), 129 Stalingrad, 156 Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Alexander Gardens, Moscow), 197, 232 Victory Monument (Moscow), 197, 257-261 Victory Park (Moscow), 116 failure, 261 see also Memorial of Glory (Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan); Monument to the Heroes of Stalingrad (Volgograd, Russia); Monument to the TwentyEight Panfilov Heroes (Dubusekovo, Russia). wartime “friendship”, promotion of, 49, 50 Weiner, Amir hierarchical heroism, 18, 19, 20, 50 interpretation of the war myth, 11,20, 124, 170 universal suffering principle, 18 willful distortion of the past liberal-democratic societies, 7 Soviet leadership, 7-9 United States, 7 Yakovlev affair, 232-234, 236 Yakut-Russia friendship, 49 Yeltsin, Boris Nikolaevich, 261 Zhdanov, Andrei Aleksandrovich, 38 Moscow’s 800-year jubilee, 104 Zhdanov doctrine, 36-38, 43, 50, 62 anti-Semitic persecutions, 64-65 Zhukov, Georgii Konstantinovich, 72, 118, 184, 210, 254 Zhuravkov, M.G., 141
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The Soviet Myth of World
War II
Patriotic Memory and the Russian Question
in the USSR
Jonathan Brunstedt
Texas A amp;M University
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITYPRESS
Contents
List of Figures page viii
Acknowledgments ix
List of Abbreviations xii
Maps xiv
Introduction:
War and the Tensions of Patriotism 1
1 Stalin's Toast:
Victory and the Vagaries of Postwar Russocentrism 35
2 Victory Days:
The War Theme in the Stalinist Commemorative
Landscape 72
3 Usable Pasts:
The Crisis of Patriotism and the Origins of the War Cult 116
4 Monumental Memory:
Patriotic Identity in the High War Cult 168
5 Patriotic Wars:
Late-Soviet War Memory and the Politics of Russian
Nationalism 214
Conclusion 257
Bibliography
Index
The Soviet Myth of World War II How did a socialist society, ostensibly committed to Marxist ideals of internationalism and global class struggle, reconcile itself to notions of patriotism, homeland, Russian ethnocentrism, and the glorification of war? In this provocative new history, Jonathan Brunstedt pursues this question through the lens of the myth and remembrance of victory in World War II ֊ arguably the central defining event of the Soviet epoch. The book shows that while the experience and legacy of the conflict did much to reinforce a sense of Russian primacy and Russiandominated ethnic hierarchy, the story of the war enabled an alternative, supra-ethnic source of belonging, which subsumed Russian and nonRussian loyalties alike to the Soviet whole. The tension and competition between Russocentric and ‘internationalist’ conceptions of victory, which burst into the open during the late 1980s, reflected a wider struggle over the nature of patriotic identity in a multiethnic society that continues to reverberate in the post-Soviet space. The book sheds new light on long-standing questions linked to the politics of remem brance and provides a crucial historical context for the patriotic revival of the war’s memory in Russia today.
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Index Abdykalykov, Mukhamedzhan Abdykalykovich, 52-57 Abramov, Fedor Aleksandrovich, 219,221 Against Anti-Historicism (Yakovlev), 232-235 Aktürk, Şener Soviet people doctrine, 147, 152 Aleksandrov, Georgii, 16, 51, 62, 63, 91 Alekseev, Sergei, 192-193 All-Russian Society for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Monuments (VOOPIiK), 170, 196, 215, 254 Komsomol, relationship with, 219-220 Kulikovo commemoration, 245-249 pan-Sovieťinternationalism, 250,252-253 patriotic education, 245 rising influence, 246-253 ancestral heroism, 111, 254 ethnic hierarchy, 17 Klochkov, 3 patriotism, 13, 125, 130-132, 193, 219, 235 Russocentrism, 2-3, 42-43, 92, 118, 129, 142, 143, 178, 194, 237 war memorials, 116 Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich, 249, 250-251 anticosmopolitanism, 65-66 antisemitism, 67-68 anti-repatriation campaigns Armenia, 94-96 antisemitism, 16, 41, 68-69, 263 anticosmopolitanism and, 65, 67-68 Komsomol, 182 pan-Soviet paradigm, 68 Pavlov group, 182 Zhdanov doctrine, 64-65 Armenia Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutyun), 94 Soviet propaganda, 96 assimilationist language, 151-152 298 Yerevan’s Victory Monument, 112 see also non-Russian participation in the war. assimilation, 149-151 assimilation versus multiethnicity, 150-152, 153 “fusion” [sliianie] of nations, 148-149, 151, 152 new historical community, 148-149 “rapprochement” [sblizhenie] of Soviet nations, 148, 151, 153 Soviet people doctrine, 147, 149-150 Azerbaijan Russocentric paradigm, 59-60 see also non-Russian participation in the war. Bagration, Petr, see ancestral heroism Battle for Moscow (1941).
see twenty-eight Panfilovtsy Battle of Borodino, 162, 211, 225-226, 244, 245, 254 Battle of Kulikovo Field, celebration of (1980), 242-253 Literatumaia gazeta, 244-245 State Historical Museum, 245-246 VOOPIiK, 245-249 Belarus, 50, 90, 138, 259 Victory Day (1965), 198 see also non-Russian participation in the war. Belov, Vasilii Ivanovich, 219, 259 Boltin, Evgenii Arsen’evich, 134, 143-144 Boundary of Glory (Russia), 199-201, 202, 205 ethnic ambiguity, 199-206 Brandenberger, David, 14, 20-21, 88 Brezhnev, Leonid Il’ich, 8, 124, 169 death, 241, 251 new historical community, 148-149, 155, 232 Novyi mir affair, 232-233
Index pan-Soviet ideological primacy, 172, 182, 188,190-191 supra-ethnic patriotism, 179, 243 Victory Day (1965), 173-174, 179 war cult, 124, 156, 164, 170, 182, 197, 212-213, 222, 223 Yakovlev affair, 233 Brudny, Yitzhak, 21-22, 173, 182, 242 inclusionary politics, 216-217, 218 purge of Novyi mir, 229 Brusilov, Aleksei, see ancestral heroism Burdzhalov, Eduard Nikolaevich, 132 Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow, 78, 183, 260 Chalmaev, Viktor Andreevich, 218 criticisms, 229 devastation of war, 221-222 opposition to pan-Soviet identity, 222-223 Russian nationalism, 220-221 see also Chalmaevism. Chalmaevism, 218, 220, 227 crackdown, 229-230, 236-237 Stalinist Russocentrism, relationship with, 226-227, 228 see also Chalmaev, Viktor Andreevich. Chelovek i zakon (journal), 236 Chernenko, Konstantin Ustinovich, 251-252 Chemiaev, Anatolii Sergeevich, 255-256 Chivilikhin, Vladimir Alekseevich, 161, 241, 242, 251, 254, 257 Christianity and religious symbolism, 163-164, 203, 258, 259, 260 Poklonnaia Hill, Moscow, 211 see also religious ideology, class struggle as a liberation theme, 50, 62 rejection of, 48, 235 Cold War, 88 patriotic agenda, 89, 178 representation of war, impact on, 91, 101-102, 112 Soviet identity, impact of, 89-90, 99, 141 collectivization, 9,15,51,215 commemoration of war abandonment of pomp and pagentry, 72-73 destalinization, 32, 129 post-Stalin diversity, 124-126 Russifying war memory, 32, 40 Soviet commemorative culture, 124-129 Stalinist era, 32, 72-75 late-Stalinist commemorations, 32, 73-75 299 state war remembrance, 156-159, 166 see also war
memorials. Communist Information Bureau (Cominform), 94-95 Communist Party, 172, 218 hierarchy, 215 History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1959), 133-134 leadership, 90, 215, 264 Russocentrism, 151, 181, 193, 199, 264 war myth, 33 competing mythologies pan-Soviet ideological primacy, see panSoviet paradigm russocentralism. see Stalinist Russocentrism, Russocentric nationalism cultural “thaw”, 117, 122, 174-175 conservative backlash, 159-160, 170 cultural and spiritual identity, 67, 146, 223-224, 232 see also Christianity and religious sym bolism; religious ideology, cultural heritage cultural renewal rising Russian nationalism, 215-217,218 eradication from memory, 214-215 prerevolutionary cultural heritage, 15, 44, 103, 173, 214, 226, 231 see also All-Russian Society for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Monuments (VOOPIiK); ancestral heroism. Daniliuk, Leonid Semenovich., 116-117 Danilov, N.N. Moscow’s 800-year jubilee, 104-106 Danishevskii, Ivan Mikhailovich, 178, 180 Davydovskaia, S.A., 178, 180 Department of Propaganda and Agitation (Agitprop), 22, 94, 100-101 pan-Soviet paradigm, 57, 96 Propaganda Measures Concerning the Idea of Soviet Patriotism among the Population, 63 Russocentrism, 16, 92 Desiatnikov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich, 261-262 destalinization, 32, 110-112, 116-117, 166,264 Russocentrism, 29-31 state war commemoration, 117-119 (Third) Party Program (1961), 136 Donskoi, Dmitrii. see ancestral heroism
300 Index Dovzhenko, Oleksandr, 48-49 Dubrovskii, Sergei Mitrofanovich, 161-163, 167, 178, 180 Dudintsev, Vladimir Dmitrievich, 117 Ehrenburg, Ilya Grigor’evich, 16, 18, 36, 95, 122, 239, 251 elder brother, Russia as, 24, 47, 48, 59, 60, 69-70, 150, 208-209, 234 Epishev, Aleksei Alekseevich, 176 essentialization of ethnic identities, 17-19 Estonia Soviet propaganda, 50 see also non-Russian participation in the war. ethnic deportations, 127, 180 Chechens, 18 Ingush, 18 ethnic supremacy, 180-181 see also Russian chauvinism, ethnocentrism versus internationalism patriotism and patriotic identity, 5, 12-13, 27-29, 45, 181 Etkind, Alexander, 209 Fadeev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 74 Falsifiers of History (1948), 95 Fatuev, Roman, 106 five-year plans, 15, 57, 97, 99 foreign narratives contributing to Soviet war myth, 90-92 “friendship” friendship of the peoples doctrine, 24, 113-115, 180, 193, 226 Kazakh-Russian friendship, promotion of, 39, 49, 52 multiethnic friendship, 24, 39, 127, 193 Soviet identity, 180 Ukrainian-Russian friendship, 49 wartime “friendship”, promotion of, 49,50 Yakut-Russia friendship, 49 friendship of the peoples doctrine, 24, 113-115, 180, 193, 226 Frunze, Mikhail Vasil’evich, 254 ‘fusion’ [sliianie] of nations, 148-149, 151, 152 Gabdullin, Malik, 54 Gagarin, Iurii Alekseevich, 183 Ganichev, Valeţii Nikolaevich, 183-184,234 Georgia patriotism and patriotic identity, 45-46, 67, 117 see also non-Russian participation in the war. glasnost, 194, 218, 256, 260—261 Glazunov, Il’ia Sergeevich, 160-161, 164, 167 Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich, 255-256 Gorbatov,
Boris Leont’evich, 61 Gorodetskii, Efim Naumovich, 50 Gorpenko, Anatolil Andreevich, 129-130 Grossman, Vasily Semenovich, 122-123 Haider Group, 90 Heart of the Motherland [Serdtse rodiny] (Semanov), 236-239 hierarchical heroism, 15-19 ethnocentric versus Russocentric, 19-20 Russian primacy, 20-22, 42-43 historic subject matter, use of Kazakhstan, 54 Marxists, 14 prerevolutionary military achievements, 210-211, 254-255 Russocentric theme, 194-196 Stalin, 13-14,25 see also ancestral heroism, historical preservation, 218, 242, 260 see also All-Russian Society for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Monuments (VOOPIiK). History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1959), 133-134 History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union (6 vols.), 134—146 concluding volume (6th), 141-145 Volume 5, 137-141 Hider, Adolf, 13, 90, 95, 99, 141, 163, 183, 235 Hosking, Geoffrey, 230, 265 iconography imperial/prerevolutionary iconography, 15, 16, 21, 183, 211 prerevolutionary Kazakh commanders, 54 Ideological Commission, 160, 163 religious ideology, 163 Il’in, Mikhail Andreevich, 80 inclusionary politics, 217, 218, 245 Chalmaevists, 220 war cult, interaction with, 218-219 indigenization policies bourgeois nationalism and, 13 indoctrination military-patriotic ideology Komsomol, 183-185, 186-188 Melent’ev, 229 Pavlov, 182-183, 187-188 non-Russians recruits, 16
Index political indoctrination, 168, 197 Stalinist Russocentrism, 14 Institute of Marxism-Leninism, 134 Institute of Russian History, 65, 66, 68-69, 132 Dubrovskii, 161-162 intellectuals and intelligensia pan-Soviet paradigm, 218 Russophile intellectuals, 6, 21, 30, 119, 170, 253, 254 subvertion of victory myth, 219, 254 targeting of, 65, 230 International Relations during the Great Patriotic War (Deborin), ЗОЇ Jewish heroes, 50, 64 Jewish wartime experience, 65, 67-68, 126 Auschwitz trials, 158 Eichmann trial, 158 universal suffering, 18-19, 217 June Resolution (1956), 128, 129, 136 Kazakhstanskaia Pravda (journal), 52, 58 Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich commemoration of the war, 156, 197 crackdown on religious ideology, 163, 215 denunciation of Stalin, 32,117,118-119, 127, 128-129, 166, 173, 226, 227 fall from power, 135, 170, 215, 219 “fusion” [stilante] of nations, 152 intellectual liberalization, 215 new historical community, 146-155, 260 pan-Soviet ideological primacy, 26, 29-31, 121, 124, 167, 172 Kliueva, Nina Georgievna, 66-68 Klochkov, Vasilii Georgievich, 2-3, 28, 43, 187 Memorial of Glory, 206 Klykov, Viacheslav Mikhailovich, 257-259 Kochemasov, Viacheslav Ivanovich, 246-249 Kol’tsov, Sergei Vasiľevich, 79 Kommunist (journal), 231 Komsomol youth organization, 125 militarism, 182 Russocentric nationalism, 182-183 Soviet patriotic identity, 182 VOOPIiK, relationship with, 219-220 Komsomol’skaia metro station, 111,112,129 Konenkov, Sergei Timofeevich, 214 Korin, Pavel Dmitriyevich, 111, 159, 214 Korobov, Vladimir Ivanovich, 196-197 Kozlov, Denis, 155 Krasnaia zvezda
(Red Army newspaper), 2 Krivitskii, Aleksandr Iur’evich, 2 Krotov, Fedor Grigor’evich, 168-169 Alma-Ata mission, 169 Kulikovo commemoration, see Battle of Kulikovo Field, celebration of (1980) Kulish, Panteleimon Oleksandrovich, 20 Kutuzov, Mikhail, see ancestral heroism Kuusinen, Otto, 153 Kuznetsov, Aleksei Aleksandrovich, 62 Kuznetsov, Fedor Fedotovich, 100-101 Kyrgyzstan, see non-Russian participation in the war Kazakhstan Bekmakhanov, Ermukhan, 52 ideological shortcomings, 52-59 Kazakh-Russian friendship, promotion of, 39, 49, 52 Memorial of Glory, 4, 207-208 nationalism, 52, 53, 259 patriotism, 54-59 see also non-Russian participation in the war. language, 20, 23 mandatory Russian language instruction, 13, 147 non-Russian recruits, 16-17 primacy of Russian, 150, 152-154, 180, 191 Latvia Soviet propaganda, 50 see also non-Russian participation in the war. 100-101 interpretation and the war myth, 169-170, 258 creation of a transcendent, pan-Soviet identity, 19-20,212-213 generational divide, 158-159 pan-Soviet interpretation, 138-139, 144, 238, 240 Russocentrism, 20-22, 36, 38, 170-171, 178, 220, 231 ambiguity of, 88, 109-110, 131-134, 136, 140-142 see also pan-Soviet paradigm war myth; Russocentric nationalism; war memorials. Victory Monument (Moscow) religious connotations, 258-259 Soviet people doctrine, 258 Iovchuk, Mikhail Trifonovich, 50 Ivanov, Mikhail Sergeevich, 68-69 Ivanov, Viktor Semenovich, 246 Ivanov, Vladimir Nikolaevich, 219 Ivanov, Vsevolod Viacheslavovich, 223
302 Index legitimating the leadership, 8, 14, 15, 118, 219 Lenin, Vladimir, 12, 59, 121, 138 city commemorations, 77, 110, 161 national and ethnic differences, 127, 149, 151 protection of Russia’s cultural heritage, 214 Leningrad Affair, 88 Leonov, Leonid Maksimovich, 214, 220 Lert, Raisa, 230-231 Likhachev, Dmitrii Sergeevich, 215 Literatumaiagazeta (literary newspaper), 38 criticism of Molodaia guardila, 228 Kulikovo commemoration, 244-245 Yakovlev affair, 233 Literatumaia Rossiia (literary newspaper), 249, 258 Lithuania Soviet propaganda, 50 see also non-Russian participation in the war. Lobanov, Mikhail Petrovich, 223-225 localism, 112, 166 victory monuments, 77-78 Malenkov, Georgii Maksimilianovich, 50, 52 Mamaev Kurgan, see Monument to the Heroes of Stalingrad (Volgograd, Russia) Marxism national identity, 12 Marxist-Leninist interpretation of the past, 42, 179, 225, 233 Melent’ev, Iurii Serafimovich, 218, 229-230, 245-247, 248, 249, 250, 252 Memorial of Glory (Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan) ethnic ambiguity, 4, 205-206 memorials to the war. see war memorials Memory [Pamiať] (Chivilikhin) (novel), 241-242 memory, importance of, 254 see also commemoration of war; war memorials. military-patriotic ideology, 85, 159 character of the program, 184-185 great ancestors and, 191 indoctrination, 182, 229 Komsomol, 125, 127, 183 Minin, Kuz’ma. see ancestral heroism Mints, Isaak Izrailevich, 41-44, 65, 68, 100 Mitrokhin, Nikolai, 21—22, 172, 182, 188 mobilization, 5, 240 competing patriotic tendencies, 264 friendship of the peoples doctrine, 180 imperial patriotism, 33-34 labor
mobilization, 96-98 non-Russian participation in the war, 17, 51 pan-Soviet identity, 217, 236 Russocentrism and, 21, 22, 71, 153, 182 Victory Day (1965), 171 VOOPIiK, 252 war memorials, 197 mobilization of non-Russians, see nonRussian participation in the war Mochalin, Fedor Ivanovich, 206 modern “Russianness”, 261-263 Moldavia Soviet propaganda, 50 see also non-Russian participation in the war. Molodaia guardila (journal), 214-215, 216, 218-220 Chalmaevism, 220, 222, 223, 227, 228 debates surrounding nationalist content, 228 declining influence, 229, 231 Komsomol, relationship with, 229 reverence for Stalin, 227 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, 95 Monument to the Heroes of Stalingrad (Volgograd, Russia), 197, 232 Monument to the Twenty-Eight Panfilov Heroes (Dubosekovo, Russia), 205, 207, 208 ethnic ambiguity, 207-209 Moscow’s 800-year jubilee pan-Soviet identity, 107—109 Russocentrism, 102-110 “most Soviet nation”, Russia as, 264-265 multiethnic friendship, 2, 24, 39, 127, 193 multiethnicity Moscow’s 800-year jubilee, 107-108 Poklonnaia Hill, 261 twenty-eight Panfilovtsy, 2, 3-4 Nakhimov, Pavel, see ancestral heroism Nash sovremennik (literary journal), 195, 216, 229, 244, 249, 251, 258, 259 Nedogonov, Aleksei Ivanovich, 237, 239 Nefedov, Konstantin, 52-54, 58 Nevskii, Aleksandr, see ancestral heroism new historical community assimilation, 148-149 Brezhnev, Leonid, 148-149, 155, 190 Khrushchev, Nikita, 148-155
Index new national anthem, 16, 24, 28 non-Russian participation in the war, 42-43, 45,48-51, 108 ethnic categorization, 17-18 language, 16 political indoctrination, 16 political indoctrination of recruits, 16 resurrection of non-Russian national pasts, 17 Novy։ mir (literary journal), 176, 224, 228-232 Novyi mir affair, 228—232 On the Great Patriotic War (Stalin), 62, 134 Osipov, Vladimir Nikolaevich, 234-235 prerevolutionary imagery in wartime propaganda, 235-236 Pamiať (social movement), 260 Panfilov, see twenty-eight Panfilovtsy Pankratova, Anna Mikhailovna, 40-45, 52, 64, 119-120, 132 pan-Soviet paradigm, 27-29, 31, 39, 96, 141 antisemitism, 68 emergence, 92-94, 109-110 fiftieth anniversary of the USSR’s founding (1972), 188 Khrushchev, 29-31, 167 Lenin’s 100th birthday (1970), 188 Moscows’s 800-year jubilee, 107-109 neonationalists, 181 On the Great Patriotic War, 62—63 Propaganda Measures Concerning the Idea of Soviet Patriotism among the Population, 63 Soviet people doctrine, 225 war myth, 44-47, 49, 196-197, 217 patriotism and patriotic identity, 6, 46^17 destalinization, 166 ethnocentrism versus internationalism, 5, 12-13, 27-29, 45, 181 generational divide, 158-160 pan-Soviet/Russocentric divide, 5, 13-15, 20-22, 40-42, 160-163, 178-180 socialism, 243 Soviet people doctrine, see Soviet people doctrine Stalin’s victory toast (1945), 40-47 transhistorical versus postrevolutionary ideologies, 5, 40-45, 46 Ukrainian-centered patriotism, 48-49 Pavlov group, 187,216, 226 303 Pavlov, Sergei Pavlovich, 172, 174, 187, 188 Komsomol, 182, 183 Peskov, Vasilii Mikhailovich,
177-178 Peter the Great, see ancestral heroism Politicheskii dnevnik (journal), 180, 230 Ponomarev, Boris Nikolayevich, 94, 95, 133 History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 133—134 Soviet people doctrine, 95-96, 149 Popov, Georgii Mikhailovich, 62, 88-89 Moscow’s 800-year jubilee, 102-110 victory monuments, 78, 82-83 Popov-Shaman, Aleksandr Ivanovich victory monuments, 80-82 positive discrimination against ethnic Russian elites, 12-13 Pospelov, Petr Nikolaevich, 40, 134, 137, 145, 150 Soviet people doctrine, 149 Pozharskii, Dmitrii. see ancestral heroism Pravda (CPSU newspaper) Kulikovo commemoration, 249 prerevolutionary cultural heritage, 15, 44, 103, 173,214, 226, 231 see also ancestral heroism, press crackdowns Molodaia gvardiia, 228 Russocentric nationalism, 228-230 propaganda and Soviet identity On the Great Patriotic War, 62—63 Propaganda Measures Concerning the Idea of Soviet Patriotism among the Population, 63 school texts, 64 Western world, directed at, 94-96 Propaganda Measures Concerning the Idea of Soviet Patriotism among the Population (Agitprop), 63 Pugachev’s Rebellion, 131 Pushkin, Alexander Sergeevich, 15,61 Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 261-262 Raiskin, E.V., 168-169 “rapprochement” [sblizhenie] of Soviet nations, 148, 151, 153 Rasputin, Valentin Grigor’evich, 243, 249, 255,259 reconciliation of Russocentric and panSoviet/intemationalist tendencies, 27, 39-40, 43-44, 69-70, 89, 110-111, 119, 209-212 rejection of the past, 28, 202
304 Index religious ideology Khrushchev’s crackdown, 163-164 see also Christianity and religious symbolism. Roshchin, Semen, 142-144 Roskin, Grigoril Iosifovich, 66-68 Russian chauvinism Chalmaevism, 230-231 see also ethnic supremacy. Russian Communist Party, 12, 88, 215 Russian exceptionalism, 75, 102 Russian historical motifs, 13-15, 23, 119, 123 Russian nationalism, 60-61, 112 crackdown, 228-230, 249, 254 Russian national-patriotic redefinition, 209 Victory Monument (Poklonnaia Hill, Moscow), 209-212 Russification of the state, 147-154, 253 monolithic unity, 154 Russocentric nationalism, 218, 253, 263-264 Chalmaevists and, 220 decline, 188, 192-193 war cult, relationship with, 222-223 war myth, 217 see also Stalinist Russocentrism. Russophilism Osipov, 234-235 Rykalov, V.S., 134 Semanov, Sergei Nikolaevich, 254 Heart of the Motherland pan-Soviet/intemationalist interpretation, 238-240 Russocentrism, 237-238, 240-241 Soviet people doctrine, 224-226 Sevastopol, 77 Shauro, Vasilii Filimonovich, 176,218 Shcherbakov, Aleksandr Sergeevich, 2 Shelepin group, 216, 229 Shelepin, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 171, 172-174, 230 Shepilov, Dmitrii Trofimovich, 101, 120-121 Shestakov, Andrei Vasil’evich, 64 Shevchenko, Taras, 20 see also ancestral heroism. Shoshin, Vladislav Andreevich, 195-196 Shunkov, Viktor Ivanovich, 68 Simonov, Grigorii Aleksandrovich, 122 victory monuments, 83-86 Simonov, 1.1., 132 Simonov, Konstantin Mikhailovich, 175-176, 194 Smirnov, Sergei Sergeevich, 185-186 Sobolev, Aleksandr Ivanovich, 44 socialism in one country doctrine, 13, 23 socialist motherland motif,
23-25, 26, 43, 44, 46, 55, 57, 58, 136, 146 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isaevich, 159 Soviet economic and political system, 25, 26, 42, 67, 92, 97, 121, 146, 190, 238, 243, 262 see also new historical community. Soviet identity, 19-20, 33-40 de-Stalinization, 32 “friendship of the peoples” doctrine, 180 pan-Soviet victory myth, 256 promotion post-war in occupied regions, 48-50 Russocentrism, 21, 60-61, 196 Soviet militarization, 127, 189 Soviet people doctrine, 29-31, 146—148, 149, 190, 218, 224-226 Kulikovo commemoration, 244 Stalin, Iosif Vissarionovich embodiment of victory, 112 great ancestors speech (1941), 22-23, 129 literary depictions great ancestors theme, 194-195 russocentralism. see Stalinist Russocentrism socialism in one country, 13 Stalinist Russocentrism, 12-15, 29, 61 defining the war memory Great Ancestors speech (1941), 22-23 positioning the Great Patriotic War, 22-23 idealization of “our great ancestors”, 22-23, 130-132 “Russification” of socialist motherland motif, 23 victory toast (1945), 35-71, 89, 93, 97, 102, 110-111, 138-140, 144, 146, 181, 193, 253, 261 Starinov, Iľia Grigor’evich, 136-137, 141 state hymn, see new national anthem Stepakov, Vladimir Il’ich, 218 supra-ethnic sense of belonging, 6, 23, 28, 45, 47, 63, 92, 151-155, 226, 233, 242 Brezhnev, 179 Communist Party leadership, 33, 112, 187, 191 The Great Russian People, 44 see also friendship of the peoples doctrine.
Index Suslov, Mikhail Andreevich, 249 Soviet people doctrine, 95-96, 149 Suvorov, Aleksandr, see ancestral heroism Tajikistan, see non-Russian participation in the war Tarle, Evgenii Viktorovich, 66 Tatars, 61 transhistorical versus postrevolutionary ideologies Kazakhstan, 54 Moscow’s symbolic connection to prere volutionary military achievements, 210-211 patriotism and patriotic identity, 5, 40-45, 46 victory monuments, 80-83 victory myth, 100-101 Treptower Park Memorial (Berlin, Germany), 129-130, 164, 203 Trifonov, Iurii Valentinovich, 244 tsarist symbolism, 15-16, 142 Tumarkin, Nina, 122, 210, 260 Turkmenistan Victory Day (1965), 198 see also non-Russian participation in the war. Tvardovskii, Aleksandr Trifonovich, 122 Twentieth Party Congress June Resolution (1956), 129 Khrushchev denunciation of Stalin, 117, 119, 133 pan-Soviet model of patriotism, 120, 125, 127, 186 twenty-eight Panfilovtsy Alma-Ata monument, Kazakhstan, 4, 205-206 Dubosekovo monument, Russia, 205, 207, 208 ethnocentric importance, 3-4 Klochkov, 2-3 multiethnic composition, 2, 3-4 mythologising of, 1-4, 17 patriotic contradictions of myth, 5 Twenty-Second Party Congress, 172 condemnation of Stalin, 133, 137, 145, 161, 173, 177 Khrushchev crackdown on religious ideology, 163 Soviet people doctrine, 146-147, 149 new (Third) Party Program, 136 nullification of June Resolution, 129 Russocentric patriotism, 160, 166 305 Ukraine Russocentric paradigm, 59 Soviet propaganda, 50 Ukrainian-centered patriotism, 48-49, 181-182 Ukrainian-Russian friendship, 49 see also non-Russian participation in the war. Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics, establishment of, 12 universal suffering principle, 18-19 Ushakov, Fedor, see ancestral heroism Uzbekistan, see non-Russian participation in the war Veche (journal), 234 Victory Day (1965), 96-99, 158, 171-172 Brezhnev’s report, 173-174 framing the war narrative, 172-173, 175-182 Russia’s cultural heritage forgotten, 214-215 success, 174-175 Victory Monument, Poklonnaia Hill, Moscow, 197, 209-212, 213, 258-261 victory monuments, see war memorials Voprosy istorii (journal), 120, 130, 132, 134, 230 Vuchetich, Evgenii Viktorovich, 156, 175-176 Stalingrad memorial, 203-204 Treptower Park memorial (Berlin), 203 Victory Monument (Moscow), 197 war cult, 30 commemorative practices, 94, 157, 170 Brezhnev, 124, 197 war memorials, 197-212 origins, 155-166 patriotic expression, 170,232 Russian cultural nationalism, 170-171,197 see abo Victory Day (1965). Russocentrism, relationship with, 222-223 Soviet people doctrine, 217, 219 see also war memorials. war memorials Arch of Victory (Berlin), 75-76 Boundary of Glory design competition, 199-201 historical-Russocentric imagery, 201-204 pan-Soviet nature of individual monuments, 205-206
306 Index war memorials (cont.) Dubosekovo memorial (Russia), 207-209 ethnic ambiguity, 197-199 Boundary of Glory, 199-206 Dubosekovo memorial, 207-209 Memorial of Glory, 4, 205-206 ideological tensions Leningrad, 87 Moscow, 78-87 Sevastopol, 77 Stalingrad, 78 interpretation of imagery, 76-77 local memory, 77-78 Monument to the Heroes of Stalingrad (Volgograd, Russia), 197, 232 Piskarevskoe Cemetery (Leningrad, Russia), 232 planning, 197-198 Boundary of Glory, 199-204 Komsomol-initiated monuments, 198-199 Soldier-Liberator monument (Berlin), 129 Stalingrad, 156 Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Alexander Gardens, Moscow), 197, 232 Victory Monument (Moscow), 197, 257-261 Victory Park (Moscow), 116 failure, 261 see also Memorial of Glory (Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan); Monument to the Heroes of Stalingrad (Volgograd, Russia); Monument to the TwentyEight Panfilov Heroes (Dubusekovo, Russia). wartime “friendship”, promotion of, 49, 50 Weiner, Amir hierarchical heroism, 18, 19, 20, 50 interpretation of the war myth, 11,20, 124, 170 universal suffering principle, 18 willful distortion of the past liberal-democratic societies, 7 Soviet leadership, 7-9 United States, 7 Yakovlev affair, 232-234, 236 Yakut-Russia friendship, 49 Yeltsin, Boris Nikolaevich, 261 Zhdanov, Andrei Aleksandrovich, 38 Moscow’s 800-year jubilee, 104 Zhdanov doctrine, 36-38, 43, 50, 62 anti-Semitic persecutions, 64-65 Zhukov, Georgii Konstantinovich, 72, 118, 184, 210, 254 Zhuravkov, M.G., 141 |
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| author | Brunstedt, Jonathan 1977- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)123750127X |
| author_facet | Brunstedt, Jonathan 1977- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Brunstedt, Jonathan 1977- |
| author_variant | j b jb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047452825 |
| classification_rvk | NB 3400 NQ 8294 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1264388282 (DE-599)KXP1757508848 |
| dewey-full | 940.5347 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 940 - History of Europe |
| dewey-raw | 940.5347 |
| dewey-search | 940.5347 |
| dewey-sort | 3940.5347 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1945-1991 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1991 |
| format | Book |
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| isbn | 9781108498753 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Brunstedt, Jonathan 1977- Verfasser (DE-588)123750127X aut The Soviet myth of World War II patriotic memory and the Russian question in the USSR Jonathan Brunstedt (Texas A & M University) Cambridge ; New York ; Port Melbourne ; New Delhi ; Singapore Cambridge University Press 2021 xiii, 306 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studies in the social and cultural history of modern warfare Geschichte 1945-1991 gnd rswk-swf Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd rswk-swf Russland Motiv (DE-588)4130559-0 gnd rswk-swf Patriotismus (DE-588)4132835-8 gnd rswk-swf Zweiter Weltkrieg Motiv (DE-588)4133624-0 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf World War, 1939-1945 / Soviet Union / Historiography Patriotism / Soviet Union Nationalism / Soviet Union Soviet Union / Politics and government / 1945-1991 Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Patriotismus (DE-588)4132835-8 s Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 s Zweiter Weltkrieg Motiv (DE-588)4133624-0 s Russland Motiv (DE-588)4130559-0 s Geschichte 1945-1991 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-108-59577-3 (DE-604)BV047391324 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032854773&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032854773&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032854773&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032854773&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Brunstedt, Jonathan 1977- The Soviet myth of World War II patriotic memory and the Russian question in the USSR Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Russland Motiv (DE-588)4130559-0 gnd Patriotismus (DE-588)4132835-8 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg Motiv (DE-588)4133624-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4200793-8 (DE-588)4130559-0 (DE-588)4132835-8 (DE-588)4133624-0 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | The Soviet myth of World War II patriotic memory and the Russian question in the USSR |
| title_auth | The Soviet myth of World War II patriotic memory and the Russian question in the USSR |
| title_exact_search | The Soviet myth of World War II patriotic memory and the Russian question in the USSR |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Soviet myth of World War II patriotic memory and the Russian question in the USSR |
| title_full | The Soviet myth of World War II patriotic memory and the Russian question in the USSR Jonathan Brunstedt (Texas A & M University) |
| title_fullStr | The Soviet myth of World War II patriotic memory and the Russian question in the USSR Jonathan Brunstedt (Texas A & M University) |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Soviet myth of World War II patriotic memory and the Russian question in the USSR Jonathan Brunstedt (Texas A & M University) |
| title_short | The Soviet myth of World War II |
| title_sort | the soviet myth of world war ii patriotic memory and the russian question in the ussr |
| title_sub | patriotic memory and the Russian question in the USSR |
| topic | Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Russland Motiv (DE-588)4130559-0 gnd Patriotismus (DE-588)4132835-8 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg Motiv (DE-588)4133624-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kollektives Gedächtnis Russland Motiv Patriotismus Zweiter Weltkrieg Motiv Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032854773&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032854773&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032854773&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032854773&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT brunstedtjonathan thesovietmythofworldwariipatrioticmemoryandtherussianquestionintheussr |