Critical thinking: tools for taking charge of your learning and your life
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Lanham
Rowman & Littlefield
[2021]
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| Ausgabe: | Fourth edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xlix, 590 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781538138748 |
Internformat
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| adam_text | Contents About the Authors Preface iii xv Acknowledgments Introduction xix xxi A Start-Up Definition of Critical Thinking xxi An Expanded Conception of Critical Thinking xxii How Skilled Are You as a Thinker? xxiii Good Thinking Requires Hard Work xxv The Roots of Critical Thinking xxix Become a Critic of Your Thinking xxx Establish New Habits of Thought xxxii Develop Confidence in Your Ability to Reason and Figure Things Out xxxiii An Overview of the Primary Concepts in Critical Thinking in Diagram Form xxxvii Chapter 1 Become A Fairminded Thinker 1 Weak versus Strong Critical Thinking 1 What Does Fairmindedness Require? 5 Intellectual Humility: Strive to Discover the Extent of Your Ignorance 6 Intellectual Courage: Develop the Courage to Challenge Popular Beliefs and Your Own Beliefs 9 Intellectual Empathy: Learn to Enter Opposing Views Empathically 11 Intellectual Integrity: Hold Yourself to the Same Standards to Which You Hold Others 13 Intellectual Perseverance: Refuse to Give Up Easily; Work Your Way through Complexities and Frustration 15 Confidence in Reason: Be Moved by Evidence and Good Reasoning as You Seek the Truth 16 Intellectual Autonomy: Value Independence of Thought Recognize the Interdependence of Intellectual Virtues Conclusion 25 19 21 Chapter 2 The First Four Stages of Development: At What Level of Thinking Would You Place Yourself? 27 Stage 1: The Unreflective Thinker 28 Stage 2: The Challenged Thinker 29 Stage 3: The Beginning Thinker 32 Stage 4: The Practicing Thinker 36 v
Contents A “Game Plan” for Improvement 37 A Game Plan for Devising a Game Plan Integrating Strategies One by One 40 37 Chapter 3 Self-Understanding In A Complex World 43 Monitor the Egocentrism in Your Thought and Life 44 Make a Commitment to Fairmindedness 45 Recognize the Mind’s Three Distinctive Functions 46 Understand That You Have a Special Relationship to Your Mind 47 Connect Academic Subjects to Your Life and Problems 52 Learn Both Intellectually and Emotionally 52 Be Aware of How the Internet and Other Technologies Pervade and Affect Your Life 54 How the Internet Works: The Big Picture 55 Assess a Given Website Using Critical Thinking Standards 56 Chapter 4 The Parts of Thinking - 57 Reasoning Is Everywhere in Human Life 58 Reasoning Has Parts 59 A First Look at the Elements of Thought 61 An Everyday Example: Jack and Jill 65 Analysis of the Example 66 How the Parts of Thinking Fit Together 66 The Relationship between the Elements 67 Critical Thinkers Think to Some Purpose 68 Critical Thinkers Take Command of Concepts 69 Critical Thinkers Assess Information 72 Inert Information 72 Activated Ignorance 73 Activated Knowledge 74 Critical Thinkers Distinguish between Inferences and Assumptions Critical Thinkers Think through Implications 83 Critical Thinkers Think Across Points of View The Point of View of the Critical Thinker 88 Conclusion 88 85 Chapter 5 Standards For Thinking 89 Take a Deeper Look at Universal Intellectual Standards Clarity 91 Accuracy 92 Precision 94 Relevance 95 Depth 96 Breadth vi 97 91 77
Contents Logic 98 Significance 99 Fairness 99 Sufficiency 101 Bring Together the Elements of Reasoning and the Intellectual Standards Purpose, Goal, or End in View 105 Question at Issue or Problem to Be Solved 106 Point of View or Frame of Reference 108 Information, Data, Experiences 108 Concepts, Theories, Ideas 109 Assumptions 110 Implications and Consequences 110 Inferences 111 Brief Guidelines for Using Intellectual Standards 112 Chapter 6 Ask Questions That Lead to Good Thinking The Importance of Questions in Thinking 123 123 Questioning Your Questions 124 Dead Questions Reflect Inert Minds Three Categories of Questions 126 Become a Socratic Questioner 130 104 125 Focus Your Thinking on the Type of Question Being Asked 132 Focus Your Questions on Universal Intellectual Standards for Thought Focus Your Questions on the Elements of Thought 135 134 Focus Your Questions on Prior Questions 137 Focus Your Questions on Domains of Thinking 138 Conclusion 141 Chapter 7 Master the Thinking, Master the Content 143 Go Beyond Superficial Memorization to Deep Learning 144 The Relation of Content to Thinking 145 Understand Content through Thinking and Thinking through Content 146 Learning Any Content Entails Figuring Things Out Within the Content 147 All Content Is Organized by Concepts 147 All Content Is Logically Interdependent 148 Think through Your Classes Using Your Knowledge of Thinking 149 A Caution 150 Chapter 8 Discover How the Best Thinkers Leam 153 Twenty Ideas for Improving Your Studies 154 The Logic of a Typical College Class 156 Becoming a Skilled Thinker 157 The Design
of a Typical College Class and the Tÿpical College Student Figure Out the Underlying Concept of Your Courses 158 160 vii
Contents Figure Out the Form of Thinking Essential to Courses or Subjects Think Within the Logic of the Subject 164 The Logic of Six Academic Disciplines 165 The Logic of Biology 165 The Logic of Ecology 166 The Logic of Aerospace Engineering 167 The Logic of Electrical Engineering 168 The Logic of History 169 The Logic of Biochemistry 172 Make the Design of the Course Work for You 183 Sample Course: American History, 1600-1800 183 Reading, Writing, Speaking, Listening, and Thinking Figure Out the Logic of an Article or Essay 185 Figure Out the Logic of a Textbook 187 Criteria for Evaluating an Author’s Reasoning A Test to Repeat in Every Class and Subject 162 183 188 189 Chapter 9 Redefine Grades as Levels of Thinking and Learning 191 Develop Strategies for Self-Assessment 192 Use Profiles to Assess Your Performance 192 Exemplary Students (Grade of A) 193 High-Performing Students (Grade of B) 193 Mixed-Quality Students (Grade of C) 194 Low-Performing Students (Grade of D or F) 194 Apply Student Profiles to Assess Your Performance Within Subjects 195 Exemplary Thinking as a Student of Psychology (Grade of A) 195 High-Performing Thinking as a Student of Psychology (Grade of B) 196 Mixed-Quality Thinking as a Student of Psychology (Grade of C) 197 Low-Performing Thinking as a Student of Psychology (Grade of D or F) 197 Conclusion 199 Chapter 10 Make Decisions and Solve Problems 201 Making Decisions 201 Evaluating Patterns in Decision-Making 202 “Big” Decisions 203 The Logic of Decision-Making 203 Dimensions of Decision-Making 206 The Early Decisions (TWo to Eleven Years of
Age) 207 Adolescent Decisions (Twelve to Seventeeen Years of Age) Solving Problems 210 Becoming an Activist Problem-Solver 210 Evaluating Patterns in Your Problem-Solving viii 211 208
Contents “Big” Problems 213 Dimensions of Problem-Solving 213 Avoiding the Pitfalls of Problem-Solving 218 Analyzing Problems Using the Elements of Thought The Art of Problem-Solving 223 Conclusion 225 Chapter 11 Argumentetion Theory and Critical Thinking 221 227 Analyzing and Assessing Arguments—General Guidelines 229 Analyzing the Logic of a Given Argument 233 Evaluating an Author’s Reasoning Within an Argument 234 Chapter 12 Deal with Your Irrational Mind 237 Take Charge of Your Egocentric Nature 242 Understand Egocentric Thinking 244 Understand Egocentrism as a Mind within the Mind Successful Egocentric Thinking 248 246 Unsuccessful Egocentric Thinking 249 Rational, Reasonable Thinking 251 Tvo Egocentric Functions 255 Egocentric Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 265 Challenge the Egocentric Pathological Tendencies of Your Mind Defense Mechanisms of the Mind 267 The Challenge of Rationality 269 Take Charge of Your Sociocentric Tendencies 269 The Nature of Sociocentrism 270 Primary Forms of Sociocentric Thought 274 Social Stratification 280 266 Sociocentric Thinking Is Unconscious and Potentially Dangerous 280 Sociocentric Uses of Language 281 Disclose Sociocentric Thinking through Conceptual Analysis 282 Reveal Ideology at Work through Conceptual Analysis Conclusion 284 Chapter 13 Develop as an Ethical Reasoner 285 Why People Are Confused about Ethics The Fundamentals of Ethical Reasoning 286 288 Ethical Concepts and Principles 289 The Universal Nature of Ethical Principles 292 Distinguishing Ethics from Other Domains of Thinking Understanding Our Native
Selfishness 304 Conclusion 307 283 294 ix
Contents Chapter 14 How to Detect Media Bias and Political Propaganda 309 Why Critical Thinking Is Essential to Making Sense of the News 309 What Is News? 311 Political Views in the News: Understanding the Liberal-Minded Person The Logic of the News Media 314 Political Influences, Advertising, and Group Think 314 Technological Noise in the News 316 What We Need the News Media to Do for Us 316 Current Trends Affecting How We See the News 317 Key Critical Thinking Questions to Ask When Seeking the News 317 Realities That Impede Our Ability to Get Objective News 318 The Problem of Fake News 320 Social Media Is an Unreliable News Source 321 Critical Thinking Tools For Understanding Human Reasoning And Media Logic Questioning the Reasoning Embedded in a News Article 322 Intellectual Standards for Assessing News Articles, Editorials, and Stories Characteristics of the Disciplined Mind That Help Us Detect Bias 325 Objectivity, Biases, And Underlying Agendas 329 Democracy and the News Media 330 Myths That Obscure the Logic of the News Media 331 Bias and Objectivity in the News Media 331 How the News Media View Objectivity Today 334 Forms of Objectivity 335 The Perception of Bias in the Mainstream 337 Propaganda and News Story Writing 337 Protecting the Home Audience from Guilt Feelings 339 How the News Media Foster Sociocentric Thinking 340 Become An Astute Media Consumer 342 How to Obtain Useful Information from Propaganda and Typical News Stories 342 Steps in Becoming a Critical Consumer of the News 343 Media Awareness of Media Bias 344 Sensitivity to Advertisers 345 Sensitivity
to Politicians and the Government Sensitivity to Powerful Interests 346 Sensitivity to Their Competitors 347 The Bias Toward Novelty and Sensationalism 345 347 Critical Consumers of the News 349 Dominant and Dissenting Views: Finding Alternative Sources of Information 350 Buried, Ignored, or Underreported Stories 351 Using the Internet in Seeking the News x 352 312 321 325
Contents Additional Alternative News Sources 352 Readings That Help You Become a More Independent Thinker The Future of the News 354 Is It Possible for the News Media to Reform? 354 Is the Emergence of a “Critical Society” Possible? 355 Conclusion 356 Chapter 15 Fallacies: The Art of Mental Trickery and Manipulation 353 357 Truth and Deception in the Human Mind 358 Three lÿpes of Thinkers 359 Uncritical Persons (Intellectually Unskilled Thinkers) 359 Skilled Manipulators (Weak-Sense Critical Thinkers) 360 Fairminded Critical Persons (Strong-Sense Critical Thinkers) 361 The Concept of Fallacies of Thought 362 Naming Fallacies 362 Mistakes versus Fallacies 363 No Exhaustive List of Fallacies 364 Faulty Generalizations 365 Analyzing Generalizations 367 Post Hoc Generalizations 371 Analogies and Metaphors 371 Forty-Four Foul Ways to Win an Argument 373 Fallacy Detection: Analyzing a Speech from the Past 391 Fallacy Detection: Analyzing a More Current Presidential Speech 395 Fallacy Detection: Analyzing a Speech from a Presidential Candidate 398 Avoid T vo Extremes Conclusion 401 401 Chapter 16 Learning and Using Information Critically and Ethically: Part I, Critique of Disciplines 405 The Ideal of Knowledge Acquisition 405 True Loyalty to a Discipline 406 The Gap Between Fact and Ideal 407 The Ideal Compared to the Real 409 The Ideal of Mathematics 410 Abstract Quantification 410 The Ideal of Science: Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology, Biology 412 The Ideal of Science: History, Sociology, Anthropology, Economics, Psychology 415 The Social Studies as Taught and Practiced
418 The Ideal of the Arts and Humanities 419 Music, Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Dance, Literature, Philosophy Conclusion 419 422 xi
Contents Chapter 17 Learning and Using Information Critically and Ethically: Part П The Method and A Model Case 425 Realistic Understanding 426 425 Be a Critic, Not a Cynic 428 Recognize the Mental Nature of Knowledge 428 Develop Awareness of the Harm from Misuse of Information 429 Question Academic and “Expert” Information 432 Question the Status of Knowledge in a Field 433 A Model Case: Questioning Psychology and the Mental Health Professions The Milgram Experiment 436 Scientific Studies in Psychology 439 A Dark Side of the Mental Health Professions 439 Legitimizing Deeply Held Social Beliefs 441 Questioning Psychotherapy 446 Learning from Suspect Claims of.Psychology and the Mental Health Professions 448 Thinking Psychologically: A Postscript 450 Forms of Thought 434 450 Chapter 18 Strategic Thinking: Part I 453 Understanding and Using Strategic Thinking 453 Components of Strategic Thinking 456 The Beginnings of Strategic Thinking 456 Key Idea #1: Thoughts, Feelings, and Desires Are Interdependent 457 Key Idea #2: There Is a Logic to This, and You Can Figure It Out 460 Key Idea #3: For Thinking to Be of High Quality, We Must Routinely Assess It 465 Chapter 19 Strategic Thinking: Part II 469 Key Idea #4: Our Native Egocentrism Is a Default Mechanism 469 Key Idea #5: We Must Become Sensitive to the Egocentrism of Those Around * Us 473 Key Idea #6: The Mind Tends to Generalize Beyond the Original Experience 475 Key Idea #7: Egocentric Thinking Appears to the Mind as Rational 477 Key Idea #8: The Egocentric Mind Is Automatic in Nature 478 Key Idea #9: We Often Pursue Power
through Dominating or Submissive Behavior 480 Key Idea #10: Humans Are Naturally Sociocentric Animals Key Idea #11 : Developing Rationality Requires Work Conclusion 484 483 Chapter 20 Becoming An Advanced Thinker: Our Conclusion Practicing Skilled Thinking 485 Stage 5: Reaching the Advanced Stage of Development Stage 6: Becoming an Accomplished Thinker 488 xii 481 485 486
Contents Qualities of Mind of an Accomplished Thinker The Inner Logic of the Accomplished Thinker The Ideal Thinker 490 491 491 Appendices A A Brief History of The Idea of Critical Thinking В Sample Analysis of The Logic of... 501 A Glossary of Critical Thinking Terms and Concepts Notes 511 559 References Index 493 563 567 xiii
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| adam_txt |
Contents About the Authors Preface iii xv Acknowledgments Introduction xix xxi A Start-Up Definition of Critical Thinking xxi An Expanded Conception of Critical Thinking xxii How Skilled Are You as a Thinker? xxiii Good Thinking Requires Hard Work xxv The Roots of Critical Thinking xxix Become a Critic of Your Thinking xxx Establish New Habits of Thought xxxii Develop Confidence in Your Ability to Reason and Figure Things Out xxxiii An Overview of the Primary Concepts in Critical Thinking in Diagram Form xxxvii Chapter 1 Become A Fairminded Thinker 1 Weak versus Strong Critical Thinking 1 What Does Fairmindedness Require? 5 Intellectual Humility: Strive to Discover the Extent of Your Ignorance 6 Intellectual Courage: Develop the Courage to Challenge Popular Beliefs and Your Own Beliefs 9 Intellectual Empathy: Learn to Enter Opposing Views Empathically 11 Intellectual Integrity: Hold Yourself to the Same Standards to Which You Hold Others 13 Intellectual Perseverance: Refuse to Give Up Easily; Work Your Way through Complexities and Frustration 15 Confidence in Reason: Be Moved by Evidence and Good Reasoning as You Seek the Truth 16 Intellectual Autonomy: Value Independence of Thought Recognize the Interdependence of Intellectual Virtues Conclusion 25 19 21 Chapter 2 The First Four Stages of Development: At What Level of Thinking Would You Place Yourself? 27 Stage 1: The Unreflective Thinker 28 Stage 2: The Challenged Thinker 29 Stage 3: The Beginning Thinker 32 Stage 4: The Practicing Thinker 36 v
Contents A “Game Plan” for Improvement 37 A Game Plan for Devising a Game Plan Integrating Strategies One by One 40 37 Chapter 3 Self-Understanding In A Complex World 43 Monitor the Egocentrism in Your Thought and Life 44 Make a Commitment to Fairmindedness 45 Recognize the Mind’s Three Distinctive Functions 46 Understand That You Have a Special Relationship to Your Mind 47 Connect Academic Subjects to Your Life and Problems 52 Learn Both Intellectually and Emotionally 52 Be Aware of How the Internet and Other Technologies Pervade and Affect Your Life 54 How the Internet Works: The Big Picture 55 Assess a Given Website Using Critical Thinking Standards 56 Chapter 4 The Parts of Thinking - 57 Reasoning Is Everywhere in Human Life 58 Reasoning Has Parts 59 A First Look at the Elements of Thought 61 An Everyday Example: Jack and Jill 65 Analysis of the Example 66 How the Parts of Thinking Fit Together 66 The Relationship between the Elements 67 Critical Thinkers Think to Some Purpose 68 Critical Thinkers Take Command of Concepts 69 Critical Thinkers Assess Information 72 Inert Information 72 Activated Ignorance 73 Activated Knowledge 74 Critical Thinkers Distinguish between Inferences and Assumptions Critical Thinkers Think through Implications 83 Critical Thinkers Think Across Points of View The Point of View of the Critical Thinker 88 Conclusion 88 85 Chapter 5 Standards For Thinking 89 Take a Deeper Look at Universal Intellectual Standards Clarity 91 Accuracy 92 Precision 94 Relevance 95 Depth 96 Breadth vi 97 91 77
Contents Logic 98 Significance 99 Fairness 99 Sufficiency 101 Bring Together the Elements of Reasoning and the Intellectual Standards Purpose, Goal, or End in View 105 Question at Issue or Problem to Be Solved 106 Point of View or Frame of Reference 108 Information, Data, Experiences 108 Concepts, Theories, Ideas 109 Assumptions 110 Implications and Consequences 110 Inferences 111 Brief Guidelines for Using Intellectual Standards 112 Chapter 6 Ask Questions That Lead to Good Thinking The Importance of Questions in Thinking 123 123 Questioning Your Questions 124 Dead Questions Reflect Inert Minds Three Categories of Questions 126 Become a Socratic Questioner 130 104 125 Focus Your Thinking on the Type of Question Being Asked 132 Focus Your Questions on Universal Intellectual Standards for Thought Focus Your Questions on the Elements of Thought 135 134 Focus Your Questions on Prior Questions 137 Focus Your Questions on Domains of Thinking 138 Conclusion 141 Chapter 7 Master the Thinking, Master the Content 143 Go Beyond Superficial Memorization to Deep Learning 144 The Relation of Content to Thinking 145 Understand Content through Thinking and Thinking through Content 146 Learning Any Content Entails Figuring Things Out Within the Content 147 All Content Is Organized by Concepts 147 All Content Is Logically Interdependent 148 Think through Your Classes Using Your Knowledge of Thinking 149 A Caution 150 Chapter 8 Discover How the Best Thinkers Leam 153 Twenty Ideas for Improving Your Studies 154 The Logic of a Typical College Class 156 Becoming a Skilled Thinker 157 The Design
of a Typical College Class and the Tÿpical College Student Figure Out the Underlying Concept of Your Courses 158 160 vii
Contents Figure Out the Form of Thinking Essential to Courses or Subjects Think Within the Logic of the Subject 164 The Logic of Six Academic Disciplines 165 The Logic of Biology 165 The Logic of Ecology 166 The Logic of Aerospace Engineering 167 The Logic of Electrical Engineering 168 The Logic of History 169 The Logic of Biochemistry 172 Make the Design of the Course Work for You 183 Sample Course: American History, 1600-1800 183 Reading, Writing, Speaking, Listening, and Thinking Figure Out the Logic of an Article or Essay 185 Figure Out the Logic of a Textbook 187 Criteria for Evaluating an Author’s Reasoning A Test to Repeat in Every Class and Subject 162 183 188 189 Chapter 9 Redefine Grades as Levels of Thinking and Learning 191 Develop Strategies for Self-Assessment 192 Use Profiles to Assess Your Performance 192 Exemplary Students (Grade of A) 193 High-Performing Students (Grade of B) 193 Mixed-Quality Students (Grade of C) 194 Low-Performing Students (Grade of D or F) 194 Apply Student Profiles to Assess Your Performance Within Subjects 195 Exemplary Thinking as a Student of Psychology (Grade of A) 195 High-Performing Thinking as a Student of Psychology (Grade of B) 196 Mixed-Quality Thinking as a Student of Psychology (Grade of C) 197 Low-Performing Thinking as a Student of Psychology (Grade of D or F) 197 Conclusion 199 Chapter 10 Make Decisions and Solve Problems 201 Making Decisions 201 Evaluating Patterns in Decision-Making 202 “Big” Decisions 203 The Logic of Decision-Making 203 Dimensions of Decision-Making 206 The Early Decisions (TWo to Eleven Years of
Age) 207 Adolescent Decisions (Twelve to Seventeeen Years of Age) Solving Problems 210 Becoming an Activist Problem-Solver 210 Evaluating Patterns in Your Problem-Solving viii 211 208
Contents “Big” Problems 213 Dimensions of Problem-Solving 213 Avoiding the Pitfalls of Problem-Solving 218 Analyzing Problems Using the Elements of Thought The Art of Problem-Solving 223 Conclusion 225 Chapter 11 Argumentetion Theory and Critical Thinking 221 227 Analyzing and Assessing Arguments—General Guidelines 229 Analyzing the Logic of a Given Argument 233 Evaluating an Author’s Reasoning Within an Argument 234 Chapter 12 Deal with Your Irrational Mind 237 Take Charge of Your Egocentric Nature 242 Understand Egocentric Thinking 244 Understand Egocentrism as a Mind within the Mind Successful Egocentric Thinking 248 246 Unsuccessful Egocentric Thinking 249 Rational, Reasonable Thinking 251 Tvo Egocentric Functions 255 Egocentric Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 265 Challenge the Egocentric Pathological Tendencies of Your Mind Defense Mechanisms of the Mind 267 The Challenge of Rationality 269 Take Charge of Your Sociocentric Tendencies 269 The Nature of Sociocentrism 270 Primary Forms of Sociocentric Thought 274 Social Stratification 280 266 Sociocentric Thinking Is Unconscious and Potentially Dangerous 280 Sociocentric Uses of Language 281 Disclose Sociocentric Thinking through Conceptual Analysis 282 Reveal Ideology at Work through Conceptual Analysis Conclusion 284 Chapter 13 Develop as an Ethical Reasoner 285 Why People Are Confused about Ethics The Fundamentals of Ethical Reasoning 286 288 Ethical Concepts and Principles 289 The Universal Nature of Ethical Principles 292 Distinguishing Ethics from Other Domains of Thinking Understanding Our Native
Selfishness 304 Conclusion 307 283 294 ix
Contents Chapter 14 How to Detect Media Bias and Political Propaganda 309 Why Critical Thinking Is Essential to Making Sense of the News 309 What Is News? 311 Political Views in the News: Understanding the Liberal-Minded Person The Logic of the News Media 314 Political Influences, Advertising, and Group Think 314 Technological Noise in the News 316 What We Need the News Media to Do for Us 316 Current Trends Affecting How We See the News 317 Key Critical Thinking Questions to Ask When Seeking the News 317 Realities That Impede Our Ability to Get Objective News 318 The Problem of Fake News 320 Social Media Is an Unreliable News Source 321 Critical Thinking Tools For Understanding Human Reasoning And Media Logic Questioning the Reasoning Embedded in a News Article 322 Intellectual Standards for Assessing News Articles, Editorials, and Stories Characteristics of the Disciplined Mind That Help Us Detect Bias 325 Objectivity, Biases, And Underlying Agendas 329 Democracy and the News Media 330 Myths That Obscure the Logic of the News Media 331 Bias and Objectivity in the News Media 331 How the News Media View Objectivity Today 334 Forms of Objectivity 335 The Perception of Bias in the Mainstream 337 Propaganda and News Story Writing 337 Protecting the Home Audience from Guilt Feelings 339 How the News Media Foster Sociocentric Thinking 340 Become An Astute Media Consumer 342 How to Obtain Useful Information from Propaganda and Typical News Stories 342 Steps in Becoming a Critical Consumer of the News 343 Media Awareness of Media Bias 344 Sensitivity to Advertisers 345 Sensitivity
to Politicians and the Government Sensitivity to Powerful Interests 346 Sensitivity to Their Competitors 347 The Bias Toward Novelty and Sensationalism 345 347 Critical Consumers of the News 349 Dominant and Dissenting Views: Finding Alternative Sources of Information 350 Buried, Ignored, or Underreported Stories 351 Using the Internet in Seeking the News x 352 312 321 325
Contents Additional Alternative News Sources 352 Readings That Help You Become a More Independent Thinker The Future of the News 354 Is It Possible for the News Media to Reform? 354 Is the Emergence of a “Critical Society” Possible? 355 Conclusion 356 Chapter 15 Fallacies: The Art of Mental Trickery and Manipulation 353 357 Truth and Deception in the Human Mind 358 Three lÿpes of Thinkers 359 Uncritical Persons (Intellectually Unskilled Thinkers) 359 Skilled Manipulators (Weak-Sense Critical Thinkers) 360 Fairminded Critical Persons (Strong-Sense Critical Thinkers) 361 The Concept of Fallacies of Thought 362 Naming Fallacies 362 Mistakes versus Fallacies 363 No Exhaustive List of Fallacies 364 Faulty Generalizations 365 Analyzing Generalizations 367 Post Hoc Generalizations 371 Analogies and Metaphors 371 Forty-Four Foul Ways to Win an Argument 373 Fallacy Detection: Analyzing a Speech from the Past 391 Fallacy Detection: Analyzing a More Current Presidential Speech 395 Fallacy Detection: Analyzing a Speech from a Presidential Candidate 398 Avoid T\vo Extremes Conclusion 401 401 Chapter 16 Learning and Using Information Critically and Ethically: Part I, Critique of Disciplines 405 The Ideal of Knowledge Acquisition 405 True Loyalty to a Discipline 406 The Gap Between Fact and Ideal 407 The Ideal Compared to the Real 409 The Ideal of Mathematics 410 Abstract Quantification 410 The Ideal of Science: Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology, Biology 412 The Ideal of Science: History, Sociology, Anthropology, Economics, Psychology 415 The Social Studies as Taught and Practiced
418 The Ideal of the Arts and Humanities 419 Music, Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Dance, Literature, Philosophy Conclusion 419 422 xi
Contents Chapter 17 Learning and Using Information Critically and Ethically: Part П The Method and A Model Case 425 Realistic Understanding 426 425 Be a Critic, Not a Cynic 428 Recognize the Mental Nature of Knowledge 428 Develop Awareness of the Harm from Misuse of Information 429 Question Academic and “Expert” Information 432 Question the Status of Knowledge in a Field 433 A Model Case: Questioning Psychology and the Mental Health Professions The Milgram Experiment 436 Scientific Studies in Psychology 439 A Dark Side of the Mental Health Professions 439 Legitimizing Deeply Held Social Beliefs 441 Questioning Psychotherapy 446 Learning from Suspect Claims of.Psychology and the Mental Health Professions 448 Thinking Psychologically: A Postscript 450 Forms of Thought 434 450 Chapter 18 Strategic Thinking: Part I 453 Understanding and Using Strategic Thinking 453 Components of Strategic Thinking 456 The Beginnings of Strategic Thinking 456 Key Idea #1: Thoughts, Feelings, and Desires Are Interdependent 457 Key Idea #2: There Is a Logic to This, and You Can Figure It Out 460 Key Idea #3: For Thinking to Be of High Quality, We Must Routinely Assess It 465 Chapter 19 Strategic Thinking: Part II 469 Key Idea #4: Our Native Egocentrism Is a Default Mechanism 469 Key Idea #5: We Must Become Sensitive to the Egocentrism of Those Around * Us 473 Key Idea #6: The Mind Tends to Generalize Beyond the Original Experience 475 Key Idea #7: Egocentric Thinking Appears to the Mind as Rational 477 Key Idea #8: The Egocentric Mind Is Automatic in Nature 478 Key Idea #9: We Often Pursue Power
through Dominating or Submissive Behavior 480 Key Idea #10: Humans Are Naturally Sociocentric Animals Key Idea #11 : Developing Rationality Requires Work Conclusion 484 483 Chapter 20 Becoming An Advanced Thinker: Our Conclusion Practicing Skilled Thinking 485 Stage 5: Reaching the Advanced Stage of Development Stage 6: Becoming an Accomplished Thinker 488 xii 481 485 486
Contents Qualities of Mind of an Accomplished Thinker The Inner Logic of the Accomplished Thinker The Ideal Thinker 490 491 491 Appendices A A Brief History of The Idea of Critical Thinking В Sample Analysis of The Logic of. 501 A Glossary of Critical Thinking Terms and Concepts Notes 511 559 References Index 493 563 567 xiii |
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| edition | Fourth edition |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV047447328 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:02:40Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:12:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781538138748 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032849379 |
| oclc_num | 1314908287 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | xlix, 590 Seiten Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Rowman & Littlefield |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Paul, Richard 1937-2015 Verfasser (DE-588)1259458296 aut Critical thinking tools for taking charge of your learning and your life Richard Paul and Linda Elder, Foundation for Critical Thinking Fourth edition Lanham Rowman & Littlefield [2021] xlix, 590 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Critical thinking Lernziel (DE-588)4035421-0 gnd rswk-swf Kritisches Denken (DE-588)4231288-7 gnd rswk-swf Lernziel (DE-588)4035421-0 s Kritisches Denken (DE-588)4231288-7 s DE-604 Elder, Linda Verfasser (DE-588)1178711641 aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-5381-3875-5 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032849379&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Paul, Richard 1937-2015 Elder, Linda Critical thinking tools for taking charge of your learning and your life Critical thinking Lernziel (DE-588)4035421-0 gnd Kritisches Denken (DE-588)4231288-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4035421-0 (DE-588)4231288-7 |
| title | Critical thinking tools for taking charge of your learning and your life |
| title_auth | Critical thinking tools for taking charge of your learning and your life |
| title_exact_search | Critical thinking tools for taking charge of your learning and your life |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Critical thinking tools for taking charge of your learning and your life |
| title_full | Critical thinking tools for taking charge of your learning and your life Richard Paul and Linda Elder, Foundation for Critical Thinking |
| title_fullStr | Critical thinking tools for taking charge of your learning and your life Richard Paul and Linda Elder, Foundation for Critical Thinking |
| title_full_unstemmed | Critical thinking tools for taking charge of your learning and your life Richard Paul and Linda Elder, Foundation for Critical Thinking |
| title_short | Critical thinking |
| title_sort | critical thinking tools for taking charge of your learning and your life |
| title_sub | tools for taking charge of your learning and your life |
| topic | Critical thinking Lernziel (DE-588)4035421-0 gnd Kritisches Denken (DE-588)4231288-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Critical thinking Lernziel Kritisches Denken |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032849379&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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