En kort introduksjon til Jugoslavia-konflikten:
I perioden 1991-2008 gikk forbundsrepublikken Jugoslavia i oppløsning og ble til sju nye stater. Prosessen utløste blodige kriger med bombing og beleiring av byer, massevoldtekter, massakrer, konsentrasjonsleirer og millioner av flyktninger. Både i Norge og ellers i verden kom den jugoslaviske trage...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Norwegian |
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Cappelen Damm akademisk
2021
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| Ausgabe: | 1. utgave |
| Schriftenreihe: | En kort introduksjon
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | I perioden 1991-2008 gikk forbundsrepublikken Jugoslavia i oppløsning og ble til sju nye stater. Prosessen utløste blodige kriger med bombing og beleiring av byer, massevoldtekter, massakrer, konsentrasjonsleirer og millioner av flyktninger. Både i Norge og ellers i verden kom den jugoslaviske tragedien svært overraskende, og mange syntes den var vanskelig å forstå. Denne boken skisserer det historiske bakteppet, for deretter å se nærmere på årsakene til at Titos Jugoslavia gikk i oppløsning. Hvorfor ble det krig, og hvorfor ble den så blodig? Boken følger forløpet, fra krigen i Slovenia og Kroatia i 1991, i Bosnia-Hercegovina 1992-1995, Kosovo-krigen i 1999 og konflikten i Makedonia i 2001. Forfatteren mener det internasjonale samfunnet ikke gjorde nok for å stanse krigshandlingene tidlig i forløpet. Sarajevo, en europeisk hovedstad, var beleiret og under angrep i over tre og et halvt år, og i Srebrenica ble det begått et folkemord - til tross for at begge byene var erklært som «sikre områder» av FN, og Nato sto klar til å gripe inn. Boken diskuterer også arven fra 1990-årene og viser hvordan nasjonalistiske holdninger fortsatt preger området. Forbundsrepublikken Jugoslavia ble i løpet av 17 år delt opp i syv nye stater gjennom en brutal og blodig prosess. Nabolag ble splittet, byer bombet og beleiret, det foregikk massevoldtekter og massakrer, konsentrasjonsleirer ble opprettet og millioner av mennesker måtte flykte. Tragedien som utspilte seg i Titos Jugoslavia kom overraskende for verdenssamfunnet og var vanskelig å forstå. I boken presenteres det historiske bakteppet for konflikten og oppløsningen av Jugoslavia. Forfatteren tar for seg krigen i Slovenia og Kroatia i 1991, i Bosnia-Hercegovina 1992-1995, Kosovokrigen i 1999 og konflikten i Makedonia i 2001. Forfatteren er kritisk til den internasjonale håndteringen av konflikten. FNs såkalt "sikre byer" var ikke det. I Sarajevo foregikk det krigshandlinger i over tre år, i Srebrenica skjedde et folkemord mens verdenssamfunnet sto og så på. Konflikten har satt varige spor, og fortsatt preges området av nasjonalistiske holdninger. Omtalen er utarbeidet av BS. |
| Beschreibung: | 199 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits (teilweise farbig), Portrait (des Verfassers) 21 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788202696993 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a I perioden 1991-2008 gikk forbundsrepublikken Jugoslavia i oppløsning og ble til sju nye stater. Prosessen utløste blodige kriger med bombing og beleiring av byer, massevoldtekter, massakrer, konsentrasjonsleirer og millioner av flyktninger. Både i Norge og ellers i verden kom den jugoslaviske tragedien svært overraskende, og mange syntes den var vanskelig å forstå. Denne boken skisserer det historiske bakteppet, for deretter å se nærmere på årsakene til at Titos Jugoslavia gikk i oppløsning. Hvorfor ble det krig, og hvorfor ble den så blodig? Boken følger forløpet, fra krigen i Slovenia og Kroatia i 1991, i Bosnia-Hercegovina 1992-1995, Kosovo-krigen i 1999 og konflikten i Makedonia i 2001. Forfatteren mener det internasjonale samfunnet ikke gjorde nok for å stanse krigshandlingene tidlig i forløpet. Sarajevo, en europeisk hovedstad, var beleiret og under angrep i over tre og et halvt år, og i Srebrenica ble det begått et folkemord - til tross for at begge byene var erklært som «sikre områder» av FN, og Nato sto klar til å gripe inn. Boken diskuterer også arven fra 1990-årene og viser hvordan nasjonalistiske holdninger fortsatt preger området. | |
| 520 | 3 | |a Forbundsrepublikken Jugoslavia ble i løpet av 17 år delt opp i syv nye stater gjennom en brutal og blodig prosess. Nabolag ble splittet, byer bombet og beleiret, det foregikk massevoldtekter og massakrer, konsentrasjonsleirer ble opprettet og millioner av mennesker måtte flykte. Tragedien som utspilte seg i Titos Jugoslavia kom overraskende for verdenssamfunnet og var vanskelig å forstå. I boken presenteres det historiske bakteppet for konflikten og oppløsningen av Jugoslavia. Forfatteren tar for seg krigen i Slovenia og Kroatia i 1991, i Bosnia-Hercegovina 1992-1995, Kosovokrigen i 1999 og konflikten i Makedonia i 2001. Forfatteren er kritisk til den internasjonale håndteringen av konflikten. FNs såkalt "sikre byer" var ikke det. I Sarajevo foregikk det krigshandlinger i over tre år, i Srebrenica skjedde et folkemord mens verdenssamfunnet sto og så på. Konflikten har satt varige spor, og fortsatt preges området av nasjonalistiske holdninger. Omtalen er utarbeidet av BS. | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Innhold Innledning................................................................................................. Problemstillinger......................................................................................... 9 10 Kapittel 1 Kort historisk bakgrunn............................................................................. 15 Historiske myter.......................................................... Balkan i middelalderen............... 20 På 1700-tallet - underlagt stormaktene................................................... 24 På slutten av 1800-tallet.................................................. Før første verdenskrig........................................................ Kapittel 2 Den jugoslaviske staten: fra konge til kommunisme.............................. 29 Det jugoslaviske kongedømmet................................................................. 29 Andre verdenskrig - okkupasjon og borgerkrig........................................ 31 Bruddet mellom Stalin og Tito................................................................ 34 Titos «løsning» på det nasjonale spørsmålet............................................ 35 Grenser mellom republikkene.................................................................... 36 Kapittel 3 1970- og 80-tallet: Gradvis oppsplitting................................................. Økonomisk stagnasjon............................................................................... Fragmentering av staten.......................................................................... Kommunistisk
nasjonalisme....................................................................... Kroatisk nasjonalisme.............................................................................. Albansk og serbisk nasjonalisme i Kosovo.............................................. Serbisk nasjonalisme og Slobodan Miloševič........................................... Slovenias vei mot pluralisme.................................................................... Tidslinje: 1970- og 80-tallet...................................................................... 39 39 40 41 42 42 43 46 48 Kapittel 4 1990-91: Oppløsningen av Jugoslavia.................................................... 51 Kommunistpartiets sammenbrudd........................................................... 51 De første flerpartivalgene.......................................................................... 52 Serbia bryter opp føderasjonen................................................................. 53 Uavhengighetserklæringene................................................................... 54 Kunne oppløsningen vært unngått?......................................................... 55 Tidslinje: Oppløsningen.................................................................................. 58 5 15 26 26
INNHOLD Kapittel 5 Hvorfor ble det krig?................................................................................ Århundregammelt hat?............................................................................ Strid om grenser........................................................................................ Ideen om etnisk rene stater...................................................................... Krigshissende propaganda....................................................................... Religionens rolle........................................................................................ Den jugoslaviske hæren............................................................................ Krigen i Slovenia........................................................................................ Paramilitære styrker.................................................................................. 61 61 62 63 64 66 67 69 70 Kapittel 6 Krigen i Kroatia......................................................................................... Krajina-serbernes opprør.......................................................................... Kroatias forsvar......................................................................................... Krigen i Slavonia og ødeleggelsen av Vukovar......................................... Beleiringen av Dubrovnik.......................................................................... Internasjonale fredsforsøk...................................................................... Følgene av krigen i
Kroatia....................................................................... Tidslinje: Krigen i Kroatia............................................................................. 73 73 75 76 79 79 80 82 Kapittel 7 1991: Forberedelser til krig i Bosnia-Hercegovina.................................. Befolkningsstrukturen i Bosnia................................................................. Serberne og kroatene deler opp Bosnia.................................................... Bosnjakisk nasjonalisme........................................................................... Den jugoslaviske hæren i Bosnia.............................................................. Aktørene.................................................................................................... 85 85 87 89 91 93 Kapittel 8 Krigen i Bosnia-Hercegovina .................................................................. Avstemning om uavhengighet.................................................................. Krigsutbruddet - fra sammenstøt til massakren i Bijelina...................... Anerkjennelse - men serbisk maktovertagelse...................................... «Etnisk rensing»......................................................................................... Bosnia mellom serbisk og kroatisk nasjonalisme.................................... Bosnisk-serbiske styrker............................................................................ Bosnjakiske styrker.................................................................................... Kroatiske styrker - to kroatiske
nasjonalismer......................................... 1992: Kroatisk-serbisk krig....................................................................... Ødeleggelse av kulturarv........................................................................... Voldtekt som våpen................................................................................... Tidslinje: Bosnia 1992................................................................................... 1993: Krig mellom kroater og bosnjaker.................................................... Brčko ֊ et strategisk viktig område............................................................ Bihać - krig i krigen..................................................................................... Angrepet mot Srebrenica i 1993................................................................ 95 95 96 97 101 103 105 106 108 109 111 112 113 114 116 116 117 6
INNHOLD Tidslinje: 1993-94....................................................................................... 118 Beleiringen av Sarajevo.............................................................................. 120 Tidslinje: Beleiringen.................................................................................... 124 Kapittel 9 Internasjonale aktører............................................................................. Rollen til EF/EU ........................................................................................ FNs rolle...................................................................................................... «Sikre områder»......................................................................................... Natos rolle................................................................................................ USAs rolle................................................................................................. Russlands rolle............................................................................................ Kontaktgruppen.......................................................................................... Muslimske land.......................................................................................... Humanitær bistand................................................................................... Tidslinje: Fredsplaner for Bosnia................................................................... 127 127 129 132 133 133 134 134 134 135 136 Kapittel 10 1995: Avslutning på
krigen....................................................................... Folkemordet i Srebrenica............................................................................ Sto Miloševič bak massakren?.................................................................... Kroatene gjenerobrer Krajina.................................................................... Internasjonal handling: FN og Nato griper inn......................................... Kriges fasit - krigsofre................................................................................ Hvorfor bombet man ikke før?.................................................................. Dayton-avtalen - en bærekraftig avtale?.................................................. Tidslinje: 1995............................................................................................. 139 140 143 145 146 147 148 150 153 Kapittel 77 1998-99: Krig I Kosovo............................................................................ Befolkningen i Kosovo............................................................................... Apartheid i Kosovo................................................................................... Kosovos frigjøringshær............................................................................. Internasjonale forhandlinger..................................................................... Natos krig mot Serbia og serbisk etnisk rensing...................................... Krig uten FN-vedtak - illegal, men legitim?................................................
Fortsettelseskrig i Preševo......................................................................... Tidslinje: Kosovo........................................................................................... 2001: Albansk opprør i Makedonia......................................................... 155 155 157 157 158 160 164 165 167 168 Kapittel 12 Konsekvenser av konflikten.................................................................... 171 Etter Tuđman, Miloševič og Izetbegovic................................................. 171 Krigsforbrytertribunalet............................................................................. 173 Arven fra 90-tallet...................................................................................... 178 Litteratur................................................................................................... 189 Stikkord....................................................................................................... 197 7
Litteratur Adriano, Pino (2018). Nationalism and Terror: Ante Pavelič and Ustashe Terrorism from Fascism to the Cold War. Budapest: Central European Uni versity Press. Allcock, John B. (2000). Explaining Yugoslavia. London: Hurst. Co. Allcock, John B., Marko Milivojević John J. Horeton (1998). Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. An Encyclopedia. Denver, Col./London.: ABC-CLIO. Almond, Mark (1994). Europe’s Backyard War. The War in the Balkans. London: Heinemann. Ancel, Guillaume (2017), Vent glacial sur Sarajevo. Paris: Les Belles Lettres. Andjelić, Neven (2003). Bosnia-Herzegovina. The End ofa Legacy. London: Frank Cass. Annan, Kofi A. (1999). Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 53/35. The Fall of Srebrenica. New York: United Nations publication. https://undocs.Org/A/54/549. Azinović, Vlado (2007). Al Qaeda in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Myth or Present Danger? Sarajevo/Prague: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Anzulović, Branimir (1999). Heavenly Serbia: From Myth to Genocide. London: Hurst Company. Banac, Ivo (1984). The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics. Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press. -. (1988). With Stalin against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism. Itacha, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. Bellamy, Alex (2003). The Formation of Croatian National Identity: A Centuries-old Dream. Manchester: Univ.ersity Press. Benedizione, Ludovica Valentina Rita Scotti (red.) (2016). Twenty years after Dayton. Roma: Luiss Academy. Bennett, Christopher (1995). Yugoslavia’s Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and
Consequences. London: Hurst Company. Benson, Leslie (2001). Yugoslavia. A Concise History. New York: Paigrave. Bieber, Florian (2003). Montenegro in Transition: Problems of Identity and Statehood. Baden-Baden: Nomos. Bieber, Florian Židas Daskalovski (red.) (2003). Understanding the War in Kosovo. London: Frank Cass Publishers. Bildt, Carl (1997). Uppdragfred. Stockholm: Norstedts. Biserko, Sonja (2012). Yugoslavia’s Implosion. The Fatal Attraction of Serbian Nationalism. Oslo: The Norwegian Helsinki Committee. 189
LITTERATUR Borger, Julian (2016). The Butchers Trail. How the Search for Balkan War Criminak became the Worlds most Successful Manhunt. New York Other Press. Bose, Sumantra (2002). Bosnia after Dayton: Nationalist Partition and International Intervention. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bougarel, Xavier, Elissa Helms Ger Duizmgs (2007). The New Bosnian Mosaic: Identities, Memories and Moral Claims in a Post-War Society. London: Routledge. Bringa, Tone (1996). Being Muslim the Bosnian Way: Identity and Community in a Central Bosnian Village. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Brosse, Renauld de la Mato Brautović (red.) (2017). Reporting the Attacks on Dubrovnik in 1991, and the Recognition of Croatia, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Burg, Steven L. Paul S. Shoup (1999). The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention. New York/London: M. E. Sharpe. Calic, Marie-Janine (2019a). A History of Yugoslavia. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. -. (2019b). The Great Cauldron. A History of Southeast Europe. Cambridge/ London: Harvard University Press. Calvo-Goller, Karin N. (2006). The Trial Proceedings of the International Criminal Court: ICTY and ICTR Precedents. Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Caspersen, Nina (2010). Contested Nationalism: Serb Elite Rivalry in Croatia and Bosnia in the 1990s. New York/London: Berghahn Books. Central Intelligence Agency (2002-2003). Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990-1995, 1-2. Washington, DC. Chandler, David (2000). Bosnia: Faking Democracy after
Dayton. London: Pluto Press. Cigar, Norman (1995). Genocide in Bosnia: The Policy of “Ethnic Cleansing”. College Staion, Texas: Texas A M University Press. Cohen, Lenard J. (1993). Broken Bonds: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia. Boulder: Westview Press. -. (2002). Serpent in the Bosom: The Rise and Fall of Slobodan Milosevic. Boulder: Westview Press. Cohen, Lenard J. Jasna Dragović-Soso (2008). State Collapse in South-Eastern Europe. New Perspectives on Yugoslavia’s Disintengration. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. Cohen, Philip J. (1996). Serbia’s Secret War. Texas: A M University Press. Cohen, Roger (1998). Hearts Grown Brutal: Sagas of Sarajevo. New York: Random House. Čolović, Ivan (2002). The Politics of Symbol in Serbia. Essays in Political Anthropology. London: Hurst Co. Crampton, R. J. (2002). The Balkans Since the Second World War. London: Pearson Education. 190
LITTERATUR Crnobrnja, Mihailo (1994). The Yugoslav Drama. London/New York: I. B. Tauris Publishers. Daalder, Ivo H. 8c Michael E. O’Hanlon (2000). Winning Ugly: NATOs War to Save Kosovo. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Danchev, Alex Thomas Halverson (red.) (1996). International Perspectives on the Yugoslav Conflict. London: MacMillan. Dawisha, Karen Bruce Parrott (red.) (1997). Politics, Power, and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Djilas, Aleksa (1996). The Contested Country: Yugoslav Unity and Communist Revolution, 1919-1953. Harvard: Harvard University Press. Djokić, Dejan (red.). (2003). Yugoslavism: Histories ofa Failed Idea 1918-1992. London: Hurst 8c Company. Djokić, Dejan James Ker-Lindsay (red.) (2011). New Perspectives on Yugoslavia. Key Issues and Controversies. London: Routledge. Doder, Dusko (1978). The Yugoslavs. New York: Random House. Doder, Dusko 8c Louise Branson (1999). Miloševič: Portrait of a Tyrant. New York: The Free Press. Donia, Robert J. 8c John V. A. Fine (1994). Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Tradition Betrayed. Lodon: Hurst 8c Co. Donia, Robert J. (2006). Sarajevo: A Biography. London: Hurst 8c Company. Dyker, David A. 8c Ivan Vejvoda (1996). Yugoslavia and After: A Study in Fragmentation, Despair and Rebirth. London/New York: Longman. Eriksen, Jens-Martin 8c Frederik Stjernfelt (2003). Hadets anatomi, rejser i Bosnien og Serbien. København: Lindhardt og Ringhof. -. (2004). Krigens scenografi. Nye reiser i Bosnien og Serbien. København: Lindhardt og Ringhof. Filipovič, Zlata (1994). Zlatas
dagbok. Oslo: Gyldendal. Fink, Matthias (2015). Srebrenica: Chronologie eines Völkermords oder Was geschah mit Mirnes Osmanović. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition. Finían, Alastair (2004). The Collapse of Yugoslavia 1991-1999. Oxford: Osprey. Friedman, Francine (1996). The Bosnian Muslims: Denial of a Nation. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Gagnon, V. P. (2004). The Myth ofEthnic War: Serbia and Croatia in the 1990s. Itacha 8c London: Cornell University Press. Gjelten, Tom (1995). Sarajevo Daily: A City and Its Newspaper under Siege. New York: Harper Collins. Glenny, Misha (1992). The Fall of Yugoslavia: The Third Balkan War. London: Penguin Books. -. (1999). The Balkans 1808-1999. Nationalism, War and the Great Powers. London: Granta Books. Goldstein, Ivo (2019). Kontroverze hrvatske politike 20. stoljeća. Zagreb: Profil. Gow, James (1992). Legitimacy and the Military: The Yugoslav Crisis. London: Pinter. 191
LITTERATUR (1997). The Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War. New York: Columbia University Press. Gow, James Cathie Carmichael (2000). Slovenia and the Slovenes: A Small State and the New Europe. London: Hurst Company. Gutman, Roy (1993). A Witness to Genocide: The First Inside Account of the Horrors of ‘Ethnic Cleansing’ in Bosnia. Shaftesbury, Dorset: Element. Harris, Robin (2006). Dubrovnik: A History. London: Saqi. Haug, Hilde Katrine (2012). Creating a Socialist Yugoslavia. Tito, Communist Leadership and the National Question. London/New York: I. B. Tauris. Hayden, Robert M. (1999). Blueprints for a House Divided. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. Hoare, Marko Attila (2004). How Bosnia armed. London: Saqi Books. -. (2005). Genocide and Resistance in Hitlers Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941-1943. Oxford: Oxford University Press. -. (2007). The History ofBosnia. From the Middle Ages to the Present Day. London: Saqi. Hodge, Carole (2003). The Serb Lobby in the United Kingdom. Seattle: Henry M. Jackson School of Int. Studies of the University of Washington. -. (2019). The Balkans on Trial: Justice vs. Realpolitik. London/New York Routledge. Holbrooke, Richard (1998). To End a War. New York: Random House. Honig, Jan Wilhelm Norbert Both (1996). Srebrenica: Record of a War Crime. New York: Penguin Books. Hosmer, Stephen T. (2001). The Conflict Over Kosovo. Why Milosevic Decided to Settle When He Did. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation. Hukanovič, Rezák (1993). Helvetets tiende port. Et halvt år i dødsleirer і Bosnia.
Oslo: Sypress. (The Tenth Circle of Hell, Basic Books, 1996.) Ignatieff, Michael (2000). Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond. New York: Metropolitan Books. Independent International Commission on Kosovo (2000). The Kosovo Report: Conflict, International Response, Lessons Learned. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Izetbegovic, Alija (2003). Inescapable Questions: Autobiographical Notes. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation. Jelavich, Barbara (1983a). History of the Balkans. Voi. 1. Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. -. (1983b). History of the Balkans.Vol. 2. Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jelavich, Charles Barbara Jelavich (1977). The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920. Seattle/London: University of Washington Press. Jovič, Dejan (2009). Yugoslavia: A State that Withered Away. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. Judah, Tim (1997). The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. 192
LITTERATUR New Haven/London: Yale University Press. (2000). Kosovo. War and Revenge. New Haven/London: Yale University Press. Kadhammar, Peter (1996). Berättelsen от Srebrenica. Stockholm: Norstedts. Kaplan, Robert D. (1993). Balkan Ghosts: A Journey through History. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Karčić, Hikmet (red.) (2016). Remembering the Bosnian Genocide: Justice, Memory and Denial. Sarajevo: Institute for Islamic Tradition of Bosniaks. Kohlmann, Evan F. (2004). Al-Qaida’s Jihad in Europe: The Afghan-Bosnian Network. Oxford/New York: Berg Publishers. Kolstø, Pål (2005). Myths and Boundaries in South-Eastern Europe. London: Hurst Company. Lampe, John R. (1996). Yugoslavia as History: Twice there was a Country. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Leydesdorff, Selma (2011), Surviving the Bosnian Genocide: The Women of Srebrenica. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Macdonald, David Bruce (2002). Balkan Holocausts? Serbian and Croatian victim-centred propaganda and the war in Yugoslavia. Manchester/New York: Manchester University Press. Maček, Ivana (2009). Sarajevo Under Siege. Antropology in Wartime. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Magaš, Branka (1993). The Destruction of Yugoslavia: Tracking the Break-Up, 1980-92. London/New York: Verso. ֊. (2007). Croatia Trough History: The Making ofa European State. London: Saqi. Magaš, Branka Ivo Žanić (2001). The War in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina 1991-1995. London/Portland: Frank Cass. Malcolm, Noel (1994). Bosnia: A Short History. London: Papermac. ֊. (1998). Kosovo: A Short History. London: Macmillan.
Marshall, Tim (2019). Shadowplay. Behind the Lines Under Fire. The Inside Story ofEurope’s Last War. London: Elliot Thompson. Mazower, Mark (2000). The Balkans: A Short History. New York: Modern Library. Meier, Viktor (1999). Yugoslavia: A History of Its Demise. London/ New York: Routledge. Melčić, Dunja (red.) (2007). Der Jugoslawien-Krieg. Handbuch zu Vorgeschichte, Verlauf und Konsequenzen. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. Mojzes, Paul (1994). Yugoslavian Inferno: Ethnoreligious Warfare in the Balkans. New York: Continuum. Mønnesland, Svein (2006). Før Jugoslavia og etter. 5. utg. Oslo: Sypress. ֊. (2013). National Symbols in Multi-National States: The Yugoslav Case. Oslo: Sypress. Nettelfield, Lara J. (2012). Courting Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 193
LITTERATUR Nilsen, Kjell Arild (1996). Europas svik. Et oppgjør med vestlig unnfallenhet i Bosnia. Oslo: Spartacus. -. (2007). Miloševič i krig og i Haag - en dokumentasjon. Oslo: Sypress. O’Ballance, Edgar (1995). Civil War in Bosnia, 1992-94. Basmstoke/New York: MacMillan Press/St. Martins Press. Orentlicher, Diane (2018). Some Kind ofJustice: The ICTYs Impact in Bosnia and Serbia. New York: Oxford University Press. Owen, David (1995). Balkan Odyssey. London: Victor Gollancz. Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2002a). Serbia. The History Behind the Name. London: Hurst Company. -. (2002b). Tito: Yugoslavia’s Great Dictator. A Reassessment. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. Perica, Vjekoslav (2002). Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Petritsch, Wolfgang, Karl Kaser Robert Pichler (1999). Kosovo/Kosova. Mythen, Daten, Fakten. Klagenfurt/Wien: Wieser Verlag. Petritsch, Wolfgang (2001). Bosnien und Herzegowina fünfJahre nach Dayton - Hat der Friede eien Chance? Klagenftirt/Wien: Wieser Verlag. Pettifer, James (red.) (2001). The New Macedonian Question. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. Pirjevec, Jože (2001). Jugoslovanske vojne 1991-2001. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba. Le guerre jugoslave (2001). Torino: Giulio Einaudi Editore. Ramet, Sabrina P. (2002). Balkan Babel. The Disintegration of Yugoslavia from the Death of Tito to the Fall ofMiloševič. Boulder, Colorado: Westviev Press. -. (2005). Thinking about Yugoslavia. Scholarly Debates about the Yugoslav Breakup and the Wars in Bosnia and Kosovo. Cambridge University Press. -.
(2006). The Three Yugoslavias. State-Building and Legitimation, 1918-2005. Bloomington Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. -. (red.) (2014). Religion and Politics in Post-Socialist Central and Southeastern Europe. London: Paigrave Macmillan UK. Ramet, Sabrina P. Vjeran Pavlaković (red.) (2005). Serbia Since 1989. Politics and Society Under Miloševič. Seattle/London: University of London Press. Ramet, Sabrina R, Ola Listhaug 8t Albert Šimkus (red.) (2013). Civic and Uncivic Values in Macedonia: Value Transformation, Education, and Media. New York: Paigrave Macmillan. Resic, Sanimir (2013). Balkans historia: Jugoslaviens uppgång och fall. Lund: Historiska Media. -. (2018). Jugoslaviens undergång. Krigen. Freden. Framtiden. Lund: Historiska Media. Rieff, David (1995). Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West. London: Vintage. Ristič, Mirjana (2018). Architecture, Urban Space and War: The Destruction 194
LITTERATUR and Reconstruction of Sarajevo. London: Paigrave MacMillan. Roberts, Elizabeth (2007). Realm of the Black Mountain: A History of Montenegro. London: Hurst 8c Company. Roberts, Ivor (2016). Conversations with Milosevic. University of Georgia Press. Rogel, Carole (2004). The Breakup of Yugoslavia and its Aftermath. Westport, CT/London: Greenwood Press. Rohde, David (2012). Endgame. The Betrayal and Fall of Srebrenica: Europe’s Worst Massacre Since the Second World War. London: Penguin Books. Rose, Michael (1998). Fightingfor Peace: Lessons from Bosnia. London: Warner Books. Saxi, Håkon Lunde 8c Martin Lau Slatten (2021). Krig i Europa: Forsvaret pä Balkan, 1992-2005. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget. Selimović, Jäsenkö (2020). Sarajevo. Minnen från en belägring. Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag. Sell, Louis (2002). Slobodan Miloševič and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Sells, Michael A. (1998). The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia. Berkeley: University of California Press. Shatzmiller, Maya (red.) (2002). Islam and Bosnia. Montreal 8c Kingston: Mc-Gill-Queens University Press. Silber, Laura 8c Alan Little (1995). The Death of Yugoslavia. London: Penguin Books and BBC Books. (2. utg. 1997: Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation) Simms, Brendan (2001). Unfinest Hour. Britain and the Destruction ofBosnia. London: Allan Lane . The Penguin Press. Skjelsbæk, Inger (2011). The Political Psychology of War Rape: Studies from Bosnia and Herzegovina. London: Routledge. Srebrenica Report. (2002). Amsterdam: NIOD Institute for War-, Holocaust
and Genocide Studies, (www.publications.niod.knaw.nl) Steinberg, Richard H. (2011). Assessing the Legacy of the ICTY. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. Sterio, Milena 8c Michael Scharf (red.) (2019). The Legacy ofAd Hoc Tribunah in International Criminal Law: Assessing the ICTY’s and the ICTR’s Most Significant Legal Accomplishments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sudėtie, Chuck (1998). Blood and Vengeance: One Family’s Story of the War in Bosnia. New York: W. W. Norton. Šuica, Marko (2015). «The Image of the Battle of Kosovo (1389) Today: a Historic Event, a Moral pattern, or a Tool of Political Manipulation.» I: Evans R.J.W 8c Guy Marchai, The Uses of the Middle Ages in Modern Eu ropean States. London: Paigrave Macmillan, s. 152-174. Suljagić, Emir (2010). Srebrenica: Notaterfra et helvete. Oslo: Cappelen Damm. Tanner, Marcus (1997). Croatia: A Nation Forged in War. New Haven/ London: Yale University Press. 195
LITTERATUR Thomas, Robert (1999). Serbia under Miloševič: Politics in the 1990s. London: Hurst Company. Thompson, Mark (1992). A Paper House: The Ending of Yugoslavia. London: Vintage. -. (1999). Forging War: The Media in Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2. utg. Luton: University of Luton Press. Todorova, Maria (1997). Imagining the Balkans. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Trbovich, Ana S. (2008). A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia’s Disintegration. New York: Oxford University Press. Tromp, Nevenka. (2016). Prosecuting Slobodan Miloševič: The Unfinished Trial. Abingdon/New York: Routledge. Udovički, Jasminka 8c James Ridgeway (red.) (1997). Burn this House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia. Durham/London: Duke University Press. Velikonja, Mitja (2003). Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina. College Station: Texas A8cM University Press. -. (2008). Titostalgia: A Study ofNostalgia for Josip Broz, Ljubljana: Peace Institute. Vickers, Miranda (1998). Between Serb and Albanian: A History of Kosovo. New York: Columbia University Press. Vullamy, Ed (1994). Seasons in Hell: Understanding Bosnia’s War. New York: St Martins Press. -. (2013). The War is Dead, Long Live the War. Bosnia: the Reckoning. London: Vintage Books. Wachtel, Andrew Baruch (1998). Making a Nation, Beaking a Nation: Cultural Politics in Yugoslavia. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Walasek, Helen (2016). Bosnia and the
Destruction of Cultural Heritage. London/New York: Routledge. Weller, Marc (1996). Peace-Keeping and Peace-Enforcement in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Max Planck-Institut (http://www.zaoerv.de). Woodward, Susan L. (1995). Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Zimmermann, Warren (1999). Origins of a Catastrophe. 2. utg. New York: Times Books. 196
Stikkord A Ahtisaari, Martti 162,167 Akashi, Yasushi 130,132,140,141,148 Albright, Madeleine 133,141,160 Amfflohije 66 Andrić, Ivo 16,102,186 Annan, Kofi 131,140,142 Arkan se Ražnjatović Ashdown, Paddy 152 Đilas, Milovan 35 Đinđić, Zoran 172,173 Divjak, Jovan 106,122 Dodik, Milorad 180,183,187 Draskovic, Vuk 64, 71 Drina 16,87,96,98,102,140,147 Drnovšek, Janez 47, 53 Dubrovnik 23-25,65,78-82,92,109,111 Đukanović, Milo 178,179,185 В E Babič, Milan 74, 82 EF 59, 70, 80, 82,97,113,119.1շ7 Badinter, Robert 59,63, 80,91,95 ւշ8,136 Baker, James 57 Efendić, Hasan 106 balkankrigene 26,64,169 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip 181 Banja Lula 86,87,99,101,111,147, etnisk rensing 12, 26, 31,101-103, 153,180,183 109,114-116,160,175,181,184 Bihać 86, 89,99,100,103,116-119,132, EU 19, 80,119,124.127» ւշ9 133. 145 135. !3б, 142, іб5 і68,182,184-187 Bijelina 94,96,97,113 Bildt, Carl 143,144,151,173 Blair, Tony 160 Bleiburg 32 Bogićević, Bogié 68 bogumiler 18, 23 Bringa, Tone 57, 85,141 Brioni-avtalen 59,70,79 Bulatović, Momir 52, 58 C Carrington, Peter 59,79,82,113,128,148 Ceric, Mustafa 181 Clinton, Bill 61,133,146,148-150,153 Ćosić, Dobriča 44,65 Čovič, Dragan 180 Čubrilovič, Vasa 65 Ćuruvija, Slavko 162 Cutileiro, José 95,128,136 D Dabčevič-Kučar, Savka 42 Đačić, Ivica 178 Demaçi, Adem 157 F Filipovič, Muhamed 91 FN 37, 59,75. 80-83,97, 98,101,107, 112-117,120,123-133.136,139-149. 153.158,162-164,167,173,186-188 folkemord 31,43,44,102,127,140-145, 149,155,173-175.177.183,184 Foča 98,102,112 Franz Ferdinand 26 G Galbraith, Peter 141 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich 80 Gerhardsen, Einar 8,9 Glavaš, Branimir 76
Gligorov, Kiro 52, 58,90,168 Goražde 103,113,118,119,132,133. 140,146,153 Gorbatsjov, Mihail 51, 57 Gotovina, Ante 145,174 Greve, Hanne Sophie 102 Gruevski, Nikola 185 197
STIKKORD H Halilovič, Sefer 106,116 Hadžič, Goran 77, 82 Hasanbegovič, Zlatko 183 HDZ 42,49,75,91,93,104,108,171 Herceg-Bosna 59,88,89,104,108,109, 113,118,174,180 Holbrooke, Richard 16,61,131,147,150 HOS75,96,108-in Huntington, Samuel 66 HVO 107-110,114-116,174,184 I Izetbegovic, Alija 52,58,90-93,98,104, 106,113,119,124,134-136,150,171, 172,181 Izetbegoviž, Bakir 172 J Jajce 21,99,110,147,153 Janša, Janez 46-48,69,184,185,187 Jasenovac 31, 34,66,183 Jashari, Adem 158 Jeltsin, Boris 134,163,187 JNA 59,67-71, 75-79, 82,91-98,102, 105-110,113 Jovič, Borisav 53, 54, 59,68, 69 jugonostalgi 186 K Kadijevič, Veljko 59, 68,69 Karadžič, Radovan 22, 53, 54, 58, 66, 67, 87, 88,91-93,95,97,98,103,104, 113,120,128,139,141,143,150, 152,153,170,173-175,183 Kardelj, Edvard 35 Kijevo 74,75, 82 Kljuić, Stjepan 58, 88,91 Knin 71, 73,74, 58, 82,145,153 Konjic 103,110,115,173 kommunistpartiet 35,36,41-47, 51,56 Kosovo-slaget 14, 22, 28, 34,45,49, 50, 58, 66,172 Koštunica, Vojislav 172,173 Krajina 58, 59,71-75,80-83, 87,93,98, 106,117,119,132,145 198 Krajišnik, Momčilo 87,174 Kraljevič, Blaž 108 Kučan, Milan 46-48, 52, 58 Kurti, Albin 182 L Lazar 14,48 Ljotič, Dimitrije 31 M Major, John 57 Markovič, Ante 49, 52, 53, 59, 69 Markovič, Mihajlo 44,62 Markovič, Mira 45 Martič, Milan 74,106 massakre 12, 31, 32, 65, 71,77, 78, 82, 92,96,97,101,102,114,118,122,123, 141-150,153,158,159,161,163,166, 174,175,186 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz 101 Memorandum 43,44,48 Mesič, Stipe 54, 58, 59, 82,171 Mihailovič, Draža 31-33,183 Milanovič, Zoran 184 Militærgrensen 24, 25, 73 Miloševič, Slobodan 11, 22,30,43, 5052, 58,
62,68, 69, 87-93,103,105,106, 114,118,119,128,136,143,144,150, 155-163,165,167,171-173.176,178 Milutinovič, Milan 176 Mitrovica 156,157,181,182 Mitterand, François 113,148113 Mladič, Ratko 67, 74, 82,93,105,138144,150,153,170,173,174,183 Moljević, Stevan 64 Mostar 89,96-99,103,104,109-111, 113,115,118,119,128,136 mujahedin 135 N Nato 11,12,117-119,123,124,130, 132,133,139,140,146-148,153,154, 158-167,173,178,179,184 Nedič, Milan 31,183 Nikolič, Tomislav 178 Njegoš, Petar Petrovič 22
STIKKORD О Orbán, Viktor 185 Őrié, Naser 98,117,142,176 Osmanske rike 24, 25, 64 Owen, David 113,114,118,127-129, 136,137,143,148,150,170 P Pale 97,98,118,121,139,153,183 Paraga, Dobroslav 75,87 Pavle (patriark) 66, 67 Peterle, Lojze 58 Plavšić, Biljana 103,174,175 Prijedor 98-101,113,147,150,173,174 Princip, Gavrilo 26 Putin, Vladimir 187 R Račan, Ivica 171 Radič, Stjepan 30,78 RAM 68,92 Ranković, Aleksandar 3 5 Ražnjatovič, Željko »Arkan» 60,66,71, 77,94,96,97,102,158 Reihl-Kir, Josip 76 Republika Srpska 88,93,105,110,116, 136,151,152,170-178,180-184,187 Rugova, Ibrahim 49,157,158,167 S Sainovič, Nikola 176 SDA 58,90-95,106,107,124,134,172 Šešelj, Vojislav 43, 64,65,70, 71, 76, 77,87,109,172,175,178 Šibenik 75 Simatovič, Franko 71 Smith, Rupert 140,144 Solana, Janvier 160 Špegelj, Martin 75 Srebrenica 12,71,98,103,113-118,132, 134,138-146,148-153,174-176,183 Stalin 34, 35 Stambolič, Ivan 44,45 Stanišič, Joviča 71 Stepinac, Alojzije 32 Stolac 89,109,110,115 (· Stoltenberg, Thorvald 16, 81, 118,129,136,137,144,149,150 Šušak, Gojko 76, 89,116 T Tadič, Dušan 173 Thaçi, Hashim 157,158,182 Tito, Josip Broz 8,9,11,18,19,32-38, 40-45,48, 62,64,67, 73,92,186 Tolimir, Zdravko 174 Tripalo, Nikola 42 Tsjernomyrdin, Viktor 162,167 tsjetnik 31, 33, 34, 71, 72, 76, 81,96, 109,183 Tuđman, Franjo 17, 30, 42,49, 52, 59, 62, 66, 67, 73, 76, 77, 88, 89,93,103. 104,108,109,113-119,128,134,136, 147,150,171 Tus, Anton 76 Tuzla 99,107,113,118,132,139,141,153 U Ulemek, Milorad «Legija» 172 Ustasja 30-34, 64, 74, 75,108,183 V Vance, Cyrus 80, 82,114,118,127, 128,136,137,143 Vasiljkovič, Dragan 71
Vllasi, Azem 43,45,48,49,167 Vojvodina 29, 73 Vollebæk, Knut 162 Vučič, Aleksandar 178,182 Vukovar 71-73, 76-82,179 W Walker, William 159 Westendorp, Carlos 152 Wilson, Woodrow 30 Z Zadar 21,75, 81,118 Žepa 103,118,132,140,141,146, 150,153 Žitomislić 111 Zulfikarpašić, Adil 91 Tvornik 08.102,111,113,147,175 StÿefiSOM StaateblbtiotM· München 199
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Innhold Innledning. Problemstillinger. 9 10 Kapittel 1 Kort historisk bakgrunn. 15 Historiske myter. Balkan i middelalderen. 20 På 1700-tallet - underlagt stormaktene. 24 På slutten av 1800-tallet. Før første verdenskrig. Kapittel 2 Den jugoslaviske staten: fra konge til kommunisme. 29 Det jugoslaviske kongedømmet. 29 Andre verdenskrig - okkupasjon og borgerkrig. 31 Bruddet mellom Stalin og Tito. 34 Titos «løsning» på det nasjonale spørsmålet. 35 Grenser mellom republikkene. 36 Kapittel 3 1970- og 80-tallet: Gradvis oppsplitting. Økonomisk stagnasjon. Fragmentering av staten. Kommunistisk
nasjonalisme. Kroatisk nasjonalisme. Albansk og serbisk nasjonalisme i Kosovo. Serbisk nasjonalisme og Slobodan Miloševič. Slovenias vei mot pluralisme. Tidslinje: 1970- og 80-tallet. 39 39 40 41 42 42 43 46 48 Kapittel 4 1990-91: Oppløsningen av Jugoslavia. 51 Kommunistpartiets sammenbrudd. 51 De første flerpartivalgene. 52 Serbia bryter opp føderasjonen. 53 Uavhengighetserklæringene. 54 Kunne oppløsningen vært unngått?. 55 Tidslinje: Oppløsningen. 58 5 15 26 26
INNHOLD Kapittel 5 Hvorfor ble det krig?. Århundregammelt hat?. Strid om grenser. Ideen om etnisk rene stater. Krigshissende propaganda. Religionens rolle. Den jugoslaviske hæren. Krigen i Slovenia. Paramilitære styrker. 61 61 62 63 64 66 67 69 70 Kapittel 6 Krigen i Kroatia. Krajina-serbernes opprør. Kroatias forsvar. Krigen i Slavonia og ødeleggelsen av Vukovar. Beleiringen av Dubrovnik. Internasjonale fredsforsøk. Følgene av krigen i
Kroatia. Tidslinje: Krigen i Kroatia. 73 73 75 76 79 79 80 82 Kapittel 7 1991: Forberedelser til krig i Bosnia-Hercegovina. Befolkningsstrukturen i Bosnia. Serberne og kroatene deler opp Bosnia. Bosnjakisk nasjonalisme. Den jugoslaviske hæren i Bosnia. Aktørene. 85 85 87 89 91 93 Kapittel 8 Krigen i Bosnia-Hercegovina . Avstemning om uavhengighet. Krigsutbruddet - fra sammenstøt til massakren i Bijelina. Anerkjennelse - men serbisk maktovertagelse. «Etnisk rensing». Bosnia mellom serbisk og kroatisk nasjonalisme. Bosnisk-serbiske styrker. Bosnjakiske styrker. Kroatiske styrker - to kroatiske
nasjonalismer. 1992: Kroatisk-serbisk krig. Ødeleggelse av kulturarv. Voldtekt som våpen. Tidslinje: Bosnia 1992. 1993: Krig mellom kroater og bosnjaker. Brčko ֊ et strategisk viktig område. Bihać - krig i krigen. Angrepet mot Srebrenica i 1993. 95 95 96 97 101 103 105 106 108 109 111 112 113 114 116 116 117 6
INNHOLD Tidslinje: 1993-94. 118 Beleiringen av Sarajevo. 120 Tidslinje: Beleiringen. 124 Kapittel 9 Internasjonale aktører. Rollen til EF/EU . FNs rolle. «Sikre områder». Natos rolle. USAs rolle. Russlands rolle. Kontaktgruppen. Muslimske land. Humanitær bistand. Tidslinje: Fredsplaner for Bosnia. 127 127 129 132 133 133 134 134 134 135 136 Kapittel 10 1995: Avslutning på
krigen. Folkemordet i Srebrenica. Sto Miloševič bak massakren?. Kroatene gjenerobrer Krajina. Internasjonal handling: FN og Nato griper inn. Kriges fasit - krigsofre. Hvorfor bombet man ikke før?. Dayton-avtalen - en bærekraftig avtale?. Tidslinje: 1995. 139 140 143 145 146 147 148 150 153 Kapittel 77 1998-99: Krig I Kosovo. Befolkningen i Kosovo. Apartheid i Kosovo. Kosovos frigjøringshær. Internasjonale forhandlinger. Natos krig mot Serbia og serbisk etnisk rensing. Krig uten FN-vedtak - illegal, men legitim?.
Fortsettelseskrig i Preševo. Tidslinje: Kosovo. 2001: Albansk opprør i Makedonia. 155 155 157 157 158 160 164 165 167 168 Kapittel 12 Konsekvenser av konflikten. 171 Etter Tuđman, Miloševič og Izetbegovic. 171 Krigsforbrytertribunalet. 173 Arven fra 90-tallet. 178 Litteratur. 189 Stikkord. 197 7
Litteratur Adriano, Pino (2018). Nationalism and Terror: Ante Pavelič and Ustashe Terrorism from Fascism to the Cold War. Budapest: Central European Uni versity Press. Allcock, John B. (2000). Explaining Yugoslavia. London: Hurst. Co. Allcock, John B., Marko Milivojević John J. Horeton (1998). Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. An Encyclopedia. Denver, Col./London.: ABC-CLIO. Almond, Mark (1994). Europe’s Backyard War. The War in the Balkans. London: Heinemann. Ancel, Guillaume (2017), Vent glacial sur Sarajevo. Paris: Les Belles Lettres. Andjelić, Neven (2003). Bosnia-Herzegovina. The End ofa Legacy. London: Frank Cass. Annan, Kofi A. (1999). Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 53/35. The Fall of Srebrenica. New York: United Nations publication. https://undocs.Org/A/54/549. Azinović, Vlado (2007). Al Qaeda in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Myth or Present Danger? Sarajevo/Prague: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Anzulović, Branimir (1999). Heavenly Serbia: From Myth to Genocide. London: Hurst Company. Banac, Ivo (1984). The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics. Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press. -. (1988). With Stalin against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism. Itacha, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. Bellamy, Alex (2003). The Formation of Croatian National Identity: A Centuries-old Dream. Manchester: Univ.ersity Press. Benedizione, Ludovica Valentina Rita Scotti (red.) (2016). Twenty years after Dayton. Roma: Luiss Academy. Bennett, Christopher (1995). Yugoslavia’s Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and
Consequences. London: Hurst Company. Benson, Leslie (2001). Yugoslavia. A Concise History. New York: Paigrave. Bieber, Florian (2003). Montenegro in Transition: Problems of Identity and Statehood. Baden-Baden: Nomos. Bieber, Florian Židas Daskalovski (red.) (2003). Understanding the War in Kosovo. London: Frank Cass Publishers. Bildt, Carl (1997). Uppdragfred. Stockholm: Norstedts. Biserko, Sonja (2012). Yugoslavia’s Implosion. The Fatal Attraction of Serbian Nationalism. Oslo: The Norwegian Helsinki Committee. 189
LITTERATUR Borger, Julian (2016). The Butchers Trail. How the Search for Balkan War Criminak became the Worlds most Successful Manhunt. New York Other Press. Bose, Sumantra (2002). Bosnia after Dayton: Nationalist Partition and International Intervention. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bougarel, Xavier, Elissa Helms Ger Duizmgs (2007). The New Bosnian Mosaic: Identities, Memories and Moral Claims in a Post-War Society. London: Routledge. Bringa, Tone (1996). Being Muslim the Bosnian Way: Identity and Community in a Central Bosnian Village. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Brosse, Renauld de la Mato Brautović (red.) (2017). Reporting the Attacks on Dubrovnik in 1991, and the Recognition of Croatia, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Burg, Steven L. Paul S. Shoup (1999). The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention. New York/London: M. E. Sharpe. Calic, Marie-Janine (2019a). A History of Yugoslavia. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. -. (2019b). The Great Cauldron. A History of Southeast Europe. Cambridge/ London: Harvard University Press. Calvo-Goller, Karin N. (2006). The Trial Proceedings of the International Criminal Court: ICTY and ICTR Precedents. Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Caspersen, Nina (2010). Contested Nationalism: Serb Elite Rivalry in Croatia and Bosnia in the 1990s. New York/London: Berghahn Books. Central Intelligence Agency (2002-2003). Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990-1995, 1-2. Washington, DC. Chandler, David (2000). Bosnia: Faking Democracy after
Dayton. London: Pluto Press. Cigar, Norman (1995). Genocide in Bosnia: The Policy of “Ethnic Cleansing”. College Staion, Texas: Texas A M University Press. Cohen, Lenard J. (1993). Broken Bonds: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia. Boulder: Westview Press. -. (2002). Serpent in the Bosom: The Rise and Fall of Slobodan Milosevic. Boulder: Westview Press. Cohen, Lenard J. Jasna Dragović-Soso (2008). State Collapse in South-Eastern Europe. New Perspectives on Yugoslavia’s Disintengration. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. Cohen, Philip J. (1996). Serbia’s Secret War. Texas: A M University Press. Cohen, Roger (1998). Hearts Grown Brutal: Sagas of Sarajevo. New York: Random House. Čolović, Ivan (2002). The Politics of Symbol in Serbia. Essays in Political Anthropology. London: Hurst Co. Crampton, R. J. (2002). The Balkans Since the Second World War. London: Pearson Education. 190
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Stikkord A Ahtisaari, Martti 162,167 Akashi, Yasushi 130,132,140,141,148 Albright, Madeleine 133,141,160 Amfflohije 66 Andrić, Ivo 16,102,186 Annan, Kofi 131,140,142 Arkan se Ražnjatović Ashdown, Paddy 152 Đilas, Milovan 35 Đinđić, Zoran 172,173 Divjak, Jovan 106,122 Dodik, Milorad 180,183,187 Draskovic, Vuk 64, 71 Drina 16,87,96,98,102,140,147 Drnovšek, Janez 47, 53 Dubrovnik 23-25,65,78-82,92,109,111 Đukanović, Milo 178,179,185 В E Babič, Milan 74, 82 EF 59, 70, 80, 82,97,113,119.1շ7 Badinter, Robert 59,63, 80,91,95 ւշ8,136 Baker, James 57 Efendić, Hasan 106 balkankrigene 26,64,169 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip 181 Banja Lula 86,87,99,101,111,147, etnisk rensing 12, 26, 31,101-103, 153,180,183 109,114-116,160,175,181,184 Bihać 86, 89,99,100,103,116-119,132, EU 19, 80,119,124.127» ւշ9 133. 145 135. !3б, 142, іб5 і68,182,184-187 Bijelina 94,96,97,113 Bildt, Carl 143,144,151,173 Blair, Tony 160 Bleiburg 32 Bogićević, Bogié 68 bogumiler 18, 23 Bringa, Tone 57, 85,141 Brioni-avtalen 59,70,79 Bulatović, Momir 52, 58 C Carrington, Peter 59,79,82,113,128,148 Ceric, Mustafa 181 Clinton, Bill 61,133,146,148-150,153 Ćosić, Dobriča 44,65 Čovič, Dragan 180 Čubrilovič, Vasa 65 Ćuruvija, Slavko 162 Cutileiro, José 95,128,136 D Dabčevič-Kučar, Savka 42 Đačić, Ivica 178 Demaçi, Adem 157 F Filipovič, Muhamed 91 FN 37, 59,75. 80-83,97, 98,101,107, 112-117,120,123-133.136,139-149. 153.158,162-164,167,173,186-188 folkemord 31,43,44,102,127,140-145, 149,155,173-175.177.183,184 Foča 98,102,112 Franz Ferdinand 26 G Galbraith, Peter 141 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich 80 Gerhardsen, Einar 8,9 Glavaš, Branimir 76
Gligorov, Kiro 52, 58,90,168 Goražde 103,113,118,119,132,133. 140,146,153 Gorbatsjov, Mihail 51, 57 Gotovina, Ante 145,174 Greve, Hanne Sophie 102 Gruevski, Nikola 185 197
STIKKORD H Halilovič, Sefer 106,116 Hadžič, Goran 77, 82 Hasanbegovič, Zlatko 183 HDZ 42,49,75,91,93,104,108,171 Herceg-Bosna 59,88,89,104,108,109, 113,118,174,180 Holbrooke, Richard 16,61,131,147,150 HOS75,96,108-in Huntington, Samuel 66 HVO 107-110,114-116,174,184 I Izetbegovic, Alija 52,58,90-93,98,104, 106,113,119,124,134-136,150,171, 172,181 Izetbegoviž, Bakir 172 J Jajce 21,99,110,147,153 Janša, Janez 46-48,69,184,185,187 Jasenovac 31, 34,66,183 Jashari, Adem 158 Jeltsin, Boris 134,163,187 JNA 59,67-71, 75-79, 82,91-98,102, 105-110,113 Jovič, Borisav 53, 54, 59,68, 69 jugonostalgi 186 K Kadijevič, Veljko 59, 68,69 Karadžič, Radovan 22, 53, 54, 58, 66, 67, 87, 88,91-93,95,97,98,103,104, 113,120,128,139,141,143,150, 152,153,170,173-175,183 Kardelj, Edvard 35 Kijevo 74,75, 82 Kljuić, Stjepan 58, 88,91 Knin 71, 73,74, 58, 82,145,153 Konjic 103,110,115,173 kommunistpartiet 35,36,41-47, 51,56 Kosovo-slaget 14, 22, 28, 34,45,49, 50, 58, 66,172 Koštunica, Vojislav 172,173 Krajina 58, 59,71-75,80-83, 87,93,98, 106,117,119,132,145 198 Krajišnik, Momčilo 87,174 Kraljevič, Blaž 108 Kučan, Milan 46-48, 52, 58 Kurti, Albin 182 L Lazar 14,48 Ljotič, Dimitrije 31 M Major, John 57 Markovič, Ante 49, 52, 53, 59, 69 Markovič, Mihajlo 44,62 Markovič, Mira 45 Martič, Milan 74,106 massakre 12, 31, 32, 65, 71,77, 78, 82, 92,96,97,101,102,114,118,122,123, 141-150,153,158,159,161,163,166, 174,175,186 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz 101 Memorandum 43,44,48 Mesič, Stipe 54, 58, 59, 82,171 Mihailovič, Draža 31-33,183 Milanovič, Zoran 184 Militærgrensen 24, 25, 73 Miloševič, Slobodan 11, 22,30,43, 5052, 58,
62,68, 69, 87-93,103,105,106, 114,118,119,128,136,143,144,150, 155-163,165,167,171-173.176,178 Milutinovič, Milan 176 Mitrovica 156,157,181,182 Mitterand, François 113,148113 Mladič, Ratko 67, 74, 82,93,105,138144,150,153,170,173,174,183 Moljević, Stevan 64 Mostar 89,96-99,103,104,109-111, 113,115,118,119,128,136 mujahedin 135 N Nato 11,12,117-119,123,124,130, 132,133,139,140,146-148,153,154, 158-167,173,178,179,184 Nedič, Milan 31,183 Nikolič, Tomislav 178 Njegoš, Petar Petrovič 22
STIKKORD О Orbán, Viktor 185 Őrié, Naser 98,117,142,176 Osmanske rike 24, 25, 64 Owen, David 113,114,118,127-129, 136,137,143,148,150,170 P Pale 97,98,118,121,139,153,183 Paraga, Dobroslav 75,87 Pavle (patriark) 66, 67 Peterle, Lojze 58 Plavšić, Biljana 103,174,175 Prijedor 98-101,113,147,150,173,174 Princip, Gavrilo 26 Putin, Vladimir 187 R Račan, Ivica 171 Radič, Stjepan 30,78 RAM 68,92 Ranković, Aleksandar 3 5 Ražnjatovič, Željko »Arkan» 60,66,71, 77,94,96,97,102,158 Reihl-Kir, Josip 76 Republika Srpska 88,93,105,110,116, 136,151,152,170-178,180-184,187 Rugova, Ibrahim 49,157,158,167 S Sainovič, Nikola 176 SDA 58,90-95,106,107,124,134,172 Šešelj, Vojislav 43, 64,65,70, 71, 76, 77,87,109,172,175,178 Šibenik 75 Simatovič, Franko 71 Smith, Rupert 140,144 Solana, Janvier 160 Špegelj, Martin 75 Srebrenica 12,71,98,103,113-118,132, 134,138-146,148-153,174-176,183 Stalin 34, 35 Stambolič, Ivan 44,45 Stanišič, Joviča 71 Stepinac, Alojzije 32 Stolac 89,109,110,115 (· Stoltenberg, Thorvald 16, 81, 118,129,136,137,144,149,150 Šušak, Gojko 76, 89,116 T Tadič, Dušan 173 Thaçi, Hashim 157,158,182 Tito, Josip Broz 8,9,11,18,19,32-38, 40-45,48, 62,64,67, 73,92,186 Tolimir, Zdravko 174 Tripalo, Nikola 42 Tsjernomyrdin, Viktor 162,167 tsjetnik 31, 33, 34, 71, 72, 76, 81,96, 109,183 Tuđman, Franjo 17, 30, 42,49, 52, 59, 62, 66, 67, 73, 76, 77, 88, 89,93,103. 104,108,109,113-119,128,134,136, 147,150,171 Tus, Anton 76 Tuzla 99,107,113,118,132,139,141,153 U Ulemek, Milorad «Legija» 172 Ustasja 30-34, 64, 74, 75,108,183 V Vance, Cyrus 80, 82,114,118,127, 128,136,137,143 Vasiljkovič, Dragan 71
Vllasi, Azem 43,45,48,49,167 Vojvodina 29, 73 Vollebæk, Knut 162 Vučič, Aleksandar 178,182 Vukovar 71-73, 76-82,179 W Walker, William 159 Westendorp, Carlos 152 Wilson, Woodrow 30 Z Zadar 21,75, 81,118 Žepa 103,118,132,140,141,146, 150,153 Žitomislić 111 Zulfikarpašić, Adil 91 Tvornik 08.102,111,113,147,175 StÿefiSOM StaateblbtiotM· München 199 |
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| id | DE-604.BV047435783 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:59:34Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:12:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788202696993 |
| language | Norwegian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032838067 |
| oclc_num | 1269386721 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 199 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits (teilweise farbig), Portrait (des Verfassers) 21 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210924 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Cappelen Damm akademisk |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | En kort introduksjon |
| spelling | Mønnesland, Svein 1943- Verfasser (DE-588)1145931952 aut En kort introduksjon til Jugoslavia-konflikten Svein Mønnesland 1. utgave Cappelen Damm akademisk 2021 199 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits (teilweise farbig), Portrait (des Verfassers) 21 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier En kort introduksjon I perioden 1991-2008 gikk forbundsrepublikken Jugoslavia i oppløsning og ble til sju nye stater. Prosessen utløste blodige kriger med bombing og beleiring av byer, massevoldtekter, massakrer, konsentrasjonsleirer og millioner av flyktninger. Både i Norge og ellers i verden kom den jugoslaviske tragedien svært overraskende, og mange syntes den var vanskelig å forstå. Denne boken skisserer det historiske bakteppet, for deretter å se nærmere på årsakene til at Titos Jugoslavia gikk i oppløsning. Hvorfor ble det krig, og hvorfor ble den så blodig? Boken følger forløpet, fra krigen i Slovenia og Kroatia i 1991, i Bosnia-Hercegovina 1992-1995, Kosovo-krigen i 1999 og konflikten i Makedonia i 2001. Forfatteren mener det internasjonale samfunnet ikke gjorde nok for å stanse krigshandlingene tidlig i forløpet. Sarajevo, en europeisk hovedstad, var beleiret og under angrep i over tre og et halvt år, og i Srebrenica ble det begått et folkemord - til tross for at begge byene var erklært som «sikre områder» av FN, og Nato sto klar til å gripe inn. Boken diskuterer også arven fra 1990-årene og viser hvordan nasjonalistiske holdninger fortsatt preger området. Forbundsrepublikken Jugoslavia ble i løpet av 17 år delt opp i syv nye stater gjennom en brutal og blodig prosess. Nabolag ble splittet, byer bombet og beleiret, det foregikk massevoldtekter og massakrer, konsentrasjonsleirer ble opprettet og millioner av mennesker måtte flykte. Tragedien som utspilte seg i Titos Jugoslavia kom overraskende for verdenssamfunnet og var vanskelig å forstå. I boken presenteres det historiske bakteppet for konflikten og oppløsningen av Jugoslavia. Forfatteren tar for seg krigen i Slovenia og Kroatia i 1991, i Bosnia-Hercegovina 1992-1995, Kosovokrigen i 1999 og konflikten i Makedonia i 2001. Forfatteren er kritisk til den internasjonale håndteringen av konflikten. FNs såkalt "sikre byer" var ikke det. I Sarajevo foregikk det krigshandlinger i over tre år, i Srebrenica skjedde et folkemord mens verdenssamfunnet sto og så på. Konflikten har satt varige spor, og fortsatt preges området av nasjonalistiske holdninger. Omtalen er utarbeidet av BS. Jugoslawienkriege (DE-588)4875209-5 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawienkriege (DE-588)4875209-5 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032838067&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032838067&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032838067&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Mønnesland, Svein 1943- En kort introduksjon til Jugoslavia-konflikten Jugoslawienkriege (DE-588)4875209-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4875209-5 |
| title | En kort introduksjon til Jugoslavia-konflikten |
| title_auth | En kort introduksjon til Jugoslavia-konflikten |
| title_exact_search | En kort introduksjon til Jugoslavia-konflikten |
| title_exact_search_txtP | En kort introduksjon til Jugoslavia-konflikten |
| title_full | En kort introduksjon til Jugoslavia-konflikten Svein Mønnesland |
| title_fullStr | En kort introduksjon til Jugoslavia-konflikten Svein Mønnesland |
| title_full_unstemmed | En kort introduksjon til Jugoslavia-konflikten Svein Mønnesland |
| title_short | En kort introduksjon til Jugoslavia-konflikten |
| title_sort | en kort introduksjon til jugoslavia konflikten |
| topic | Jugoslawienkriege (DE-588)4875209-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Jugoslawienkriege |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032838067&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032838067&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032838067&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mønneslandsvein enkortintroduksjontiljugoslaviakonflikten |