The secret police and the religious underground in communist and post-communist Eastern Europe:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2022
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| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge religion, society and government in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet states
15 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | xii, 340 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9780367279998 9781032055886 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List offigures List of contributors Acknowledgements Introduction: reframing the religious underground viii x xiii 1 JAMES A. KAPALO AND KINGA POVEDÁK PARTI Constructing the enemy: historical and legal contexts 1 Shifting images of a harmful sect: operations against Inochentism in Soviet Ukraine, 1920-23 37 39 DUMITRU LISNIC 2 Visualizing invisible dissent: Red Dragonists, conspiracy and the Soviet secret police 60 TATIANA VAGRAMENKO 3 The legal context of religious activities in Hungary between 1945 and 1989/90 83 SZILVIA KÖBEL 4 Turning religious practices into political guilt: Jehovah’s Witnesses in the narratives of the Securitate files 97 CORNELIU PINTILESCU 5 A coercive political environment as place of testimony: Jehovah’s Witnesses in the era of state socialism in Hungary, 1948-89 ÉVA PETRAS 112
vi Contents PART II Anti-religious operations 6 Soviet state security and the Cold War: repression and agent infiltration of the Jehovah’s Witnesses in the Moldavian SSR, 1944 to late 1950s 129 131 IGOR CAŞU 7 The secret police and the Marian apparition: actions of the Polish Security Service against the miracle of Zabłudów in 1965 148 MACIEJ KRZYWOSZ 8 Acting in the underground: life as a Hare Krishna devotee in the Soviet Republic of Lithuania (1979-1989) 176 RASA PRANSKEVIČIŪTĖ-AMOSON 9 Between simplification and absurdity: the Czech protestant milieu, “New Orientation” and the secret police 192 ONDŘEJ MATĚJKA PART III Methodological approaches to religions in the secret police archives 211 10 Secret police informer files as sources for the study of vernacular religion under communism 213 ÁGNES HESZ 11 Photographs of the religious underground: tracing images between archives and communities 234 KINGA POVEDÁK 12 Feasting and fasting: the evidential character of material religion in secret police archives JAMES A. KAPALÓ 254
Contents vii PART IV Secret police archives in post-communism: politics, ethics and communities 273 13 The Patriarchate, the Presidency and the secret police archives: studying religions in post-communist Romania 275 CRISTIAN VASILE 14 The possibility of researching religious minorities in the secret police archives of the former Yugoslavia 289 ALEKSANDRA DJURIĆ MILOVANOVIČ 15 If sex were a factor ..the Securitate archives and issues of morality in documents related to religious life 302 ANCA ŞINCAN 16 Redeeming memory: neo-Protestant churches and the secret police archives in Romania 316 IULIANA CINDREA-NAGY Index 335
Index Note՛. Page numbers in bold indicate tables; those in italics indicate figures. Adventists 5, 7, 9,19,23; in Hungary 89,113,115; in Lithuania 182; in Romania 277, 318, 329n4; in Soviet Moldavia 135; in Yugoslavia 290, 292, 294-8; see also Seventh Day Adventists agency 2, 29, 32,132,203, 213, 221,228, 243,251, 282; religious agency 5, 7, 10-11, 65, 145, 255-6; agents, secret police 12,14,21-4; infiltration 140-3; recruitment 85,140,199 agitation 71, 107, 108,137, 139 see also propaganda Alliance of Hungarian Free Churches 114, 116; see also The Council of Free Churches, Hungary Andropov, Yurij 15,182 Antichrist 60, 63-4,264, 265, 268-9, 277, see also apocalypticism; apocalyptic visions Antireligious Commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Soviet 54, 57nl3 anti-religious propaganda 6,18,20,42, 48-50, 61-2, 71,181-2; see propaganda Antireligioznih 6 Antonescu, Ion (Marshall) 98, 102, 133, 283 apocalyptic expectation 7, 40, 268, 270n4; see also Antichrist; eschatology apocalyptic visions 60-1,64, 65, 78 atheism 1, 3,17,41,177 Baltic states 137-8, 142, 145; see also Lithuania Baptists 5, 7,115,135, 277, 294-5, 318, 322, 326, 329n4 baptize 120, 235, 238-9, 247; baptism 5, 10,18, 24,120,224,235,238-9,247, 295; home baptism 224 Baran, Emily 7,11,18, 20-1, 133 Bessarabia 21,40, 55,132-5,138,144, 261-2; see also Republic of Moldova; Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR) Bezbozhnik 6, 71 Bolshevik party 40,45, 135 Bolshevik Revolution 3, 5 Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir 42 Brezhnev, Leonid 139,182 brochures 30, 61,107,116-17,125-6, 139 Bukovina 21, 133
Bulányi, György 88,222 capitalism 203; see also capitalist states capitalist states 19, 83, 87,105, 307, 319; see also capitalism Carol II (King of Romania) 98,133, 144 Catholics 100,132,182; as clerical reaction 13,17; in Czechoslovakia 195, 200, 203; as external enemy 19, 100; in Hungary 86-9, 91,92nl 1, 113,115, 127n5, 214, 217-18, 220; in Poland 10, 149, 151,159,173nl; in Romania 279, 284n3; in Soviet Lithuania 179,181-2; in Yugoslavia 292; see also Roman Catholic Church Catholic youth groups 217,220-2; see also Bulányi Central Committee of the Communist Party 42,48, 54, 57nl3,182,199 Citizens’Militia 154-6, 160-1, 171,173n4
336 Index Cheka (All-Russian Extraordinary Committee or VChK) 41,43-5,48-9, 51, 53, 57n5,145nl; see also OGPU; NKVD; MGB; KGB Church-state relations 2, 7-9, 14-15, 41-2, 98, 284, 290-1 clandestine forms of religion 4-5, 9-10, 30, 62, 63,118, 135; Catholic groups 217, 221, 222, 224, 226,230nl4; as espionage 107; in Hungary 234; as political or dangerous 62, 68-70, 105-6,144; clerical reaction 1,3, 13, 17-18, 19, 24, 84, 86-8, 91, 115, 195, 200, 203 closures, Church 4, 8, 21, 50, 60, 67 Cold War I, 3, 90, 107, 115, 131-2, 137, 143,182; and propaganda 11, 18-19; and Yugoslavia 291 collectivization 63, 65-6, 72, 97; and apocalyptic rumour 270n4; and food security 256,267; and religious agency 7; resistance to 13, 69, 137, 139, 294; and sectarians 42 conscientious objection 106, 295, 297, 312; see also military service conspiracies 47, 55, 62, 64, 70, 77-8, 88, 109 conspiracy theories 62, 65-6, 68, 70 The Council of Free Churches, Hungary 23,89-90, 93n22,114, 124, 125; see also Alliance of Hungarian Free Churches counterintelligence 21,136,179 County Departments of Secret Informers, Soviet 16,44 Criminal Code, Romania 103^1, 108-9; Soviet 139-40, 144 criminal files, Romania 104 criminology, Soviet 53 Declaration of Loyalty 6, 8, 67 Department for Religious Denominations 303-4, 307, 311 deportations 5,20-22, 53,131, 135-43,170,183, 319; see also Operation North Derrida, Jacques 25, 258 de-Stalinization 143 devotional material 118,121,126,160, 255; confiscated devotional material devotional song 121 documentary files 104, 215,224 double minorities 290 Dzerzhinsky, Felix 44;
ecclesiasticmonarchist underground 7,17, 61, 66, 68, 70-71, 78-79; see also Red Dragonists education, secret police 18,201 émigrés 1, 61, 136, 179, 297 End of Days, End of the World 39, 72, 78, 268; see also apocalyptic expectation eschatology, popular 61-2, 65-6, 78, 267-8; see also Red Dragon European Union 283,289 Evangelical Christian Church: Hungary 237-40 Evangelical Christians: Soviet Union 42 Evangelical Church of the Czech Brethren 192; see also Protestant Church, Czech Republic famine 42 Fascism 101 fascist 12,101-2, 221,282-3 fasting 39, 256,263-4, 269 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) 3 February Revolution 40 Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia 291; see also Yugoslavia folk religion 151-2,173n7,213, 228nl Foucault, Michel 25, 62, 70, 258 Gendarmerie, Romanian 55 German Democratic Republic (GDR) 12, 24, 267 Germany 26,226,293 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe 277 GPU (State Political Directorate) 44, 55, 61; see also OGPU Great Terror 136,140 Greek Catholic Church 14, 275, 278-80, 284n3, 285n8, 319; see also Uniates Gulag 21,131, 141-43; see also Siberia; labour camps Hare Krishna movement 178-9,185; see also ISKCON (International Society for Krishna Consciousness) hideouts 46, 50, 55 Historical Archives of the Hungarian State Security (Állambiztonsági Szolgálatok Történeti Levéltára, ÁBTL) 112,214
Index historical churches, Hungary 9, 90, 114, 116, 124; Romania 99, 101, 113 home gatherings 118 house raids 21, 24,113, 116, 118, 125-6, 246-8 Hungarian Communist Party 115; see also Hungarian Workers Party Hungarian Free Christian Church 247 Hungarian Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Archives 112 Hungarian Workers’ Party 13, 115, 127n6; see also Hungarian Communist Party icon, Orthodox 54, 57nl4, 63, 78 Iliescu, Ion 276, 278-9 infiltration 3, 21-2, 85,135-6, 140-3, 145; see also agent infiltration informers, secret police 89, 141, 162, 164,167, 203, 302, 308-10; see also County Departments of Secret Informers, Soviet; informer as anthropologist 219, 260; informer files as sources 29, 30, 215-16, 219-20, 255.260-1; informer recruitment 85,198,203; informer’s reports 30, 148,263 Inochentism 22, 33,40,45-8, 50-6, 256.261-3, 268; see also InochentistStilist sect Inochentist-Stilist sect 22, 33,40, 45-8, 50-6, 256, 261-3, 268; see also Inochentism International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) 176, 177-83, 185 Iron Guard 101-2, 308, 318; see also Legionary movement Jehovah’s Witnesses (JWs): anti-state stance 100-1; deportations 136-40; history in Bessarabia 132-3; history in Romania 98-9; in Hungary 89-90, 113-18; infiltration, in Romania 103; in labour camps 121; legal recognition, Hungary 91, 125-6; military service 101,106,120-1, 125; in Siberia 142-4; in Soviet Moldavia 140-4; as Western spies 100; in Yugoslavia 294-8 Jews 13, 86-7, 113, 132,136-7, 280, 319 Kádár, János, Kádár era, 88, 114, 123-4, 241 337 KALÁSZ (Association of Catholic Girl’s Clubs) 224-5,230n23 KGB 3,15,
20, 21, 32, 60, 64,176-87 Khrushchev, Nikita 4,15, 197 Kolkhoz 42, 60, 69, 78, 134; see also kolhozniki Komsomol 178,184-7,188nl3 Konrád, János 93ո20,114,116-17,125-6 kulaks 13, 19-20,41,47, 52, 55, 61, 63, 72, 74, 137,216 labour camps 5, 9, 104, 113,120-1,123, 126, 133; Tólápa (Hungary) 121, 123; see also Gulag League of Militant Atheists 6 Legionary movement 98, 282, 283; see also Iron Guard Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 4,43,143,144 Lithuanian ISKCON Archives 176 Lithuanian Special Archives (LSA) 180-1 Luehrmann, Sonja 25, 62, 254, 257-9 Marian apparition, Zabłudów 22-3, 148-51 Marian cult 149 Máriapócs; shrine at 225, 227 Marxism 17, 20, 83,173n3, 256; see also Marxist materialism material religion 29, 31, 255-57, 269; see also materiality materiality 60-1, 224, 243, 255, 260; see also material religion Metropolitan Sergei 6, 8, 67 military courts 32, 97, 103 4, 107, 109, 297-8 military service 88, 98, 101, 106-9, 113, 120-1,123-6, 127nl0, 131, 139, 142,295, 319; see also conscientious objection millenarians 78,113,144 miracles 17, 54, 63, 148-9, 151-2,154-6, 160-73, 227, 265, 268, 318, 329n7 miraculous healing 63,152, 154, 166 Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MASSR) 40,48,136; see also Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR); Republic of Moldova Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR) 13, 135-6, 138, 145n2, see also Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MASSR)
338 Index monasteries 39,40; and charity 256, 262; closure of 6-8, 60, 63-5, 78,134,262; Inochentist 39,40, 45-53, 55, 264; in Romania 278, 281; Romanian Greek Catholic 275,278; underground 40, 64֊5, 69, 72, 74,264; Vladimireşti 277, 280-1 ; see also monasticism monasticism 8, 65,280; see also monasteries Morgan, David 256,269 mysticism 177,187n3,280 National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives 104,214, 275, 317 Nazarenes 6, 7, 9,19, 30, 89, 113, 290, 292,294-9; and conscientious objection 127nl0,295, 298 neo-Protestant churches: in Hungary 116,230n24; infiltration of 23; and memory of communism in Romania 317-29; in Romania 133, 277, 279-80,284; in Soviet Moldavia 138; in Yugoslavia 290, 294, 296 New Economic Policy (NEP) 16,41 NKGB (People’s Commissariat for State Security) 135-6, 145nl NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs) 19, 21,44, 57n5, 135,145nl Non-Aligned Movement 291-2 Odessa 40, 44-6, 50-6; Odessa Oblast 20, 39, 57nl2 OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate) 20-1,44-5, 53, 57n5, 70-1, 74, 76, 145nl Old Believers 42, 64,132 Old Calendar 256, 261-3, 269, 270n2; see also Revised Julian Calendar Operation North 21-2,138, 140, 142 Orthodox Christianity 39, 255; see also Romanian Orthodox Church; True Orthodox Church OZNA (Yugoslav Department for the Protection of the People) 290, 292-3; see also UDBA peasants 13, 51; as enemies of the state 17, 47; and religious movements 60, 63, 66; and renewal of icons 57nl4; resistance 42,46-7; Romanian 39-40; see also kulaks penal files 43, 61, 70, 93n20,104, 215 Pentecostal Church 89, 99, 322, 325-6; see
also Pentecostals Pentecostals: 7, 23; in Hungary 8, 89, 237; in Romania 322, 326, 329n4; in Soviet Lithuania 182; in Ukraine 65, 80n4; in Yugoslavia 290,294; see also Pentecostal Church perestroika and glasnost 18, 204 Peteu, Adrian Nicolae 99-102,262 photo-elicitation 30,234,241-7,249-52 photographs 120; collage 72-6; confiscated 30, 74-5, 79, 235,237, 247, 255; crime scene photographs 30,235, 244; as evidence 239-41; surveillance 156-8 pilgrimage 5,22, 63, 148,156, 159-62, 227 Poenaru, Florin 77, 97,103, 108, 214, 321, 324, 329 policing 3-4,12,14, 20-1, 31, 39, 45 Polish People’s Republic 148-9, 154, 173nll Polish United Worker’s Party 154,162, 173n3,173n8, 174nl5 Politburo 41,44 Prague Spring 200-1, 203-4 preacher(s) 20, 47, 53-4, 93, 127n4, 225, 324-5 preaching 63, 72, 78, 113,133,139, 235,268 anti-Soviet 46-47 Presidential Commission for the Analysis of the Communist Dictatorship (PCACDR), Romania 280, 319 prison saints 316, 318 propaganda: religious propoganda 21, 107-8, 113, 115, 140,296-7; atheist 181-2; see also anti-religious propaganda prophecy 64-66, 80n4; see also prophets prophets 52, 60, 63, 65, 68-9, 72, 78, 262, 268-9; see also prophecy proselytism 14, 98-100,103,107, 139, 142, 275 Protestantism 192-4, 202-3; see also Protestants Protestants 27, 87,193-5,201,203, 205; see also Protestantism Radio Free Europe 1, 11; ree also Radio Liberty Radio Liberty 1,11; ree also Radio Free Europe
Index Rákosi regime 114 Ramet, Sabrina 2-3, 97-8,181, 291 reactionary forces 13,41, 84-5; see also clerical reaction Red Army 40-1,44-5,47-8, 50, 52, 57,134 Red Dragon 60-3, 66, 68, 70, 72, 78 Red Dragonists 7, 60, 64-5 reform communists 200, 202 Reformed (Calvinist) Church, Hungary 86, 88,92nll, 113 religious education 6, 86, 88,114, 218-19 religious network schemes 61, 74, 78-9 religious underground: as discourse and construct 62, 66, 68-70; formation of 4-11,32-33; Greek Catholic 279-80, 285n8; in Lithuania 177, 181; representations of 11,61 Republic of Moldova 39, 57n2, 57nl2, 58; see also Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR) Revised Julian Calendar 261, 263, 270n2; see also Old Calendar revolutionary committee (revkom) 43,48 Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact 137-9, 144 Roman Catholic Church 27,100,109nl, 113,115,127n5, 132, 151,161,173nl, 214,218, 225,275, 279,284n3, 291; see also Catholics Romanian Intelligence Service Archives (SRI) 275 Romanian Orthodox Church 14, 99-100, 109nl, 133-4,261-2, 275,277-80, 282,284, 284n3, 308, 316, 320; Patriarchate 275, 278 Romanian Secret Police 17,135, 262, 302, 327; see also Securitate Russia 5,7,14,40-2, 57nl, 60, 64-5, 67-9,132, 142,145,176, 178, 186-7,188nl5,270n2,291; see also Russian Empire Russian Civil War 40,45 Russian Empire 39-40,132; see also Russia samizdat 178, 238, 240, 246-7, 249, 252 Second World War 1, 7-8, 15,112, 114-15,133-4,148-9,261,291 Secret Police Archives: 2, 32, 61,193, 215,242,245, 251; misuse of 276,278; Post-communism 25, 289-90,294, 298; preventing access 26; as source 30, 214,234, 243,255-9, 269, 299 339
Securitate 77-8, 97-110, 221, 261-2, 276-9,281, 302-14, 316-17, 319, 323-4, 326, 328-9 Secretariat for Religious Denominations 302 sects 9, 64, 86, 89-90, 93n22,97, 99-100, 106,115,135,296,318-319 Seventh Day Adventists 5, 7, 9, 19,23, 330nl7; in Hungary 113,115; internal divisions 88-90; and military service 127,135,182,277, 290; in Yugoslavia 292, 294-98; see also Adventists show trials 21,116,117, 302 Siberia 20, 21, 66, 136,138,142^1, 170; see also Gulag Siguranţa 55, 308; see also Securitate; Romanian secret police Stalin, Joseph 4, 7,134,137-9,143 Stalinism 16,149 State Defence Authority, Hungary (Államvédelmi Hatóság) 84,116 State Defence Department, Hungary (Államvédelmi Osztály) 12,13, 85 State Office of Church Áffairs, Hungary (Állami Egyházügyi Hivatal) 83, 89-90,91, 92ո7, 93ո22, 116 surveillance 4,13, 21; as ethnography 219,229nl0, 260-1; in Hungary 84-5; of Jehovah’s Witnesses 99; photographs 156-8, 239; see also surveillance files; agent infiltration surveillance files 104; in post communism 302-3, 306-9 surveillance photograph 156,158, 260 theology: Protestant 201; dialectical 194, 196-8; millenarian 78 theses, secret police 18, 196, 202-4 Tismăneanu, Vladimir 280-3 transitional justice 25, 276-9, 321, 329n2 Transnistria 57nl2, 261; concentration camps 319 Transylvania 113,214,283 troikas 21,47, 57nl0,139 True Orthodox Church 16,21, 66-8; as counter-revolutionary organisation 76-7 UDBA (Yugoslav State Security Department, later State Security Services) 290, 292-3
340 Index underground: underground spaces (see also hideouts) 46, 55, 223; underground monasteries and churches 40,46֊7,49, 50, 64, 65, 72, 74, 78 underground Catholic organisations 222, 223 Underground Evangelism 11, 33nl United States of America (USA) 19, 99-100,105, 109, 113, 115,127n4, 131, 136-7,182, 187n5, 276, 292, 296 Vatican 19, 84-5,100,194, 200 Văţulescu, Cristina 69, 80n5 Verdery, Katherine 12, 62, 70-1, 77-8, 103, 214, 216,219,260, 303, 305 vernacular religion 30, 69, 213-16, 220-2, 224,228, 234, 243, 252n5 visionaries 23,149,151-2, 262 visions 17, 64-5 Vladimireşti monastery 277, 280-1 War Communism 16,41, 50 Warsaw Pact 201 Watchtower magazine 104, 113, 118 wild parishes 66; see also religious underground World Council of Churches (WCC) 194 YMCA 196, 203 youth work 9, 87, 88, 90, 217, 220-2 Yugoslavia, former 3, 9,19,21, 32, 289-97, 299; see also Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia Zionists 13, 136 f! Staatsbibliothek Bayerische i München
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Contents List offigures List of contributors Acknowledgements Introduction: reframing the religious underground viii x xiii 1 JAMES A. KAPALO AND KINGA POVEDÁK PARTI Constructing the enemy: historical and legal contexts 1 Shifting images of a harmful sect: operations against Inochentism in Soviet Ukraine, 1920-23 37 39 DUMITRU LISNIC 2 Visualizing invisible dissent: Red Dragonists, conspiracy and the Soviet secret police 60 TATIANA VAGRAMENKO 3 The legal context of religious activities in Hungary between 1945 and 1989/90 83 SZILVIA KÖBEL 4 Turning religious practices into political guilt: Jehovah’s Witnesses in the narratives of the Securitate files 97 CORNELIU PINTILESCU 5 A coercive political environment as place of testimony: Jehovah’s Witnesses in the era of state socialism in Hungary, 1948-89 ÉVA PETRAS 112
vi Contents PART II Anti-religious operations 6 Soviet state security and the Cold War: repression and agent infiltration of the Jehovah’s Witnesses in the Moldavian SSR, 1944 to late 1950s 129 131 IGOR CAŞU 7 The secret police and the Marian apparition: actions of the Polish Security Service against the miracle of Zabłudów in 1965 148 MACIEJ KRZYWOSZ 8 Acting in the underground: life as a Hare Krishna devotee in the Soviet Republic of Lithuania (1979-1989) 176 RASA PRANSKEVIČIŪTĖ-AMOSON 9 Between simplification and absurdity: the Czech protestant milieu, “New Orientation” and the secret police 192 ONDŘEJ MATĚJKA PART III Methodological approaches to religions in the secret police archives 211 10 Secret police informer files as sources for the study of vernacular religion under communism 213 ÁGNES HESZ 11 Photographs of the religious underground: tracing images between archives and communities 234 KINGA POVEDÁK 12 Feasting and fasting: the evidential character of material religion in secret police archives JAMES A. KAPALÓ 254
Contents vii PART IV Secret police archives in post-communism: politics, ethics and communities 273 13 The Patriarchate, the Presidency and the secret police archives: studying religions in post-communist Romania 275 CRISTIAN VASILE 14 The possibility of researching religious minorities in the secret police archives of the former Yugoslavia 289 ALEKSANDRA DJURIĆ MILOVANOVIČ 15 If sex were a factor .the Securitate archives and issues of morality in documents related to religious life 302 ANCA ŞINCAN 16 Redeeming memory: neo-Protestant churches and the secret police archives in Romania 316 IULIANA CINDREA-NAGY Index 335
Index Note՛. Page numbers in bold indicate tables; those in italics indicate figures. Adventists 5, 7, 9,19,23; in Hungary 89,113,115; in Lithuania 182; in Romania 277, 318, 329n4; in Soviet Moldavia 135; in Yugoslavia 290, 292, 294-8; see also Seventh Day Adventists agency 2, 29, 32,132,203, 213, 221,228, 243,251, 282; religious agency 5, 7, 10-11, 65, 145, 255-6; agents, secret police 12,14,21-4; infiltration 140-3; recruitment 85,140,199 agitation 71, 107, 108,137, 139 see also propaganda Alliance of Hungarian Free Churches 114, 116; see also The Council of Free Churches, Hungary Andropov, Yurij 15,182 Antichrist 60, 63-4,264, 265, 268-9, 277, see also apocalypticism; apocalyptic visions Antireligious Commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Soviet 54, 57nl3 anti-religious propaganda 6,18,20,42, 48-50, 61-2, 71,181-2; see propaganda Antireligioznih 6 Antonescu, Ion (Marshall) 98, 102, 133, 283 apocalyptic expectation 7, 40, 268, 270n4; see also Antichrist; eschatology apocalyptic visions 60-1,64, 65, 78 atheism 1, 3,17,41,177 Baltic states 137-8, 142, 145; see also Lithuania Baptists 5, 7,115,135, 277, 294-5, 318, 322, 326, 329n4 baptize 120, 235, 238-9, 247; baptism 5, 10,18, 24,120,224,235,238-9,247, 295; home baptism 224 Baran, Emily 7,11,18, 20-1, 133 Bessarabia 21,40, 55,132-5,138,144, 261-2; see also Republic of Moldova; Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR) Bezbozhnik 6, 71 Bolshevik party 40,45, 135 Bolshevik Revolution 3, 5 Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir 42 Brezhnev, Leonid 139,182 brochures 30, 61,107,116-17,125-6, 139 Bukovina 21, 133
Bulányi, György 88,222 capitalism 203; see also capitalist states capitalist states 19, 83, 87,105, 307, 319; see also capitalism Carol II (King of Romania) 98,133, 144 Catholics 100,132,182; as clerical reaction 13,17; in Czechoslovakia 195, 200, 203; as external enemy 19, 100; in Hungary 86-9, 91,92nl 1, 113,115, 127n5, 214, 217-18, 220; in Poland 10, 149, 151,159,173nl; in Romania 279, 284n3; in Soviet Lithuania 179,181-2; in Yugoslavia 292; see also Roman Catholic Church Catholic youth groups 217,220-2; see also Bulányi Central Committee of the Communist Party 42,48, 54, 57nl3,182,199 Citizens’Militia 154-6, 160-1, 171,173n4
336 Index Cheka (All-Russian Extraordinary Committee or VChK) 41,43-5,48-9, 51, 53, 57n5,145nl; see also OGPU; NKVD; MGB; KGB Church-state relations 2, 7-9, 14-15, 41-2, 98, 284, 290-1 clandestine forms of religion 4-5, 9-10, 30, 62, 63,118, 135; Catholic groups 217, 221, 222, 224, 226,230nl4; as espionage 107; in Hungary 234; as political or dangerous 62, 68-70, 105-6,144; clerical reaction 1,3, 13, 17-18, 19, 24, 84, 86-8, 91, 115, 195, 200, 203 closures, Church 4, 8, 21, 50, 60, 67 Cold War I, 3, 90, 107, 115, 131-2, 137, 143,182; and propaganda 11, 18-19; and Yugoslavia 291 collectivization 63, 65-6, 72, 97; and apocalyptic rumour 270n4; and food security 256,267; and religious agency 7; resistance to 13, 69, 137, 139, 294; and sectarians 42 conscientious objection 106, 295, 297, 312; see also military service conspiracies 47, 55, 62, 64, 70, 77-8, 88, 109 conspiracy theories 62, 65-6, 68, 70 The Council of Free Churches, Hungary 23,89-90, 93n22,114, 124, 125; see also Alliance of Hungarian Free Churches counterintelligence 21,136,179 County Departments of Secret Informers, Soviet 16,44 Criminal Code, Romania 103^1, 108-9; Soviet 139-40, 144 criminal files, Romania 104 criminology, Soviet 53 Declaration of Loyalty 6, 8, 67 Department for Religious Denominations 303-4, 307, 311 deportations 5,20-22, 53,131, 135-43,170,183, 319; see also Operation North Derrida, Jacques 25, 258 de-Stalinization 143 devotional material 118,121,126,160, 255; confiscated devotional material devotional song 121 documentary files 104, 215,224 double minorities 290 Dzerzhinsky, Felix 44;
ecclesiasticmonarchist underground 7,17, 61, 66, 68, 70-71, 78-79; see also Red Dragonists education, secret police 18,201 émigrés 1, 61, 136, 179, 297 End of Days, End of the World 39, 72, 78, 268; see also apocalyptic expectation eschatology, popular 61-2, 65-6, 78, 267-8; see also Red Dragon European Union 283,289 Evangelical Christian Church: Hungary 237-40 Evangelical Christians: Soviet Union 42 Evangelical Church of the Czech Brethren 192; see also Protestant Church, Czech Republic famine 42 Fascism 101 fascist 12,101-2, 221,282-3 fasting 39, 256,263-4, 269 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) 3 February Revolution 40 Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia 291; see also Yugoslavia folk religion 151-2,173n7,213, 228nl Foucault, Michel 25, 62, 70, 258 Gendarmerie, Romanian 55 German Democratic Republic (GDR) 12, 24, 267 Germany 26,226,293 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe 277 GPU (State Political Directorate) 44, 55, 61; see also OGPU Great Terror 136,140 Greek Catholic Church 14, 275, 278-80, 284n3, 285n8, 319; see also Uniates Gulag 21,131, 141-43; see also Siberia; labour camps Hare Krishna movement 178-9,185; see also ISKCON (International Society for Krishna Consciousness) hideouts 46, 50, 55 Historical Archives of the Hungarian State Security (Állambiztonsági Szolgálatok Történeti Levéltára, ÁBTL) 112,214
Index historical churches, Hungary 9, 90, 114, 116, 124; Romania 99, 101, 113 home gatherings 118 house raids 21, 24,113, 116, 118, 125-6, 246-8 Hungarian Communist Party 115; see also Hungarian Workers Party Hungarian Free Christian Church 247 Hungarian Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Archives 112 Hungarian Workers’ Party 13, 115, 127n6; see also Hungarian Communist Party icon, Orthodox 54, 57nl4, 63, 78 Iliescu, Ion 276, 278-9 infiltration 3, 21-2, 85,135-6, 140-3, 145; see also agent infiltration informers, secret police 89, 141, 162, 164,167, 203, 302, 308-10; see also County Departments of Secret Informers, Soviet; informer as anthropologist 219, 260; informer files as sources 29, 30, 215-16, 219-20, 255.260-1; informer recruitment 85,198,203; informer’s reports 30, 148,263 Inochentism 22, 33,40,45-8, 50-6, 256.261-3, 268; see also InochentistStilist sect Inochentist-Stilist sect 22, 33,40, 45-8, 50-6, 256, 261-3, 268; see also Inochentism International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) 176, 177-83, 185 Iron Guard 101-2, 308, 318; see also Legionary movement Jehovah’s Witnesses (JWs): anti-state stance 100-1; deportations 136-40; history in Bessarabia 132-3; history in Romania 98-9; in Hungary 89-90, 113-18; infiltration, in Romania 103; in labour camps 121; legal recognition, Hungary 91, 125-6; military service 101,106,120-1, 125; in Siberia 142-4; in Soviet Moldavia 140-4; as Western spies 100; in Yugoslavia 294-8 Jews 13, 86-7, 113, 132,136-7, 280, 319 Kádár, János, Kádár era, 88, 114, 123-4, 241 337 KALÁSZ (Association of Catholic Girl’s Clubs) 224-5,230n23 KGB 3,15,
20, 21, 32, 60, 64,176-87 Khrushchev, Nikita 4,15, 197 Kolkhoz 42, 60, 69, 78, 134; see also kolhozniki Komsomol 178,184-7,188nl3 Konrád, János 93ո20,114,116-17,125-6 kulaks 13, 19-20,41,47, 52, 55, 61, 63, 72, 74, 137,216 labour camps 5, 9, 104, 113,120-1,123, 126, 133; Tólápa (Hungary) 121, 123; see also Gulag League of Militant Atheists 6 Legionary movement 98, 282, 283; see also Iron Guard Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 4,43,143,144 Lithuanian ISKCON Archives 176 Lithuanian Special Archives (LSA) 180-1 Luehrmann, Sonja 25, 62, 254, 257-9 Marian apparition, Zabłudów 22-3, 148-51 Marian cult 149 Máriapócs; shrine at 225, 227 Marxism 17, 20, 83,173n3, 256; see also Marxist materialism material religion 29, 31, 255-57, 269; see also materiality materiality 60-1, 224, 243, 255, 260; see also material religion Metropolitan Sergei 6, 8, 67 military courts 32, 97, 103 4, 107, 109, 297-8 military service 88, 98, 101, 106-9, 113, 120-1,123-6, 127nl0, 131, 139, 142,295, 319; see also conscientious objection millenarians 78,113,144 miracles 17, 54, 63, 148-9, 151-2,154-6, 160-73, 227, 265, 268, 318, 329n7 miraculous healing 63,152, 154, 166 Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MASSR) 40,48,136; see also Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR); Republic of Moldova Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR) 13, 135-6, 138, 145n2, see also Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MASSR)
338 Index monasteries 39,40; and charity 256, 262; closure of 6-8, 60, 63-5, 78,134,262; Inochentist 39,40, 45-53, 55, 264; in Romania 278, 281; Romanian Greek Catholic 275,278; underground 40, 64֊5, 69, 72, 74,264; Vladimireşti 277, 280-1 ; see also monasticism monasticism 8, 65,280; see also monasteries Morgan, David 256,269 mysticism 177,187n3,280 National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives 104,214, 275, 317 Nazarenes 6, 7, 9,19, 30, 89, 113, 290, 292,294-9; and conscientious objection 127nl0,295, 298 neo-Protestant churches: in Hungary 116,230n24; infiltration of 23; and memory of communism in Romania 317-29; in Romania 133, 277, 279-80,284; in Soviet Moldavia 138; in Yugoslavia 290, 294, 296 New Economic Policy (NEP) 16,41 NKGB (People’s Commissariat for State Security) 135-6, 145nl NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs) 19, 21,44, 57n5, 135,145nl Non-Aligned Movement 291-2 Odessa 40, 44-6, 50-6; Odessa Oblast 20, 39, 57nl2 OGPU (Joint State Political Directorate) 20-1,44-5, 53, 57n5, 70-1, 74, 76, 145nl Old Believers 42, 64,132 Old Calendar 256, 261-3, 269, 270n2; see also Revised Julian Calendar Operation North 21-2,138, 140, 142 Orthodox Christianity 39, 255; see also Romanian Orthodox Church; True Orthodox Church OZNA (Yugoslav Department for the Protection of the People) 290, 292-3; see also UDBA peasants 13, 51; as enemies of the state 17, 47; and religious movements 60, 63, 66; and renewal of icons 57nl4; resistance 42,46-7; Romanian 39-40; see also kulaks penal files 43, 61, 70, 93n20,104, 215 Pentecostal Church 89, 99, 322, 325-6; see
also Pentecostals Pentecostals: 7, 23; in Hungary 8, 89, 237; in Romania 322, 326, 329n4; in Soviet Lithuania 182; in Ukraine 65, 80n4; in Yugoslavia 290,294; see also Pentecostal Church perestroika and glasnost 18, 204 Peteu, Adrian Nicolae 99-102,262 photo-elicitation 30,234,241-7,249-52 photographs 120; collage 72-6; confiscated 30, 74-5, 79, 235,237, 247, 255; crime scene photographs 30,235, 244; as evidence 239-41; surveillance 156-8 pilgrimage 5,22, 63, 148,156, 159-62, 227 Poenaru, Florin 77, 97,103, 108, 214, 321, 324, 329 policing 3-4,12,14, 20-1, 31, 39, 45 Polish People’s Republic 148-9, 154, 173nll Polish United Worker’s Party 154,162, 173n3,173n8, 174nl5 Politburo 41,44 Prague Spring 200-1, 203-4 preacher(s) 20, 47, 53-4, 93, 127n4, 225, 324-5 preaching 63, 72, 78, 113,133,139, 235,268 anti-Soviet 46-47 Presidential Commission for the Analysis of the Communist Dictatorship (PCACDR), Romania 280, 319 prison saints 316, 318 propaganda: religious propoganda 21, 107-8, 113, 115, 140,296-7; atheist 181-2; see also anti-religious propaganda prophecy 64-66, 80n4; see also prophets prophets 52, 60, 63, 65, 68-9, 72, 78, 262, 268-9; see also prophecy proselytism 14, 98-100,103,107, 139, 142, 275 Protestantism 192-4, 202-3; see also Protestants Protestants 27, 87,193-5,201,203, 205; see also Protestantism Radio Free Europe 1, 11; ree also Radio Liberty Radio Liberty 1,11; ree also Radio Free Europe
Index Rákosi regime 114 Ramet, Sabrina 2-3, 97-8,181, 291 reactionary forces 13,41, 84-5; see also clerical reaction Red Army 40-1,44-5,47-8, 50, 52, 57,134 Red Dragon 60-3, 66, 68, 70, 72, 78 Red Dragonists 7, 60, 64-5 reform communists 200, 202 Reformed (Calvinist) Church, Hungary 86, 88,92nll, 113 religious education 6, 86, 88,114, 218-19 religious network schemes 61, 74, 78-9 religious underground: as discourse and construct 62, 66, 68-70; formation of 4-11,32-33; Greek Catholic 279-80, 285n8; in Lithuania 177, 181; representations of 11,61 Republic of Moldova 39, 57n2, 57nl2, 58; see also Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR) Revised Julian Calendar 261, 263, 270n2; see also Old Calendar revolutionary committee (revkom) 43,48 Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact 137-9, 144 Roman Catholic Church 27,100,109nl, 113,115,127n5, 132, 151,161,173nl, 214,218, 225,275, 279,284n3, 291; see also Catholics Romanian Intelligence Service Archives (SRI) 275 Romanian Orthodox Church 14, 99-100, 109nl, 133-4,261-2, 275,277-80, 282,284, 284n3, 308, 316, 320; Patriarchate 275, 278 Romanian Secret Police 17,135, 262, 302, 327; see also Securitate Russia 5,7,14,40-2, 57nl, 60, 64-5, 67-9,132, 142,145,176, 178, 186-7,188nl5,270n2,291; see also Russian Empire Russian Civil War 40,45 Russian Empire 39-40,132; see also Russia samizdat 178, 238, 240, 246-7, 249, 252 Second World War 1, 7-8, 15,112, 114-15,133-4,148-9,261,291 Secret Police Archives: 2, 32, 61,193, 215,242,245, 251; misuse of 276,278; Post-communism 25, 289-90,294, 298; preventing access 26; as source 30, 214,234, 243,255-9, 269, 299 339
Securitate 77-8, 97-110, 221, 261-2, 276-9,281, 302-14, 316-17, 319, 323-4, 326, 328-9 Secretariat for Religious Denominations 302 sects 9, 64, 86, 89-90, 93n22,97, 99-100, 106,115,135,296,318-319 Seventh Day Adventists 5, 7, 9, 19,23, 330nl7; in Hungary 113,115; internal divisions 88-90; and military service 127,135,182,277, 290; in Yugoslavia 292, 294-98; see also Adventists show trials 21,116,117, 302 Siberia 20, 21, 66, 136,138,142^1, 170; see also Gulag Siguranţa 55, 308; see also Securitate; Romanian secret police Stalin, Joseph 4, 7,134,137-9,143 Stalinism 16,149 State Defence Authority, Hungary (Államvédelmi Hatóság) 84,116 State Defence Department, Hungary (Államvédelmi Osztály) 12,13, 85 State Office of Church Áffairs, Hungary (Állami Egyházügyi Hivatal) 83, 89-90,91, 92ո7, 93ո22, 116 surveillance 4,13, 21; as ethnography 219,229nl0, 260-1; in Hungary 84-5; of Jehovah’s Witnesses 99; photographs 156-8, 239; see also surveillance files; agent infiltration surveillance files 104; in post communism 302-3, 306-9 surveillance photograph 156,158, 260 theology: Protestant 201; dialectical 194, 196-8; millenarian 78 theses, secret police 18, 196, 202-4 Tismăneanu, Vladimir 280-3 transitional justice 25, 276-9, 321, 329n2 Transnistria 57nl2, 261; concentration camps 319 Transylvania 113,214,283 troikas 21,47, 57nl0,139 True Orthodox Church 16,21, 66-8; as counter-revolutionary organisation 76-7 UDBA (Yugoslav State Security Department, later State Security Services) 290, 292-3
340 Index underground: underground spaces (see also hideouts) 46, 55, 223; underground monasteries and churches 40,46֊7,49, 50, 64, 65, 72, 74, 78 underground Catholic organisations 222, 223 Underground Evangelism 11, 33nl United States of America (USA) 19, 99-100,105, 109, 113, 115,127n4, 131, 136-7,182, 187n5, 276, 292, 296 Vatican 19, 84-5,100,194, 200 Văţulescu, Cristina 69, 80n5 Verdery, Katherine 12, 62, 70-1, 77-8, 103, 214, 216,219,260, 303, 305 vernacular religion 30, 69, 213-16, 220-2, 224,228, 234, 243, 252n5 visionaries 23,149,151-2, 262 visions 17, 64-5 Vladimireşti monastery 277, 280-1 War Communism 16,41, 50 Warsaw Pact 201 Watchtower magazine 104, 113, 118 wild parishes 66; see also religious underground World Council of Churches (WCC) 194 YMCA 196, 203 youth work 9, 87, 88, 90, 217, 220-2 Yugoslavia, former 3, 9,19,21, 32, 289-97, 299; see also Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia Zionists 13, 136 f! Staatsbibliothek Bayerische i München |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Osteuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV047424246 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:57:35Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:11:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780367279998 9781032055886 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032826768 |
| oclc_num | 1265033996 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-11 DE-29 DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-11 DE-29 DE-521 |
| physical | xii, 340 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20211122 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Routledge religion, society and government in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet states |
| series2 | Routledge religion, society and government in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet states |
| spelling | The secret police and the religious underground in communist and post-communist Eastern Europe edited by James A. Kapaló and Kinga Povedák London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2022 xii, 340 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge religion, society and government in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet states 15 Geschichte 1920-1990 gnd rswk-swf Politische Polizei (DE-588)4137557-9 gnd rswk-swf Religion Motiv (DE-588)4207560-9 gnd rswk-swf Archiv (DE-588)4002859-8 gnd rswk-swf Geheimdienst (DE-588)4019737-2 gnd rswk-swf Religiöse Gruppe (DE-588)4177711-6 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Secret service / Europe, Eastern / History / 20th century Communist countries / Religion / History / 20th century Anti-communist movements / Europe, Eastern / History / 20th century Post-communism / Europe, Eastern / History / 21st century Anti-communist movements Post-communism Religion Secret service Communist countries Eastern Europe 1900-2099 History (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Politische Polizei (DE-588)4137557-9 s Religiöse Gruppe (DE-588)4177711-6 s Geschichte 1920-1990 z DE-604 Geheimdienst (DE-588)4019737-2 s Archiv (DE-588)4002859-8 s Religion Motiv (DE-588)4207560-9 s Kapaló, James 1968- (DE-588)1089625790 edt Povedák, Kinga 1979- (DE-588)1208875248 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-429-33146-6 Routledge religion, society and government in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet states 15 (DE-604)BV041779774 15 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032826768&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032826768&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | The secret police and the religious underground in communist and post-communist Eastern Europe Routledge religion, society and government in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet states Politische Polizei (DE-588)4137557-9 gnd Religion Motiv (DE-588)4207560-9 gnd Archiv (DE-588)4002859-8 gnd Geheimdienst (DE-588)4019737-2 gnd Religiöse Gruppe (DE-588)4177711-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4137557-9 (DE-588)4207560-9 (DE-588)4002859-8 (DE-588)4019737-2 (DE-588)4177711-6 (DE-588)4075739-0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | The secret police and the religious underground in communist and post-communist Eastern Europe |
| title_auth | The secret police and the religious underground in communist and post-communist Eastern Europe |
| title_exact_search | The secret police and the religious underground in communist and post-communist Eastern Europe |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The secret police and the religious underground in communist and post-communist Eastern Europe |
| title_full | The secret police and the religious underground in communist and post-communist Eastern Europe edited by James A. Kapaló and Kinga Povedák |
| title_fullStr | The secret police and the religious underground in communist and post-communist Eastern Europe edited by James A. Kapaló and Kinga Povedák |
| title_full_unstemmed | The secret police and the religious underground in communist and post-communist Eastern Europe edited by James A. Kapaló and Kinga Povedák |
| title_short | The secret police and the religious underground in communist and post-communist Eastern Europe |
| title_sort | the secret police and the religious underground in communist and post communist eastern europe |
| topic | Politische Polizei (DE-588)4137557-9 gnd Religion Motiv (DE-588)4207560-9 gnd Archiv (DE-588)4002859-8 gnd Geheimdienst (DE-588)4019737-2 gnd Religiöse Gruppe (DE-588)4177711-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Politische Polizei Religion Motiv Archiv Geheimdienst Religiöse Gruppe Osteuropa Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032826768&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032826768&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV041779774 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kapalojames thesecretpoliceandthereligiousundergroundincommunistandpostcommunisteasterneurope AT povedakkinga thesecretpoliceandthereligiousundergroundincommunistandpostcommunisteasterneurope |