Verfügbarkeit: The Ukrainian intelligentsia and genocide

The Ukrainian intelligentsia and genocide: the struggle for history, language, and culture in the 1920s and 1930s

"This book examines the Soviet genocide in Ukraine in the 1920s and 1930s, from its Marxist-Leninist roots to its subsequent cover-up and denial. The author analyzes the role intellectual elites--especially teachers--played in shaping, contesting, and inculcating the history of the genocide&quo...

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Malko, Victoria A. 1965- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Lexington Books [2021]
Schlagworte:	Geschichte 1917-1933 Russifizierung Holodomor Intellektueller Hungersnot Ethnozid Völkermord Nationalitätenfrage Ukraine Sowjetunion Genocide / Ukraine / History / 20th century Ukraine / History / Famine, 1932-1933 Famines / Ukraine / History / 20th century Famines / Soviet Union / History / 20th century Intellectuals / Ukraine / History / 20th century Ukraine / History / 1921-1944 National characteristics, Ukrainian
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register
Zusammenfassung:	"This book examines the Soviet genocide in Ukraine in the 1920s and 1930s, from its Marxist-Leninist roots to its subsequent cover-up and denial. The author analyzes the role intellectual elites--especially teachers--played in shaping, contesting, and inculcating the history of the genocide"--
Beschreibung:	xxxvi, 361 Seiten Illustrationen (schwarz-weiß) 23 cm
ISBN:	9781498596787 9781498596800

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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1814155215897624576
adam_text	Contents List of Figures and Tables vii Acknowledgments ix Notes on Transliteration and Administrative Divisions Introduction: Soviet Genocide against Ukrainians xiii xv 1 Preconditions 1 2 Leadership 47 3 Trial 87 4 Extermination 135 5 Denial 183 Conclusion: Aftermath 229 Biographical Sketches and Terminology 269 Bibliography 305 Index 341 About the Author 361 Bibliography Abramson, Henry. A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews in Revolutionary Times, 1917-1920. Cambridge: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute and Center for Jewish Studies, Harvard University, 1999. Adams, Arthur E. Bolsheviks in the Ukraine: The Second Campaign, 1918-1919. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963. --------- . “The Great Ukrainian Jacquerie.” In The Ukraine, 1917-1921: A Study in Revolution, edited by Taras Hunczak, 247-70. Cambridge: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1977. Adams'kyi, Viktor. “Deportatsiia ukraïns'koï intelihentsiï v konteksti stanovlennia totalitarnoho rezhymu.” Rozbudova derzhavy, no. 8 (1996): 40-44. ---------. “Ideia natsionaľnoho universytetu za doby Tsentraľnoi՛ Rady: sproba realizatsiï.” Osvita, nauka i kuľtura na Podilli, no. 24 (2017), 15-27. --------- . “The Deportation of the Ukrainian Intelligentsia.” In Genocide in Ukraine, edited by Peter Kardash, 178-81. Melbourne: Fortuna Publishing, 2007. A Dictionary of Scientific Communism. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1984. Alexopoulos, Golfo. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin’s Gulag. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017. Ammende, Ewald. Human Life in Russia. Introduction by the Rt. Hon. Lord Dickinson. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1936. Andriewsky, Olga. “Towards a Decentred History: The Study of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Historiography.” In Contextualizing the Holodomor: The Impact of Thirty Years of Ukrainian Famine Studies, edited by Andrij Makuch and Frank E. Sysyn, 14-48. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 2015. Andrusyshen, Constantine Henry, and Watson Kirkconnell, eds. The Ukrainian Poets, 1189-1962. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963. Antonenko-Davydovych, Borys. “SVU.” Neopalyma kupyna: narodoznavstvo, isto rila, arkhivy, no. 1 (1994): 31-66. 305 306 Bibliography Antonových, Myroslava. “Individual and Collective Intent in the Crime of Genocide (on the Example of the Holodomor-Genocide against the Ukrainian Nation).” Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 145 (2020): 54-61. Applebaum, Anne. Gulag: A History. New York: Doubleday, 2003. --------- . Red Famine: Stalin ’s War on Ukraine. New York: Doubleday, 2017. Arendt, Hannah. “Ideology and Terror: A Novel Form of Government.” In The Great Lie: Classic and Recent Appraisals of Ideology and Totalitarianism, edited by F. Flagg Taylor IV, 124-47. Wilmington: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 2011. 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Cambridge: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1977. ---------. The Russian Communist Party and the Sovietization of the Ukraine: A Study in the Communist Doctrine of the Self-Determination of Nations. Stockholm: Norstedt Soner, 1960. Borysenko, Valentyna, Vasyľ Danylenko, Serhii Kokin, Olesia Stasiuk, and Iurii Shapoval. Rozsekrechena pam ’iat': Holodomor 1932-1933 rokiv v Ukraini v dokumentakh GPU-NKVD. Kyïv: Stylos, 2007. Bronner, Stephen. Critical Theory: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. Bibliography 309 Buhaievych, Dior. Dozhylasia Ukraina . Narodna tvorchist' chasiv holodomoru і kolektyvizatsiï na Ukraini. Kyïv: Ukraïns'kyi pys'mennyk, 1993. Bunge, Jacob. “Supersized Family Farms Transform U.S. Agriculture.” Wall Street Journal, October 24, 2017. Carr, Edward Hallett. The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1923, 3 vols. London: Macmillan, 1950-53. 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Christian Rakovski: A Political Biography. Boulder: East European Monographs, 1989. Crankshaw, Edward. “When Lenin Returned.” The Atlantic Monthly, October 1954. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1954/10/when-lenin-retumed/30 3867/. Crowl, James William. “Angels in Stalin’s Paradise: Western Reporters in Soviet Russia, A Case Study of Louis Fischer and Walter Duranty.” Doctoral diss., University of Virginia, 1978. Dallin, David, and Boris Nicolae vsky. Forced Labor in Soviet Russia. London: Hollis and Carter, 1948. 310 Bibliography Danilov, V., R. Manning, and L. Viola, eds. Tragediia sovetskoi derevni. Kollektivizatsiia і raskulachivanie. Dokumenty i materiały, 1927-1939, 5 vols. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1999-2006. Danilov, V. P., and L íe. Zelenin, “Organizovannyi golod. K 70-letiiu obshchekrest'ianskoi tragedii.” Otechestvennaia istorila, no. 5 (2004): 97-111. 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Kharkiv: Prapor, 2007. --------- . “Tyf, cholera, ‘ispanka’: zakhody uriadu SkoropadsTcoho z podolannia epidemii՜.” Ukraina moderna, March 20, 2020. http://uamodema.com/md/zhvanko -skoropadsky-pandemics. Zinkewych, Osyp, ed. Ukraïns'ka Heľsyns'ka Hrupa, 1978-1982: Dokumenty i mate riały. Toronto: V. Symonenko “Smoloskyp” Publishers, 1983. Zolotar'ov, Vadym. “Kerivnyi sklad NKVS URSR pid chas ‘velykoho teroru’ (19361938 րր.): sotsiaľno-statystychnyi analiz.” Z arkhiviv VUChK-GPU-NKVD-KGB 2, no. 33 (2009): 86-115. http://resource.history.org.ua/publ/gpu_2009_33_2_86. “Zvemennia uchasnykiv Revoliutsiï Hidnosti proty revanshu.” Tyzhden', May 6, 2020. https://rn.tyzhden.ua/Politics/243374. Index Page references for figures are italicized. activists, 21, 137-38,144-46, 148, 151-52,172nl6, 236, 245, 269-70, 275. See also collectivization; grain confiscations; tugboat brigades Agitprop, 89, 123nl4, 269, 294 agricultural policy. See Soviet agriculture All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combatting Counterrevolution, Speculation, Sabotage, and Misuse of Authority. See Cheka (VChK) All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, 17, 73, 94, 97-99, 101, 105, 109, 113, 128n89, ІЗОпПЗ, 191, 241, 279, 284, 300-301, 303. See also VUAN “all-Union” famine, xix, 184, 186-92, 214, 252, 255, 270 American Relief Administration (ARA), 29, 31, 42nl50, 193, 270 Ammende, Ewald, 5, 161, 234, 270 anti-Semitism, 8, 209, 213 Antonenko-Davydovych, Borys, 103,294 Arendt, Hannah, 28, 88 Asatkin, Oleksandr, 163, 194 Balyts'kyi, Vsevolod, 97, 142, 147, 235, 270 Bidnova, Liubov, 99 Bilyi, Mykolą, 99 Bolsheviks, 1-2; and budget allocations for education, 52; and confiscation of church property and gold, 91, 124n29; first occupation of Ukraine (1918), 15; and food policy in Ukraine, 23-24; and grain confiscations in Ukraine (1919), 21; and intelligentsia, xv, 27, 51-58, 88-89; and Makhno, 41nl28, 286-87; and nationality policy, 6-8, 10-11, 63-69, 75; October Socialist Revolution (coup d’état, 1917), xxii, xxiv-xxv, 1, 11, 47-4-8, 56, 61; and policy toward non-Russian nations, xxiv, 15; and recognition of UNR, 15; second occupation of Ukraine (1919), 20; and status entitlements, 231; third occupation of Ukraine (1920), 20 Borot'bists, 2, 23, 27, 71, 272, 294 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty (1918), 14, 16, 300 British Foreign Office, 211 Bruk, Solomon, 104,127n76 buksymi bryhady. See tugboat brigades 341 342 Index Bullitt, William C., 121 cannibalism, 32, 154, 207, 245-47 capitalism, 7-8, 10, 119-21, 231 Catherine the Great, 11, 107, 122n9 censuses, 11, 30, 43nl68, 53, 8ІПІ22, 187, 193-94, 220n81 Central Black Earth, 68, 83nl45, 140, 164, 190, 192, 201, 298-99. See also TsChO Central Rada, 1, 12, 14-15, 22, 93; about, 272; and Bolsheviks, 15-16, 37n65, 281, 299; diplomatic recognition in Europe (1918), 15; First Universal (1917), 12; Fourth Universal (1918) declares Ukraine independent, 13, 37n65, 299; persecution of former members of, 93, 297, 299, 300, 302; Secretariat of People’s Education, 281; and UNR, 13, 299-300 chauvinism, 4, 64, 71, 234—35, 242-43 Cheka (VChK), 94, 128n89, 200, 209, 272, 293, 301. See also GPU (State Political Directorate); NKVD; OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate); Soviet secret police Chekhivs'kyi, Volodymyr, 91, 99,100, 275 chekists, 201,226nl67, 226nl70,255,272 Cherkasy (region), 49, 203, 297 Chemihiv (city and region), 99, 144, 150, 164, 167, 207, 236 children: Central Commission to Aid (TsK Dophol VUTsVK), 58; communes, 27, 59-61, 283; deportations of, 165; with disabilities, 27; during famine of 1921-1923, 31, 32; during Holodomorof 1932-1933, 150, 153-63, 197-99, 271; homeless, 5859,161, 271; and “hot breakfasts”, 157-59; intellectually gifted, 28; orphanages, 26-27, 32, 58-59, 164, 199; social protection of, 26; social upbringing of, 26-27,53-55, 59-61, 296, 301 chomi doshky (blacklisting), 135-36, 143-47, 189,192, 272-73. See also Holodomor of 1932-1933 Chubar, Vlas, 233, 273 civilization(s), xxiii, 18, 48, 56, 240, 255 class: categories, 23-24; in communist doctrine, 3-4, 28, 33, 120; consciousness, 167; enemies, 96, 149, 167; and intelligentsia, xxii; liquidation of kulaks as, 138; national group vs., 5; solidarity, 60; and statos, 231 Oyman, Rhea, 210 collective farms: about, 282-83; antiSoviet uprisings and, 138-42; blacklisting of, 143—44; grain confiscations, 144-47; law on theft of socialist property, 143,147, 233; meat penalties, 144; payment in workdays on, 136-37, 298 collectivization, xxi, xxiii, 87, 186, 206-7, 229; activists during, 137-38, 144-46, 172nl6; dvadtsiatyp ’iatytysiachnyky (25,000ers), 275-76; and Holodomor of 1932-1933, 137, 214; resistance to, 138, 140-43; and Stalin’s policy of, 135-36, 229, 232, 273; total, xxv, 4, 136, 172nl2, 191 colonialism, xix, xxiii, 5, 10, 24, 64, 75, 137, 235, 239, 249, 296 Comintern (Communist International), 23, 29, 73, 91, 212-13, 273. See also Third International Committees of Non-wealthy Peasants (KNS), 54, 282 communism, 2-4, 48, 53, 60-61, 110, 121, 137, 213, 231 Communist Party: and anti-Semitism, 209; Bolsheviks renamed as, 48; and cultural revolution, 47-49, 52; and education, 47—49, 60-61; and Index food rations, 30-31, 152-53, 155; and Holodomor of 1932-1933, 205; and “hot breakfasts” in schools, 157-58; and intelligentsia, 88-90; and Komsomol, 62, 138, 142, 146, 150; and KP(b)U membership, 70-71; and liquidation of illiteracy, 62; and moral code, 152, 177n98; nationality policy, 63, 70-71; nomenklatura, 250; and People’s Commissariat of Education, 57; and purges of all political parties, 51; and purges of members, 205; and Robos, 27, 51; and Russian language, 70-72; and teachers, xxiii, 25, 47-49, 51-57, 61, 63, 65, 75-76, 150, 202, 294; and teaching of history and social sciences, 249-50; and Ukrainian language, 23-24, 70, 72; and Ukrainization, 64, 75. See also KP(b)U; RKP(b) Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine, 54, 56, 160, 283; and blacklisting, 143-44; ethnic composition of, 70-71, 83nl60; and GPU, 88, 94; and intelligentsia, 70, 88; Kaganovich as leader of, 72; Komiushin as secretary of, 70; Kosior as secretary of, 160; Kviring as secretary of, 71; Lebed' as secretary of, 71; and national culture, 242; nationality policy, 64, 70-71; and political reeducation of teachers, 52-56; and Postyshev, 158, 234-36; purges of, 206, 235-36; and Tenth Congress of, 57, 72; and Third AllUkrainian Party Conference (1932), 205; and Ukrainization, 64, 70-71, 75; and Zatons'kyi, 303. See also KP(b)U Communist Youth League. See Komsomol (Communist Youth League) concentration camps. See labor camps 343 Conquest, Robert, xvii, xx, 66, 165, 190, 208, 233, 245, 255 Cossacks, 11, 18, 69, 107, 109, 122n9, 143, 164-65, 271, 280, 289-90, 295 counterrevolution/-revolutionaries, 2, 15, 74; GPU and, 90, 92-93; and intelligentsia, 88, 91-93, 111; nationalism and, 5, 9, 201, 243; Operative Order No. 1 (1932), 147; SVU as organization of, 103, 105; teachers and, 66, 108, 110; in Ukrainian agricultural institutes, 171n2; Ukrainian farmers as, 108, 110 Crimea, 18, 142, 200, 253 cultural revolution, xxi, xxiii, 47, 52, 123nl4,164, 256 Danyliw, Volodymyr-Iuri, 279 decommunization, 5, 34n22 dekulakization, 205, 238, 274 denationalization, 11, 238 Denikin, Anton, 18, 21-22, 286 Dewey, John, 50 dezinformatsiya. See disinformation Dibert, Varvara, 49-50, 167, 252 dictatorship, xx, 1, 5, 7, 75, 114, 231-32 Dimaro v, Anatolii, 5, 172η 12, 274 Directory (of Ukrainian National Republic), 17, 22, 99, 274-75, 300 disinformation, xvii, xix, 15, 200-202, 207, 213, 252, 254, 274 Dnipropetrovs’k (city; former Katerynoslav, now Dnipro), 21, 29, 68, 88, 99, 122n9 Dnipropetrovs’k (region; former Katerynoslav, now Dnipro), 29, 6768, 142, 144, 146, 151, 156, 161 Doha, Vasyľ, 98 Donbas (Donets Basin), 24, 41nl33, 74, 144, 152, 200 DonetsTc (city; former Stalino), 103, 241-42, 279 DonetsTc (region), 29, 254 344 Index DPU. See GPU (State Political Directorate) Duranty, Walter, 121, 208 DurdukivsTcyi, Volodymyr, 14, 98, 102, 129ПІ04 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 59, 88, 90-92, 105, 226nl70, 276, 301 education: ABC of Communism, 61; collectivist method of, 59-60; Communist Party and, 47, 49, 60-61; councils for national minorities, 16, 65; cultural revolution and, xxi, 47, 52; decentralization of, 14; labor, 25-26, 53, 61; and language, 13, 1617; and nationality policy, 65; and national universities, 17; and nation building, 11-14, 16-17; primary, 17, 26; secondary, 26; social, 55; and Soviet political agenda, 1, 48-49; standardization of, 250; Taylorism in, 61; vocational/polytechnic, 15, 26 enemy of the people, 28, 102-3, 13738, 147, 149, 157, 203, 205, 276 Engels, Friedrich, xxiv, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 28, 231, 287 ethnic/national minorities: areas of settlement, 65, 74; commissariats of education for, 14, 16; Germans, 65, 240; Mennonites, 67, 96-97, 142; and native-language schools, 14, 65, 67, 74; and Russian language, 65; Russian language vä. languages of, 65, 67, 69; self-determination for, 47; Ukrainian settlements in RSFSR, 68-69, 83nl45, 299; Ukrainization and, 67, 169; village councils, 65, 82nl42 ethnic/national-minority schools: closures, 74; for ethnic Ukrainian children in FSFSR, 69, 83nl45; German, 67, 68, 74; Jewish, 67; and nationality policy, 10, 65, 67-68; Polish, 67, 74; Russian, 67; and UNR, 300 Euromaidan. See Revolution of Dignity (2013-2014) Existentialism, xvi, xxiii famine (1921-1923), xv, 1, 51, 56, 62, 193; assistance from international organizations, 29; cannibalism during, 32-33; children during, 3132, 45nl85, 58-59; death statistics, 30, 163; as “dress rehearsal” for Great Famine, 33; as first Soviet holodomor, 45nl88; grain exports during, 32; schools during, 61; in Soviet Ukraine, 28-33, 61; teachers during, 51, 56, 61; as tool of genocide, 30; Ukrainian intelligentsia during, 30, 56. See also American Relief Administration famine-genocide (1932-1933), xviixviii. See also Holodomor of 19321933 First Five-Year Plan, 108, 110, 118, 120, 135, 166, 193, 237 forced labor, xxiii, 117-20, 238 Frentón, Mikhail, 146, 149-50,155, 176n88 Gantt, William Horsley, 42nl50, 193 genocide, 135,143, 212; Armenian, xix, 87; famine as tool of, 30, 196; Holodomor, xv-xviii, xxi, xxiv-xxv, 196, 229-30, 278; Indonesian massacres, 148; Lemkin’s creation of term, xviii; xxixn29, 276; linguistic, 220n82; and nationalism, 125n42; perpetrators, 183, 230, 233; prevention, xviii; Rwandan, xviii; Soviet, xv, xvii, xxi, 1-2,183, 229, 278; stages of, xviii-xix; typology of, xxvin9; against Ukrainians, xv-xviii, xxi, 1-2, 229-30, 252, 256; U.N. definition of, xviii, 276-77 GPU (State Political Directorate), 33, 52, 243; and anti-Soviet uprisings, 138, 140-42, 218n53; arrests, Index 87-92, 94, 114,146-47, 191; and assassination of Petliura, 94-96; blockades of blacklisted villages, 146-47; cadres, 25, 90, 94, 209, 226nl67, 226nl70; deportations, 88-91, 94, 142,164-65, 191-92; and food rations, 152-53; fonctions, 90; and KP(b)U, 94; and Kuban' operation (1932-1933), 164—65; and labor camps, 105-107, 112, 117-19; and methods of interrogation, 100-101,104, 127n76, 127n80; and nationality policy, 65; pamphlet “On Ukrainian Separatism”, 95; and People’s Commissariat of Education, 89, 123nl4; and registry of deaths during Holodomor of 1932-1933, 189; and repressions of Ukrainian intelligentsia, xxi, 88-94, 96, 100-17, 171n5, 191, 242; and Special Assignment Army of, 108; and Statute about Secrecy, 207; and suppression of antiBolshevik resistance in Ukraine, 21, 89-90; and suppression of Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, 93-95; and SVU show trial, xxi, 97105; and trial of Ukrainian SRs, 91, 95; and troika, 245, 247, 277; and Ukrainization, 65; use of Russian abbreviation, xxi. See also Cheka (VChK); NKVD; OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate); Soviet secret police Gradenigo, Sergio, 193, 208, 239 grain confiscations: activists and, 21, 137, 172nl6; Communist Party plenipotentiaries and, 137,141, 206; as GPU operations to crash Ukrainian opposition to, 142-43; Komsomol and, 137, 146; and KP(b) U, 233-34; and nationality policy, 235; resistance to, 21, 138,140-44, 146, 150; and “sabotage”, 143, 14547; teachers and, 54, 236; tugboat 345 brigades and, 137-38, 144-46; Young Pioneers and, 138 Great Famine of 1932-1933. See Holodomor of 1932-1933 Great Terror, xxii, 96, 100, 192, 206, 277 Grigorenko, Petra, 173n36 Grossman, Vasily, 137, 231-32 GULAG (Main Directorate of Camps), 277; dissident memoirs on, 118; expansion in the 1930s, 107-8; and GPU, 105-7, 112, 117-19; Kolyma, 106-7; labor camps, 105-7; Museum of History of, 132nl47; rise in Putin’s Russia, 255; Solovetsky Islands, 107-8, 111, 113, 117-18, 13ІПІ44, 210, 244, 277, 279; White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal, 106-10, 116-17, 13ІПІ44, 133nl66, 210, 244, 277 gymnasia, 13, 17, 27 Hantsov, Vsevolod, 84nl73, 98, 114, ІЗЗпІбЗ Havel, Václav, 256 Hermaize, Iosyp, 98, 109, 114, 191, 218n55, 253 Herriot, Édouard, 207 history: communization of, 250; and first conference of Marxist historians (1929), 113-14; and historiographic differences, xxiii, xxxivn72; and hybrid war, 254; revisionist, 145, 256; teaching of, 249; writing of, 200, 250 holocaust, xvii, xxviiin24, 183, 197 holod, xvi, 277 holodomor, xvi, 45nl88, 277 Holodomor of 1932-1933: as apogee of the Holodomor-genocide, 229-30, 277; blacklisting during, 135-36, 143-47, 189,192, 272-73; blockades of villages, 146—47, 201; border closures during, 192; cannibalism during, 154, 207, 244-47; children 346 Index 241; epigenetic effects, 248; Great during, 150, 153-63, 197-99, 244, Famine of 1932-1933 as apogee 271; collapse of schools during, 15362; confiscation of everything edible of, xv, 33, 277; hate propaganda during, 138-40; as historical trauma, during, 136-37, 143, 189; cover-up, 239, 247; history of, xix, 251; as 158, 193-210; death certificates instrument of nationality policy, (ZAGS), 198-99, 222nll5; death 170, 201; legal perspective on, statistics, 163, 193-94, 196-99, xv; legal responsibility for, xxv, 212, 214; and defeat of Ukrainian 184-86, 229-36; memorialization, nationalism, 201; definition of, 277; 251-52; as multi-pronged attack economic aftermath, 237-39; end (Lemkin), 278; National Museum, of Ukrainization, 163-66, 169-71; as famine, xix-xx, xxii; foreign 187; number of victims, 193-200, 240, 278; organization of, 142-47; diplomatic dispatches about, 239-43; perpetrators, xv, 148, 186, 236, 278; foreign press coverage of, 207-10; and post-genocidal society, 249, 252; Gareth Jones’ tour of Ukraine, 209-10; as GPU special operation, psychological effects, xxv, 229, 244147, 189; grain export during, 49; recognition of, xvii-xviii, 184, 186, 214, 229, 278; remembrance, 188; grain procurement quotas, 144-45, 147, 188; “hot breakfasts” in 183, 186, 251; social effects, xxv, 229, 23944; sociological schools during, 156-59; information perspective on, xv; survivors, 229, blockade, 201, 204; internal passport 239, 24749; and SVU show trial decree, 233, 290; law on protecting socialist property, 233; as man-made of Ukrainian intelligentsia, xxi-xxii, xxv, 97-105; victims, xv, 138, 148, famine, 277; mortality rate, 195; 168, 198, 201, 207, 214, 236-37, non-payment for workdays, 298-99; number of victims, 193-200, 214, 243, 246, 278 Holoskevych, Hryhorii, 84nl74, 104 240; and Roosevelt administration, 212; silencing in Soviet press, Homo Sovieticus, 248, 250 Hrebenets'kyi, Oleksandr, 98 204-5; Soviet propaganda blaming Hrushevs'kyi, Mykhailo, 12, 50, 94, 97, Ukrainian nationalism, 138-40; and speculation decree, 233; Torgsin 103, 110, 114, 191, 252-53, 272, 279 Hrushevs'kyi, Serhii, 103, 279 hard currency stores during, 210, Hrynlco, Hryhorii, 26, 28,63-64, 89, 272 212, 297-98; tugboat brigades, xxviiin23, 138, 144-46, 162, 272; Hryshko, Wasyl, xvii, xxviiin24, 2, 4, vodka addiction rates after, 162 9-10, 30 Holodomor-genocide: bystanders, hunger, xvi-xvii, 31, 113, 119-20, 277 xxv, 169; commemoration of, hybrid war, xxv, 184-85, 252, 254 253; criminological perspective on, xv; cultural effects, 191, IavorsTcyi, Matvii, 5, 84nl73, 96, 113, 229, 247-48; definition, 278; 279 deformation of morality during, 168; Iefremov, Petro, 99 dehumanization, 138, 2454-6; denial, Iefremov, Serhii, 84nl74, 91, 94, 97-102, 104, 110, 128n89, 129nl04, xxiii, 183-200, 202, 214n5, 249, 130ПІ13, 191, 218n55, 253, 272, 290 252; destruction of books, 200-201, Index imperialism, xix, xxiii, 4, 10-11, 47, 249 implicated subjects, xvi, 147—48 industrialization, xxiii, 117, 186, 190, 229, 237 Innitzer, Theodor, Cardinal, Archbishop of Vienna, 270 Institute of People’s Education (INO), 14; Dnipropetrovs'k (Katerynoslav), 88, 91; DonetsTc, 103, 279; GPU and, 96-103; Kam’ianets'-Podil's'kyi, 88; Kharkiv, 88, 91; Kyiv, 88, 91, 98-99, 101, 113-14; Mykolaiv, 99; Nizhyn, 30; Odesa, 88, 99; Poltava, 99; protests in, 88; and SVU defendants, 97-100; and training of “red” professors, 88 intelligentsia: Bolshevik attitudes toward, xxii, 31,48; Communist Party and, xxii, 70, 75; cultural revolution and, xxiii, 47; definition of, xxxivn68; and hierarchy of food distribution, 152-53; KP(b)U and, 70, 88; and national consciousness, 75; repression of, xx, 87, 236; standard of living, 30-31; teachers as members of, xvi, 27,49, 75-76, 87; and Ukrainization, 66, 70-71 International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932-1933 Famine in Ukraine, xvii, 233, 279-80 International Military Tribunal Charter, 239 Ivanytsia, Hryhorii, 98 Ivchuk, Vasyl', 159,160, 280 Jadwin, Edgar, 19 Jews, xix; and KP(b)U membership, 70-71, 83nl60; migration from Pale of Settlement, 25; and nationality policy, 67; RKP(b) policy toward, 24-25; and Russian anti-Semitism, 8, 25, 95; and service in GPU, 25, 209, 226nl67; and Social Democratic 347 Bund, 8, 48; and Ukrainization, 70; violence against, 22, 95; and work in UNR government, 95 Jones, Gareth, 209, 226nl73 Kaganovich, Lazar, 72, 143, 280 Kalnyshevs'kyi, Petro, 107 Kam’ianets'-Podil's'kyi (city and region), 17, 51, 88, 143, 275 Kardynalovs'ka, Tetiana, 75, 281 Karpovych, Iosyp, 99 Kazakhstan (autonomous region within RSFSR), 106, 153, 164, 170, 172nl6, 187-88, 190, 201 Kharkiv (city), 15, 20-21, 24, 72, 142, 161, 186-87, 204, 208-9, 239-43, 271; First All-Ukrainian Teachers Congress in, 54; intelligentsia in, 30; Institute of People’s Education, 88, 91, 284; Research Institute of Geography in, 113; SVU show trial in Opera House, 98,100-101, 191; Third All-Ukrainian Conference on Teacher Education in, 53; University, 166, 296; orthography, 74, 78n49, 240 Kharkiv (region): blacklisting of villages in, 144; grain confiscations in, 144, 150; KP(b)U membership in, 70; teachers’ congress delegates from, 55; teachers in, 150-51, 153-55, 166; Ukrainian language proficiency in, 70; Ukrainization in, 70 Kholodnyi, Hryhorii, 99 Kholodnyi, Petro, 17, 281 Khomenko, Arsemi, 194 Khvylia, Andrii, 281-82 Khvyl'ovyi, Mykolą, 72-74, 84nl74, 110, 282 KNS. See Committees of Non-wealthy Peasants (KNS) kobzars, 125n53, 271 Koestier, Arthur, 204 348 Index kolhosps. See collective farms kolonii (children’s communes), 27, 5861, 283. See also Makarenko, Anton Komsomol (Communist Youth League): about, 283; and activist search brigades, 172nl6; Chubar’s speech addressed to, 75; and grain confiscations, 137-38, 146; informers in institutes of higher education, 101; and liquidation of illiteracy, 62; and teachers, 146, 154, 163, 203; and Young Pioneers, 138 korenizatsiia. See nationality policy Kosior, Stanislav, 91, 142, 160, 201, 203, 233, 283 KP(b)U. See Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine Kremenchuk (city), 152, 198 Krupskaya, Nadezhda (Lenin’s wife), 52 Krushel'nyts'kyi, Antin, 94, 111 Kryms'kyi, Ahatanhel, 17, 84nl74 Kuban' (North Caucasus district): blacklisting in, 272-73; deportations from, 164-65; ethic Ukrainian population in, 18, 68-69, 194, 283-84; Poltavs'ka (Cossack settlement), 69, 16465; Russification in, 223nll6; teacher training college in, 69; Ukrainization in, 68-69, 164-65 kulaks, 155, 284; arrests of, 147; children of, 167-68; and collectivization, 137; definition of, 23-24; dekulakization, 274; deportations of, 142—43; exile to labor camps, 142; hate propaganda against, 138—10; liquidation of, 191-92; “sabotage” by, 138, 143, 147; Stalin on, 138, 205; teachers and, 53, 236; Young Pioneers and, 203, 224nl36 kurkuli. See kulaks Kursk (region), 69, 83nl45, 298 Kviring, Emmanuil, 71, 284 Kyïvan Rus' (medieval state), 11, 252, 255, 279 KyiV (city), 17, 21, 50,155, 184, 186, 187, 275, 281, 287; Film School, 242; First All-Ukrainian Teachers’ Congress in (1917), 12; first national university in, 17; Gymnasium No. 1 named after Taras Shevchenko, 13; Institute of Linguistics, 242; Institute of People’s Education in, 88, 91, 98-99, 113-14; intelligentsia in, 30; Labor School No. 1 named after Taras Shevchenko, 13,14, 98, 102; National Holodomor-Genocide Museum in, 172,187; transfer of capital from Kharkiv to, 243; University, 108, 116, 242, 303 Kyiv (region), 49-50, 54, 70, 72, 14344, 157, 159, 202, 236 labor camps, 100, 105-7,142, 164, 213; and classification of laborers, 112-13; corrective, xxv, 116, 119, 130nll8, 154; food rations in, 115,153; forced labor in, 117-20, 210, 244; and GPU, 105-7, 112, 117-19; Kem' transit station to, 106-7, 109, 210, 244; Kolyma, 106-7; living conditions in, 111-12, 13ІПІ47; mortality rate in, 117; political prisoners in, 111, 115, 119, 122; prisoner wages in, 116-17; production quotas in, 115; on Solovetsky Islands, 106-8, 111, 113, 117-18, 13ІПІ44, 210, 244, 274, 279; timber felling camps, 119; treatment of prisoners in, 111-12, 244-45; Ukrainian intelligentsia in, xxv, 100, 107-17; White SeaBaltic Sea Canal, 106-10, 116-17, 13ІПІ44, 133nl66, 210, 244, 277. See also GULAG (Main Directorate of Camps) labor schools, 25-26, 53, 61 Index Lahuta, Mykolą, 99 land: Bolshevik policy toward ownership of, xxiv, 1, 6, 9, 15, 18; Central Rada policy toward, 15; expropriation of, 5, 9, 53; in Marxist doctrine, 3,10; Russian repartition of, 15; socialization of, 15 language: policy in Soviet Ukraine, xxii, 66; Ukrainian farmers as repository of national, xvii League of Nations, xvi, 118, 211 Lebed', Dmitrii, 64, 71, 284-85 Lemkin, Raphael, xxviin21, 184, 212; as author of U.N. Convention on Genocide, xvii-xviii; conceptualized Soviet genocide, xvii, xix, 87, 136, 185, 192, 278 Lenin, Vladimir, xxiv, 1, 4-6, 15, 20, 28, 34nl4, 35n25, 52, 61, 72, 88-89, 136, 157, 161,231-33; assassination attempt on, 52, 77n28; and assimilation of nations, 7; creates secret police (Cheka), 105; creates USSR, 47; establishes concentration camps, 118, 277; and First Congress of Internationalist Teachers (1918), 49; as founding father of first socialist state, xxiv; Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, 10, 71; land policy, 9-10; and liquidation of illiteracy, 61; and Marxism, 6, 10, 76n7; and Molotov, 30; and nationality policy, 11; New Economic Policy, 28-29, 136; and October Socialist Revolution (coup d’état, 1917), 48; and Skrypnyk, 7273; and Stalin, 4, 66; and suppression of anti-Bolshevik uprisings, 145; theses on RKP(b) policy toward Ukraine, 23-24; and Ukrainian intelligentsia, 25, 88-89; views on role of teachers, 49, 52; views on self-determination of nations and secession, 6, 10, 47; views on use 349 of political power, 4, 75; and War Communism, 29, 45nl88, 302; writings on education, 8, 49; writings on national culture, 8-9 Leninism, xxiii, 33 Lower Volga (region), 68, 140, 172nl6, 192 Luhans'k (city and region), 254 Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 48, 285 Lyons, Eugene, 207, 213 Lypkivs'kyi, Vasyľ, Metropolitan, 94-95, 285 Lysyvets', Anastasiia, 248, 286 Mace, James E., 64, 74, 188-89, 212, 224nl44, 233, 235-36, 239, 249, 286 Makarenko, Anton, 59-61, 79n80, 80n86 Makhno, Nestor, 2, 22, 276, 286-87 Manifesto of the Communist Party, 2-3, 5, 287 Marx, Karl, xxiv, 1-6, 23, 27, 231-32, 287; and anti-national bias, 2-4, 9; and anti-peasant attitude, 4, 10; Capital, 5, 120; as “Darwin of histoiy”, 28; on hunger as motive for labor, 120; and theory of communism, 2, 137 Marxism, xvi, xxiii, 2, 4, 5, 7-8, 12, 62, 75, 76n7, 108, 119, 250 Marxism-Leninism, 1, 159, 294 Matushevs'kyi, Borys, 97, 99,100, 127n76, 287 Mennonites, 32, 67, 82nl40, 97, 141, 203 Mizernyts'kyi, Oleksandr, 55, 57, 287-88 modernization, 57, 135, 207, 229 Molotov, Viacheslav, 30, 143, 185, 188, 201, 205, 249, 288 Morozov, Pavlik, 203, 224nl36 Muggeridge, Malcolm, 210-11 Muscovy (medieval principality), 11 Mykolaïv (city and region), 30, 99, 199 350 Index Nansen, Fridtjof, 29, 32 nationalism, xxiii, 4—5, 7-10, 12, 20, 63-64, 75, 92-93, 201 nationality policy, 63-69,170, 283; Bolsheviks and, 6-11; education and, 65; and grain confiscations, 201, 235; KP(b)U and, 64, 70-71; native languages and, 65; Petliura on Soviet Ukrainization, 75; RKP(b) and, 6364; schools and, 64; Soviet, 63-69, 75, 233; Ukrainization, 64-75, 283 national liberation struggle (19171921), xv, xxiv, 10-23, 49, 56, 65, 89, 297 New Economic Policy (NEP), 27, 29, 66, 87-88, 135, 288 New York (city), xvii, 120, 121, 185, 201, 212, 279 NKO. See People’s Commissariat of Education (in Soviet Ukraine) NKVD. See Cheka (VChK); GPU (State Political Directorate); OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate); People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs; Soviet secret police nomenklatura, 250, 289 North Caucasus, 50, 190, 210-11; and blacklisting, 143-44, 189; and border closure, 192; ethnic Ukrainian population in, 18, 137, 165, 194, 201, 283-84; and grain confiscations, 172nl6; Kuban' operation (19321933), 164-65; pedagogical college in, 69, 165; resettlement of Red Army veterans to, 219n66; resistance to collectivization, 190; Russification in, 223nll6; and Ukrainization, 68-69, 164-65, 190, 201 October Socialist Revolution (coup d’état, 1917), xxii, xxiv-xxv, 1, 11, 47-48, 56, 61, 164, 282 Odesa (city and region), 88, 99, 144-45, 154-55, 199, 240 OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate). See Soviet secret police orthography. See Ukrainian language Otamanovs'kyi, Valentin, 100 otamans (Cossack chieftains), 18, 4ІПІ28, 289, 297 paiki (food rations), 31,152-55, 289-90 Panchenko-Chalenko, Kyrylo, 99 Paris (city), 19-20, 75, 94-96, 281; Ukrainian Mission in, 19 Paris Peace Conference, 18-19, 39nl00, 39nl06 Pavlohrad (city and district), 56,142, 146 Pavlov, Ivan, 27, 42nl50 Pavlushkov, Mykolą, 97, 99-100,101, 110, 126n64, 129nl06, 290 peasants, 10, 23-24, 71, 74, 93, 190, 204-5, 207, 233 People’s Commissariat of Education (in Soviet Ukraine), 25,123nl4, 235, 289, 303-4; Declaration on Social Upbringing of Children, 26; and GPU, 89, 91; and Kharkiv orthography (1926), 74, 78n49, 295-96; and mobilization for agricultural campaign, 149; and political reeducation campaign, 53-56; and purges of, 169-70; and Ukrainization, 67, 169-70. See also NKO People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs, 270, 277, 284, 286, 289. See also NKVD Peter the Great, 11, 36n48, 66, 254 Petliura, Symon, 11-12, 17, 19-20, 23, 75, 92, 94-95, 108, 125n47, 125n53, 274-75, 290 Petliurites (followers of Petliura), 51, 93, 107, 147, 164, 167, 170, 190, 203, 290-91 Petrovs'kyi, Hryhorii, 32, 62, 75, 122n9, 199, 291 Index Pidmohyľnyi, Valerian, 103, 111 Piłsudski, Josef, Marshal, 95, 125ո47 Podillia (region), 140-42 political enlightenment, 61 ֊63 political police. See Cheka (VChK); GPU (State Political Directorate); NKVD; Soviet secret police Poltava (city and region), 11-12, 22, 32, 53-54, 56-57, 99, 156, 164, 290 polytechnic education. See vocational education post-genocidal syndrome, 252, 291 post-traumatic stress disorder, 247-49 Postyshev, Pavel, 5, 158, 170, 201, 203, 205, 233-36, 242, 291 proletariat, 1-4, 7-9, 25, 51-52, 55-56, 60, 63, 70-71, 75, 76n7, 238. See also working class propaganda, xxi, 24, 33, 50-52, 54, 58, 62, 71, 96, 119, 121, 123nl4, 13738, 154, 193, 197, 247, 291 “Prosvita” (cultural societies), 62-63 Putin, Vladimir, 185, 200-201, 252, 254-55 Radchenko, Oleksandra, 153-54, 177nl07,178ПІ08, 292 Radomyśl' (town and district), xv, 157, 280 Rakovsky, Christian, 20, 29, 49, 64, 123nl9, 292-93 Ratner, Semen, 101, 102 Red Army, 40nll4, 164; and first occupation of Ukraine, 15; and grain confiscation detachments, 20-21; and pogroms (1919), 22; and second occupation of Ukraine, 20; suppression of anti-Bolshevik uprisings in Ukraine, 21, 47; and third occupation of Ukraine, 20, 23; veterans resettled in depopulated by famine areas of Ukraine, xvii, 162, 195, 219n66 Red Cross, 31-32, 44nl80, 211 351 Red October. See October Socialist Revolution (coup d’état, 1917) Red Terror, 89-90, 123nl9, 173n36, 293 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 212, 250 Revolution of Dignity (2013-2014), 34n22, 252-54, 266nl49 Riappo, Ian, 26, 88 RKP(b). See Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Robos (educational employees union), 24-25, 51-58, 236, 293 RudnytsTcyi, Stepan, 94, 113, 132nl58 rural areas; anti-Soviet uprisings in, 138, 140-43; epidemic diseases in, 16; literacy rate in, 11, 61; political enlightenment in, 61-63; “Prosvita” societies in, 62-63; teachers in, 47-48, 52-58, 155; Ukrainization in, 49-50, 66-69. See also village(s) rural schools: and grain confiscations, 150; enrollment in, 57; teacher shortages in, 57; teachers in, 57, 150; Ukrainian-language instruction, 17; Ukrainization and, 49-50, 67-69; urban schools vr., 57 rural-urban relationship, 48, 71, 136, 237 Russia (in Soviet era): communal farming tradition, 15; and composition of tugboat brigades, 137-38, 172nl6; and composition of secret police, 25, 90, 226nl67, 226nl70; and creation of USSR, 63-64; death statistics for 19321933 famine, 194; Duranty’s coverage of, 208; education in, xxii; Eleanor Roosevelt’s visit to, 250; famine of 1921-1922 in, 29-30, 32; Kondrashin on famine in 1929-1934 in, 186-87, 194, 215n23, 216n24, 217n31; and paper production, 50; and People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, 207; as perpetrator 352 Index of genocide, xviii; Ukrainian ethnic settlements in, 18, 68-69, 83nl45, 137, 140, 163-65, 172nl6, 190, 194, 201, 283-84, 298-99; Wilson’s Fourteen Points and, 18, 20. See also Central Black Earth; Kazakhstan (autonomous region within RSFSR); Lower Volga (region); North Caucasus Russian Empire, xix, 2, 5-7, 12; antiSemitism in, 8; collapse of (1917), 48; Germany’s investments in, 16; inner colonies of, xix, 4-6; and Ky'ivan Rus', 11; Okhranka (imperial secret police), 93, 289; and paper production, 50; suppression of Ukrainian language and culture in, 11,70 Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 63, 71, 90-91, 293; and Clyman, 210; and Duranty, 208; and GPU, 90; and nationality policy, 63-65, 71; and New Economic Policy, 47; policy toward Ukraine, 23-24; and Skrypnyk, 73; Thirteenth Congress of, 52; and Ukrainization, 64—65, 71. See also RKP(b) Russian culture: Ukrainian culture vä., xxiii, 11, 70-71, 74 Russian history: Ukrainian history vä., xxxivn72, 253-54 Russian language: Communist Party and, 70, 72; in Donbas, 241; ethnicminority languages vä., 67; in ethnic Ukrainian areas of USSR, 163; extracurricular use of, 170; and native-language instruction for schoolchildren, 67; in non-Russian schools, 67, 241; privileging of, 22, 67, 69-70, 170, 241; publications in, 241; state employees and, 67, 72; teachers and, 153, 166, 169; Ukrainian language vä., xxiii, xxxivn71, 64, 67, 69-71, 169, 237, 240-41; Ukrainization and, 70-71, 163, 165, 169-70; urban population and, 70; working class and, 7-9, 70 Russian-language instruction: ethnic Russians and, 68; in post- secondary education, 170, 242; in secondary education, 170, 241; Ukrainian vä., 68, 241 Russian-language schools, 13; Ukrainian language in, 17, 241; and Ukrainization, 169-70 Russia, post-Soviet: annexation of Crimea (2014), 200; Federal Archival Agency, 186, 215n22; Federal Cultural Association of Ukrainians in, 201; “Historical Memory” Foundation, 186-87, 216n25; Holodomor denial, 183-84, 255; hybrid war against Ukraine, xxv, 183-85, 254; Library of Ukrainian Literature, 200-201; rehabilitation of Stalinism in, 183, 192, 200; Russian World Foundation, 213, 223nl22; Sputnik International (propaganda news outlet), 196-97; State Duma, 184, 187, 255; support of Yanukovych, 252; Union of Ukrainians in, 201; war in Donbas, 200 Russification, xvii, 7-8, 36n47, 66-68, 74, 110, 169-71,238, 253, 291 sabotage, 51, 143, 145-47, 189, 293 Sadovs'kyi, Hennadii, 108-9 Sambros, Iurii, 96, 168-69, 294 Sandarmokh (Karelia, RSFSR), 111, 116, 13ІПІ44, 279, 290 Schwartzbard, Samuil (Sholem), 94-96 scientific communism, xxiv, 1-2, 5, 294 secondary education: primary and secondary schools, 13-14, 16-17, 22, 25-26, 49-50, 65, 67-69, 74, 170, 241; and school enrollments in Ukraine (1932-1933), xxii, 160-64, 166 seksot, 94, 96, 245, 294 Index Shaw, George Bemard, 207 Shchepotiev, Volodymyr, 99 Shevchenko, Taras, xv, 49-50, 102, 203; Kobzar, 50; Zapovit, xv ShumsTcyi, Oleksandr, 54, 55, 71-72, 78n49, 84nl73, 92, 272, 287, 294֊ 95, 303 Shylo, Kostiantyn, 99 Skoropads'kyi, Pavlo, 2, 16-17, 274, 295 Skrypnyk, Mykolą, 64, 68, 72, 73, 7475, 102-103, 110, 169-70, 194, 203, 220n84, 239-40, 242, 281, 295-96, 303 Skrypnykivka (Kharkiv orthography), 74, 295-96 Slabchenko, Mykhailo, 99,102,109, 129ПІ05 Slabchenko, Taras, 99,102 social engineering, 2, 61, 75, 87, 231 socialism, 2, 7-9, 48-49, 51-58, 70-75, 108, 119-21,137-38, 152-54 Sokolians'kyi, Ivan, 27, 55, 84nl74 Solovey, Dmytro, 104, 165, 296 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 255 Sorokin, Pitirim, 32-33 Sosnovyi, Stepan, 194 Soviet agriculture, xix, 135-36, 160, 190 Soviet genocide, xv, xvii, xxi, 1-2, 183, 229, 278 Soviet industry: construction projects managed by GPU, 105-7,112, 11719; First Five-Year Plan, 108, 110, 118, 120, 135, 166, 193, 237; food ration cards in cities, 152-53; “Great Breakthrough”, 17ІПІ2, 273; need for development of natural resources, 276; timber trade, 118-19 Soviet secret police, 5, 59, 75; archival documentation of 1930 rebellions, 138, 140-42, 218n53; campaign in Ukraine (1919-1922), 89-90; and cannibalism cases, 245-46; collaboration with Commissariat of 353 Education, 89, 123nl4; Dzerzhinsky as chief of, 59; and Gareth Jones’ tour of Ukraine, 209; and GULAG, 105-7, 112, 117-19; and institutions for recruiting cadres for, 60; Jewish cadres in, 25, 90, 94, 226nl67, 226nl70; Lenin creates, 105; name changes, xxi; patrolling Ukrainian borders (1933), 146-47; recmiting informers, 94, 96, 245, 294; repressions of Ukrainian intelligentsia, xxi, 88-94, 96, 100-19, 129ПІ09, 171n5, 191, 242; and SVU show trial, xxi, 97-105; and trial of Ukrainian SRs, 91, 95; and troika, 245, 247, 277. See also Cheka (VChK); GPU (State Political Directorate); NKVD; OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate) Soviet Union: creation of, 63-64; dissolution of, xx, 5; education in, xxi-xxii; as “Evil Empire”, 193; incorporation of Ukraine into, 18, 65-66, 69; indigenization policy (korenizatsiia), 63-69; labor camps in, 105-19; paper industry in, 119; recognition by the United States, 122; timber industry in, 118-19; vodka monopoly in, 161-62; Western intellectuals visit, 207. See also USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Stalin, Joseph, xviii, xx, xxv, 34nl5, 63, 69-70, 105, 108, 151,208; and collectivization of agriculture, 135-36, 229, 273; and Constitution (1936), 300; decisions affecting Ukraine (1932-1933), 137, 145, 170, 189, 192, 201, 205, 234; edict on theft of socialist property (August 1932), 143, 146; ends NEP, 66; and ethnicity, 66; fear of renewed Polish-Ukrainian campaign, 95; as genocidaire, xx, 183, 185, 233; and GPU, 108, 243; and “Great 354 Index Breakthrough”, 17ІПІ2, 273; as Great Teacher, 4, 110, 158; and Lenin, 4, 66, 231-32; letter to KP(b) U regarding “national deviationism”, 72; liquidation of kulaks, 138; and Marxism, 4, 231; and mass uprisings in Ukraine (1930), 142; and militarization cycles, 254; open letter from Iavors'kyi to, 113; as People’s Commissar of Nationalities, 64, 66; personality, 231-32; personality cult, xx; posthumous conviction for genocide, 186, 273; and Postyshev, 242; purges of Ukrainian Communist Party, 205-6; and retribution for uprisings in Ukraine, 142-43; and “revolution from above”, 97; and school administration, 249; and schoolchildren, 159; Shums'kyi and, 72; Skrypnyk and, 73; and SVU show trial, 102; and Ukrainization, 66, 170-71, 201, 229; and U.N. Convention on Genocide, 185, 213; view on significance of schooling, 10-11; and White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal, 109-10; and world revolution, 121 Stalinism, xxiii, 200, 213. See also totalitarianism Steshenko, Ivan, 12-14, 296 Stockholm syndrome, 248 Strang, William, 182nl77 SUM (Union of Ukrainian Youth), 97, 103, 105, 290, 297 SVU show trial, 135, 142; defendants, xxi, 98-100, 103-4, 122; GPU and, xxi, 97-105; in Kharkiv Opera House, 97, 98, 104, 191; as prelude to Holodomor, xxi; proceedings, 103, 129n99; and public court hearings, 102; public prosecutors during, 103, 128n99; purges of teachers after, 165-66, 294; Ukrainian history and language professors as defendants, 97-99 SVU (Union for the Liberation of Ukraine): as “anti-Soviet” organization, xxi, 103; arrests of members, 97, 148, 191; branches, 99; condemnation of, 103; as “counterrevolutionary” organization, 103; farmers as social base of, 104; GPU and, xxi, 97-105; interrogation files, 103-4, 129nl00; as “plot”, xxi, 103,129ПІ06; statute, 104; SUM and, 97, 103-4, 290; Ukrainian intelligentsia and, xxi-xxii, xxv, 97-105; and Ukrainization, 105; and VUAN, 104 teachers: as activists, 148-50, 236; and All-Soviet Teachers’ Union, 55; and All-Ukrainian Teachers’ Union, 12, 17, 24, 27, 51; arrests of, 52; blacklisting of villages and, 146-47; Bolshevik attitudes toward, 25-26, 31, 51; and children’s communes, 58-61; and collectivization campaign, 149-51; Communist Party and, xxiii, 47-49, 51-57, 61, 63, 65, 75-76, 150, 158-59, 202, 250; as conduits of culture, 49, 55; and cultural revolution, 47-49, 52; during famine (1921-1923), 30-31, 51, 56; economic wellbeing of, 14—15, 17, 51, 56-57; educational background of, 54; ethnic background of, 55, 57-58; existential choices of, xvi; extermination of nationally-conscious, xx, 242; First All-Ukrainian Conference on People’s Education (1920), 26; First All-Ukrainian Teachers’ Congress (1917), 12-13; First All-Ukrainian Teachers’ Congress (1925), 54; First Congress of Internationalist Teachers, 49; and food rations, 152-55; and food shortages, 155; and food surrogates, 156; and gender parity, 57; GPU and, 52, 60, 146; as Index guardians of national memory, 256; and health conditions of, 56-57; ideological orientations of, 27, 53-54, 63, 149-51; as implicated subjects, 147-49; and KNS, 54; and Komsomol, 150, 155; and kurkuli, 149; and labor camps, 108-10; Lenin and, 52; and liquidation of illiteracy, 61-63; and Marx’s theory, 28, 55; as members of intelligentsia, xvi, 27, 49, 75-76, 87; in minoritylanguage schools, 14, 57-58, 67-69, 83nl45; murder of, 149; and national identity, 50-51, 169; and national liberation struggle, 18, 50-51; and opposition to Soviet regime, 56; passivity of, 148, 150; People’s Commissariat of Education and, 25, 53, 62; as perpetrators, 236; and political enlightenment, 61-63; political indoctrination of, 27,49, 52-55, 62; in primary schools, 17, 22, 57-58, 69, 154, 165; progressive pedagogy and, 50; as propagandists of Bolshevik policies, xxiv, 47-48, 52, 55, 63; and “Prosvita” societies, 62-63; protest against Denikin’s policy, 22; purges of, xxii, 25, 5152, 165-66, 236, 242; qualifications, 53; as “red pedagogues”, 53, 69; Robos and, 24-25, 27, 51-58, 236, 287-88; rural, 47^18, 51-58, 62-63, 150, 153-57, 166; Second AllUkrainian Conference on People’s Education (1920), 26; Second All-Ukrainian Teachers’ Congress (1917), 13; in secondary schools, 17, 58, 69; shortage of, 14, 57, 155; as social enthusiasts, 149; social role of, 48^19, 63; suicides among, 151, 176n94; and SVU show trial, xxii, xxv, 97-105, 149; and teacher training courses, 17; Third AllUkrainian Conference on Teacher Education (1924), 53; and Ukrainian 355 culture, 69; and Ukrainian history, 17, 69, 97-99, 102; and Ukrainian language, 17, 65-66, 69, 97-99; in Ukrainian-language schools, 17, 67, 170; Ukrainian-language schools in RSFSR, 69; and Ukrainization, 50, 66; and UNR, 17; urban, 47-48, 54, 57 terror, xvii, xx, 67, 147, 205, 231-32, 245 textbooks: All-Ukrainian Teachers’ Union and, 12; and history teaching, 249; Holodomor in history, xix; paper shortage and, 50; publishing, 17, 22; shortages of, 50; standardization of, 250; and timber industry, 118-19 Third International. See Comintern (Communist International) Tiutiunnyk, Iurii, 56, 78n50, 125n47, 297 Tokarivs ka, Nina, 98,100 Torgsin (hard currency stores), 210, 212, 297-98 totalitarianism, xx, 1, 115,122, 233, 255 trade union. See Robos (educational employees union) Trezvyns'kyi, Iurii, 98 troika, 114, 245, 247, 277, 298 Trotsky, Leon, 31, 110 TsChO. See Central Black Earth tugboat brigades, xxviiin23, 138, 14446, 162, 272 Ukraine, xix-xx, xxii; anti-Bolshevik resistance in, 21, 89-90; antiSoviet uprisings in, 138, 140,141, 142-43, 218n53; ARA admitted to, 29-31; arrests of opponents of Soviet regime, 87-92, 94, 114, 146, 191; Association for Holodomor Studies in, 200; blacklisting, 143-46, 189; blockades of blacklisted villages in, 145-46, 190; Bolshevik budget allocations to education in, 52, 356 Index 58; Bolshevik food policy in, 24, 152-53; categories for liquidation of ‘ ‘suspected counterrevolutionaries’ ’ in, 92-93; children in, 26-27, 31-32, 55-56, 58-61, 150, 153-65, 197-99; collapse of schools in, xxii, 160-62; collectivization imposed on, 136, 171-72, 172nl2; death statistics for 1932-1933, 163, 193, 196, 199, 212, 214; declares independence (1991), 171; decommunization laws, 5; delegation at Paris Peace Conference, 18-19; deportations of intelligentsia, 87-93, 117; deportations of kulaks from, 142, 191-92; educational system in, 11-14, 16-17, 24-28, 301; end of Ukrainization, 162-63, 169-70; epidemic diseases in, 16, 20, 30, 32, 56; ethnographic boundaries of, 18, 39nl06, 133nl59; famine of 19211923 in, 28-33, 193; first Bolshevik occupation of, 15; geography of, 17, 113; German occupation of, 16, 50; grain confiscations in, 21, 29, 54, 143-47, 172nl6; grain exports from, 188; Holodomor of 1932-1933 in, 135-37, 143—47, 153-63, 169-71, 189, 192-210, 212, 214, 229-30, 239-47; and HrushevsTtyi’s return (1924), 279; Institute of History of Ukraine, 193, 200; internal passport system (from 1932), 233, 290; KP(b) U membership in, 70; Lemkin on Soviet genocide in, xvii, xix, 87, 136, 185, 192, 278; liquidation of illiteracy in, 60-63; mass uprisings (1930), 140,141, 142-43; merges with RSFSR, 23; Molotov’s visit (1932), 188; mortality from Great Famine (1932-1933), 795; National Holodomor-Genocide Museum in, 187; nationality policy in, 7, 11, 64, 70; and national liberation struggle, xv, xxiv, 10-23, 30, 49; non-Bolshevik Ukrainization, 12-13, 17, 50; and political enlightenment, 61-63; political literacy of teachers in, 52-55, 62; reports of Western journalists about, 207-10; Revolution of Dignity (2013-2014), 34n22, 25254, 266nl49; Russian hybrid war against, 184-85, 252, 254; Russians in, 82nl42; Security Service of, 154, 200; second Bolshevik occupation of, 20, 186, 194; Stalin’s decisions affecting, 137, 145,170, 189, 192, 201, 205, 234; State Committee on Archives in, 186, 198; teachers’ union members in, 91; third Bolshevik occupation of, 20 Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC), 40nl25, 95, 99, 104, 192, 275, 285 Ukrainian culture: and educational associations, 22; orientation toward European culture, 74; “Prosvita” societies and, 62-63; purges of institutions connected to, 242-43; revival of, 12-15, 17-18, 22, 49-50; Russian culture vs., xxiii, 11-12, 7071, 74; Soviet, 240-41; and theory of two cultures, 71; and Ukrainization, 70-75 Ukrainian farmers: blacklisting of, 135-36, 143-47, 189,192, 272-73; and Bolshevik land policy, 9,15, 18; Boroťbists (left wing party), 23; collectivization imposed on, 136; Committees of Non-wealthy Peasants, 54, 282; exiled to Russian Far North and Siberia, 108, 110-11, 117, 127n82,128n84; and industrialization and urbanization, 238; labeled as kurkuli, 138; mass uprisings (1930), 138, 140-43; and OGPU reports about, 138, 140-41; rejection of communal farming in 1920s, 15; as repository of folklore and music, xvii; as repository of Index national culture, xxv, 67; resistance to collectivization, 138; resistance to grain confiscations (1919), 20-21; and settlement in grain-growing areas of RSFSR (1924-1928), 237; Soviet propaganda denigrating, 13940; Stalin’s view of, 66-67; as target in Soviet genocide, xvii, 76, 135 Ukrainian history: lack of textbooks, 249; purges of teachers and professors of, 97-102, 113-14, 170; Putin’s views on, 252, 254; removal of book on, 170, 241; rewriting of, 252-53; Russian history vs., xxxivn72, 253-54; teaching of, 17, 22, 69, 249 Ukrainian intelligentsia: attitudes toward Soviet government, 25; categories for liquidation, 92-93; deportations of, xx, 88-92; executed at Sandarmokh, 13ІПІ44; existential choices of, xvi, xxiii; extermination of nationallyconscious, xx, xxv, 100-17, 129nl09, 191, 240; GPU and, 94, 100-19, 171n5, 238; ideological orientations of, 25, 54; and national identity, 75, 169; and nationality policy, 70, 75; non-communist, 54, 65, 236; old (prerevolution), xxiv, 54, 91-92, 96, 107, 167; Petliura’s, 64; as political prisoners, 111, 115, 119; and “Prosvita” societies, 62-63; “red” elite replacement for, xxiv, 54, 88,167; and RKP(b) policy toward, 23, 25, 94; and SVU show trial, xxi, xxv, 97-105; as target of Soviet genocide, xv, xvii, 76, 87, 122; and trial of SRs, 91,95 Ukrainian language: banned by Denikin, 22; Bolshevik policy toward, 23-24; borrowings in, xxxivn71; Central Rada’s policy toward, 12; Communist Party cadres and, 23-24, 70, 72; dictionaries, 114, 241; during Directory’s rule, 17; higher education 357 institutions and, 17, 65, 67; imperial Russian suppression of, 11, 70; KP(b) U membership and, 70; Mace on, 74; mandated in schools, 13,17, 64-65; and modernization, 169; moved “closer” to Russian, 84nl77; new orthography (1919), 17; orthographic commission (1926), 74, 78n49, 84nl74; persecution of scholars of, 98-99,101-2, 111, 114, 116; and post-famine “Russification”, 170-71, 239, 291; recognized as state language (1919), 17, 20; revival during the struggle for national liberation, 13,17; rural ví. urban environments and uses, 57-58; Russian language vs., xxiii, xxxivn71, 64, 67, 69-71,169, 237, 240-41; and Skoropads’kyi’s rule, 16-17; state employees and, 67, 72; testing of, 72, 241; teachers and, 17, 65-66, 69, 97-99; and Ukrainization, 63-75, 83nl43, 163-65,169 Ukrainian-language instruction: expansion of, 65; in non-Ukrainian schools, 65, 67; in primary schools, 16-17, 65, 241; in Russian-language schools, 22, 241; in secondary schools, 13, 17, 65, 241; and teacher training, 13, 65, 69 Ukrainian-language literature: lack of, 50, 241; Mace on, 74; textbooks, 17, 50; under tsarism, 11; and Ukrainianlanguage schools in the Russian SFSR, 69 Ukrainian-language schools: number of, 67, 170; gymnasia, 13; and national identity, 11; overcrowding of, 13; popular pressure for, 49; at post secondary level, 67, 170; in RSFSR, 68-69, 83nl45; in Russian Empire, 11; Russification of, 11, 69, 170; secondary, 13; and Ukrainization, 74, 169 Ukrainian nationalism, xxii, 69, 138, 169, 190, 201, 233-35, 238, 240, 243 358 Index Ukrainian National Republic (UNR), 1, 13-14, 17, 125ո47, 125ո50, 171, 281; about, 299-300; and Bolsheviks, 15; and Chekhivs'kyi, 91, 700; Directory of, 17, 22, 99, 274-75, 300; Fourth Universal declares Ukraine independent (1918), 13, 37n65, 299; govemmentin-exile, 300; GPU repression of supporters of, 110, 147, 298-302; and Liquidation Commission, 19; and ministry of nationalities, 300; recognition by Great Britain and France, 15; recognition by World Socialist Conference, 23; and Ukrainian Mission in Paris (1919-1920), 19-20; and Ukrainian National Chorus, 22, 41nl26. See aho Central Rada; Directory (of Ukrainian National Republic) Ukrainian National Women’s League of America (UNWLA), 211-12 Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), 52, 88, 91, 95, 296 Ukrainian Revolution. See national liberation struggle (1917-1921) Ukrainians: deported and exiled to labor camps, 117; forcibly resettled to Siberia, 127n82, 128n84; in KP(b)U, 70, 206; as Little Russians, 11, 18, 20, 22; as national group targeted in Soviet genocide, xv-xvi, 186, 229; as political prisoners, 111, 129nl09; repressions against, 140, 186, 234; in RSFSR, 68-69, 83nl45, 299; and Russification, xvii, 7-8, 36n47, 6768, 74, 110, 169-71, 238, 253, 291; Stalin’s “crashing blow” directed against, 190 Ukrainian separatism, 20, 47, 74, 242-^13 Ukrainization, xxv; and Cheka, 209; Chervonyi pereis' special issue on, 83nl43; in Donbas, 74; end of, 69, 74, 102, 105, 110, 135, 164-65, 169-70, 190-91, 235; in ethnic Ukrainian areas of RSFSR, 68-69, 83nl45, 140, 190, 201; KP(b)U and, 64, 70-71, 75; limits of, 69; Mace on, 64, 74; as NEP in cultural sphere, 66; non-Bolshevik, 12-13, 17, 50; in North Caucasus, 164-65; People’s Commissariat of Education and, 67, 72, 74, 169; Petliura on Soviet, 75; political goals of, 69, 92; resistance to, 68; Soviet, 63-75; Stalin and, 63, 70, 164, 201, 229 U.N. Convention on the Non applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity, 185, 230 U.N. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, xvii-xviii, 184-85, 230, 244 Union of Militant Atheists (bezbozhniki), 236, 271 Union of Ukrainian Youth. See SUM (Union of Ukrainian Youth) Union for the Liberation of Ukraine. See SVU (Union for the Liberation of Ukraine) United Nations, 184, 190, 214 United States, 18, 117, 119, 135, 273, 281, 296; Communist movement in, 121, 124n29, 212; and farm management, 135; and forced labor, 119-20; Jewish intellectuals in, 213; and recognition of USSR, 122, 188; and Tariff Act (1930), 119 urban-rural relationship. See rural-urban relationship U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine, xviii, xxxivn73, 151, 155, 167, 188, 193, 202, 212, 251-52, 286 U.S. Department of State, xviii, 19-20, 119, 121 Index U.S. National Holodomor Memorial, 196, 252 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). See Soviet Union Vasylenko, Mykolą, 16-17, 300-301 Vashchenko, Hryhorii, 60, 301 VChK. See Cheka (VChK) vidpovidachi (system of extrajudicial killing), 89-90, 293, 301. See also Red Terror village(s): councils in national minority areas, 65, 82nl42; demand for schools in, 49; Gareth Jones’ tour of Ukrainian, 210; “Prosvita” societies in, 62-63; Rhea Clyman’s account of famine in Ukrainian, 210; teachers in, 47-48, 51-58, 62, 65, 150, 15357, 166. See also rural areas Vinnytsia (city and region), 51, 140-42, 155, 158-61, 275 violence, xv, xviii, xx, xxiii-xxv, 1-5, 47, 148, 207, 230, 233, 243, 245-46, 256 Volga (region), 29-30, 68, 140, 188, 192, 239, 270 Volyn' (region), 52, 140-42, 299 Voronizh (city and region), 69, 83nl45, 194, 298 VUAN. See All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences vykonavtsi (perpetrators): about, 302; and collectivization, 137-38, 302; Communist Party Politburo as, 23335; Communist Party rank-and-file as, 235-36; and grain confiscations, 302; and GPU, 302; and propaganda campaigns, 137-40, 302; teachers’ participation as, 148-50, 236, 302; urban proletariat as, 172nl6. See also buksyrni bryhady Vynnychenko, Volodymyr, 24, 272, 274-75 359 Vyshinsky, Andrey, 212 War Communism, 29, 45nl88, 152, 302 Washington, D.C. (city), 121; National Holodomor Memorial in, 196, 252, 263nl22; Taras Shevchenko School of Ukrainian Studies in, 252 Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 208 Weber, Max, xix, 231 White Army, 2, 22, 25, 245 Wienerberger, Alexander, 161, 179nl38 Wilson, Woodrow, 18 women, 11-12, 55, 61-62, 99, 104, 117, 168, 204, 211-12, 236, 243-44, 246 working class: hierarchy of food distribution, 152-53; intelligentsia and, 49; and nationality, 6; nationality policy and, 8-9, 70; as ruling class, 4; Russian vs. Ukrainian, 9; schools (robfaky), 292; and socialism, 2; Ukrainization of, 70 Yanukovych, Viktor, 252 Young Pioneers, 59, 73, 138, 202 Yurkevych, Lev, 8 Yushchenko, Viktor, 187, 197 ZAGS (registry of vital statistics), 198-99, 302 Zales’kyi, Andrii, 98 Zaluzhnyi, Oleksandr, 60, 302 Zaporizhzhia (region), 29 zamchnytstvo (system of extrajudicial killings), 89-90, 293, 303. See also Red Terror zatirka (food surrogate), 156, 303 Zatons'kyi, Volodymyr, 15, 25, 55, 61, 64, 75, 90-91, 128n89, 160, 303 zemstvos (local self-governing administrations), 12-13, 22 Zerov, Mykolą, 111, 116 Zhytomyr (region), 49, 146, 155-56
adam_txt	Contents List of Figures and Tables vii Acknowledgments ix Notes on Transliteration and Administrative Divisions Introduction: Soviet Genocide against Ukrainians xiii xv 1 Preconditions 1 2 Leadership 47 3 Trial 87 4 Extermination 135 5 Denial 183 Conclusion: Aftermath 229 Biographical Sketches and Terminology 269 Bibliography 305 Index 341 About the Author 361 Bibliography Abramson, Henry. A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews in Revolutionary Times, 1917-1920. Cambridge: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute and Center for Jewish Studies, Harvard University, 1999. Adams, Arthur E. Bolsheviks in the Ukraine: The Second Campaign, 1918-1919. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963. --------- . “The Great Ukrainian Jacquerie.” In The Ukraine, 1917-1921: A Study in Revolution, edited by Taras Hunczak, 247-70. Cambridge: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1977. 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See Soviet agriculture All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combatting Counterrevolution, Speculation, Sabotage, and Misuse of Authority. See Cheka (VChK) All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, 17, 73, 94, 97-99, 101, 105, 109, 113, 128n89, ІЗОпПЗ, 191, 241, 279, 284, 300-301, 303. See also VUAN “all-Union” famine, xix, 184, 186-92, 214, 252, 255, 270 American Relief Administration (ARA), 29, 31, 42nl50, 193, 270 Ammende, Ewald, 5, 161, 234, 270 anti-Semitism, 8, 209, 213 Antonenko-Davydovych, Borys, 103,294 Arendt, Hannah, 28, 88 Asatkin, Oleksandr, 163, 194 Balyts'kyi, Vsevolod, 97, 142, 147, 235, 270 Bidnova, Liubov, 99 Bilyi, Mykolą, 99 Bolsheviks, 1-2; and budget allocations for education, 52; and confiscation of church property and gold, 91, 124n29; first occupation of Ukraine (1918), 15; and food policy in Ukraine, 23-24; and grain confiscations in Ukraine (1919), 21; and intelligentsia, xv, 27, 51-58, 88-89; and Makhno, 41nl28, 286-87; and nationality policy, 6-8, 10-11, 63-69, 75; October Socialist Revolution (coup d’état, 1917), xxii, xxiv-xxv, 1, 11, 47-4-8, 56, 61; and policy toward non-Russian nations, xxiv, 15; and recognition of UNR, 15; second occupation of Ukraine (1919), 20; and status entitlements, 231; third occupation of Ukraine (1920), 20 Borot'bists, 2, 23, 27, 71, 272, 294 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty (1918), 14, 16, 300 British Foreign Office, 211 Bruk, Solomon, 104,127n76 buksymi bryhady. See tugboat brigades 341 342 Index Bullitt, William C., 121 cannibalism, 32, 154, 207, 245-47 capitalism, 7-8, 10, 119-21, 231 Catherine the Great, 11, 107, 122n9 censuses, 11, 30, 43nl68, 53, 8ІПІ22, 187, 193-94, 220n81 Central Black Earth, 68, 83nl45, 140, 164, 190, 192, 201, 298-99. See also TsChO Central Rada, 1, 12, 14-15, 22, 93; about, 272; and Bolsheviks, 15-16, 37n65, 281, 299; diplomatic recognition in Europe (1918), 15; First Universal (1917), 12; Fourth Universal (1918) declares Ukraine independent, 13, 37n65, 299; persecution of former members of, 93, 297, 299, 300, 302; Secretariat of People’s Education, 281; and UNR, 13, 299-300 chauvinism, 4, 64, 71, 234—35, 242-43 Cheka (VChK), 94, 128n89, 200, 209, 272, 293, 301. See also GPU (State Political Directorate); NKVD; OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate); Soviet secret police Chekhivs'kyi, Volodymyr, 91, 99,100, 275 chekists, 201,226nl67, 226nl70,255,272 Cherkasy (region), 49, 203, 297 Chemihiv (city and region), 99, 144, 150, 164, 167, 207, 236 children: Central Commission to Aid (TsK Dophol VUTsVK), 58; communes, 27, 59-61, 283; deportations of, 165; with disabilities, 27; during famine of 1921-1923, 31, 32; during Holodomorof 1932-1933, 150, 153-63, 197-99, 271; homeless, 5859,161, 271; and “hot breakfasts”, 157-59; intellectually gifted, 28; orphanages, 26-27, 32, 58-59, 164, 199; social protection of, 26; social upbringing of, 26-27,53-55, 59-61, 296, 301 chomi doshky (blacklisting), 135-36, 143-47, 189,192, 272-73. See also Holodomor of 1932-1933 Chubar, Vlas, 233, 273 civilization(s), xxiii, 18, 48, 56, 240, 255 class: categories, 23-24; in communist doctrine, 3-4, 28, 33, 120; consciousness, 167; enemies, 96, 149, 167; and intelligentsia, xxii; liquidation of kulaks as, 138; national group vs., 5; solidarity, 60; and statos, 231 Oyman, Rhea, 210 collective farms: about, 282-83; antiSoviet uprisings and, 138-42; blacklisting of, 143—44; grain confiscations, 144-47; law on theft of socialist property, 143,147, 233; meat penalties, 144; payment in workdays on, 136-37, 298 collectivization, xxi, xxiii, 87, 186, 206-7, 229; activists during, 137-38, 144-46, 172nl6; dvadtsiatyp ’iatytysiachnyky (25,000ers), 275-76; and Holodomor of 1932-1933, 137, 214; resistance to, 138, 140-43; and Stalin’s policy of, 135-36, 229, 232, 273; total, xxv, 4, 136, 172nl2, 191 colonialism, xix, xxiii, 5, 10, 24, 64, 75, 137, 235, 239, 249, 296 Comintern (Communist International), 23, 29, 73, 91, 212-13, 273. See also Third International Committees of Non-wealthy Peasants (KNS), 54, 282 communism, 2-4, 48, 53, 60-61, 110, 121, 137, 213, 231 Communist Party: and anti-Semitism, 209; Bolsheviks renamed as, 48; and cultural revolution, 47-49, 52; and education, 47—49, 60-61; and Index food rations, 30-31, 152-53, 155; and Holodomor of 1932-1933, 205; and “hot breakfasts” in schools, 157-58; and intelligentsia, 88-90; and Komsomol, 62, 138, 142, 146, 150; and KP(b)U membership, 70-71; and liquidation of illiteracy, 62; and moral code, 152, 177n98; nationality policy, 63, 70-71; nomenklatura, 250; and People’s Commissariat of Education, 57; and purges of all political parties, 51; and purges of members, 205; and Robos, 27, 51; and Russian language, 70-72; and teachers, xxiii, 25, 47-49, 51-57, 61, 63, 65, 75-76, 150, 202, 294; and teaching of history and social sciences, 249-50; and Ukrainian language, 23-24, 70, 72; and Ukrainization, 64, 75. See also KP(b)U; RKP(b) Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine, 54, 56, 160, 283; and blacklisting, 143-44; ethnic composition of, 70-71, 83nl60; and GPU, 88, 94; and intelligentsia, 70, 88; Kaganovich as leader of, 72; Komiushin as secretary of, 70; Kosior as secretary of, 160; Kviring as secretary of, 71; Lebed' as secretary of, 71; and national culture, 242; nationality policy, 64, 70-71; and political reeducation of teachers, 52-56; and Postyshev, 158, 234-36; purges of, 206, 235-36; and Tenth Congress of, 57, 72; and Third AllUkrainian Party Conference (1932), 205; and Ukrainization, 64, 70-71, 75; and Zatons'kyi, 303. See also KP(b)U Communist Youth League. See Komsomol (Communist Youth League) concentration camps. See labor camps 343 Conquest, Robert, xvii, xx, 66, 165, 190, 208, 233, 245, 255 Cossacks, 11, 18, 69, 107, 109, 122n9, 143, 164-65, 271, 280, 289-90, 295 counterrevolution/-revolutionaries, 2, 15, 74; GPU and, 90, 92-93; and intelligentsia, 88, 91-93, 111; nationalism and, 5, 9, 201, 243; Operative Order No. 1 (1932), 147; SVU as organization of, 103, 105; teachers and, 66, 108, 110; in Ukrainian agricultural institutes, 171n2; Ukrainian farmers as, 108, 110 Crimea, 18, 142, 200, 253 cultural revolution, xxi, xxiii, 47, 52, 123nl4,164, 256 Danyliw, Volodymyr-Iuri, 279 decommunization, 5, 34n22 dekulakization, 205, 238, 274 denationalization, 11, 238 Denikin, Anton, 18, 21-22, 286 Dewey, John, 50 dezinformatsiya. See disinformation Dibert, Varvara, 49-50, 167, 252 dictatorship, xx, 1, 5, 7, 75, 114, 231-32 Dimaro v, Anatolii, 5, 172η 12, 274 Directory (of Ukrainian National Republic), 17, 22, 99, 274-75, 300 disinformation, xvii, xix, 15, 200-202, 207, 213, 252, 254, 274 Dnipropetrovs’k (city; former Katerynoslav, now Dnipro), 21, 29, 68, 88, 99, 122n9 Dnipropetrovs’k (region; former Katerynoslav, now Dnipro), 29, 6768, 142, 144, 146, 151, 156, 161 Doha, Vasyľ, 98 Donbas (Donets Basin), 24, 41nl33, 74, 144, 152, 200 DonetsTc (city; former Stalino), 103, 241-42, 279 DonetsTc (region), 29, 254 344 Index DPU. See GPU (State Political Directorate) Duranty, Walter, 121, 208 DurdukivsTcyi, Volodymyr, 14, 98, 102, 129ПІ04 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 59, 88, 90-92, 105, 226nl70, 276, 301 education: ABC of Communism, 61; collectivist method of, 59-60; Communist Party and, 47, 49, 60-61; councils for national minorities, 16, 65; cultural revolution and, xxi, 47, 52; decentralization of, 14; labor, 25-26, 53, 61; and language, 13, 1617; and nationality policy, 65; and national universities, 17; and nation building, 11-14, 16-17; primary, 17, 26; secondary, 26; social, 55; and Soviet political agenda, 1, 48-49; standardization of, 250; Taylorism in, 61; vocational/polytechnic, 15, 26 enemy of the people, 28, 102-3, 13738, 147, 149, 157, 203, 205, 276 Engels, Friedrich, xxiv, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 28, 231, 287 ethnic/national minorities: areas of settlement, 65, 74; commissariats of education for, 14, 16; Germans, 65, 240; Mennonites, 67, 96-97, 142; and native-language schools, 14, 65, 67, 74; and Russian language, 65; Russian language vä. languages of, 65, 67, 69; self-determination for, 47; Ukrainian settlements in RSFSR, 68-69, 83nl45, 299; Ukrainization and, 67, 169; village councils, 65, 82nl42 ethnic/national-minority schools: closures, 74; for ethnic Ukrainian children in FSFSR, 69, 83nl45; German, 67, 68, 74; Jewish, 67; and nationality policy, 10, 65, 67-68; Polish, 67, 74; Russian, 67; and UNR, 300 Euromaidan. See Revolution of Dignity (2013-2014) Existentialism, xvi, xxiii famine (1921-1923), xv, 1, 51, 56, 62, 193; assistance from international organizations, 29; cannibalism during, 32-33; children during, 3132, 45nl85, 58-59; death statistics, 30, 163; as “dress rehearsal” for Great Famine, 33; as first Soviet holodomor, 45nl88; grain exports during, 32; schools during, 61; in Soviet Ukraine, 28-33, 61; teachers during, 51, 56, 61; as tool of genocide, 30; Ukrainian intelligentsia during, 30, 56. See also American Relief Administration famine-genocide (1932-1933), xviixviii. See also Holodomor of 19321933 First Five-Year Plan, 108, 110, 118, 120, 135, 166, 193, 237 forced labor, xxiii, 117-20, 238 Frentón, Mikhail, 146, 149-50,155, 176n88 Gantt, William Horsley, 42nl50, 193 genocide, 135,143, 212; Armenian, xix, 87; famine as tool of, 30, 196; Holodomor, xv-xviii, xxi, xxiv-xxv, 196, 229-30, 278; Indonesian massacres, 148; Lemkin’s creation of term, xviii; xxixn29, 276; linguistic, 220n82; and nationalism, 125n42; perpetrators, 183, 230, 233; prevention, xviii; Rwandan, xviii; Soviet, xv, xvii, xxi, 1-2,183, 229, 278; stages of, xviii-xix; typology of, xxvin9; against Ukrainians, xv-xviii, xxi, 1-2, 229-30, 252, 256; U.N. definition of, xviii, 276-77 GPU (State Political Directorate), 33, 52, 243; and anti-Soviet uprisings, 138, 140-42, 218n53; arrests, Index 87-92, 94, 114,146-47, 191; and assassination of Petliura, 94-96; blockades of blacklisted villages, 146-47; cadres, 25, 90, 94, 209, 226nl67, 226nl70; deportations, 88-91, 94, 142,164-65, 191-92; and food rations, 152-53; fonctions, 90; and KP(b)U, 94; and Kuban' operation (1932-1933), 164—65; and labor camps, 105-107, 112, 117-19; and methods of interrogation, 100-101,104, 127n76, 127n80; and nationality policy, 65; pamphlet “On Ukrainian Separatism”, 95; and People’s Commissariat of Education, 89, 123nl4; and registry of deaths during Holodomor of 1932-1933, 189; and repressions of Ukrainian intelligentsia, xxi, 88-94, 96, 100-17, 171n5, 191, 242; and Special Assignment Army of, 108; and Statute about Secrecy, 207; and suppression of antiBolshevik resistance in Ukraine, 21, 89-90; and suppression of Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, 93-95; and SVU show trial, xxi, 97105; and trial of Ukrainian SRs, 91, 95; and troika, 245, 247, 277; and Ukrainization, 65; use of Russian abbreviation, xxi. See also Cheka (VChK); NKVD; OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate); Soviet secret police Gradenigo, Sergio, 193, 208, 239 grain confiscations: activists and, 21, 137, 172nl6; Communist Party plenipotentiaries and, 137,141, 206; as GPU operations to crash Ukrainian opposition to, 142-43; Komsomol and, 137, 146; and KP(b) U, 233-34; and nationality policy, 235; resistance to, 21, 138,140-44, 146, 150; and “sabotage”, 143, 14547; teachers and, 54, 236; tugboat 345 brigades and, 137-38, 144-46; Young Pioneers and, 138 Great Famine of 1932-1933. See Holodomor of 1932-1933 Great Terror, xxii, 96, 100, 192, 206, 277 Grigorenko, Petra, 173n36 Grossman, Vasily, 137, 231-32 GULAG (Main Directorate of Camps), 277; dissident memoirs on, 118; expansion in the 1930s, 107-8; and GPU, 105-7, 112, 117-19; Kolyma, 106-7; labor camps, 105-7; Museum of History of, 132nl47; rise in Putin’s Russia, 255; Solovetsky Islands, 107-8, 111, 113, 117-18, 13ІПІ44, 210, 244, 277, 279; White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal, 106-10, 116-17, 13ІПІ44, 133nl66, 210, 244, 277 gymnasia, 13, 17, 27 Hantsov, Vsevolod, 84nl73, 98, 114, ІЗЗпІбЗ Havel, Václav, 256 Hermaize, Iosyp, 98, 109, 114, 191, 218n55, 253 Herriot, Édouard, 207 history: communization of, 250; and first conference of Marxist historians (1929), 113-14; and historiographic differences, xxiii, xxxivn72; and hybrid war, 254; revisionist, 145, 256; teaching of, 249; writing of, 200, 250 holocaust, xvii, xxviiin24, 183, 197 holod, xvi, 277 holodomor, xvi, 45nl88, 277 Holodomor of 1932-1933: as apogee of the Holodomor-genocide, 229-30, 277; blacklisting during, 135-36, 143-47, 189,192, 272-73; blockades of villages, 146—47, 201; border closures during, 192; cannibalism during, 154, 207, 244-47; children 346 Index 241; epigenetic effects, 248; Great during, 150, 153-63, 197-99, 244, Famine of 1932-1933 as apogee 271; collapse of schools during, 15362; confiscation of everything edible of, xv, 33, 277; hate propaganda during, 138-40; as historical trauma, during, 136-37, 143, 189; cover-up, 239, 247; history of, xix, 251; as 158, 193-210; death certificates instrument of nationality policy, (ZAGS), 198-99, 222nll5; death 170, 201; legal perspective on, statistics, 163, 193-94, 196-99, xv; legal responsibility for, xxv, 212, 214; and defeat of Ukrainian 184-86, 229-36; memorialization, nationalism, 201; definition of, 277; 251-52; as multi-pronged attack economic aftermath, 237-39; end (Lemkin), 278; National Museum, of Ukrainization, 163-66, 169-71; as famine, xix-xx, xxii; foreign 187; number of victims, 193-200, 240, 278; organization of, 142-47; diplomatic dispatches about, 239-43; perpetrators, xv, 148, 186, 236, 278; foreign press coverage of, 207-10; and post-genocidal society, 249, 252; Gareth Jones’ tour of Ukraine, 209-10; as GPU special operation, psychological effects, xxv, 229, 244147, 189; grain export during, 49; recognition of, xvii-xviii, 184, 186, 214, 229, 278; remembrance, 188; grain procurement quotas, 144-45, 147, 188; “hot breakfasts” in 183, 186, 251; social effects, xxv, 229, 23944; sociological schools during, 156-59; information perspective on, xv; survivors, 229, blockade, 201, 204; internal passport 239, 24749; and SVU show trial decree, 233, 290; law on protecting socialist property, 233; as man-made of Ukrainian intelligentsia, xxi-xxii, xxv, 97-105; victims, xv, 138, 148, famine, 277; mortality rate, 195; 168, 198, 201, 207, 214, 236-37, non-payment for workdays, 298-99; number of victims, 193-200, 214, 243, 246, 278 Holoskevych, Hryhorii, 84nl74, 104 240; and Roosevelt administration, 212; silencing in Soviet press, Homo Sovieticus, 248, 250 Hrebenets'kyi, Oleksandr, 98 204-5; Soviet propaganda blaming Hrushevs'kyi, Mykhailo, 12, 50, 94, 97, Ukrainian nationalism, 138-40; and speculation decree, 233; Torgsin 103, 110, 114, 191, 252-53, 272, 279 Hrushevs'kyi, Serhii, 103, 279 hard currency stores during, 210, Hrynlco, Hryhorii, 26, 28,63-64, 89, 272 212, 297-98; tugboat brigades, xxviiin23, 138, 144-46, 162, 272; Hryshko, Wasyl, xvii, xxviiin24, 2, 4, vodka addiction rates after, 162 9-10, 30 Holodomor-genocide: bystanders, hunger, xvi-xvii, 31, 113, 119-20, 277 xxv, 169; commemoration of, hybrid war, xxv, 184-85, 252, 254 253; criminological perspective on, xv; cultural effects, 191, IavorsTcyi, Matvii, 5, 84nl73, 96, 113, 229, 247-48; definition, 278; 279 deformation of morality during, 168; Iefremov, Petro, 99 dehumanization, 138, 2454-6; denial, Iefremov, Serhii, 84nl74, 91, 94, 97-102, 104, 110, 128n89, 129nl04, xxiii, 183-200, 202, 214n5, 249, 130ПІ13, 191, 218n55, 253, 272, 290 252; destruction of books, 200-201, Index imperialism, xix, xxiii, 4, 10-11, 47, 249 implicated subjects, xvi, 147—48 industrialization, xxiii, 117, 186, 190, 229, 237 Innitzer, Theodor, Cardinal, Archbishop of Vienna, 270 Institute of People’s Education (INO), 14; Dnipropetrovs'k (Katerynoslav), 88, 91; DonetsTc, 103, 279; GPU and, 96-103; Kam’ianets'-Podil's'kyi, 88; Kharkiv, 88, 91; Kyiv, 88, 91, 98-99, 101, 113-14; Mykolaiv, 99; Nizhyn, 30; Odesa, 88, 99; Poltava, 99; protests in, 88; and SVU defendants, 97-100; and training of “red” professors, 88 intelligentsia: Bolshevik attitudes toward, xxii, 31,48; Communist Party and, xxii, 70, 75; cultural revolution and, xxiii, 47; definition of, xxxivn68; and hierarchy of food distribution, 152-53; KP(b)U and, 70, 88; and national consciousness, 75; repression of, xx, 87, 236; standard of living, 30-31; teachers as members of, xvi, 27,49, 75-76, 87; and Ukrainization, 66, 70-71 International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932-1933 Famine in Ukraine, xvii, 233, 279-80 International Military Tribunal Charter, 239 Ivanytsia, Hryhorii, 98 Ivchuk, Vasyl', 159,160, 280 Jadwin, Edgar, 19 Jews, xix; and KP(b)U membership, 70-71, 83nl60; migration from Pale of Settlement, 25; and nationality policy, 67; RKP(b) policy toward, 24-25; and Russian anti-Semitism, 8, 25, 95; and service in GPU, 25, 209, 226nl67; and Social Democratic 347 Bund, 8, 48; and Ukrainization, 70; violence against, 22, 95; and work in UNR government, 95 Jones, Gareth, 209, 226nl73 Kaganovich, Lazar, 72, 143, 280 Kalnyshevs'kyi, Petro, 107 Kam’ianets'-Podil's'kyi (city and region), 17, 51, 88, 143, 275 Kardynalovs'ka, Tetiana, 75, 281 Karpovych, Iosyp, 99 Kazakhstan (autonomous region within RSFSR), 106, 153, 164, 170, 172nl6, 187-88, 190, 201 Kharkiv (city), 15, 20-21, 24, 72, 142, 161, 186-87, 204, 208-9, 239-43, 271; First All-Ukrainian Teachers Congress in, 54; intelligentsia in, 30; Institute of People’s Education, 88, 91, 284; Research Institute of Geography in, 113; SVU show trial in Opera House, 98,100-101, 191; Third All-Ukrainian Conference on Teacher Education in, 53; University, 166, 296; orthography, 74, 78n49, 240 Kharkiv (region): blacklisting of villages in, 144; grain confiscations in, 144, 150; KP(b)U membership in, 70; teachers’ congress delegates from, 55; teachers in, 150-51, 153-55, 166; Ukrainian language proficiency in, 70; Ukrainization in, 70 Kholodnyi, Hryhorii, 99 Kholodnyi, Petro, 17, 281 Khomenko, Arsemi, 194 Khvylia, Andrii, 281-82 Khvyl'ovyi, Mykolą, 72-74, 84nl74, 110, 282 KNS. See Committees of Non-wealthy Peasants (KNS) kobzars, 125n53, 271 Koestier, Arthur, 204 348 Index kolhosps. See collective farms kolonii (children’s communes), 27, 5861, 283. See also Makarenko, Anton Komsomol (Communist Youth League): about, 283; and activist search brigades, 172nl6; Chubar’s speech addressed to, 75; and grain confiscations, 137-38, 146; informers in institutes of higher education, 101; and liquidation of illiteracy, 62; and teachers, 146, 154, 163, 203; and Young Pioneers, 138 korenizatsiia. See nationality policy Kosior, Stanislav, 91, 142, 160, 201, 203, 233, 283 KP(b)U. See Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine Kremenchuk (city), 152, 198 Krupskaya, Nadezhda (Lenin’s wife), 52 Krushel'nyts'kyi, Antin, 94, 111 Kryms'kyi, Ahatanhel, 17, 84nl74 Kuban' (North Caucasus district): blacklisting in, 272-73; deportations from, 164-65; ethic Ukrainian population in, 18, 68-69, 194, 283-84; Poltavs'ka (Cossack settlement), 69, 16465; Russification in, 223nll6; teacher training college in, 69; Ukrainization in, 68-69, 164-65 kulaks, 155, 284; arrests of, 147; children of, 167-68; and collectivization, 137; definition of, 23-24; dekulakization, 274; deportations of, 142—43; exile to labor camps, 142; hate propaganda against, 138—10; liquidation of, 191-92; “sabotage” by, 138, 143, 147; Stalin on, 138, 205; teachers and, 53, 236; Young Pioneers and, 203, 224nl36 kurkuli. See kulaks Kursk (region), 69, 83nl45, 298 Kviring, Emmanuil, 71, 284 Kyïvan Rus' (medieval state), 11, 252, 255, 279 KyiV (city), 17, 21, 50,155, 184, 186, 187, 275, 281, 287; Film School, 242; First All-Ukrainian Teachers’ Congress in (1917), 12; first national university in, 17; Gymnasium No. 1 named after Taras Shevchenko, 13; Institute of Linguistics, 242; Institute of People’s Education in, 88, 91, 98-99, 113-14; intelligentsia in, 30; Labor School No. 1 named after Taras Shevchenko, 13,14, 98, 102; National Holodomor-Genocide Museum in, 172,187; transfer of capital from Kharkiv to, 243; University, 108, 116, 242, 303 Kyiv (region), 49-50, 54, 70, 72, 14344, 157, 159, 202, 236 labor camps, 100, 105-7,142, 164, 213; and classification of laborers, 112-13; corrective, xxv, 116, 119, 130nll8, 154; food rations in, 115,153; forced labor in, 117-20, 210, 244; and GPU, 105-7, 112, 117-19; Kem' transit station to, 106-7, 109, 210, 244; Kolyma, 106-7; living conditions in, 111-12, 13ІПІ47; mortality rate in, 117; political prisoners in, 111, 115, 119, 122; prisoner wages in, 116-17; production quotas in, 115; on Solovetsky Islands, 106-8, 111, 113, 117-18, 13ІПІ44, 210, 244, 274, 279; timber felling camps, 119; treatment of prisoners in, 111-12, 244-45; Ukrainian intelligentsia in, xxv, 100, 107-17; White SeaBaltic Sea Canal, 106-10, 116-17, 13ІПІ44, 133nl66, 210, 244, 277. See also GULAG (Main Directorate of Camps) labor schools, 25-26, 53, 61 Index Lahuta, Mykolą, 99 land: Bolshevik policy toward ownership of, xxiv, 1, 6, 9, 15, 18; Central Rada policy toward, 15; expropriation of, 5, 9, 53; in Marxist doctrine, 3,10; Russian repartition of, 15; socialization of, 15 language: policy in Soviet Ukraine, xxii, 66; Ukrainian farmers as repository of national, xvii League of Nations, xvi, 118, 211 Lebed', Dmitrii, 64, 71, 284-85 Lemkin, Raphael, xxviin21, 184, 212; as author of U.N. Convention on Genocide, xvii-xviii; conceptualized Soviet genocide, xvii, xix, 87, 136, 185, 192, 278 Lenin, Vladimir, xxiv, 1, 4-6, 15, 20, 28, 34nl4, 35n25, 52, 61, 72, 88-89, 136, 157, 161,231-33; assassination attempt on, 52, 77n28; and assimilation of nations, 7; creates secret police (Cheka), 105; creates USSR, 47; establishes concentration camps, 118, 277; and First Congress of Internationalist Teachers (1918), 49; as founding father of first socialist state, xxiv; Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, 10, 71; land policy, 9-10; and liquidation of illiteracy, 61; and Marxism, 6, 10, 76n7; and Molotov, 30; and nationality policy, 11; New Economic Policy, 28-29, 136; and October Socialist Revolution (coup d’état, 1917), 48; and Skrypnyk, 7273; and Stalin, 4, 66; and suppression of anti-Bolshevik uprisings, 145; theses on RKP(b) policy toward Ukraine, 23-24; and Ukrainian intelligentsia, 25, 88-89; views on role of teachers, 49, 52; views on self-determination of nations and secession, 6, 10, 47; views on use 349 of political power, 4, 75; and War Communism, 29, 45nl88, 302; writings on education, 8, 49; writings on national culture, 8-9 Leninism, xxiii, 33 Lower Volga (region), 68, 140, 172nl6, 192 Luhans'k (city and region), 254 Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 48, 285 Lyons, Eugene, 207, 213 Lypkivs'kyi, Vasyľ, Metropolitan, 94-95, 285 Lysyvets', Anastasiia, 248, 286 Mace, James E., 64, 74, 188-89, 212, 224nl44, 233, 235-36, 239, 249, 286 Makarenko, Anton, 59-61, 79n80, 80n86 Makhno, Nestor, 2, 22, 276, 286-87 Manifesto of the Communist Party, 2-3, 5, 287 Marx, Karl, xxiv, 1-6, 23, 27, 231-32, 287; and anti-national bias, 2-4, 9; and anti-peasant attitude, 4, 10; Capital, 5, 120; as “Darwin of histoiy”, 28; on hunger as motive for labor, 120; and theory of communism, 2, 137 Marxism, xvi, xxiii, 2, 4, 5, 7-8, 12, 62, 75, 76n7, 108, 119, 250 Marxism-Leninism, 1, 159, 294 Matushevs'kyi, Borys, 97, 99,100, 127n76, 287 Mennonites, 32, 67, 82nl40, 97, 141, 203 Mizernyts'kyi, Oleksandr, 55, 57, 287-88 modernization, 57, 135, 207, 229 Molotov, Viacheslav, 30, 143, 185, 188, 201, 205, 249, 288 Morozov, Pavlik, 203, 224nl36 Muggeridge, Malcolm, 210-11 Muscovy (medieval principality), 11 Mykolaïv (city and region), 30, 99, 199 350 Index Nansen, Fridtjof, 29, 32 nationalism, xxiii, 4—5, 7-10, 12, 20, 63-64, 75, 92-93, 201 nationality policy, 63-69,170, 283; Bolsheviks and, 6-11; education and, 65; and grain confiscations, 201, 235; KP(b)U and, 64, 70-71; native languages and, 65; Petliura on Soviet Ukrainization, 75; RKP(b) and, 6364; schools and, 64; Soviet, 63-69, 75, 233; Ukrainization, 64-75, 283 national liberation struggle (19171921), xv, xxiv, 10-23, 49, 56, 65, 89, 297 New Economic Policy (NEP), 27, 29, 66, 87-88, 135, 288 New York (city), xvii, 120, 121, 185, 201, 212, 279 NKO. See People’s Commissariat of Education (in Soviet Ukraine) NKVD. See Cheka (VChK); GPU (State Political Directorate); OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate); People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs; Soviet secret police nomenklatura, 250, 289 North Caucasus, 50, 190, 210-11; and blacklisting, 143-44, 189; and border closure, 192; ethnic Ukrainian population in, 18, 137, 165, 194, 201, 283-84; and grain confiscations, 172nl6; Kuban' operation (19321933), 164-65; pedagogical college in, 69, 165; resettlement of Red Army veterans to, 219n66; resistance to collectivization, 190; Russification in, 223nll6; and Ukrainization, 68-69, 164-65, 190, 201 October Socialist Revolution (coup d’état, 1917), xxii, xxiv-xxv, 1, 11, 47-48, 56, 61, 164, 282 Odesa (city and region), 88, 99, 144-45, 154-55, 199, 240 OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate). See Soviet secret police orthography. See Ukrainian language Otamanovs'kyi, Valentin, 100 otamans (Cossack chieftains), 18, 4ІПІ28, 289, 297 paiki (food rations), 31,152-55, 289-90 Panchenko-Chalenko, Kyrylo, 99 Paris (city), 19-20, 75, 94-96, 281; Ukrainian Mission in, 19 Paris Peace Conference, 18-19, 39nl00, 39nl06 Pavlohrad (city and district), 56,142, 146 Pavlov, Ivan, 27, 42nl50 Pavlushkov, Mykolą, 97, 99-100,101, 110, 126n64, 129nl06, 290 peasants, 10, 23-24, 71, 74, 93, 190, 204-5, 207, 233 People’s Commissariat of Education (in Soviet Ukraine), 25,123nl4, 235, 289, 303-4; Declaration on Social Upbringing of Children, 26; and GPU, 89, 91; and Kharkiv orthography (1926), 74, 78n49, 295-96; and mobilization for agricultural campaign, 149; and political reeducation campaign, 53-56; and purges of, 169-70; and Ukrainization, 67, 169-70. See also NKO People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs, 270, 277, 284, 286, 289. See also NKVD Peter the Great, 11, 36n48, 66, 254 Petliura, Symon, 11-12, 17, 19-20, 23, 75, 92, 94-95, 108, 125n47, 125n53, 274-75, 290 Petliurites (followers of Petliura), 51, 93, 107, 147, 164, 167, 170, 190, 203, 290-91 Petrovs'kyi, Hryhorii, 32, 62, 75, 122n9, 199, 291 Index Pidmohyľnyi, Valerian, 103, 111 Piłsudski, Josef, Marshal, 95, 125ո47 Podillia (region), 140-42 political enlightenment, 61 ֊63 political police. See Cheka (VChK); GPU (State Political Directorate); NKVD; Soviet secret police Poltava (city and region), 11-12, 22, 32, 53-54, 56-57, 99, 156, 164, 290 polytechnic education. See vocational education post-genocidal syndrome, 252, 291 post-traumatic stress disorder, 247-49 Postyshev, Pavel, 5, 158, 170, 201, 203, 205, 233-36, 242, 291 proletariat, 1-4, 7-9, 25, 51-52, 55-56, 60, 63, 70-71, 75, 76n7, 238. See also working class propaganda, xxi, 24, 33, 50-52, 54, 58, 62, 71, 96, 119, 121, 123nl4, 13738, 154, 193, 197, 247, 291 “Prosvita” (cultural societies), 62-63 Putin, Vladimir, 185, 200-201, 252, 254-55 Radchenko, Oleksandra, 153-54, 177nl07,178ПІ08, 292 Radomyśl' (town and district), xv, 157, 280 Rakovsky, Christian, 20, 29, 49, 64, 123nl9, 292-93 Ratner, Semen, 101, 102 Red Army, 40nll4, 164; and first occupation of Ukraine, 15; and grain confiscation detachments, 20-21; and pogroms (1919), 22; and second occupation of Ukraine, 20; suppression of anti-Bolshevik uprisings in Ukraine, 21, 47; and third occupation of Ukraine, 20, 23; veterans resettled in depopulated by famine areas of Ukraine, xvii, 162, 195, 219n66 Red Cross, 31-32, 44nl80, 211 351 Red October. See October Socialist Revolution (coup d’état, 1917) Red Terror, 89-90, 123nl9, 173n36, 293 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 212, 250 Revolution of Dignity (2013-2014), 34n22, 252-54, 266nl49 Riappo, Ian, 26, 88 RKP(b). See Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Robos (educational employees union), 24-25, 51-58, 236, 293 RudnytsTcyi, Stepan, 94, 113, 132nl58 rural areas; anti-Soviet uprisings in, 138, 140-43; epidemic diseases in, 16; literacy rate in, 11, 61; political enlightenment in, 61-63; “Prosvita” societies in, 62-63; teachers in, 47-48, 52-58, 155; Ukrainization in, 49-50, 66-69. See also village(s) rural schools: and grain confiscations, 150; enrollment in, 57; teacher shortages in, 57; teachers in, 57, 150; Ukrainian-language instruction, 17; Ukrainization and, 49-50, 67-69; urban schools vr., 57 rural-urban relationship, 48, 71, 136, 237 Russia (in Soviet era): communal farming tradition, 15; and composition of tugboat brigades, 137-38, 172nl6; and composition of secret police, 25, 90, 226nl67, 226nl70; and creation of USSR, 63-64; death statistics for 19321933 famine, 194; Duranty’s coverage of, 208; education in, xxii; Eleanor Roosevelt’s visit to, 250; famine of 1921-1922 in, 29-30, 32; Kondrashin on famine in 1929-1934 in, 186-87, 194, 215n23, 216n24, 217n31; and paper production, 50; and People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, 207; as perpetrator 352 Index of genocide, xviii; Ukrainian ethnic settlements in, 18, 68-69, 83nl45, 137, 140, 163-65, 172nl6, 190, 194, 201, 283-84, 298-99; Wilson’s Fourteen Points and, 18, 20. See also Central Black Earth; Kazakhstan (autonomous region within RSFSR); Lower Volga (region); North Caucasus Russian Empire, xix, 2, 5-7, 12; antiSemitism in, 8; collapse of (1917), 48; Germany’s investments in, 16; inner colonies of, xix, 4-6; and Ky'ivan Rus', 11; Okhranka (imperial secret police), 93, 289; and paper production, 50; suppression of Ukrainian language and culture in, 11,70 Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 63, 71, 90-91, 293; and Clyman, 210; and Duranty, 208; and GPU, 90; and nationality policy, 63-65, 71; and New Economic Policy, 47; policy toward Ukraine, 23-24; and Skrypnyk, 73; Thirteenth Congress of, 52; and Ukrainization, 64—65, 71. See also RKP(b) Russian culture: Ukrainian culture vä., xxiii, 11, 70-71, 74 Russian history: Ukrainian history vä., xxxivn72, 253-54 Russian language: Communist Party and, 70, 72; in Donbas, 241; ethnicminority languages vä., 67; in ethnic Ukrainian areas of USSR, 163; extracurricular use of, 170; and native-language instruction for schoolchildren, 67; in non-Russian schools, 67, 241; privileging of, 22, 67, 69-70, 170, 241; publications in, 241; state employees and, 67, 72; teachers and, 153, 166, 169; Ukrainian language vä., xxiii, xxxivn71, 64, 67, 69-71, 169, 237, 240-41; Ukrainization and, 70-71, 163, 165, 169-70; urban population and, 70; working class and, 7-9, 70 Russian-language instruction: ethnic Russians and, 68; in post- secondary education, 170, 242; in secondary education, 170, 241; Ukrainian vä., 68, 241 Russian-language schools, 13; Ukrainian language in, 17, 241; and Ukrainization, 169-70 Russia, post-Soviet: annexation of Crimea (2014), 200; Federal Archival Agency, 186, 215n22; Federal Cultural Association of Ukrainians in, 201; “Historical Memory” Foundation, 186-87, 216n25; Holodomor denial, 183-84, 255; hybrid war against Ukraine, xxv, 183-85, 254; Library of Ukrainian Literature, 200-201; rehabilitation of Stalinism in, 183, 192, 200; Russian World Foundation, 213, 223nl22; Sputnik International (propaganda news outlet), 196-97; State Duma, 184, 187, 255; support of Yanukovych, 252; Union of Ukrainians in, 201; war in Donbas, 200 Russification, xvii, 7-8, 36n47, 66-68, 74, 110, 169-71,238, 253, 291 sabotage, 51, 143, 145-47, 189, 293 Sadovs'kyi, Hennadii, 108-9 Sambros, Iurii, 96, 168-69, 294 Sandarmokh (Karelia, RSFSR), 111, 116, 13ІПІ44, 279, 290 Schwartzbard, Samuil (Sholem), 94-96 scientific communism, xxiv, 1-2, 5, 294 secondary education: primary and secondary schools, 13-14, 16-17, 22, 25-26, 49-50, 65, 67-69, 74, 170, 241; and school enrollments in Ukraine (1932-1933), xxii, 160-64, 166 seksot, 94, 96, 245, 294 Index Shaw, George Bemard, 207 Shchepotiev, Volodymyr, 99 Shevchenko, Taras, xv, 49-50, 102, 203; Kobzar, 50; Zapovit, xv ShumsTcyi, Oleksandr, 54, 55, 71-72, 78n49, 84nl73, 92, 272, 287, 294֊ 95, 303 Shylo, Kostiantyn, 99 Skoropads'kyi, Pavlo, 2, 16-17, 274, 295 Skrypnyk, Mykolą, 64, 68, 72, 73, 7475, 102-103, 110, 169-70, 194, 203, 220n84, 239-40, 242, 281, 295-96, 303 Skrypnykivka (Kharkiv orthography), 74, 295-96 Slabchenko, Mykhailo, 99,102,109, 129ПІ05 Slabchenko, Taras, 99,102 social engineering, 2, 61, 75, 87, 231 socialism, 2, 7-9, 48-49, 51-58, 70-75, 108, 119-21,137-38, 152-54 Sokolians'kyi, Ivan, 27, 55, 84nl74 Solovey, Dmytro, 104, 165, 296 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 255 Sorokin, Pitirim, 32-33 Sosnovyi, Stepan, 194 Soviet agriculture, xix, 135-36, 160, 190 Soviet genocide, xv, xvii, xxi, 1-2, 183, 229, 278 Soviet industry: construction projects managed by GPU, 105-7,112, 11719; First Five-Year Plan, 108, 110, 118, 120, 135, 166, 193, 237; food ration cards in cities, 152-53; “Great Breakthrough”, 17ІПІ2, 273; need for development of natural resources, 276; timber trade, 118-19 Soviet secret police, 5, 59, 75; archival documentation of 1930 rebellions, 138, 140-42, 218n53; campaign in Ukraine (1919-1922), 89-90; and cannibalism cases, 245-46; collaboration with Commissariat of 353 Education, 89, 123nl4; Dzerzhinsky as chief of, 59; and Gareth Jones’ tour of Ukraine, 209; and GULAG, 105-7, 112, 117-19; and institutions for recruiting cadres for, 60; Jewish cadres in, 25, 90, 94, 226nl67, 226nl70; Lenin creates, 105; name changes, xxi; patrolling Ukrainian borders (1933), 146-47; recmiting informers, 94, 96, 245, 294; repressions of Ukrainian intelligentsia, xxi, 88-94, 96, 100-19, 129ПІ09, 171n5, 191, 242; and SVU show trial, xxi, 97-105; and trial of Ukrainian SRs, 91, 95; and troika, 245, 247, 277. See also Cheka (VChK); GPU (State Political Directorate); NKVD; OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate) Soviet Union: creation of, 63-64; dissolution of, xx, 5; education in, xxi-xxii; as “Evil Empire”, 193; incorporation of Ukraine into, 18, 65-66, 69; indigenization policy (korenizatsiia), 63-69; labor camps in, 105-19; paper industry in, 119; recognition by the United States, 122; timber industry in, 118-19; vodka monopoly in, 161-62; Western intellectuals visit, 207. See also USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Stalin, Joseph, xviii, xx, xxv, 34nl5, 63, 69-70, 105, 108, 151,208; and collectivization of agriculture, 135-36, 229, 273; and Constitution (1936), 300; decisions affecting Ukraine (1932-1933), 137, 145, 170, 189, 192, 201, 205, 234; edict on theft of socialist property (August 1932), 143, 146; ends NEP, 66; and ethnicity, 66; fear of renewed Polish-Ukrainian campaign, 95; as genocidaire, xx, 183, 185, 233; and GPU, 108, 243; and “Great 354 Index Breakthrough”, 17ІПІ2, 273; as Great Teacher, 4, 110, 158; and Lenin, 4, 66, 231-32; letter to KP(b) U regarding “national deviationism”, 72; liquidation of kulaks, 138; and Marxism, 4, 231; and mass uprisings in Ukraine (1930), 142; and militarization cycles, 254; open letter from Iavors'kyi to, 113; as People’s Commissar of Nationalities, 64, 66; personality, 231-32; personality cult, xx; posthumous conviction for genocide, 186, 273; and Postyshev, 242; purges of Ukrainian Communist Party, 205-6; and retribution for uprisings in Ukraine, 142-43; and “revolution from above”, 97; and school administration, 249; and schoolchildren, 159; Shums'kyi and, 72; Skrypnyk and, 73; and SVU show trial, 102; and Ukrainization, 66, 170-71, 201, 229; and U.N. Convention on Genocide, 185, 213; view on significance of schooling, 10-11; and White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal, 109-10; and world revolution, 121 Stalinism, xxiii, 200, 213. See also totalitarianism Steshenko, Ivan, 12-14, 296 Stockholm syndrome, 248 Strang, William, 182nl77 SUM (Union of Ukrainian Youth), 97, 103, 105, 290, 297 SVU show trial, 135, 142; defendants, xxi, 98-100, 103-4, 122; GPU and, xxi, 97-105; in Kharkiv Opera House, 97, 98, 104, 191; as prelude to Holodomor, xxi; proceedings, 103, 129n99; and public court hearings, 102; public prosecutors during, 103, 128n99; purges of teachers after, 165-66, 294; Ukrainian history and language professors as defendants, 97-99 SVU (Union for the Liberation of Ukraine): as “anti-Soviet” organization, xxi, 103; arrests of members, 97, 148, 191; branches, 99; condemnation of, 103; as “counterrevolutionary” organization, 103; farmers as social base of, 104; GPU and, xxi, 97-105; interrogation files, 103-4, 129nl00; as “plot”, xxi, 103,129ПІ06; statute, 104; SUM and, 97, 103-4, 290; Ukrainian intelligentsia and, xxi-xxii, xxv, 97-105; and Ukrainization, 105; and VUAN, 104 teachers: as activists, 148-50, 236; and All-Soviet Teachers’ Union, 55; and All-Ukrainian Teachers’ Union, 12, 17, 24, 27, 51; arrests of, 52; blacklisting of villages and, 146-47; Bolshevik attitudes toward, 25-26, 31, 51; and children’s communes, 58-61; and collectivization campaign, 149-51; Communist Party and, xxiii, 47-49, 51-57, 61, 63, 65, 75-76, 150, 158-59, 202, 250; as conduits of culture, 49, 55; and cultural revolution, 47-49, 52; during famine (1921-1923), 30-31, 51, 56; economic wellbeing of, 14—15, 17, 51, 56-57; educational background of, 54; ethnic background of, 55, 57-58; existential choices of, xvi; extermination of nationally-conscious, xx, 242; First All-Ukrainian Conference on People’s Education (1920), 26; First All-Ukrainian Teachers’ Congress (1917), 12-13; First All-Ukrainian Teachers’ Congress (1925), 54; First Congress of Internationalist Teachers, 49; and food rations, 152-55; and food shortages, 155; and food surrogates, 156; and gender parity, 57; GPU and, 52, 60, 146; as Index guardians of national memory, 256; and health conditions of, 56-57; ideological orientations of, 27, 53-54, 63, 149-51; as implicated subjects, 147-49; and KNS, 54; and Komsomol, 150, 155; and kurkuli, 149; and labor camps, 108-10; Lenin and, 52; and liquidation of illiteracy, 61-63; and Marx’s theory, 28, 55; as members of intelligentsia, xvi, 27, 49, 75-76, 87; in minoritylanguage schools, 14, 57-58, 67-69, 83nl45; murder of, 149; and national identity, 50-51, 169; and national liberation struggle, 18, 50-51; and opposition to Soviet regime, 56; passivity of, 148, 150; People’s Commissariat of Education and, 25, 53, 62; as perpetrators, 236; and political enlightenment, 61-63; political indoctrination of, 27,49, 52-55, 62; in primary schools, 17, 22, 57-58, 69, 154, 165; progressive pedagogy and, 50; as propagandists of Bolshevik policies, xxiv, 47-48, 52, 55, 63; and “Prosvita” societies, 62-63; protest against Denikin’s policy, 22; purges of, xxii, 25, 5152, 165-66, 236, 242; qualifications, 53; as “red pedagogues”, 53, 69; Robos and, 24-25, 27, 51-58, 236, 287-88; rural, 47^18, 51-58, 62-63, 150, 153-57, 166; Second AllUkrainian Conference on People’s Education (1920), 26; Second All-Ukrainian Teachers’ Congress (1917), 13; in secondary schools, 17, 58, 69; shortage of, 14, 57, 155; as social enthusiasts, 149; social role of, 48^19, 63; suicides among, 151, 176n94; and SVU show trial, xxii, xxv, 97-105, 149; and teacher training courses, 17; Third AllUkrainian Conference on Teacher Education (1924), 53; and Ukrainian 355 culture, 69; and Ukrainian history, 17, 69, 97-99, 102; and Ukrainian language, 17, 65-66, 69, 97-99; in Ukrainian-language schools, 17, 67, 170; Ukrainian-language schools in RSFSR, 69; and Ukrainization, 50, 66; and UNR, 17; urban, 47-48, 54, 57 terror, xvii, xx, 67, 147, 205, 231-32, 245 textbooks: All-Ukrainian Teachers’ Union and, 12; and history teaching, 249; Holodomor in history, xix; paper shortage and, 50; publishing, 17, 22; shortages of, 50; standardization of, 250; and timber industry, 118-19 Third International. See Comintern (Communist International) Tiutiunnyk, Iurii, 56, 78n50, 125n47, 297 Tokarivs ka, Nina, 98,100 Torgsin (hard currency stores), 210, 212, 297-98 totalitarianism, xx, 1, 115,122, 233, 255 trade union. See Robos (educational employees union) Trezvyns'kyi, Iurii, 98 troika, 114, 245, 247, 277, 298 Trotsky, Leon, 31, 110 TsChO. See Central Black Earth tugboat brigades, xxviiin23, 138, 14446, 162, 272 Ukraine, xix-xx, xxii; anti-Bolshevik resistance in, 21, 89-90; antiSoviet uprisings in, 138, 140,141, 142-43, 218n53; ARA admitted to, 29-31; arrests of opponents of Soviet regime, 87-92, 94, 114, 146, 191; Association for Holodomor Studies in, 200; blacklisting, 143-46, 189; blockades of blacklisted villages in, 145-46, 190; Bolshevik budget allocations to education in, 52, 356 Index 58; Bolshevik food policy in, 24, 152-53; categories for liquidation of ‘ ‘suspected counterrevolutionaries’ ’ in, 92-93; children in, 26-27, 31-32, 55-56, 58-61, 150, 153-65, 197-99; collapse of schools in, xxii, 160-62; collectivization imposed on, 136, 171-72, 172nl2; death statistics for 1932-1933, 163, 193, 196, 199, 212, 214; declares independence (1991), 171; decommunization laws, 5; delegation at Paris Peace Conference, 18-19; deportations of intelligentsia, 87-93, 117; deportations of kulaks from, 142, 191-92; educational system in, 11-14, 16-17, 24-28, 301; end of Ukrainization, 162-63, 169-70; epidemic diseases in, 16, 20, 30, 32, 56; ethnographic boundaries of, 18, 39nl06, 133nl59; famine of 19211923 in, 28-33, 193; first Bolshevik occupation of, 15; geography of, 17, 113; German occupation of, 16, 50; grain confiscations in, 21, 29, 54, 143-47, 172nl6; grain exports from, 188; Holodomor of 1932-1933 in, 135-37, 143—47, 153-63, 169-71, 189, 192-210, 212, 214, 229-30, 239-47; and HrushevsTtyi’s return (1924), 279; Institute of History of Ukraine, 193, 200; internal passport system (from 1932), 233, 290; KP(b) U membership in, 70; Lemkin on Soviet genocide in, xvii, xix, 87, 136, 185, 192, 278; liquidation of illiteracy in, 60-63; mass uprisings (1930), 140,141, 142-43; merges with RSFSR, 23; Molotov’s visit (1932), 188; mortality from Great Famine (1932-1933), 795; National Holodomor-Genocide Museum in, 187; nationality policy in, 7, 11, 64, 70; and national liberation struggle, xv, xxiv, 10-23, 30, 49; non-Bolshevik Ukrainization, 12-13, 17, 50; and political enlightenment, 61-63; political literacy of teachers in, 52-55, 62; reports of Western journalists about, 207-10; Revolution of Dignity (2013-2014), 34n22, 25254, 266nl49; Russian hybrid war against, 184-85, 252, 254; Russians in, 82nl42; Security Service of, 154, 200; second Bolshevik occupation of, 20, 186, 194; Stalin’s decisions affecting, 137, 145,170, 189, 192, 201, 205, 234; State Committee on Archives in, 186, 198; teachers’ union members in, 91; third Bolshevik occupation of, 20 Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC), 40nl25, 95, 99, 104, 192, 275, 285 Ukrainian culture: and educational associations, 22; orientation toward European culture, 74; “Prosvita” societies and, 62-63; purges of institutions connected to, 242-43; revival of, 12-15, 17-18, 22, 49-50; Russian culture vs., xxiii, 11-12, 7071, 74; Soviet, 240-41; and theory of two cultures, 71; and Ukrainization, 70-75 Ukrainian farmers: blacklisting of, 135-36, 143-47, 189,192, 272-73; and Bolshevik land policy, 9,15, 18; Boroťbists (left wing party), 23; collectivization imposed on, 136; Committees of Non-wealthy Peasants, 54, 282; exiled to Russian Far North and Siberia, 108, 110-11, 117, 127n82,128n84; and industrialization and urbanization, 238; labeled as kurkuli, 138; mass uprisings (1930), 138, 140-43; and OGPU reports about, 138, 140-41; rejection of communal farming in 1920s, 15; as repository of folklore and music, xvii; as repository of Index national culture, xxv, 67; resistance to collectivization, 138; resistance to grain confiscations (1919), 20-21; and settlement in grain-growing areas of RSFSR (1924-1928), 237; Soviet propaganda denigrating, 13940; Stalin’s view of, 66-67; as target in Soviet genocide, xvii, 76, 135 Ukrainian history: lack of textbooks, 249; purges of teachers and professors of, 97-102, 113-14, 170; Putin’s views on, 252, 254; removal of book on, 170, 241; rewriting of, 252-53; Russian history vs., xxxivn72, 253-54; teaching of, 17, 22, 69, 249 Ukrainian intelligentsia: attitudes toward Soviet government, 25; categories for liquidation, 92-93; deportations of, xx, 88-92; executed at Sandarmokh, 13ІПІ44; existential choices of, xvi, xxiii; extermination of nationallyconscious, xx, xxv, 100-17, 129nl09, 191, 240; GPU and, 94, 100-19, 171n5, 238; ideological orientations of, 25, 54; and national identity, 75, 169; and nationality policy, 70, 75; non-communist, 54, 65, 236; old (prerevolution), xxiv, 54, 91-92, 96, 107, 167; Petliura’s, 64; as political prisoners, 111, 115, 119; and “Prosvita” societies, 62-63; “red” elite replacement for, xxiv, 54, 88,167; and RKP(b) policy toward, 23, 25, 94; and SVU show trial, xxi, xxv, 97-105; as target of Soviet genocide, xv, xvii, 76, 87, 122; and trial of SRs, 91,95 Ukrainian language: banned by Denikin, 22; Bolshevik policy toward, 23-24; borrowings in, xxxivn71; Central Rada’s policy toward, 12; Communist Party cadres and, 23-24, 70, 72; dictionaries, 114, 241; during Directory’s rule, 17; higher education 357 institutions and, 17, 65, 67; imperial Russian suppression of, 11, 70; KP(b) U membership and, 70; Mace on, 74; mandated in schools, 13,17, 64-65; and modernization, 169; moved “closer” to Russian, 84nl77; new orthography (1919), 17; orthographic commission (1926), 74, 78n49, 84nl74; persecution of scholars of, 98-99,101-2, 111, 114, 116; and post-famine “Russification”, 170-71, 239, 291; recognized as state language (1919), 17, 20; revival during the struggle for national liberation, 13,17; rural ví. urban environments and uses, 57-58; Russian language vs., xxiii, xxxivn71, 64, 67, 69-71,169, 237, 240-41; and Skoropads’kyi’s rule, 16-17; state employees and, 67, 72; testing of, 72, 241; teachers and, 17, 65-66, 69, 97-99; and Ukrainization, 63-75, 83nl43, 163-65,169 Ukrainian-language instruction: expansion of, 65; in non-Ukrainian schools, 65, 67; in primary schools, 16-17, 65, 241; in Russian-language schools, 22, 241; in secondary schools, 13, 17, 65, 241; and teacher training, 13, 65, 69 Ukrainian-language literature: lack of, 50, 241; Mace on, 74; textbooks, 17, 50; under tsarism, 11; and Ukrainianlanguage schools in the Russian SFSR, 69 Ukrainian-language schools: number of, 67, 170; gymnasia, 13; and national identity, 11; overcrowding of, 13; popular pressure for, 49; at post secondary level, 67, 170; in RSFSR, 68-69, 83nl45; in Russian Empire, 11; Russification of, 11, 69, 170; secondary, 13; and Ukrainization, 74, 169 Ukrainian nationalism, xxii, 69, 138, 169, 190, 201, 233-35, 238, 240, 243 358 Index Ukrainian National Republic (UNR), 1, 13-14, 17, 125ո47, 125ո50, 171, 281; about, 299-300; and Bolsheviks, 15; and Chekhivs'kyi, 91, 700; Directory of, 17, 22, 99, 274-75, 300; Fourth Universal declares Ukraine independent (1918), 13, 37n65, 299; govemmentin-exile, 300; GPU repression of supporters of, 110, 147, 298-302; and Liquidation Commission, 19; and ministry of nationalities, 300; recognition by Great Britain and France, 15; recognition by World Socialist Conference, 23; and Ukrainian Mission in Paris (1919-1920), 19-20; and Ukrainian National Chorus, 22, 41nl26. See aho Central Rada; Directory (of Ukrainian National Republic) Ukrainian National Women’s League of America (UNWLA), 211-12 Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), 52, 88, 91, 95, 296 Ukrainian Revolution. See national liberation struggle (1917-1921) Ukrainians: deported and exiled to labor camps, 117; forcibly resettled to Siberia, 127n82, 128n84; in KP(b)U, 70, 206; as Little Russians, 11, 18, 20, 22; as national group targeted in Soviet genocide, xv-xvi, 186, 229; as political prisoners, 111, 129nl09; repressions against, 140, 186, 234; in RSFSR, 68-69, 83nl45, 299; and Russification, xvii, 7-8, 36n47, 6768, 74, 110, 169-71, 238, 253, 291; Stalin’s “crashing blow” directed against, 190 Ukrainian separatism, 20, 47, 74, 242-^13 Ukrainization, xxv; and Cheka, 209; Chervonyi pereis' special issue on, 83nl43; in Donbas, 74; end of, 69, 74, 102, 105, 110, 135, 164-65, 169-70, 190-91, 235; in ethnic Ukrainian areas of RSFSR, 68-69, 83nl45, 140, 190, 201; KP(b)U and, 64, 70-71, 75; limits of, 69; Mace on, 64, 74; as NEP in cultural sphere, 66; non-Bolshevik, 12-13, 17, 50; in North Caucasus, 164-65; People’s Commissariat of Education and, 67, 72, 74, 169; Petliura on Soviet, 75; political goals of, 69, 92; resistance to, 68; Soviet, 63-75; Stalin and, 63, 70, 164, 201, 229 U.N. Convention on the Non applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity, 185, 230 U.N. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, xvii-xviii, 184-85, 230, 244 Union of Militant Atheists (bezbozhniki), 236, 271 Union of Ukrainian Youth. See SUM (Union of Ukrainian Youth) Union for the Liberation of Ukraine. See SVU (Union for the Liberation of Ukraine) United Nations, 184, 190, 214 United States, 18, 117, 119, 135, 273, 281, 296; Communist movement in, 121, 124n29, 212; and farm management, 135; and forced labor, 119-20; Jewish intellectuals in, 213; and recognition of USSR, 122, 188; and Tariff Act (1930), 119 urban-rural relationship. See rural-urban relationship U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine, xviii, xxxivn73, 151, 155, 167, 188, 193, 202, 212, 251-52, 286 U.S. Department of State, xviii, 19-20, 119, 121 Index U.S. National Holodomor Memorial, 196, 252 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). See Soviet Union Vasylenko, Mykolą, 16-17, 300-301 Vashchenko, Hryhorii, 60, 301 VChK. See Cheka (VChK) vidpovidachi (system of extrajudicial killing), 89-90, 293, 301. See also Red Terror village(s): councils in national minority areas, 65, 82nl42; demand for schools in, 49; Gareth Jones’ tour of Ukrainian, 210; “Prosvita” societies in, 62-63; Rhea Clyman’s account of famine in Ukrainian, 210; teachers in, 47-48, 51-58, 62, 65, 150, 15357, 166. See also rural areas Vinnytsia (city and region), 51, 140-42, 155, 158-61, 275 violence, xv, xviii, xx, xxiii-xxv, 1-5, 47, 148, 207, 230, 233, 243, 245-46, 256 Volga (region), 29-30, 68, 140, 188, 192, 239, 270 Volyn' (region), 52, 140-42, 299 Voronizh (city and region), 69, 83nl45, 194, 298 VUAN. See All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences vykonavtsi (perpetrators): about, 302; and collectivization, 137-38, 302; Communist Party Politburo as, 23335; Communist Party rank-and-file as, 235-36; and grain confiscations, 302; and GPU, 302; and propaganda campaigns, 137-40, 302; teachers’ participation as, 148-50, 236, 302; urban proletariat as, 172nl6. See also buksyrni bryhady Vynnychenko, Volodymyr, 24, 272, 274-75 359 Vyshinsky, Andrey, 212 War Communism, 29, 45nl88, 152, 302 Washington, D.C. (city), 121; National Holodomor Memorial in, 196, 252, 263nl22; Taras Shevchenko School of Ukrainian Studies in, 252 Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 208 Weber, Max, xix, 231 White Army, 2, 22, 25, 245 Wienerberger, Alexander, 161, 179nl38 Wilson, Woodrow, 18 women, 11-12, 55, 61-62, 99, 104, 117, 168, 204, 211-12, 236, 243-44, 246 working class: hierarchy of food distribution, 152-53; intelligentsia and, 49; and nationality, 6; nationality policy and, 8-9, 70; as ruling class, 4; Russian vs. Ukrainian, 9; schools (robfaky), 292; and socialism, 2; Ukrainization of, 70 Yanukovych, Viktor, 252 Young Pioneers, 59, 73, 138, 202 Yurkevych, Lev, 8 Yushchenko, Viktor, 187, 197 ZAGS (registry of vital statistics), 198-99, 302 Zales’kyi, Andrii, 98 Zaluzhnyi, Oleksandr, 60, 302 Zaporizhzhia (region), 29 zamchnytstvo (system of extrajudicial killings), 89-90, 293, 303. See also Red Terror zatirka (food surrogate), 156, 303 Zatons'kyi, Volodymyr, 15, 25, 55, 61, 64, 75, 90-91, 128n89, 160, 303 zemstvos (local self-governing administrations), 12-13, 22 Zerov, Mykolą, 111, 116 Zhytomyr (region), 49, 146, 155-56
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author	Malko, Victoria A. 1965-
author_GND	(DE-588)1225777046
author_facet	Malko, Victoria A. 1965-
author_role	aut
author_sort	Malko, Victoria A. 1965-
author_variant	v a m va vam
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV047446905
classification_rvk	KL 4020 NQ 5067 MG 82096
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)1267589793 (DE-599)BVBBV047446905
discipline	Politologie Geschichte Slavistik
discipline_str_mv	Politologie Geschichte Slavistik
era	Geschichte 1917-1933 gnd
era_facet	Geschichte 1917-1933
format	Book
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geographic	Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd
geographic_facet	Ukraine Sowjetunion
id	DE-604.BV047446905
illustrated	Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-03T18:02:29Z
indexdate	2024-10-28T11:00:35Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9781498596787 9781498596800
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032848960
oclc_num	1267589793
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-11 DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 DE-20
owner_facet	DE-11 DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 DE-20
physical	xxxvi, 361 Seiten Illustrationen (schwarz-weiß) 23 cm
psigel	BSB_NED_20220131
publishDate	2021
publishDateSearch	2021
publishDateSort	2021
publisher	Lexington Books
record_format	marc
spelling	Malko, Victoria A. 1965- Verfasser (DE-588)1225777046 aut The Ukrainian intelligentsia and genocide the struggle for history, language, and culture in the 1920s and 1930s Victoria A. Malko Struggle for history, language, and culture in the 1920s and 1930s Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Lexington Books [2021] © 2021 xxxvi, 361 Seiten Illustrationen (schwarz-weiß) 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "This book examines the Soviet genocide in Ukraine in the 1920s and 1930s, from its Marxist-Leninist roots to its subsequent cover-up and denial. The author analyzes the role intellectual elites--especially teachers--played in shaping, contesting, and inculcating the history of the genocide"-- Geschichte 1917-1933 gnd rswk-swf Russifizierung (DE-588)4272016-3 gnd rswk-swf Holodomor (DE-588)1151824690 gnd rswk-swf Intellektueller (DE-588)4027249-7 gnd rswk-swf Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 gnd rswk-swf Ethnozid (DE-588)4194022-2 gnd rswk-swf Völkermord (DE-588)4063690-2 gnd rswk-swf Nationalitätenfrage (DE-588)4126113-6 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Genocide / Ukraine / History / 20th century Ukraine / History / Famine, 1932-1933 Famines / Ukraine / History / 20th century Famines / Soviet Union / History / 20th century Intellectuals / Ukraine / History / 20th century Ukraine / History / 1921-1944 National characteristics, Ukrainian Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 g Russifizierung (DE-588)4272016-3 s Intellektueller (DE-588)4027249-7 s Holodomor (DE-588)1151824690 s Geschichte 1917-1933 z DE-604 Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Ethnozid (DE-588)4194022-2 s Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 s Nationalitätenfrage (DE-588)4126113-6 s Völkermord (DE-588)4063690-2 s Online version Malko, Victoria A., 1965- Ukrainian intelligentsia and genocide 978-1-4985-9679-4 Lanham : Lexington Books, [2021] Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032848960&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032848960&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032848960&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register
spellingShingle	Malko, Victoria A. 1965- The Ukrainian intelligentsia and genocide the struggle for history, language, and culture in the 1920s and 1930s Russifizierung (DE-588)4272016-3 gnd Holodomor (DE-588)1151824690 gnd Intellektueller (DE-588)4027249-7 gnd Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 gnd Ethnozid (DE-588)4194022-2 gnd Völkermord (DE-588)4063690-2 gnd Nationalitätenfrage (DE-588)4126113-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4272016-3 (DE-588)1151824690 (DE-588)4027249-7 (DE-588)4160816-1 (DE-588)4194022-2 (DE-588)4063690-2 (DE-588)4126113-6 (DE-588)4061496-7 (DE-588)4077548-3
title	The Ukrainian intelligentsia and genocide the struggle for history, language, and culture in the 1920s and 1930s
title_alt	Struggle for history, language, and culture in the 1920s and 1930s
title_auth	The Ukrainian intelligentsia and genocide the struggle for history, language, and culture in the 1920s and 1930s
title_exact_search	The Ukrainian intelligentsia and genocide the struggle for history, language, and culture in the 1920s and 1930s
title_exact_search_txtP	The Ukrainian intelligentsia and genocide the struggle for history, language, and culture in the 1920s and 1930s
title_full	The Ukrainian intelligentsia and genocide the struggle for history, language, and culture in the 1920s and 1930s Victoria A. Malko
title_fullStr	The Ukrainian intelligentsia and genocide the struggle for history, language, and culture in the 1920s and 1930s Victoria A. Malko
title_full_unstemmed	The Ukrainian intelligentsia and genocide the struggle for history, language, and culture in the 1920s and 1930s Victoria A. Malko
title_short	The Ukrainian intelligentsia and genocide
title_sort	the ukrainian intelligentsia and genocide the struggle for history language and culture in the 1920s and 1930s
title_sub	the struggle for history, language, and culture in the 1920s and 1930s
topic	Russifizierung (DE-588)4272016-3 gnd Holodomor (DE-588)1151824690 gnd Intellektueller (DE-588)4027249-7 gnd Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 gnd Ethnozid (DE-588)4194022-2 gnd Völkermord (DE-588)4063690-2 gnd Nationalitätenfrage (DE-588)4126113-6 gnd
topic_facet	Russifizierung Holodomor Intellektueller Hungersnot Ethnozid Völkermord Nationalitätenfrage Ukraine Sowjetunion
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032848960&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032848960&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032848960&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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