Verfügbarkeit: Unlawful content online

Unlawful content online: towards a new regulatory framework for online platforms

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Ullrich, Carsten (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Abschlussarbeit Elektronisch E-Book
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Baden-Baden Nomos 2021
Ausgabe:	1st edition
Schriftenreihe:	Luxemburger juristische Studien volume 21
Schlagworte:	Europäische Union Rechtsvergleich Content > Internet Plattform > Wirtschaft Grenzüberschreitender Datenverkehr Rechtswidrigkeit Haftung USA Hochschulschrift
Online-Zugang:	Volltext Volltext Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	1 Online-Ressource (650 Seiten)
ISBN:	9783748927051
DOI:	10.5771/9783748927051

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MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	ABRIDGED TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 25 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 27 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 31 A. GENERAL BACKGROUND 31 B. STRUCTURE 38 C. METHODOLOGY 46 D. DEFINITIONS, ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 49 CHAPTER 2 - THE EMERGENCE OF INTERMEDIARIES ON THE INTERNET - A SOCIO-TECHNICAL REVIEW 59 A. THE EARLY INTERNET 59 B. THE TECHNICAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE INTERNET 61 C. INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES WITHIN THE LAYERED INTERNET 65 D. INTERMEDIARY POWERHOUSES 88 E. SUMMARY: SOCIO-TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ROLE OF INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES 95 CHAPTER 3 - INTERMEDIARIES AND UNLAWFUL CONTENT - CHALLENGES IN INTERNET REGULATION 98 A. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF INTERNET GOVERNANCE 98 B. THE EMERGENCE OF INTERNET INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY 103 C. REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS OF INTERNET INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY 125 D. ENFORCEMENT CHALLENGES IN INTERNET INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY 155 CHAPTER 4 - SECTORAL FRAMEWORKS AND THE E-COMMERCE DIRECTIVE - THE ENFORCEMENT GAPS 225 A. INTRODUCTION 225 11 B. PERSONALITY RIGHTS AND PUBLIC ORDER: DEFAMATION, HATE SPEECH AND TERRORIST CONTENT 228 C. ECONOMIC RIGHTS: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 297 D. PRODUCT AND FOOD SAFETY REGULATION 380 E. SUMMARY: SECTORAL FRAMEWORKS AND INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY 414 CHAPTER 5 - ENFORCEMENT CASE STUDIES 418 A. INTRODUCTION 418 B. CASE STUDY 1: ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE IN PRODUCT REGULATION 422 C. CASE STUDY 2: ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE IN FOOD SAFETY REGULATION 436 D. SUMMARY OF MSA/FSA CASE STUDIES 448 CHAPTER 6 - A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR ONLINE INTERMEDIARY RESPONSIBILITY 453 A. INTERMEDIARY RESPONSIBILITY REFORM PROPOSALS - AN OVERVIEW 454 B. THE REGULATORY CHOICE OF A NEW INTERMEDIARY RESPONSIBILITY SYSTEM 466 C. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESPONSIBILITY AND THE SANCTIONS REGIME 500 D. A CO-REGULATORY DUTY OF CARE BASED ON HARMONISED TECHNICAL STANDARDS 501 CHAPTER? -CONCLUSION 540 ANNEX I - INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE (MODEL) 550 A. MARKET SURVEILLANCE AND ENFORCEMENT 552 B. ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY AND THE E-COMMERCE DIRECTIVE 556 C. COOPERATION WITH INFORMATION SERVICE PROVIDERS 558 D. REGULATORY COOPERATION 559 E. ADDITIONAL DATA (NOT PART OF THE INTERVIEW) 561 ANNEX II - A SECTORALLY ADAPTABLE, RISK-BASED DUTY OF CARE STANDARD (MODEL) 562 ANNEX III A DUTY OF CARE STANDARD FOR E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS 563 A. INTRODUCTION 563 12 B. DUTY OF CARE: RISK ASSESSMENT, PREVENTION AND REMOVAL 565 C. DUTY OF CARE: NOTICE-AND-TAKEDOWN 573 D. DUTY OF CARE: TRANSPARENCY 573 BIBLIOGRAPHY 580 A. BOOKS, BOOK SECTIONS, JOURNAL ARTICLES AND PUBLIC REPORTS 580 B. BLOG ARTICLES, INTERNET NEWS ARTICLES AND WEBPAGES 614 C. CASE LAW 626 D. STATUTES & BILLS 636 INDEX 643 13 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 25 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 27 CHAPTER 1 -INTRODUCTION 31 A. GENERAL BACKGROUND 31 B. STRUCTURE 38 C. METHODOLOGY 46 D. DEFINITIONS, ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 49 1. DEFINITIONS 49 I. INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES - INTERMEDIARY SERVICE PROVIDERS 49 II. ONLINE PLATFORMS 50 III. ILLEGAL VERSUS UNLAWFUL CONTENT 51 IV. MATERIAL CONTENT 52 V. UNLAWFUL ACTIVITY AND UNLAWFUL CONTENT/INFORMATION 53 VI. HARMFUL CONTENT 53 VII. PLATFORM USERS 55 2. ASSUMPTIONS 55 3. LIMITATIONS 55 I. SANCTIONS 55 II. SUBSTANTIVE LAW AFFECTING ONLINE PLATFORMS 56 CHAPTER 2 - THE EMERGENCE OF INTERMEDIARIES ON THE INTERNET - A SOCIO-TECHNICAL REVIEW 59 A. THE EARLY INTERNET 59 B. THE TECHNICAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE INTERNET 61 C. INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES WITHIN THE LAYERED INTERNET 65 1. A TYPOLOGY OF INTERMEDIARIES 66 2. INTERNET ACCESS PROVIDERS 68 3. SEARCH ENGINES 70 4. E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS 73 15 5. USER GENERATED CONTENT AND SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS - THE RISE OF WEB 2.0 78 6. SHARING ECONOMY PLATFORMS 82 7. MESSENGER SERVICES, CLOUD PLATFORMS AND OTHER ONLINE INTERMEDIARIES 85 D. INTERMEDIARY POWERHOUSES 88 1. MULTI-SIDED PLATFORMS 88 2. THE LEADING PLAYERS 90 I. GOOGLE (ALPHABET) 90 II. AMAZON 91 III. FACEBOOK 92 IV. APPLE 92 V. MICROSOFT 93 3. FROM CONTENT TO INFRASTRUCTURE CONTROL 94 E. SUMMARY: SOCIO-TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ROLE OF INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES 95 CHAPTER 3 - INTERMEDIARIES AND UNLAWFUL CONTENT - CHALLENGES IN INTERNET REGULATION 98 A. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF INTERNET GOVERNANCE 98 1. INFRASTRUCTURE 98 2. CONTENT REGULATION = INTERMEDIARY REGULATION? 101 B. THE EMERGENCE OF INTERNET INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY 103 1. JUSTIFICATIONS FOR INTERNET INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY IN LAW 104 I. MORAL JUSTIFICATIONS 104 II. ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATIONS 106 2. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LIABILITY 108 I. PRIMARY LIABILITY FOR INTERMEDIARIES 109 II. SECONDARY LIABILITY 110 A. COMMON LAW 111 B. CIVIL LAW JURISDICTIONS 112 3. EARLY CASE LAW ON INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES 114 I. CASE LAW IN THE EU 115 A. UNITED KINGDOM 115 B. GERMANY 117 C. FRANCE 118 D. ITALY 119 E. BELGIUM 120 16 II. CASE IN LAW IN THE US 121 A. CUBBY, INC V COMPUSERVE, INC. 121 B. STRATTON OAKMONT V PRODIGY SERVICES CO. 122 C. PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES, INC. V FRENA 123 D. SEGA ENTERPRISES, LTD. V MAPHIA & RELIGIOUS T ECHNOLOGY CENTER V NETCOM 124 C. REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS OF INTERNET INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY 125 1. US 125 I. COMMUNICATIONS DECENCY ACT 1996 126 II. THE DIGITAL MILLENNIUM COPYRIGHT ACT 1998 128 III. TRADEMARKS - THE LANHAM ACT 130 2. EU 131 I. SETTING THE SCENE FOR AN INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY FRAMEWORK 131 II. THE E-COMMERCE DIRECTIVE 132 A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND SCOPE 132 B. THE LIABILITY (EXEMPTIONS) OF INTERMEDIARIES 136 3. COMPARING THE EU AND US INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY FRAMEWORKS 143 4. OTHER JURISDICTIONS 146 I. AUSTRALIA 146 II. CANADA 148 III. CHINA 150 IV. INDIA 151 D. ENFORCEMENT CHALLENGES IN INTERNET INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY 155 1. EMERGING CHALLENGES - EU REVIEWS OF THE ECD 155 I. THE 2003 AND 2007 ECD EVALUATIONS 155 II. THE 2012 PUBLIC CONSULTATION 157 III. REVIEWS AND INITIATIVES UNDER THE DIGITAL SINGLE MARKET POLICY 158 IV. MAIN LEGAL CHALLENGES OF THE ECD INHIBITING ENFORCEMENT AGAINST UNLAWFUL CONTENT 161 2. ECD INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY - THE MAIN CHALLENGES THROUGH CASE LAW 163 I. THE NEUTRALITY OF INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES 164 A. SEARCH ENGINES 165 B. E-COMMERCE MARKETPLACES 166 I. NATIONAL CASE LAW 166 II. EU CASE LAW 169 III. APPLICATION OF CJEU RULINGS 170 IV. US DEVELOPMENTS 176 17 C. UGC PLATFORMS AND SOCIAL NETWORKS 177 I. NATIONAL CASE LAW 178 II. EU CASE LAW 182 II. THE INTERMEDIARY ' S ACTUAL KNOWLEDGE OF ILLEGAL ACTS 184 A. DEFINING ACTUAL KNOWLEDGE 184 B. OBTAINING ACTUAL KNOWLEDGE 185 I. COURT OR AUTHORITY ORDERS 186 II. NOTICE-AND-TAKEDOWN 186 III. AWARENESS OF ILLEGAL ACTIVITY OR INFORMATION 191 III. THE PREVENTIVE OBLIGATIONS OF INTERMEDIARIES 196 A. NATIONAL CASE LAW 199 I. FRANCE 199 II. ITALY 200 III. GERMANY 202 IV. UK 204 B. CJEU AND ECTHR CASE LAW 207 I. L ' OREAL V EBAY (C-324/09) 207 II. SCARLET EXTENDED (C-70/10) & NETLOG (C-360/10) 208 III. ME FADDEN (C-484/14) 213 IV. THE ECTHR RULINGS IN DELFI V ESTONIA & MTE V HUNGARY 214 V. EVA GLAWISCHNIG-PIESCZEK V FACEBOOK IRELAND (C18/18) 217 3. SUMMARY OF LEGAL CHALLENGES OF THE ECD 219 I. SUMMARY: THE AVAILABILITY OF THE ECD PROTECTIONS 219 II. SUMMARY: THE KNOWLEDGE STANDARD 221 III. SUMMARY: SPECIFIC VERSUS GENERAL MONITORING 223 CHAPTER 4 - SECTORAL FRAMEWORKS AND THE E-COMMERCE DIRECTIVE - THE ENFORCEMENT GAPS 225 A. INTRODUCTION 225 B. PERSONALITY RIGHTS AND PUBLIC ORDER: DEFAMATION, HATE SPEECH AND TERRORIST CONTENT 228 1. DEFAMATION 228 I. DEFAMATION ONLINE - BACKGROUND 228 II. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF DEFAMATION IN THE EU 230 III. DEFAMATION, ONLINE INTERMEDIARIES AND THE ECD IN NATIONAL LAW 232 A. UK 232 18 B. FRANCE 235 C. GERMANY 237 D. DIFFERENCES IN ASSESSING THE MANIFESTLY ILLEGAL NATURE OF DEFAMATION 239 E. DEFAMATION AND THE INTERACTIVE, SOCIAL WEB 241 IV. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 242 2. HATE SPEECH 244 I. THE PHENOMENON OF HATE SPEECH ON WEB 2.0 244 II. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF HATE SPEECH 246 A. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AT STAKE 246 B. EU REGULATION 247 I. THE EU CODE OF CONDUCT ON ILLEGAL HATE SPEECH ONLINE 248 II. THE AVMSD AND THE DSA PROPOSAL 252 C. MEMBER STATES 254 I. ENGLAND AND WALES 255 II. GERMANY 257 III. FRANCE 264 III. PRIVATE REGULATION OF HATE SPEECH 268 IV. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 271 3. TERRORIST CONTENT 274 I. BACKGROUND 274 II. LEGAL FRAMEWORK AGAINST TERRORISM ONLINE - EU AND MEMBER STATES 275 III. PRIVATE REGULATION OF TERRORIST CONTENT AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS 281 IV. EU REGULATION 286 A. PROPOSAL OF A REGULATION FOR PREVENTING TERRORIST CONTENT ONLINE 286 B. REGULATION 2019/1148 ON MARKETING AND USE OF EXPLOSIVES PRECURSORS 290 V. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 295 C. ECONOMIC RIGHTS: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 297 4. COPYRIGHT 297 I. COPYRIGHT AND THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 297 II. INTERNATIONAL LAW AND EU SET-UP 301 III. COPYRIGHT ENFORCEMENT AND ONLINE INTERMEDIARIES 304 A. ENFORCEMENT AT MEMBER STATE LEVEL 304 B. ENFORCEMENT AGAINST IAP S - BLOCKING AND FILTERING INJUNCTIONS 306 19 C. CONTENT HOSTING, SHARING AND THE ROAD TOWARDS PRIMARY LIABILITY 312 P2P FILE SHARING AND HYPERLINKING 313 SEARCH ENGINES, HYPERLINKING AND AUTO-COMPLETE FUNCTIONS 317 CONTENT SHARING PLATFORMS 323 IV. INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS: ENFORCEMENT BY PRIVATE ACTORS 327 A. CONTENT RECOGNITION AND IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES 328 FINGERPRINTING 328 HASHING 329 WATERMARKING 330 METADATA ANALYSIS 331 PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS 333 B. PLATFORM ACTIVITIES ADDRESSING COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENTS - THE RISE OF AUTOMATED PREVENTION 334 V. EU LEGAL INITIATIVES - THE DIGITAL SINGLE MARKET DIRECTIVE (DSMD) 341 VI. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 347 5. TRADEMARKS 349 I. TRADEMARKS, COUNTERFEITING AND E-COMMERCE 349 II. EU TRADEMARK PROTECTION, ITS WIDENING SCOPE AND THE INTERNET 353 III. ENFORCEMENT: PRIMARY INFRINGERS OR INTERMEDIARIES WITH RESPONSIBILITIES? 356 A. ONLINE INTERMEDIARIES AS PRIMARY INFRINGERS 356 B. SECONDARY LIABILITY TRENDS AND CONSUMER LAW 362 IV. PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT 365 V. EU POLICY DEVELOPMENT 371 A. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING ON THE SALE OF COUNTERFEIT GOODS OVER THE INTERNET 372 B. OTHER EU POLICY INITIATIVES 377 VI. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 378 D. PRODUCT AND FOOD SAFETY REGULATION 380 6. PRODUCT SAFETY (NON-FOOD PRODUCTS) 380 I. BACKGROUND - PRODUCT SAFETY IN E-COMMERCE AND ONLINE PLATFORMS 380 II. EU PRODUCT SAFETY LAW AND E-COMMERCE 383 A. THE NEW APPROACH AND THE NEW LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 383 B. RESPONSIBILITIES AND LIABILITIES OF ECONOMIC ACTORS 387 20 III. ENFORCEMENT AND E-COMMERCE 388 A. TACKLING THE CHALLENGES OF ENFORCEMENT IN E-COMMERCE 388 B. ONLINE INTERMEDIARIES AND PRODUCT SAFETY LAW 391 IV. PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT 400 V. EU LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES 402 VI. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 405 7. FOOD SAFETY 406 I. BACKGROUND - FOOD IN E-COMMERCE AND ON ONLINE PLATFORMS 406 II. FOOD SAFETY AND ITS ENFORCEMENT IN EU AND NATIONAL LAW 408 A. EU FOOD SAFETY LAW - RESPONSIBLE ECONOMIC ACTORS 408 B. ONLINE INTERMEDIARIES AND FOOD SAFETY 411 III. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 413 E. SUMMARY: SECTORAL FRAMEWORKS AND INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY 414 1. THE MULTILEVEL REGULATORY PICTURE OF EU INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY 414 2. SUMMARY: COMMON TRENDS IN SECTORAL ONLINE INTERMEDIARY LIABILIY 416 CHAPTERS - ENFORCEMENT CASE STUDIES 418 A. INTRODUCTION 418 1. RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES 418 2. SURVEY STRUCTURE 419 3. CONFIDENTIALITY 421 B. CASE STUDY 1: ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE IN PRODUCT REGULATION 422 1. OVERVIEW 422 2. SURVEY RESULTS - ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE - RED AND EMC DIRECTIVES 423 I. SECTION A: MARKET SURVEILLANCE AND ENFORCEMENT 423 A. ENFORCEMENT SCOPE: SECTOR COVERAGE 423 B. ENFORCEMENT VIS-A-VIS ISPS 424 C. ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITY 425 D. ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE RESOURCES 428 II. SECTION B: ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY AND THE ECD 429 A. USE OF THE ECD BY MSAS 429 B. THE RELATION BETWEEN PRODUCT SAFETY LAWS AND THE ECD 430 III. SECTION C: COOPERATION WITH ISPS 431 A. NATURE OF COOPERATION BETWEEN MSAS AND ISPS 432 B. OBSTACLES TO EFFECTIVE SURVEILLANCE AND ENFORCEMENT 433 IV. SECTION D: REGULATORY COOPERATION BETWEEN MSAS 434 21 C. CASE STUDY 2: ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE IN FOOD SAFETY REGULATION 436 1. OVERVIEW 436 2. SURVEY RESULTS - ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE IN THE AREA OF FOOD SAFETY 437 I. SECTION A: MARKET SURVEILLANCE AND ENFORCEMENT 437 A. ENFORCEMENT SCOPE: SECTOR COVERAGE 437 B. ENFORCEMENT VIS-A-VIS ISPS 437 C. ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITY 438 D. ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE RESOURCES 440 II. SECTION B: ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY AND THE ECD 442 A. USE OF THE ECD BY FSAS 442 B. THE RELATION BETWEEN FOOD SAFETY LAWS AND THE ECD 443 III. SECTION C: COOPERATION WITH ISPS 444 A. NATURE OF COOPERATION BETWEEN FSAS AND ISPS 444 B. OBSTACLES TO EFFECTIVE SURVEILLANCE AND ENFORCEMENT 446 IV. SECTION D: REGULATORY COOPERATION BETWEEN FSAS 446 D. SUMMARY OF MSA/FSA CASE STUDIES 448 1. ENFORCEMENT HESITATION AND UNCLARITY OVER THE RELEVANCE OF THE ECD 449 2. THE TECHNICAL ROLE AND LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF ONLINE PLATFORMS 450 3. PRODUCT AND FOOD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT EXPERTISE AS A CHANCE 451 4. HORIZONTAL COOPERATION 451 CHAPTER 6 - A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR ONLINE INTERMEDIARY RESPONSIBILITY 453 A. INTERMEDIARY RESPONSIBILITY REFORM PROPOSALS - AN OVERVIEW 454 1. SYSTEMIC APPROACHES 455 2. PROCEDURAL APPROACHES 462 3. COMMON AND DIVISIVE FEATURES OF CURRENT INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY REFORM PROPOSALS 464 B. THE REGULATORY CHOICE OF A NEW INTERMEDIARY RESPONSIBILITY SYSTEM 466 1. THE CURRENT REGULATORY CHOICE 466 2. REGULATORY APPROACHES FOR THE INTERNET 468 I. SELF AND CO-REGULATION ON THE INTERNET 470 A. SELF-REGULATION 472 B. CO-REGULATION 475 II. CORPORATE (SOCIAL) RESPONSIBILITY FOR ONLINE PLATFORMS 479 III. DUTIES OF CARE 481 IV. RISK REGULATION AND COMPLIANCE 483 22 V. STANDARDISATION 487 3. APPLICATION TO A NEW INTERMEDIARY RESPONSIBILITY FRAMEWORK 492 I. RISKS AND PITFALLS OF FLEXIBLE REGULATORY TOOLS 495 C. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESPONSIBILITY AND THE SANCTIONS REGIME 500 D. A CO-REGULATORY DUTY OF CARE BASED ON HARMONISED TECHNICAL STANDARDS 501 1. INTRODUCTION 501 2. CHANGES TO THE ECD ' S ONLINE INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY FRAMEWORK 502 3. SECTORAL FLEXIBILITY - THE HARMS UNDER A HORIZONTAL FRAMEWORK 505 4. THE DUTY OF CARE RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 508 I. RISK ASSESSMENT 510 A. RISK IDENTIFICATION 510 B. RISK ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION 512 II. RISK CONTROL MEASURES 515 A. RISK CONTROL: PROSPECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY FOR EMPOWERING SAFE PLATFORM USE 516 B. RISK CONTROL: RETROSPECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY TO CONTAIN UNLAWFUL CONTENT 523 III. EXAMPLE OF A DUTY OF CARE STANDARD FOR ECONOMIC HARMS 524 5. TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY OBLIGATIONS 528 I. TRANSPARENCY 528 II. ACCOUNTABILITY 530 III. COMPLEMENTARY REGULATORY APPROACHES TOWARDS ONLINE PLATFORMS 531 6. THE REGULATORY INSTITUTION 533 7. BRIEF OF EVALUATION OF THE COMMISSION ' S DSA PROPOSAL OF DECEMBER 2020 536 CHAPTER 7 - CONCLUSION 540 ANNEX I - INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE (MODEL) 550 A. MARKET SURVEILLANCE AND ENFORCEMENT 552 B. ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY AND THE E-COMMERCE DIRECTIVE 556 C. COOPERATION WITH INFORMATION SERVICE PROVIDERS 558 D. REGULATORY COOPERATION 559 E. ADDITIONAL DATA (NOT PART OF THE INTERVIEW) 561 23 ANNEX II - A SECTORALLY ADAPTABLE, RISK-BASED DUTY OF CARE STANDARD (MODEL) 562 ANNEX III A DUTY OF CARE STANDARD FOR E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS 563 A. INTRODUCTION 563 1. PRINCIPLES 564 B. DUTY OF CARE: RISK ASSESSMENT, PREVENTION AND REMOVAL 565 1. METHODOLOGY: RISK-BASED APPROACH 565 2. RISK ASSESSMENT 566 I. HARMS DEFINITION 566 II. RISK IDENTIFICATION & DEFINITION 567 III. RISK ANALYSIS 567 A. RISK DRIVERS 567 B. PLATFORM CAPABILITIES 568 IV. RISK EVALUATION 570 3. RISK CONTROL 570 C. DUTY OF CARE: NOTICE-AND-TAKEDOWN 573 D. DUTY OF CARE: TRANSPARENCY 573 1. TERMS & CONDITIONS 573 2. TRANSPARENCY REPORTING 574 BIBLIOGRAPHY 580 A. BOOKS, BOOK SECTIONS, JOURNAL ARTICLES AND PUBLIC REPORTS 580 B. BLOG ARTICLES, INTERNET NEWS ARTICLES AND WEBPAGES 614 C. CASE LAW 626 1. NATIONAL 626 I. FRANCE 626 II. GERMANY 628 III. ITALY 630 IV. UK 630 V. US 631 VI. OTHER JURISDICTIONS 632 2. EU AND ECTHR 633 I. EU 633 II. ECTHR 636 D. STATUTES & BILLS 636 INDEX 643 24
adam_txt	ABRIDGED TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 25 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 27 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 31 A. GENERAL BACKGROUND 31 B. STRUCTURE 38 C. METHODOLOGY 46 D. DEFINITIONS, ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 49 CHAPTER 2 - THE EMERGENCE OF INTERMEDIARIES ON THE INTERNET - A SOCIO-TECHNICAL REVIEW 59 A. THE EARLY INTERNET 59 B. THE TECHNICAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE INTERNET 61 C. INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES WITHIN THE LAYERED INTERNET 65 D. INTERMEDIARY POWERHOUSES 88 E. SUMMARY: SOCIO-TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ROLE OF INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES 95 CHAPTER 3 - INTERMEDIARIES AND UNLAWFUL CONTENT - CHALLENGES IN INTERNET REGULATION 98 A. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF INTERNET GOVERNANCE 98 B. THE EMERGENCE OF INTERNET INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY 103 C. REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS OF INTERNET INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY 125 D. ENFORCEMENT CHALLENGES IN INTERNET INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY 155 CHAPTER 4 - SECTORAL FRAMEWORKS AND THE E-COMMERCE DIRECTIVE - THE ENFORCEMENT GAPS 225 A. INTRODUCTION 225 11 B. PERSONALITY RIGHTS AND PUBLIC ORDER: DEFAMATION, HATE SPEECH AND TERRORIST CONTENT 228 C. ECONOMIC RIGHTS: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 297 D. PRODUCT AND FOOD SAFETY REGULATION 380 E. SUMMARY: SECTORAL FRAMEWORKS AND INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY 414 CHAPTER 5 - ENFORCEMENT CASE STUDIES 418 A. INTRODUCTION 418 B. CASE STUDY 1: ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE IN PRODUCT REGULATION 422 C. CASE STUDY 2: ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE IN FOOD SAFETY REGULATION 436 D. SUMMARY OF MSA/FSA CASE STUDIES 448 CHAPTER 6 - A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR ONLINE INTERMEDIARY RESPONSIBILITY 453 A. INTERMEDIARY RESPONSIBILITY REFORM PROPOSALS - AN OVERVIEW 454 B. THE REGULATORY CHOICE OF A NEW INTERMEDIARY RESPONSIBILITY SYSTEM 466 C. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESPONSIBILITY AND THE SANCTIONS REGIME 500 D. A CO-REGULATORY DUTY OF CARE BASED ON HARMONISED TECHNICAL STANDARDS 501 CHAPTER? -CONCLUSION 540 ANNEX I - INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE (MODEL) 550 A. MARKET SURVEILLANCE AND ENFORCEMENT 552 B. ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY AND THE E-COMMERCE DIRECTIVE 556 C. COOPERATION WITH INFORMATION SERVICE PROVIDERS 558 D. REGULATORY COOPERATION 559 E. ADDITIONAL DATA (NOT PART OF THE INTERVIEW) 561 ANNEX II - A SECTORALLY ADAPTABLE, RISK-BASED DUTY OF CARE STANDARD (MODEL) 562 ANNEX III A DUTY OF CARE STANDARD FOR E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS 563 A. INTRODUCTION 563 12 B. DUTY OF CARE: RISK ASSESSMENT, PREVENTION AND REMOVAL 565 C. DUTY OF CARE: NOTICE-AND-TAKEDOWN 573 D. DUTY OF CARE: TRANSPARENCY 573 BIBLIOGRAPHY 580 A. BOOKS, BOOK SECTIONS, JOURNAL ARTICLES AND PUBLIC REPORTS 580 B. BLOG ARTICLES, INTERNET NEWS ARTICLES AND WEBPAGES 614 C. CASE LAW 626 D. STATUTES & BILLS 636 INDEX 643 13 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 25 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 27 CHAPTER 1 -INTRODUCTION 31 A. GENERAL BACKGROUND 31 B. STRUCTURE 38 C. METHODOLOGY 46 D. DEFINITIONS, ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 49 1. DEFINITIONS 49 I. INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES - INTERMEDIARY SERVICE PROVIDERS 49 II. ONLINE PLATFORMS 50 III. ILLEGAL VERSUS UNLAWFUL CONTENT 51 IV. MATERIAL CONTENT 52 V. UNLAWFUL ACTIVITY AND UNLAWFUL CONTENT/INFORMATION 53 VI. HARMFUL CONTENT 53 VII. PLATFORM USERS 55 2. ASSUMPTIONS 55 3. LIMITATIONS 55 I. SANCTIONS 55 II. SUBSTANTIVE LAW AFFECTING ONLINE PLATFORMS 56 CHAPTER 2 - THE EMERGENCE OF INTERMEDIARIES ON THE INTERNET - A SOCIO-TECHNICAL REVIEW 59 A. THE EARLY INTERNET 59 B. THE TECHNICAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE INTERNET 61 C. INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES WITHIN THE LAYERED INTERNET 65 1. A TYPOLOGY OF INTERMEDIARIES 66 2. INTERNET ACCESS PROVIDERS 68 3. SEARCH ENGINES 70 4. E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS 73 15 5. USER GENERATED CONTENT AND SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS - THE RISE OF WEB 2.0 78 6. SHARING ECONOMY PLATFORMS 82 7. MESSENGER SERVICES, CLOUD PLATFORMS AND OTHER ONLINE INTERMEDIARIES 85 D. INTERMEDIARY POWERHOUSES 88 1. MULTI-SIDED PLATFORMS 88 2. THE LEADING PLAYERS 90 I. GOOGLE (ALPHABET) 90 II. AMAZON 91 III. FACEBOOK 92 IV. APPLE 92 V. MICROSOFT 93 3. FROM CONTENT TO INFRASTRUCTURE CONTROL 94 E. SUMMARY: SOCIO-TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ROLE OF INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES 95 CHAPTER 3 - INTERMEDIARIES AND UNLAWFUL CONTENT - CHALLENGES IN INTERNET REGULATION 98 A. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF INTERNET GOVERNANCE 98 1. INFRASTRUCTURE 98 2. CONTENT REGULATION = INTERMEDIARY REGULATION? 101 B. THE EMERGENCE OF INTERNET INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY 103 1. JUSTIFICATIONS FOR INTERNET INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY IN LAW 104 I. MORAL JUSTIFICATIONS 104 II. ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATIONS 106 2. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LIABILITY 108 I. PRIMARY LIABILITY FOR INTERMEDIARIES 109 II. SECONDARY LIABILITY 110 A. COMMON LAW 111 B. CIVIL LAW JURISDICTIONS 112 3. EARLY CASE LAW ON INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES 114 I. CASE LAW IN THE EU 115 A. UNITED KINGDOM 115 B. GERMANY 117 C. FRANCE 118 D. ITALY 119 E. BELGIUM 120 16 II. CASE IN LAW IN THE US 121 A. CUBBY, INC V COMPUSERVE, INC. 121 B. STRATTON OAKMONT V PRODIGY SERVICES CO. 122 C. PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES, INC. V FRENA 123 D. SEGA ENTERPRISES, LTD. V MAPHIA & RELIGIOUS T ECHNOLOGY CENTER V NETCOM 124 C. REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS OF INTERNET INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY 125 1. US 125 I. COMMUNICATIONS DECENCY ACT 1996 126 II. THE DIGITAL MILLENNIUM COPYRIGHT ACT 1998 128 III. TRADEMARKS - THE LANHAM ACT 130 2. EU 131 I. SETTING THE SCENE FOR AN INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY FRAMEWORK 131 II. THE E-COMMERCE DIRECTIVE 132 A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND SCOPE 132 B. THE LIABILITY (EXEMPTIONS) OF INTERMEDIARIES 136 3. COMPARING THE EU AND US INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY FRAMEWORKS 143 4. OTHER JURISDICTIONS 146 I. AUSTRALIA 146 II. CANADA 148 III. CHINA 150 IV. INDIA 151 D. ENFORCEMENT CHALLENGES IN INTERNET INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY 155 1. EMERGING CHALLENGES - EU REVIEWS OF THE ECD 155 I. THE 2003 AND 2007 ECD EVALUATIONS 155 II. THE 2012 PUBLIC CONSULTATION 157 III. REVIEWS AND INITIATIVES UNDER THE DIGITAL SINGLE MARKET POLICY 158 IV. MAIN LEGAL CHALLENGES OF THE ECD INHIBITING ENFORCEMENT AGAINST UNLAWFUL CONTENT 161 2. ECD INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY - THE MAIN CHALLENGES THROUGH CASE LAW 163 I. THE NEUTRALITY OF INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES 164 A. SEARCH ENGINES 165 B. E-COMMERCE MARKETPLACES 166 I. NATIONAL CASE LAW 166 II. EU CASE LAW 169 III. APPLICATION OF CJEU RULINGS 170 IV. US DEVELOPMENTS 176 17 C. UGC PLATFORMS AND SOCIAL NETWORKS 177 I. NATIONAL CASE LAW 178 II. EU CASE LAW 182 II. THE INTERMEDIARY ' S ACTUAL KNOWLEDGE OF ILLEGAL ACTS 184 A. DEFINING ACTUAL KNOWLEDGE 184 B. OBTAINING ACTUAL KNOWLEDGE 185 I. COURT OR AUTHORITY ORDERS 186 II. NOTICE-AND-TAKEDOWN 186 III. AWARENESS OF ILLEGAL ACTIVITY OR INFORMATION 191 III. THE PREVENTIVE OBLIGATIONS OF INTERMEDIARIES 196 A. NATIONAL CASE LAW 199 I. FRANCE 199 II. ITALY 200 III. GERMANY 202 IV. UK 204 B. CJEU AND ECTHR CASE LAW 207 I. L ' OREAL V EBAY (C-324/09) 207 II. SCARLET EXTENDED (C-70/10) & NETLOG (C-360/10) 208 III. ME FADDEN (C-484/14) 213 IV. THE ECTHR RULINGS IN DELFI V ESTONIA & MTE V HUNGARY 214 V. EVA GLAWISCHNIG-PIESCZEK V FACEBOOK IRELAND (C18/18) 217 3. SUMMARY OF LEGAL CHALLENGES OF THE ECD 219 I. SUMMARY: THE AVAILABILITY OF THE ECD PROTECTIONS 219 II. SUMMARY: THE KNOWLEDGE STANDARD 221 III. SUMMARY: SPECIFIC VERSUS GENERAL MONITORING 223 CHAPTER 4 - SECTORAL FRAMEWORKS AND THE E-COMMERCE DIRECTIVE - THE ENFORCEMENT GAPS 225 A. INTRODUCTION 225 B. PERSONALITY RIGHTS AND PUBLIC ORDER: DEFAMATION, HATE SPEECH AND TERRORIST CONTENT 228 1. DEFAMATION 228 I. DEFAMATION ONLINE - BACKGROUND 228 II. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF DEFAMATION IN THE EU 230 III. DEFAMATION, ONLINE INTERMEDIARIES AND THE ECD IN NATIONAL LAW 232 A. UK 232 18 B. FRANCE 235 C. GERMANY 237 D. DIFFERENCES IN ASSESSING THE MANIFESTLY ILLEGAL NATURE OF DEFAMATION 239 E. DEFAMATION AND THE INTERACTIVE, SOCIAL WEB 241 IV. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 242 2. HATE SPEECH 244 I. THE PHENOMENON OF HATE SPEECH ON WEB 2.0 244 II. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF HATE SPEECH 246 A. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AT STAKE 246 B. EU REGULATION 247 I. THE EU CODE OF CONDUCT ON ILLEGAL HATE SPEECH ONLINE 248 II. THE AVMSD AND THE DSA PROPOSAL 252 C. MEMBER STATES 254 I. ENGLAND AND WALES 255 II. GERMANY 257 III. FRANCE 264 III. PRIVATE REGULATION OF HATE SPEECH 268 IV. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 271 3. TERRORIST CONTENT 274 I. BACKGROUND 274 II. LEGAL FRAMEWORK AGAINST TERRORISM ONLINE - EU AND MEMBER STATES 275 III. PRIVATE REGULATION OF TERRORIST CONTENT AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS 281 IV. EU REGULATION 286 A. PROPOSAL OF A REGULATION FOR PREVENTING TERRORIST CONTENT ONLINE 286 B. REGULATION 2019/1148 ON MARKETING AND USE OF EXPLOSIVES PRECURSORS 290 V. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 295 C. ECONOMIC RIGHTS: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 297 4. COPYRIGHT 297 I. COPYRIGHT AND THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 297 II. INTERNATIONAL LAW AND EU SET-UP 301 III. COPYRIGHT ENFORCEMENT AND ONLINE INTERMEDIARIES 304 A. ENFORCEMENT AT MEMBER STATE LEVEL 304 B. ENFORCEMENT AGAINST IAP S - BLOCKING AND FILTERING INJUNCTIONS 306 19 C. CONTENT HOSTING, SHARING AND THE ROAD TOWARDS PRIMARY LIABILITY 312 P2P FILE SHARING AND HYPERLINKING 313 SEARCH ENGINES, HYPERLINKING AND AUTO-COMPLETE FUNCTIONS 317 CONTENT SHARING PLATFORMS 323 IV. INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS: ENFORCEMENT BY PRIVATE ACTORS 327 A. CONTENT RECOGNITION AND IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES 328 FINGERPRINTING 328 HASHING 329 WATERMARKING 330 METADATA ANALYSIS 331 PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS 333 B. PLATFORM ACTIVITIES ADDRESSING COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENTS - THE RISE OF AUTOMATED PREVENTION 334 V. EU LEGAL INITIATIVES - THE DIGITAL SINGLE MARKET DIRECTIVE (DSMD) 341 VI. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 347 5. TRADEMARKS 349 I. TRADEMARKS, COUNTERFEITING AND E-COMMERCE 349 II. EU TRADEMARK PROTECTION, ITS WIDENING SCOPE AND THE INTERNET 353 III. ENFORCEMENT: PRIMARY INFRINGERS OR INTERMEDIARIES WITH RESPONSIBILITIES? 356 A. ONLINE INTERMEDIARIES AS PRIMARY INFRINGERS 356 B. SECONDARY LIABILITY TRENDS AND CONSUMER LAW 362 IV. PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT 365 V. EU POLICY DEVELOPMENT 371 A. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING ON THE SALE OF COUNTERFEIT GOODS OVER THE INTERNET 372 B. OTHER EU POLICY INITIATIVES 377 VI. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 378 D. PRODUCT AND FOOD SAFETY REGULATION 380 6. PRODUCT SAFETY (NON-FOOD PRODUCTS) 380 I. BACKGROUND - PRODUCT SAFETY IN E-COMMERCE AND ONLINE PLATFORMS 380 II. EU PRODUCT SAFETY LAW AND E-COMMERCE 383 A. THE NEW APPROACH AND THE NEW LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 383 B. RESPONSIBILITIES AND LIABILITIES OF ECONOMIC ACTORS 387 20 III. ENFORCEMENT AND E-COMMERCE 388 A. TACKLING THE CHALLENGES OF ENFORCEMENT IN E-COMMERCE 388 B. ONLINE INTERMEDIARIES AND PRODUCT SAFETY LAW 391 IV. PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT 400 V. EU LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES 402 VI. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 405 7. FOOD SAFETY 406 I. BACKGROUND - FOOD IN E-COMMERCE AND ON ONLINE PLATFORMS 406 II. FOOD SAFETY AND ITS ENFORCEMENT IN EU AND NATIONAL LAW 408 A. EU FOOD SAFETY LAW - RESPONSIBLE ECONOMIC ACTORS 408 B. ONLINE INTERMEDIARIES AND FOOD SAFETY 411 III. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 413 E. SUMMARY: SECTORAL FRAMEWORKS AND INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY 414 1. THE MULTILEVEL REGULATORY PICTURE OF EU INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY 414 2. SUMMARY: COMMON TRENDS IN SECTORAL ONLINE INTERMEDIARY LIABILIY 416 CHAPTERS - ENFORCEMENT CASE STUDIES 418 A. INTRODUCTION 418 1. RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES 418 2. SURVEY STRUCTURE 419 3. CONFIDENTIALITY 421 B. CASE STUDY 1: ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE IN PRODUCT REGULATION 422 1. OVERVIEW 422 2. SURVEY RESULTS - ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE - RED AND EMC DIRECTIVES 423 I. SECTION A: MARKET SURVEILLANCE AND ENFORCEMENT 423 A. ENFORCEMENT SCOPE: SECTOR COVERAGE 423 B. ENFORCEMENT VIS-A-VIS ISPS 424 C. ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITY 425 D. ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE RESOURCES 428 II. SECTION B: ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY AND THE ECD 429 A. USE OF THE ECD BY MSAS 429 B. THE RELATION BETWEEN PRODUCT SAFETY LAWS AND THE ECD 430 III. SECTION C: COOPERATION WITH ISPS 431 A. NATURE OF COOPERATION BETWEEN MSAS AND ISPS 432 B. OBSTACLES TO EFFECTIVE SURVEILLANCE AND ENFORCEMENT 433 IV. SECTION D: REGULATORY COOPERATION BETWEEN MSAS 434 21 C. CASE STUDY 2: ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE IN FOOD SAFETY REGULATION 436 1. OVERVIEW 436 2. SURVEY RESULTS - ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE IN THE AREA OF FOOD SAFETY 437 I. SECTION A: MARKET SURVEILLANCE AND ENFORCEMENT 437 A. ENFORCEMENT SCOPE: SECTOR COVERAGE 437 B. ENFORCEMENT VIS-A-VIS ISPS 437 C. ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITY 438 D. ONLINE MARKET SURVEILLANCE RESOURCES 440 II. SECTION B: ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY AND THE ECD 442 A. USE OF THE ECD BY FSAS 442 B. THE RELATION BETWEEN FOOD SAFETY LAWS AND THE ECD 443 III. SECTION C: COOPERATION WITH ISPS 444 A. NATURE OF COOPERATION BETWEEN FSAS AND ISPS 444 B. OBSTACLES TO EFFECTIVE SURVEILLANCE AND ENFORCEMENT 446 IV. SECTION D: REGULATORY COOPERATION BETWEEN FSAS 446 D. SUMMARY OF MSA/FSA CASE STUDIES 448 1. ENFORCEMENT HESITATION AND UNCLARITY OVER THE RELEVANCE OF THE ECD 449 2. THE TECHNICAL ROLE AND LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF ONLINE PLATFORMS 450 3. PRODUCT AND FOOD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT EXPERTISE AS A CHANCE 451 4. HORIZONTAL COOPERATION 451 CHAPTER 6 - A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR ONLINE INTERMEDIARY RESPONSIBILITY 453 A. INTERMEDIARY RESPONSIBILITY REFORM PROPOSALS - AN OVERVIEW 454 1. SYSTEMIC APPROACHES 455 2. PROCEDURAL APPROACHES 462 3. COMMON AND DIVISIVE FEATURES OF CURRENT INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY REFORM PROPOSALS 464 B. THE REGULATORY CHOICE OF A NEW INTERMEDIARY RESPONSIBILITY SYSTEM 466 1. THE CURRENT REGULATORY CHOICE 466 2. REGULATORY APPROACHES FOR THE INTERNET 468 I. SELF AND CO-REGULATION ON THE INTERNET 470 A. SELF-REGULATION 472 B. CO-REGULATION 475 II. CORPORATE (SOCIAL) RESPONSIBILITY FOR ONLINE PLATFORMS 479 III. DUTIES OF CARE 481 IV. RISK REGULATION AND COMPLIANCE 483 22 V. STANDARDISATION 487 3. APPLICATION TO A NEW INTERMEDIARY RESPONSIBILITY FRAMEWORK 492 I. RISKS AND PITFALLS OF FLEXIBLE REGULATORY TOOLS 495 C. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESPONSIBILITY AND THE SANCTIONS REGIME 500 D. A CO-REGULATORY DUTY OF CARE BASED ON HARMONISED TECHNICAL STANDARDS 501 1. INTRODUCTION 501 2. CHANGES TO THE ECD ' S ONLINE INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY FRAMEWORK 502 3. SECTORAL FLEXIBILITY - THE HARMS UNDER A HORIZONTAL FRAMEWORK 505 4. THE DUTY OF CARE RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 508 I. RISK ASSESSMENT 510 A. RISK IDENTIFICATION 510 B. RISK ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION 512 II. RISK CONTROL MEASURES 515 A. RISK CONTROL: PROSPECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY FOR EMPOWERING SAFE PLATFORM USE 516 B. RISK CONTROL: RETROSPECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY TO CONTAIN UNLAWFUL CONTENT 523 III. EXAMPLE OF A DUTY OF CARE STANDARD FOR ECONOMIC HARMS 524 5. TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY OBLIGATIONS 528 I. TRANSPARENCY 528 II. ACCOUNTABILITY 530 III. COMPLEMENTARY REGULATORY APPROACHES TOWARDS ONLINE PLATFORMS 531 6. THE REGULATORY INSTITUTION 533 7. BRIEF OF EVALUATION OF THE COMMISSION ' S DSA PROPOSAL OF DECEMBER 2020 536 CHAPTER 7 - CONCLUSION 540 ANNEX I - INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE (MODEL) 550 A. MARKET SURVEILLANCE AND ENFORCEMENT 552 B. ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY AND THE E-COMMERCE DIRECTIVE 556 C. COOPERATION WITH INFORMATION SERVICE PROVIDERS 558 D. REGULATORY COOPERATION 559 E. ADDITIONAL DATA (NOT PART OF THE INTERVIEW) 561 23 ANNEX II - A SECTORALLY ADAPTABLE, RISK-BASED DUTY OF CARE STANDARD (MODEL) 562 ANNEX III A DUTY OF CARE STANDARD FOR E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS 563 A. INTRODUCTION 563 1. PRINCIPLES 564 B. DUTY OF CARE: RISK ASSESSMENT, PREVENTION AND REMOVAL 565 1. METHODOLOGY: RISK-BASED APPROACH 565 2. RISK ASSESSMENT 566 I. HARMS DEFINITION 566 II. RISK IDENTIFICATION & DEFINITION 567 III. RISK ANALYSIS 567 A. RISK DRIVERS 567 B. PLATFORM CAPABILITIES 568 IV. RISK EVALUATION 570 3. RISK CONTROL 570 C. DUTY OF CARE: NOTICE-AND-TAKEDOWN 573 D. DUTY OF CARE: TRANSPARENCY 573 1. TERMS & CONDITIONS 573 2. TRANSPARENCY REPORTING 574 BIBLIOGRAPHY 580 A. BOOKS, BOOK SECTIONS, JOURNAL ARTICLES AND PUBLIC REPORTS 580 B. BLOG ARTICLES, INTERNET NEWS ARTICLES AND WEBPAGES 614 C. CASE LAW 626 1. NATIONAL 626 I. FRANCE 626 II. GERMANY 628 III. ITALY 630 IV. UK 630 V. US 631 VI. OTHER JURISDICTIONS 632 2. EU AND ECTHR 633 I. EU 633 II. ECTHR 636 D. STATUTES & BILLS 636 INDEX 643 24
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doi_str_mv	10.5771/9783748927051
edition	1st edition
format	Thesis Electronic eBook
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genre	(DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content
genre_facet	Hochschulschrift
geographic	USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd
geographic_facet	USA
id	DE-604.BV047449414
illustrated	Not Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-03T18:03:09Z
indexdate	2025-01-03T04:00:56Z
institution	BVB
institution_GND	(DE-588)117513-0
isbn	9783748927051
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032851414
oclc_num	1269397152
open_access_boolean	1
owner	DE-12 DE-634 DE-210 DE-521 DE-1102 DE-1046 DE-1047 DE-1028 DE-1050 DE-573 DE-M347 DE-92 DE-1051 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-859 DE-860 DE-1049 DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-M382 DE-523 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-Y3 DE-255 DE-Y7 DE-Y2 DE-70 DE-2174 DE-127 DE-22 DE-BY-UBG DE-155 DE-BY-UBR DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-384 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-20 DE-706 DE-824 DE-29 DE-739
owner_facet	DE-12 DE-634 DE-210 DE-521 DE-1102 DE-1046 DE-1047 DE-1028 DE-1050 DE-573 DE-M347 DE-92 DE-1051 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-859 DE-860 DE-1049 DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-M382 DE-523 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-Y3 DE-255 DE-Y7 DE-Y2 DE-70 DE-2174 DE-127 DE-22 DE-BY-UBG DE-155 DE-BY-UBR DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-384 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-20 DE-706 DE-824 DE-29 DE-739
physical	1 Online-Ressource (650 Seiten)
psigel	ZDB-18-NEA ZDB-94-OAB
publishDate	2021
publishDateSearch	2021
publishDateSort	2021
publisher	Nomos
record_format	marc
series	Luxemburger juristische Studien
series2	Luxemburger juristische Studien
spellingShingle	Ullrich, Carsten Unlawful content online towards a new regulatory framework for online platforms Luxemburger juristische Studien Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd Content Internet (DE-588)4675352-7 gnd Plattform Wirtschaft (DE-588)1242484655 gnd Grenzüberschreitender Datenverkehr (DE-588)4138290-0 gnd Rechtswidrigkeit (DE-588)4130534-6 gnd Haftung (DE-588)4022898-8 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4115712-6 (DE-588)4675352-7 (DE-588)1242484655 (DE-588)4138290-0 (DE-588)4130534-6 (DE-588)4022898-8 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4113937-9
title	Unlawful content online towards a new regulatory framework for online platforms
title_auth	Unlawful content online towards a new regulatory framework for online platforms
title_exact_search	Unlawful content online towards a new regulatory framework for online platforms
title_exact_search_txtP	Unlawful content online towards a new regulatory framework for online platforms
title_full	Unlawful content online towards a new regulatory framework for online platforms Carsten Ullrich
title_fullStr	Unlawful content online towards a new regulatory framework for online platforms Carsten Ullrich
title_full_unstemmed	Unlawful content online towards a new regulatory framework for online platforms Carsten Ullrich
title_short	Unlawful content online
title_sort	unlawful content online towards a new regulatory framework for online platforms
title_sub	towards a new regulatory framework for online platforms
topic	Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd Content Internet (DE-588)4675352-7 gnd Plattform Wirtschaft (DE-588)1242484655 gnd Grenzüberschreitender Datenverkehr (DE-588)4138290-0 gnd Rechtswidrigkeit (DE-588)4130534-6 gnd Haftung (DE-588)4022898-8 gnd
topic_facet	Europäische Union Rechtsvergleich Content Internet Plattform Wirtschaft Grenzüberschreitender Datenverkehr Rechtswidrigkeit Haftung USA Hochschulschrift
url	https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748927051 https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/71849 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032851414&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV045485465
work_keys_str_mv	AT ullrichcarsten unlawfulcontentonlinetowardsanewregulatoryframeworkforonlineplatforms AT nomosverlagsgesellschaft unlawfulcontentonlinetowardsanewregulatoryframeworkforonlineplatforms

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