The Soviet Union's invisible weapons of mass destruction: Biopreparat's covert biological warfare programme
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The Soviet Union's invisible weapons of mass destruction |b Biopreparat's covert biological warfare programme |c Anthony Rimmington |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 The Secret History: Khrushchev’s Creation of Soviet Reserve Biological Warfare Mobilization Facilities Within Civil Production Plants in the 1950s and 1960s 9 3 Glavmikrobioprom and the Emergence of the Soviet Microbiological Industry 19 4 Genesis: The Creation of Biopreparat 49 5 Anthrax on the Kazakh Steppe: Biopreparafs Network of Experimental-Industrial Bases 73 6 The Creation of Biopreparats Scientific Base: The R D Complexes at Obolensk, Kol’tsovo and Leningrad 87 7 A Roadmap to the Future? The Emergence of Biopreparat as a Major Civil Biopharmaceutical Player 133 8 A Brave New World: Building Capitalism in the New Russia and the Struggle for Control of Biopreparat 153 ix
X CONTENTS 9 Conclusion 223 Appendix A: Soviet and Russian Abbreviations and Acronyms 235 Appendix B: Composition of the Interbranch Scientific and Technical Council for Molecular Biology and Genetics (MNTS) 241 Appendix C: List of Associations, Enterprises and Organizations Included Within the State Concern Biopreparat, 4 April 1991 243 Appendix D: Award of Soviet State Honours to Glavmikrobioprom and Biopreparat Personnel 247 Index 251
Index Aerosol chambers identification by US/UK inspectors, 76 installation at VNII MB, 92 installation at VNIIOChB, 114 research on orthopoxvirus, 145 Soviet interest in Czech test chambers, 119 US/UK inspectors denied access at Obolensk, 144 usage at SNOPB, 82 usage at VNII MB, 104 Afanas’ev, Stanislav Stepanovich, 166 Agalakova, Galina Ivanovna, 62 Akademgorodok, 99,101 Aleksandrov, Anatolii Petrovich, 20, 31, 134 Alibek, Ken as member of MNTS, 241 See also Alibekov, Kanatzhan Baizakovich Alibekov, Kanatzhan Baizakovich appointed director at SNOPB, 78 appointed director of NPO Biomash, 144 appointed first Deputy chair of State Concern Biopreparat, 140 business correspondence of, 2 description of Vorob’ev, 53 displays entrepreneurial flair, 141 emerges as lead figure in engagement with West, 141 employment at Berdsk pilot facility, 76 employment at ONOPB, 74 engagement with US/UK inspectors, 144 on history of Berdsk Chemical Factory, 11 interaction with Oxford Virology, 142, 143 interest in turn key human insulin facilities, 142 new focus on civil activities, 139 resignation from Biopreparat, 145 role in human insulin production, 186 role in redirecting Biopreparat to civil programmes, 7 VNIIPE funding suspended by, 197 © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 A. Rimmington, The Soviet Union’s Invisible Weapons ofMass Destruction, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82882-0 251
252 INDEX Alikhanyan, Sos Isaakovich appointed to MNTS, 40 forced to leave Moscow State University, 20 leads Soviet research in molecular genetics, 19 as member of MNTS, 242 opposition to plasmid lab, 33 transfer to VNIĮgenetika, 21 Allen Associates International Ltd., 191 Allen, John, 191 All-Russian Centre for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy creation of JV with G.D. Searle, 162 All-Union Association Tarmbiopress, 97 All-Union Science Production Association Biopreparat appointment of Klyucherev, 54 appointment of Miklashevskii as head, 52 appointment of Pasechnik to ШПОСҺВ, 112 appointment of Popov, 54 appointment of Vorob’ev, 53 construction budget for SNOPB, 77 creation, 49 creation of design bureaus in Kirishi and Yoshkar-Ola, 63 granted status of Main Administration, 136 military accomplishments of, 4 Ogarkov appointed head, 50, 51 planned creation of viral BW production plant in Mochalishche, 65 referred to as Ogarkov’s System, 51 transfer of Berdsk Chemical Factory to, 73 transfer of Omutninsk Chemical Factory to, 73 transfer of Progress Factory to, 73 VNIIPE supplies restriction enzymes to, 195 All-Union Scientific-Research Design Institute of Applied Biochemistry based within Biopreparat HQ building, 60 creation under Biopreparat, 56 intimately intertwined with USSR Ministry of Defence, 57 most pivotal Biopreparat institution, 224-225 new HQ at ulitsa Klary Tsetkin, 61 pivotal component of Biopreparat, 56 role in creation of new pilot facilities, 73 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Antibiotics, 186 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Applied
Biochemistry creation of Siberian Branch in 1975,76 design of VNIIMB, 101 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Applied Enzymology creation, 55 renamed as Fermentas, 197 restriction enzymes production, 193 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Applied Microbiology appointment of Borovik as deputy director, 90 appointment of Domaradskii as deputy director, 90 appointment of Sawe as deputy director, 90 appointment of VinogradovVolzhinskii as director, 87
INDEX creation, 87 creation of temporary laboratory campus, 89 immunology institute spun-off, 164 results of weaponization projects, 93 role in Soviet reverse transcriptase project, 135 selected as lead institute of NPO Biosintez, 97 transfer of Domaradskii’s collection of strains, 90 Urakov appointed director, 91 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Applied Molecular Biology, 162 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Biological Instrument Making focus on monitoring of dangerous pathogens, 66 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Biotechnology appointment of Ogarkov as head, 52 VNlIbakpreparat renamed as, 22 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Genetics 8c Selection of Industrial Microorganisms restriction enzymes strains, 193 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations collaboration with Omutninsk factory on F. tularensis, 75 creates secret facility in Lakhta, 115 creation by Glavmikrobioprom, 112 creation under Biopreparat, 56 defection of Tempk Fortune to UK, 115 Pasechnik appointed director of, 112 Pasechnik as director of, 110 relationship to Kirishi design plant, 63 253 work on interferon Interlok, 136 work on modified cruise missile, 116 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Hydrolysis, 25 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Microbial Pesticides and Bacterial Preparations creation, 21 renaming of, 22 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Molecular Biology creation in 1974, 98 early linkages to Siberian Branch of USSR Academy of Sciences, 100 interaction with Oxford Virology pic, 142-143 All-Union
Scientific-Research Institute of the Biosyntheis of Protein Substances ( VNIIsintezbelok) creation, 26 creation of plasmids lab, 33, 34 Glavmikrobioprom proposes Soviet-UK plasmids seminar to be held at, 34 Ambrosov, Valerii Antonovich, 62 Andropov, Yurii, 34 Anisimov, Gennadii, 92 Anisimov, Sergei, 163 Antibiotics biomycin, 14 Omutninsk production of bleomycin, 202 Oxytetracycline, 14 phenoxymethyl-penicillin, 14 Asbridge, Stephen, 185,186 Ashmarin, Igor’ Petrovich formulates the Factor programme, 94
254 INDEX в Babkin, Evgenij L, 113 Bacillus anthmcis accidental release of aerosol in Sverdlovsk, 82 genetic engineering to confer antibiotic resistance, 4 production of STI vaccine in Tbilisi, 138 VNĪĪ PM develops antibioticresistant strain, 93 Baev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich appointed to MNTS, 40 as member of MNTS, 241 Belorussian Scientific-Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 105 Belyaev, Vasilii Dmitrievich appointed deputy minister of chemical industry, 31 appointed head of Chemical Industry Department, 30 appointed head of Glavmikrobioprom, 28, 31 appointed head of MNTS, 42 appointed head of Nizhnyi-Vol’zhsk sovnarkhoz, 30 as chair of MNTS, 241 close relations with Slavskii, 38 death, 31 interaction with Minsredmash, 21 as member of MNTS, 242 role in construction of Stepnogorsk facilities, 37 role in management of offensive BW programme, 4 role in producing nerve gas Sarin, 3 role in SNOPB project, 60 role in Soviet CW programme, 29 Russian prize in honour of, 32 Berdsk Chemical Factory creation hr 1955,10 creation of BW mobilization capacity, 11 location of, 73 management by Novosibirsk regional economic council, 11 reorganised as the Berdsk Factory of Biological Preparations, 203 role of NPO Promavtomatika in automation of plant, 67 transfer to Biopreparat, 54 US/UK Inspection under Trilateral Process, 77 Bioindustry Initiative, 205 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) circumvention by Soviet Union, 2 Biological Weapons Convention, 158 Bishop, David, 142 Blatov, A., 159 Bonfire Programme development of antibiotic-resistant strains, 93
genetic engineering of pathogenic agents, 4 Borovik, Roman Vladimirovich, 90 Bottomley, Reg, 34, 51 B.P. Konstantinov Institute of Nuclear Physics, 134 Brezhnev, Leonid, 19, 31,51 Bureau of Intelligence and Research on role of Omutninsk in Soviet BW programme, 15 Burnazyan, Avetik Iganťevich, lieutenant general, 22 as member of MNTS, 242 Butkus, Viktoras, 198 BW dismantlement projects elimination of infrastructure at Berdsk, 203, 205 elimination of infrastructure at Stepnogorsk, 192
INDEX Bykov, Valerii Alekseevich, 171 appointed minister of Minmedbioprom, 136 as chair of MNTS, 241 C Carter, Gradon, 27 Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research (CAMR), 121 Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response (CEPR), 207 Chemical Defence Establishment, 120 Chemical Factory Progress creation in 1970, 37 Chernyi, Boris, 108 Chernyi, Nikolai B., 102 Chernyshov, Nikolai, 83 Cherpunov, Aleksandr Alekseevich, 108 CIA identification of suspect BW facility at Berdsk, 15 identification of suspect BW facility at Omutninsk, 15 reports on Soviet microbial proteins programme, 27 Civilian Research 8շ Development Foundation (CRDF), 115-116 Closed Joint Stock Company Biokad acquisition of part of III, 171 creation of TsII at Lyubuchany, 171 Committee on Convention Problems of Chemical and Biological Weapons, 158 Committee on U.S.-Russian Cooperation on Dangerous Pathogens, 162 Conversion projects, 203 Kazakhstan, 236 spin-off of Verta Limited from VNIIOChB, 115 255 Crocker, Gary, 15 Cytokines Biokad development of, 171 Lakhta work on as cover, 115 Lyubuchany work on interferon, 166 production at Vyshnii Volochek, 55 Reaferon production at VNIIPE, 196,197 III production of, 169 VNIIOChB work on Interlok, 136 D Davidov, Vladimir, 175 Davis, Christopher, 120,144 Davydkin, Yurii Petrovich, 78 Davydov, Mikhail Luk’yanovich, 58 Defence Threat Reduction Agency, 192 Degtyarev, Sergei Kharitonovich, 199 Demidov, M.V., 12 Diagnostics HIV diagnostics developed by Biopreparat, 140 Dickman, Steven, 196 D.I. Mendeleev Moscow Institute of Chemical Technology, 96, 101 Disposable syringes
contamination of at Elista, 147 Omutninsk manufacture of, 200 Stepnogorsk manufacture of, 190 Domaradskii, Igor’ Valerianovich appointed deputy director at VNIIPM,90 clash with Vorob’ev, 53 as head of MNTS secretariat, 241 as head of MNTS Special Department, 41 leads BW research on plasmids, 32, 33 Doshchitsyn, Yurii Fedorovich, 154
256 INDEX Drozdov, Il’ya Gennadievich alleged participation in criminal group, 180 appointed Vektor director, 179 disappearance in Saratov, 182 dismissal for financial irregularities, 180 Dudėnas, Henrikas, 194 Dyatlov, Ivan Alekseevich, 179 E Eagleburger, Lawrence, 115 Ebola virus focus of weaponisation programme at VNII MB, 105 Eiromdzhants, Arutyun Vartanovich, 60 Environmental pollution nationwide protests against Minmedbioprom, 147 protests against Mochalishche virus facility, 148 protests prevent construction of plants, 147 situation at Kirishi plant, 147 Enzymes Biopreparat restriction enzymes programme, 193 production of immobilised protease Profezim, 189 restriction enzymes supplied by NĪKTI BAV, 199 SibEnzim supplies restriction enzymes, 199 Soviet reverse transcriptase project, 135 VNIIøenetika and VNIIPE collaboration on, 195 VNIIPE restriction enzymes production, 193 Evans Medical Limited, 173 Evstigneev, Valentin Ivanovich, 154,173 Experimental Design Bureau of Automation Equipment creation in Yoshkar-Ola, 63 manufacture of BW bomblets, 65 Experimental Design Bureau of Precision Biological Engineering creation in Kirishi, 63 develops equipment for BW production, 63 incorporation within NPO Earmpribor, 117 Explosion chambers design and supply by OKB TM, 63 largest located at SNOPB, 81 located at VNII MB, 104 possession by VNIIOChB, 114 repatiation of SNOPB chamber to Russia, 188 research on orthopoxvirus, 145 UK/US inspection of at Obolensk, 145 Factor programme development of synthetic myelin peptide gene, 95 formulation of by Ashmarin, 94 genetic engineering
of bacterial pathogens, 4 role of VNII MB and VNIIOChB, 96 VNII MB particiaption in, 106 Fedorov, Lev Aleksandrovich, 53 on BW mobilization role of Penza facility, 15 Fermenters creation of mobile units by NPO Biomash, 68
INDEX large-scale units at SNOPB, 80 manufacture in Kirishi, 63 manufacture in Yoshkar-Ola, 65 purchase enquiry from Stepnogorsk, 185 1000-liter fermenters at Stepnogorsk, 186 twelve 63 m3 at Omutninsk, 202 US funded dismantling at Berdsk, 205 48th Central Scientific-Research Institute, 231 Fmncisella tularensis coating with Protein A, 4 pilot production at ONOPB, 74 vaccine-resistant strain developed at ONOPB, 75 VNII PM develops antibioticresistant strain, 93 weaponisation at Lyubuchany, 167 work of VNIIOChB on weaponisation of, 114 Frolov, Nikolai, 113 G Ganzenko, Valerii, 147 Gapochko, Konstantin Georgievich, 51 Gaponov, Kirill Petrovich, 57 Geisow, Michael, 55 Gilmanov, Murat Kurmashevich, 188 Glavmikrobioprom, see Main Administration of the Microbiological Industry Glemža, Antanas, 194 Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich, 31, 102, 117, 133 lends impetus to shift to civil projects, 6 Grebenkov, Vladimir Ivanovich, 55 Grigor’ev, M.I., 156 Grishin, Viktor Vasiľevich, 61 Grishin, Vitalii Andreevich, 58 257 H Harlingten, Caisey, 122 Hayes, Brian, 192 Heinaru, Ain, 33 High-Containment Laboratories BSL-3 lab at SNOPB, 80 BSL-3 lab at VNII PM, 92 BSL-4 labs at VNII MB, 101 P4 facilities at Izvarino, 162 Hodgson, John, 143 Hurd, Douglas, 115 I ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 191 lerusalimskii, Nikolai Dmitrievich, 25 Institute of Atomic Energy as refuge for Soviet geneticists, 19, 20 Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms (.IBFM), 36 Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 100,189 Institute of Engineering Immunology focus on civil projects, 206 Institute of Immunology
renamed as, 144 interaction with Alcoa, 167 struggle for control of, 164 Institute of High Molecular Compounds, 112 Institute of Immunology appointment of Sawe as director, 90 collaboration with Omutninsk plant on Protein A, 75 creation in 1978, 164 as part of NPO Biosintez, 97 US/UK Inspection of, 144 Institute of Military Medicine, 166 Institute of Organic Chemistry, 100
258 INDEX Institute of Virology and Experimental Biology, Oxford, 142 Institute voor Tropische Geneeskunde (Antwerp), 105 Interagency ScientificTechnical Council support for Zav’yalov, 166 Interdepartmental Scientific-Technical Council for Molecular Biology Genetics appointment of Alikhanyan, 21 approves plan for new generation of biological weapons, 42 Belyaev appointed chair, 42 creation by Glavmikrobioprom, 40 role of Special Department, 41 International Science Technology Centre (ISTC) provides life-support for Biopreparat facilities, 160 Iraq, 223 Irbit Chemical-Pharmaceutical Factory, 184 Irkutsk Scientific-Research Anti-Plague Institute of Siberia and the Far East, 108 J Janulaitis, Arvydas, 194, 196 Joint Stock Company Apromed, 163 Jones, Brian, 120 К Kalinin, Yurii Tikhonovich appointed chair of RAO Biopreparat, 154 appointed Deputy Director at VNIIbakpreparat, 22 appointed director of VNII BP, 66 appointed head of State Concern Biopreparat, 139 creation of Biopreparat-Tsentr, 157 friendship with VA. Grishin, 58 heads up inspection commission at Obolensk, 91 heads up neuropeptide project in Kharkov, 97 heads-up Mochalishche BW project, 66 meeting with Andy Webber, 162 as member of MNTS, 241 removal from RAO Biopreparat, 155 role in expanding size of Biopreparat, 137 travels to West Germany with Pasechnik, 119 Kang, Chil-Yong, 142 Kazakhstan agreement with US on dismantlement of Stepnogorsk BW facilities, 6 Kelly, David, 76, 77, 120, 145 inspection of Berdsk Chemical Factory, 11 Khabriev, Ramil Usmanovich, 155, 157 Kharkov Enterprise for the Production of Bacterial
Preparations, 96 Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich, 30 creation of network of BW mobilization facilities, 9 establishment of network of dual-use BW production facilities, 2 undertakes major expansion of Soviet BW programme, 16 Khudyakov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich as member of MNTS, 241 Kirov Location of Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene, 50
INDEX Klyucherev, Lev Aleksandrovich appointed head of Biopreparats Scientific department, 54 as deputy chair of MNTS secretariat, 241 as deputy head of MNTS Special Department, 41 Koishibaev, Marat Sovetovich, 190 Kolesnikov, Vladimir Nikolaevich, 173 Kolobov, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 115 Kol’tsovo location of VNII MB, 98 Korchagin, Pavel, 180 Korotyaev, Aleksandr Ivanovich, 33 Kosinov, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 185 Kostandov, Leonid Arkad’evich, 31 Kosygin, Alexei, 31, 51 Kozyrev, Andrei, 115 Krasnoyarsk-26,13 Kundin, Vitalii, 76 Kuntsevich, Anatolii Dem’yanovich, 158 Kupreev, A.V., 39 Kurchatov, Igor’ Vasil’evich, 20 Kurgan Factory of Medical Preparations as BW mobilization facility, 14 L Laboratory Animals Alibekov chairs meeting on supply and use of, 141 Laboratory Animals Farm at Kol’tsovo, 104 Minmedbioprom issues order on creation of breeding centres, 139 plans for large-scale breeding centre at Kol’tsovo, 139 L.A. Tarasevich State Scientific-Research Institute for the Standardization and Control of Medical Biological Preparations, 134 259 Lavrinenko, Ivan, 13 Lebedinski։, Vladimir Andreevich appointed to MNTS, 40 inspection of ONOPB, 75 as member of MNTS, 241 travels to Czechoslovakia with Pasechnik, 119 Legionella pneumophila genetic engineering of by VNII PM, 95 Lennon, Derek, 142,143 Lensovet Leningrad Technological Institute, 28 Lepeshkin, Genadii Nikolaevich appointed director at SNOPB, 79 as director of Biomedpreparat, 186 participation in oral history project, 80 LH Fermentation Ltd., 185,187 Listov, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 31 Lotoshino Biochemical Factory forms
part of NPO Biomash, 68 as part of NPO Biosintez, 98 Lukashevich, Igor’ Sergeevich, 106 Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich political campaign against Mendelian genetics, 20 Lyubomirskii, Veniamin Evseevich, 38 Lyubuchany location of Institute of Immunology, 164 M Main Administration Biopreparat creation, 136 emergence as key player in biopharma sector, 138 reorganised as State Concern Biopreparat, 139
260 INDEX Main Administration of the Microbiological Industry absorption of dual-use BW facilities, 32 absorption of VNIIsintezbelok, 26 collaboration with Minsredmash, 38 construction of large-scale microbial proteins’ plants, 26 construction of VNIIgenetika labs in Lyubuchany, 165 creation, 19 creation of Biopreparat, 49 creation of pilot plants for production of microbial proteins, 26 creation of SKTB BAV, 22 creation of VNIIøenetika, 21 creation of VNUOChB, 112 launches BW programme focused on plasmids, 32 merger with Minmedprom, 133 microbial proteins’ programme, 23, 24 order creating NPO Vektor, 102 plans to absorb anti-plague facility, 22 production of microbial proteins from petroleum derivatives, 25 proposes Soviet-UK plasmids seminar, 34 Rychkov appointed head, 43 Malygin, Ernst Georgievich, 96 Marburg virus death of Vektor scientist working on weaponization project, 5 dry formulation developed for aerosol dispersal, 106 focus of weaponisation programme at VNIIMB, 105 infection via mucous membrane, 109 production of a dry formulation of, 4 variant U, 5 variant U isolated from Ustinov, 109 weaponization project fatality, 107 work of Nikolai Chernyi, 102 Marchenko, Viktor Isaakovich, 166 Medvedev, Dmitrii, 185 Michigan State University, 204 Microbial pesticides dendrobacillin, 11 entobacterin, 11 Microbial proteins Glavmikrobioprom focus on, 23, 24 Soviet production in WWII, 24 Soviet production using petroleum derivatives, 25 USSR construction of large-scale petroleum-based plants, 26 M.I. Kalinin Polytechnical Institute, 134 Mikhailichenko, Aleksandr Petrovich,
185 Miklashevskii, Anatolii Anatol’evich appointed deputy head of Biopreparat, 52 appointed head of Biopreparat, 52 Minsredmash, see USSR Ministry of Medium Machine Building Mityushev, Valerii Pavlovich appointment to VNIIbiokhimmashproekt, 58 memoirs relating to Berdsk Chemical Factory, 11 memoirs relating to Biopreparat, 2 role in creation of OKBA, 65 role in creation of OKB TM, 63 visits to Penza, 13 Mityushkin, Vladimir Alekseevich, 80 Molchanov, Mikhail Sergeevich, 14 appointment to VNIIbiokhimmashproekt, 57, 59 Molokoedov, Mikhail Mikhailovich, 58 Morozov, Yu.I., 166 Moscow Physical-Technical Institute, 54
INDEX Mosjjiprobiosintez transfer to Biopreparat, 66 Mostov, P.P., 163 Mukhin, Aleksei, 183 Muratov, Salikh Salakhovich, 62 Myalkin, Aleksandr Ivanovich, 67 N Naidenov, Anatolii Yakovlevich, 59 Naimytenko, Evgeniya Petrovich, 96, 97 National Centre for Biotechnology of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 188 Navalny, Aleksei, 231 Navashin, Sergei Mikhailovich, 186 Nazerbaev, Nursultan, 188 Nechaev, Eduard Aleksandrovich, 153 Neroda, Georgii Vasiľevich, 52 Neuropeptides All-Union Neuropeptide Programme, 94 Ashmarin All Union Neuropeptide Programme, 94 Ashmarin coordinates USSR programmes, 94 production by Biopreparat in Kharkov, 96 New Brunswick, 187 New England Biolabs, 198 N.F. Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 53 N.F. Gamaleya Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 36 NIKTIBAV, see Scientific-Research Design Institute of Biologically Active Substances Novosibirsk Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 100,199 Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, 96 261 Nurgaliev, Rashid, 183 Nurmagambetov, Sagdat, 191 Obolensk location of VNIIPM, 87 Ogarkov, Vsevolod Ivanovich appointed deputy director at Glavmikrobioprom, 50 appointed head of Biopreparat, 50 appointed head of Institute of Biotechnology, 52 appointed to MNTS, 43 as member of MNTS, 241 publishes book on aerogenic infections, 51 recruitment of Pasechnik to Biopreparat, 112 signs Belyaev’s obituary, 32 OKBA, see Experimental Design Bureau of Automation Equipment ОКБ TBM, see Experimental Design Bureau of Precision Biological Engineering Omutninsk Chemical Factory appointment of Valov as director, 12
creation, 12 creation of Vostok and Biopreparat companies, 200 focus on civil projects, 230 identification by CIA as BW facility, 15 large-scale production of Protein A, 75 lead role in Revertaza project, 135 management by Kirov regional economic council, 13 production of influenza vaccine, 134 role in F. tularensis weaponization project, 114 transfer to Biopreparat, 54
262 INDEX Omutniøsk Scientific ExperimentalIndustrial Base construction by convicts, 74 US/UK inspection under Trilateral Process, 76 Onishchenko, Genadii Grigor’evich heads-up Rospotrebnadzor, 177 Open Joint Stock Company Biopreparat centre for Export Control, 173,174 created from RAO Biopreparat, 172 interaction with UK and Finland, 207 loss of commercial technologies, 157 as pale shadow of former self, 205 Open Joint Stock Company Biopreparat-Tsentr acquisition of RAO Biopreparat technologies, 157 creation by Kalinin, 157 Ovchinnikov, Yurii Anatol’evich, 31, 166, 226 appointed to MNTS, 40 as member of MNTS, 241 Oxford Virology pic, 142,143 commercial interaction with Biopreparat, 7 V PaineWebber Incorporated, 159 Panfilov, Viktor Fedorovich, 80 Partrikeev, Nikolai Ivanovich, 101 Pasechnik, Vladimir Artemovich appointed CSO of Regma BioTechnologies, 122 defection to the UK, 110, 120 education, 112 pivotal role in ending Biopreparat BW programme, 6 on problems with antibioticresistance in Ύ. pestis, 114 Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 134 Pchelintsev, Sergei Yur’evich, 170 Pekhen’ko, Vladimir, 108 Penza Factory of Medical Preparations as BW mobilization facility, 13 Perov, Eduard Ivanovich, 78 appointed head of Progress Chemical Factory, 39 Pervukhin, Mikhail Georgievich, 29 Petrova, Lyudmila I., 194 Plant growth stimulators Gibberellin, 14 Plasmids Andropov authorises plague project, 34 creation of lab at VNIIsintezbelok, 33, 34 existence of plasmids in Ύ. pestiis demonstrated by Domaradskii, 34 Glavmikrobioprom BW research programme focused on, 32
Glavmikrobioprom seeks to organise Soviet-UK seminar on, 34 international meeting in Tallinn, 36 key role of Domaradskii, 32, 33 lab created at Krasnodar branch of VNIIsintezbelok, 33 lab created in Saratov, 33 launch of All-Union Programme, 36 research conducted by AT. Korotyaev, 33 research conducted by Ain Heinaru, 33 research of Professor Skavronskaya, 36 Soviet discovery in T. pestis, 32 Platonov, K.I., 12
INDEX Plekhanov, Vladimir, 179 Popov, Sergei Gennadievich, 95 Popov, Viktor Grigor’evich, 54 Prilepskii, Boris Vasileevich appointed director of Berdsk Chemical Factory, 11 Programme Factor key role of VNIIOChB, 115 Progress Factory transfer to Biopreparat, 54 R Rassadkin, Yurii, 108 Record, Frank, 203 Redin, Vladimir Sergeevich, 59 Restriction enzymes early research on by VNIIgenetika, 21 Rimmington, Anthony, 117 Vilnius visit December 1990,197 Rosmedprom Kalinin as President of, 156 Rudakova, Evdokia Afanasseevna, 59 Rumyantsev, Vladimir, 76 Russian Academy of Medical-Technical Sciences, 32 Russian Joint Stock Company Biopreparat agreement with Alcoa, 167 alleged threats against Zav’yalov, 170 appointment of Khabriev, 155 creation of, 154 creation of JV with G.D Searle, 162 reformed as ОАО Biopreparat, 172 removal of Kalinin, 155 retains control of ОАО UI, 171,172 role in conversion of military BW facilities, 159 263 Russian Ministry of Defence, 177, 231 Russian Ministry of Economics, 156 Russian Ministry of Health and the Medical Industry relations with Biopreparat, 154 reorganization of, 153 Russian State Archive of the Economy access to Biopreparat documentation, 2 Russian University of People’s Friendship, 171 Ryapis, Leonid Abramovich, 89 Rychkov, Rotislav S., 32 appointed head of Glavmikrobioprom, 43 as chair of MNTS, 241 S Sadovskii, Anatolii Petrovich, 106 Safonov, Oleg, 183 Sagirov, Rustam Khabibovich, 58 Salostii, Aleksandr, 203 Samsonov, Georgii Vasil’evich, 112 Samukov, Vladimir Vasileevich, 107 Sandakhchiev, Lev Stepanovich as advisor to Drozdov, 179
appointed director of NPO Vektor, 102 appointed director of VNII MB, 101,102 eulogy for Nikolai Ustinov, 108 honoured by CRDF, 161 interaction with Oxford Virology, 142 Sawe, Vladimir Davidovich appointed deputy director of VNII PM, 90 appointed director of immunology institute, 164
264 INDEX Science Industrial Complex Biomedpreparat, collapse of Kamed Resources JV, 191; dismandement, 192; Kazakhstan government pledges funding, 189; production of disposable syringes, 190; production of Profezim, 189; seeks to acquire fermenters, 185,187 Science Production Association Bacteriophage, 138 Science Production Association Biomash Alibekov appointed director, 144 creation in mid-1980s, 68 led by VNIIbiokhimmashproekt, 57 seizure of Building A, 163 Science Production Association Elevar, 163 Science Production Association Farmpribor, 117 Science Production Association Immunopreparat, 138 Science Production Association Nutrient Media, 138 Science Production Association Promavtomttka key role in automating Biopreparat facilities, 67 Science Production Association SibEnzim, 199 Science Production Association Vektor, 199 Glavmikrobioprom Order for creation of, 102 interaction with Oxford Virology pic, 142 opening of Laboratory Animals Farm, 104 Science Production Association Virion, 107 Science Production Complexes Biomedpreparat, 236 Scientific Experimental-Industrial Base design role of VNIIbiokhimmashproekt, 60 Scientific-Research Design Institute of Biologically Active Substances, 189,199 Scientific-Research Institute of Bacterial Vaccine Preparations release of anthrax aerosol, 82 Sverdlovsk anthrax disaster, 4 Scientific-Research Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene, 91 Scientific-Research Institute of Hygiene, 50 Scientific-Research Institute of Microbiology, 113 Scientific-Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 117 Scientific-Research Sanitary Institute,
54, 88,102,194 research conducted by Vorob’ev, 53 Scientific-Research Technical Bureau ( NITB) appointment of curators at Penza and Kurgan, 14 location in Moscow, 9 management of BW mobilization network, 9 management of dual-use BW production facilities, 2 role at the Omutninsk Chemical Factory, 11 transfer of officers to VNIIbiokhimmashproekt, 57 transfer of personnel to Glavmikrobioprom, 32 Seleznev, Gennadii Nikolaevich, 160 Sergeev, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 182 Sergeev, Boris Viktorovich, 59 Sergeev, Nikolai N., 102
INDEX Shakhov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 75 Shcherbakov, Grigoril Yakovlevich, 170 appears before NATO sub committee, 176, 207 appointed director of III, 170 as head of Biopreparaťs ScientificTechnical Administration, 173,175 struggle with Zav’yalov, 170 visits to US and UK, 173 Shevelev, Lev Petrovich, 59 Shinko, Galina Yakovlevna, 32 Shmelev, Anatolii Pavlovich, 59 Sibbiofarm Production Association, 203, 205 destruction of dual-use BW facilities, 5 Single-cell proteins (SCP), see Microbial proteins Skavronskaya, Adelina-Viktoriya Genrikhovna, 36 Skladnev, Anatolii Aleksandrovich, 32 appointed to MNTS, 40 as member of MNTS, 242 Skryabin, Georgii Konstantinovich appointed to MNTS, 40 as member of MNTS, 241 Skryabin, Konstantin Georgievich, 31 SKTB BAV, see Special Design Bureau of Biologically Active Substances Slavskii, Efim Pavlovich, 38 interaction with Glavmikrobioprom, 21 Smirnov, Anatolii D., 159 Smirnov, Efim Ivanovich appointed to MNTS, 42-A3 heading-up Soviet BW programme, 3,9 as member of MNTS, 241 Smirnov, Petr Arsen’evich, 50 Smith, Harold, 191 265 S.M. Kirov Military-Medical Academy, 50,113, 164 Soviet chemical weapons programme capture of German nerve gas plants, 29 key role of Belyaev, 32 production of Levenstein mustard, 29 Special Design Bureau of Biologically Active Substances creation in Berdsk, 22 renaming of, 22 transfer to Biopreparat, 56 State Concern Biopreparat absorption of Sibbiofarm, 203 control of Neuropeptide enterprise, 97 engagement with Oxford Virology pic, 142 expansion of, 148 production of neuropeptides in Kharkov, 96 reorganised as 1L40
Biopreparat, 154 transfer to Russian health ministry, 153 State Institute for the Design of Enterprises of the Biological Industry, 187 origins, 66 State Scientific Centre of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology faces economic crisis, 160 ownership of recombinant insulin process, 157 transfer to Rospotrebnadzor, 177 State Scientific Centre of Virology and Biotechnology Vektor demilitarization of, 206 indebitedness to energy companies, 161 transfer to Rospotrebnadzor, 179
266 INDEX State Scientific-Research Institute of Biological InstrumentMaking, 182 State Scientific-Research Institute of Highly Pure Biological Preparations, 182 focus on civil projects, 206 Stepnogorsk Scientific ExperimentalIndustrial Base construction using convict labour, 77 high accident rate at, 84 large-scale production of B. anthmcis, 83 location of SNOPB, 77 origins of town, 37 production of B. anthmcis, 83 reformed as Biomedprepamt, 185 Strogov, Semen Efimovich, 58 Sventitskii, Evgenii Nikolaevich, 113 Sverdlovsk anthrax disaster location of Institute of Bacterial Vaccine Preparations, 4 role of Institute of Bacterial Vaccine Preparations, 4 Syutkin, Pavel Pavlovich, 158 T Taranov, Andrei, 184 Taylor, Joel, 145 Tbilisi Scientific-Research Institute of Vaccines 8c Sera, 138 Tereshchenko, A., 156 Thermo Fisher Scientific, 198 Timon’kin, Yurii Nikolaevich appointed director of Berdsk Chemical Factory, 10 appointed director of Chemical Factory Progress in Stepnogorsk, 11 appointed head of Progress Chemical Factory, 38 biographical details, 10 manages construction at Stepnogorsk, 39 U UK Health Protection Agency, 207 Ukraintsev, Anatolii Dmitrievich, 62 United Kingdom Defence Intelligence Service (DIS), 120 United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 173 Urakov, Nikolai Nikolaevich allegations against, 177 appointed director of VNII PM, 91 death, 179 on Obolensk economic crisis, 160 removal as director at Obolensk, 179 Urban, Mark, 115,116 U.S. Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry and Security, 231 US Defence Special Weapons Agency, 191 US
Department of Defence agreement with Kazakhstan to dismande Stepnogorsk BW facilities, 6 US Non-Proliferation Programmes destruction of dual-use facilities at Berdsk, 5 dismantlement of Stepnogorsk BW production facilities, 5 USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, 94,134 USSR Academy of Sciences, 134, 189 launch of All-Union Plasmids Programme, 36 participation in MNTS, 40 research on microbial proteins, 25
INDEX USSR Ministry of Agriculture management of Berdsk Chemical Factory, 11 participation in MNTS, 40 USSR Ministry of Defence, 153,164, 166,189,194 participation in MNTS, 40 Sverdlovsk disaster, 138 transfer of personnel to Glavmikrobioprom, 32 USSR Ministry of Health, 162 participation in MNTS, 40 USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, 14 uses convicts to construct ONOPB, 74 USSR Ministry of Medical and Microbiological Industry Bykov appointed minister of, 136 USSR Ministry of Medium Machine Building (Minsredmash) activity in Stepnogorsk, 37 management of atomic bomb project, 21 management of nuclear facilities, 13 role in construction at Obolensk, 89 USSR Ministry of the Chemical Industry appointment of Belyaev as Deputy Minister, 31 role in production of nerve agents, 30 USSR Ministry of the Medical and Microbiological Industry creation in 1985, 133 orders human insulin production, 186 reorganised as Minmedprom, 139 USSR Ministry of the Medical Industry creation of Neuropeptide enterprise, 97 267 liquidation of, 148 order concerning production of neuropeptides, 96 order relating to influenza vaccine production at Mochalishche, 65 renames the Lotoshino Biochemical Factory, 98 Ustinov, Nikolai Vasil’evich death after accident working on Marburg weaponization project, 5 death following lab accident, 108 parallels with Pasechnik, 109 work on Marburg virus weaponization, 107 V Vaccines Glavmikrobioprom development of influenza vaccine, 134 III work on tableted vaccines, 169 Lyubuchany creates associated vaccine, 166 production of anthrax vaccine in Tbihsi, 138 supply of non-
sterile vials from Tbihsi, 147 Valov, Vladimir Arkad’evich appointment as director of Omutninsk Chemical Factory, 12 post-Soviet role at Omuminsk, 200 Van der Groen, Guido, 106 Variola major focus on at Zagorsk, 102 Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis virus creation of live vaccine, 53 Vilnius Experimental Enzyme Plant, 193, 196
268 INDEX Vilnius Experimental-Industrial Factory of Enzyme Preparations transfer to Biopreparat, 54 Vinogradov, Dmitrii Vladimirovich, 137 Vinogradov-Volzhinskii, Dmitrii Vladimirovich appointed director of VNII PM, 87 appointed head of MNTS Special Department, 43 dismissed as director of VNII PM, 91 as head of MNTS secretariat, 241 Vitamins Vitamin В12,14 Yoshkar-Ola Vitamin Factory, 65 Vizunov, Sergei, 109 Vlasko, Lev Georgievich, 58 VNIIbakprepamt, see All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Microbial Pesticides and Bacterial Preparations VNIIbiotekhnolojjfii, see All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Biotechnology VNIĮgenetika, see All-Union ScientificResearch Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms VNII PM, see All-Union ScientificResearch Institute of Applied Microbiology Volkov, Vladimir Yakovlevich, 179 Volkovoi, Konstantin Ivanovich, 90 Vorob’ev, Anatolii Andreevich appointment to Biopreparat, 53, 54 award of USSR State Prize, 135 research for the USSR Ministry of Defence, 52 role at Omutninsk Chemical Factory, 134 Vorob’ev, Anatolii Vorob’ev focus on Lithuania, 194 Vostochnyi location of the Omutninsk Chemical Plant, 74 Votyakov, Veniamin Iosifovich, 105 Vozrozhdenie Island proving ground, 59 receives anthrax strains from Lotoshino facility, 98 tests of F. tularensis bomblets, 75 Vygodchikov, Grigorii Vasil’evich, 53 Vyshnii Volochek Factory of Enzyme Preparations transfer to Biopreparat, 55 W Webber, Andy, 162 Werner Kamman Maschinenfabrik GmbH (Germany), 200 Wolfram, Jim, 204 Y Yelin, Aleksandr, 183 Yersinia pestis aerosol
vaccine against pulmonary forms, 50 Andropov authorises plague project, 34 genetic engineering of at Lyubuchany, 167 genetic engineering to alter antigenic presentation of, 4 role of Lakhta facility in weaponisation of, 115 use of EV strain in weaponisation project, 114 VNIIOchB work on antibioticresistance, 114
INDEX Z Zagorsk location of Scientific-Research Sanitary Institute, 88 Zav’yalov, Vladimir Petrovich alleged threats against, 170 appointed head of immunology institute, 166 appointed head of Obolensk lab, 164 removal as head of III, 170 Zemtsov, Valerii Kuzmich, 62 Zhdanov, Viktor Mikhailovich appointed chair of MNTS, 40 as chair of MNTS, 241 Zhukov, Sergei Leonidovich, 200 Žilinskas, Raymond, 36 Zotov, Yurii Dmitrievich, 14 Zurabov, Robert Sergeevich, 38 Zybin, Vladimir Dmitrievich, 54, 63, 65 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München J 269
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Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 The Secret History: Khrushchev’s Creation of Soviet Reserve Biological Warfare Mobilization Facilities Within Civil Production Plants in the 1950s and 1960s 9 3 Glavmikrobioprom and the Emergence of the Soviet Microbiological Industry 19 4 Genesis: The Creation of Biopreparat 49 5 Anthrax on the Kazakh Steppe: Biopreparafs Network of Experimental-Industrial Bases 73 6 The Creation of Biopreparats Scientific Base: The R D Complexes at Obolensk, Kol’tsovo and Leningrad 87 7 A Roadmap to the Future? The Emergence of Biopreparat as a Major Civil Biopharmaceutical Player 133 8 A Brave New World: Building Capitalism in the New Russia and the Struggle for Control of Biopreparat 153 ix
X CONTENTS 9 Conclusion 223 Appendix A: Soviet and Russian Abbreviations and Acronyms 235 Appendix B: Composition of the Interbranch Scientific and Technical Council for Molecular Biology and Genetics (MNTS) 241 Appendix C: List of Associations, Enterprises and Organizations Included Within the State Concern Biopreparat, 4 April 1991 243 Appendix D: Award of Soviet State Honours to Glavmikrobioprom and Biopreparat Personnel 247 Index 251
Index Aerosol chambers identification by US/UK inspectors, 76 installation at VNII MB, 92 installation at VNIIOChB, 114 research on orthopoxvirus, 145 Soviet interest in Czech test chambers, 119 US/UK inspectors denied access at Obolensk, 144 usage at SNOPB, 82 usage at VNII MB, 104 Afanas’ev, Stanislav Stepanovich, 166 Agalakova, Galina Ivanovna, 62 Akademgorodok, 99,101 Aleksandrov, Anatolii Petrovich, 20, 31, 134 Alibek, Ken as member of MNTS, 241 See also Alibekov, Kanatzhan Baizakovich Alibekov, Kanatzhan Baizakovich appointed director at SNOPB, 78 appointed director of NPO Biomash, 144 appointed first Deputy chair of State Concern Biopreparat, 140 business correspondence of, 2 description of Vorob’ev, 53 displays entrepreneurial flair, 141 emerges as lead figure in engagement with West, 141 employment at Berdsk pilot facility, 76 employment at ONOPB, 74 engagement with US/UK inspectors, 144 on history of Berdsk Chemical Factory, 11 interaction with Oxford Virology, 142, 143 interest in turn key human insulin facilities, 142 new focus on civil activities, 139 resignation from Biopreparat, 145 role in human insulin production, 186 role in redirecting Biopreparat to civil programmes, 7 VNIIPE funding suspended by, 197 © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 A. Rimmington, The Soviet Union’s Invisible Weapons ofMass Destruction, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82882-0 251
252 INDEX Alikhanyan, Sos Isaakovich appointed to MNTS, 40 forced to leave Moscow State University, 20 leads Soviet research in molecular genetics, 19 as member of MNTS, 242 opposition to plasmid lab, 33 transfer to VNIĮgenetika, 21 Allen Associates International Ltd., 191 Allen, John, 191 All-Russian Centre for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy creation of JV with G.D. Searle, 162 All-Union Association Tarmbiopress, 97 All-Union Science Production Association Biopreparat appointment of Klyucherev, 54 appointment of Miklashevskii as head, 52 appointment of Pasechnik to ШПОСҺВ, 112 appointment of Popov, 54 appointment of Vorob’ev, 53 construction budget for SNOPB, 77 creation, 49 creation of design bureaus in Kirishi and Yoshkar-Ola, 63 granted status of Main Administration, 136 military accomplishments of, 4 Ogarkov appointed head, 50, 51 planned creation of viral BW production plant in Mochalishche, 65 referred to as Ogarkov’s System, 51 transfer of Berdsk Chemical Factory to, 73 transfer of Omutninsk Chemical Factory to, 73 transfer of Progress Factory to, 73 VNIIPE supplies restriction enzymes to, 195 All-Union Scientific-Research Design Institute of Applied Biochemistry based within Biopreparat HQ building, 60 creation under Biopreparat, 56 intimately intertwined with USSR Ministry of Defence, 57 most pivotal Biopreparat institution, 224-225 new HQ at ulitsa Klary Tsetkin, 61 pivotal component of Biopreparat, 56 role in creation of new pilot facilities, 73 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Antibiotics, 186 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Applied
Biochemistry creation of Siberian Branch in 1975,76 design of VNIIMB, 101 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Applied Enzymology creation, 55 renamed as Fermentas, 197 restriction enzymes production, 193 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Applied Microbiology appointment of Borovik as deputy director, 90 appointment of Domaradskii as deputy director, 90 appointment of Sawe as deputy director, 90 appointment of VinogradovVolzhinskii as director, 87
INDEX creation, 87 creation of temporary laboratory campus, 89 immunology institute spun-off, 164 results of weaponization projects, 93 role in Soviet reverse transcriptase project, 135 selected as lead institute of NPO Biosintez, 97 transfer of Domaradskii’s collection of strains, 90 Urakov appointed director, 91 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Applied Molecular Biology, 162 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Biological Instrument Making focus on monitoring of dangerous pathogens, 66 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Biotechnology appointment of Ogarkov as head, 52 VNlIbakpreparat renamed as, 22 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Genetics 8c Selection of Industrial Microorganisms restriction enzymes strains, 193 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations collaboration with Omutninsk factory on F. tularensis, 75 creates secret facility in Lakhta, 115 creation by Glavmikrobioprom, 112 creation under Biopreparat, 56 defection of Tempk Fortune to UK, 115 Pasechnik appointed director of, 112 Pasechnik as director of, 110 relationship to Kirishi design plant, 63 253 work on interferon Interlok, 136 work on modified cruise missile, 116 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Hydrolysis, 25 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Microbial Pesticides and Bacterial Preparations creation, 21 renaming of, 22 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Molecular Biology creation in 1974, 98 early linkages to Siberian Branch of USSR Academy of Sciences, 100 interaction with Oxford Virology pic, 142-143 All-Union
Scientific-Research Institute of the Biosyntheis of Protein Substances ( VNIIsintezbelok) creation, 26 creation of plasmids lab, 33, 34 Glavmikrobioprom proposes Soviet-UK plasmids seminar to be held at, 34 Ambrosov, Valerii Antonovich, 62 Andropov, Yurii, 34 Anisimov, Gennadii, 92 Anisimov, Sergei, 163 Antibiotics biomycin, 14 Omutninsk production of bleomycin, 202 Oxytetracycline, 14 phenoxymethyl-penicillin, 14 Asbridge, Stephen, 185,186 Ashmarin, Igor’ Petrovich formulates the Factor programme, 94
254 INDEX в Babkin, Evgenij L, 113 Bacillus anthmcis accidental release of aerosol in Sverdlovsk, 82 genetic engineering to confer antibiotic resistance, 4 production of STI vaccine in Tbilisi, 138 VNĪĪ PM develops antibioticresistant strain, 93 Baev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich appointed to MNTS, 40 as member of MNTS, 241 Belorussian Scientific-Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 105 Belyaev, Vasilii Dmitrievich appointed deputy minister of chemical industry, 31 appointed head of Chemical Industry Department, 30 appointed head of Glavmikrobioprom, 28, 31 appointed head of MNTS, 42 appointed head of Nizhnyi-Vol’zhsk sovnarkhoz, 30 as chair of MNTS, 241 close relations with Slavskii, 38 death, 31 interaction with Minsredmash, 21 as member of MNTS, 242 role in construction of Stepnogorsk facilities, 37 role in management of offensive BW programme, 4 role in producing nerve gas Sarin, 3 role in SNOPB project, 60 role in Soviet CW programme, 29 Russian prize in honour of, 32 Berdsk Chemical Factory creation hr 1955,10 creation of BW mobilization capacity, 11 location of, 73 management by Novosibirsk regional economic council, 11 reorganised as the Berdsk Factory of Biological Preparations, 203 role of NPO Promavtomatika in automation of plant, 67 transfer to Biopreparat, 54 US/UK Inspection under Trilateral Process, 77 Bioindustry Initiative, 205 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) circumvention by Soviet Union, 2 Biological Weapons Convention, 158 Bishop, David, 142 Blatov, A., 159 Bonfire Programme development of antibiotic-resistant strains, 93
genetic engineering of pathogenic agents, 4 Borovik, Roman Vladimirovich, 90 Bottomley, Reg, 34, 51 B.P. Konstantinov Institute of Nuclear Physics, 134 Brezhnev, Leonid, 19, 31,51 Bureau of Intelligence and Research on role of Omutninsk in Soviet BW programme, 15 Burnazyan, Avetik Iganťevich, lieutenant general, 22 as member of MNTS, 242 Butkus, Viktoras, 198 BW dismantlement projects elimination of infrastructure at Berdsk, 203, 205 elimination of infrastructure at Stepnogorsk, 192
INDEX Bykov, Valerii Alekseevich, 171 appointed minister of Minmedbioprom, 136 as chair of MNTS, 241 C Carter, Gradon, 27 Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research (CAMR), 121 Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response (CEPR), 207 Chemical Defence Establishment, 120 Chemical Factory Progress creation in 1970, 37 Chernyi, Boris, 108 Chernyi, Nikolai B., 102 Chernyshov, Nikolai, 83 Cherpunov, Aleksandr Alekseevich, 108 CIA identification of suspect BW facility at Berdsk, 15 identification of suspect BW facility at Omutninsk, 15 reports on Soviet microbial proteins programme, 27 Civilian Research 8շ Development Foundation (CRDF), 115-116 Closed Joint Stock Company Biokad acquisition of part of III, 171 creation of TsII at Lyubuchany, 171 Committee on Convention Problems of Chemical and Biological Weapons, 158 Committee on U.S.-Russian Cooperation on Dangerous Pathogens, 162 Conversion projects, 203 Kazakhstan, 236 spin-off of Verta Limited from VNIIOChB, 115 255 Crocker, Gary, 15 Cytokines Biokad development of, 171 Lakhta work on as cover, 115 Lyubuchany work on interferon, 166 production at Vyshnii Volochek, 55 Reaferon production at VNIIPE, 196,197 III production of, 169 VNIIOChB work on Interlok, 136 D Davidov, Vladimir, 175 Davis, Christopher, 120,144 Davydkin, Yurii Petrovich, 78 Davydov, Mikhail Luk’yanovich, 58 Defence Threat Reduction Agency, 192 Degtyarev, Sergei Kharitonovich, 199 Demidov, M.V., 12 Diagnostics HIV diagnostics developed by Biopreparat, 140 Dickman, Steven, 196 D.I. Mendeleev Moscow Institute of Chemical Technology, 96, 101 Disposable syringes
contamination of at Elista, 147 Omutninsk manufacture of, 200 Stepnogorsk manufacture of, 190 Domaradskii, Igor’ Valerianovich appointed deputy director at VNIIPM,90 clash with Vorob’ev, 53 as head of MNTS secretariat, 241 as head of MNTS Special Department, 41 leads BW research on plasmids, 32, 33 Doshchitsyn, Yurii Fedorovich, 154
256 INDEX Drozdov, Il’ya Gennadievich alleged participation in criminal group, 180 appointed Vektor director, 179 disappearance in Saratov, 182 dismissal for financial irregularities, 180 Dudėnas, Henrikas, 194 Dyatlov, Ivan Alekseevich, 179 E Eagleburger, Lawrence, 115 Ebola virus focus of weaponisation programme at VNII MB, 105 Eiromdzhants, Arutyun Vartanovich, 60 Environmental pollution nationwide protests against Minmedbioprom, 147 protests against Mochalishche virus facility, 148 protests prevent construction of plants, 147 situation at Kirishi plant, 147 Enzymes Biopreparat restriction enzymes programme, 193 production of immobilised protease Profezim, 189 restriction enzymes supplied by NĪKTI BAV, 199 SibEnzim supplies restriction enzymes, 199 Soviet reverse transcriptase project, 135 VNIIøenetika and VNIIPE collaboration on, 195 VNIIPE restriction enzymes production, 193 Evans Medical Limited, 173 Evstigneev, Valentin Ivanovich, 154,173 Experimental Design Bureau of Automation Equipment creation in Yoshkar-Ola, 63 manufacture of BW bomblets, 65 Experimental Design Bureau of Precision Biological Engineering creation in Kirishi, 63 develops equipment for BW production, 63 incorporation within NPO Earmpribor, 117 Explosion chambers design and supply by OKB TM, 63 largest located at SNOPB, 81 located at VNII MB, 104 possession by VNIIOChB, 114 repatiation of SNOPB chamber to Russia, 188 research on orthopoxvirus, 145 UK/US inspection of at Obolensk, 145 Factor programme development of synthetic myelin peptide gene, 95 formulation of by Ashmarin, 94 genetic engineering
of bacterial pathogens, 4 role of VNII MB and VNIIOChB, 96 VNII MB particiaption in, 106 Fedorov, Lev Aleksandrovich, 53 on BW mobilization role of Penza facility, 15 Fermenters creation of mobile units by NPO Biomash, 68
INDEX large-scale units at SNOPB, 80 manufacture in Kirishi, 63 manufacture in Yoshkar-Ola, 65 purchase enquiry from Stepnogorsk, 185 1000-liter fermenters at Stepnogorsk, 186 twelve 63 m3 at Omutninsk, 202 US funded dismantling at Berdsk, 205 48th Central Scientific-Research Institute, 231 Fmncisella tularensis coating with Protein A, 4 pilot production at ONOPB, 74 vaccine-resistant strain developed at ONOPB, 75 VNII PM develops antibioticresistant strain, 93 weaponisation at Lyubuchany, 167 work of VNIIOChB on weaponisation of, 114 Frolov, Nikolai, 113 G Ganzenko, Valerii, 147 Gapochko, Konstantin Georgievich, 51 Gaponov, Kirill Petrovich, 57 Geisow, Michael, 55 Gilmanov, Murat Kurmashevich, 188 Glavmikrobioprom, see Main Administration of the Microbiological Industry Glemža, Antanas, 194 Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich, 31, 102, 117, 133 lends impetus to shift to civil projects, 6 Grebenkov, Vladimir Ivanovich, 55 Grigor’ev, M.I., 156 Grishin, Viktor Vasiľevich, 61 Grishin, Vitalii Andreevich, 58 257 H Harlingten, Caisey, 122 Hayes, Brian, 192 Heinaru, Ain, 33 High-Containment Laboratories BSL-3 lab at SNOPB, 80 BSL-3 lab at VNII PM, 92 BSL-4 labs at VNII MB, 101 P4 facilities at Izvarino, 162 Hodgson, John, 143 Hurd, Douglas, 115 I ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 191 lerusalimskii, Nikolai Dmitrievich, 25 Institute of Atomic Energy as refuge for Soviet geneticists, 19, 20 Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms (.IBFM), 36 Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 100,189 Institute of Engineering Immunology focus on civil projects, 206 Institute of Immunology
renamed as, 144 interaction with Alcoa, 167 struggle for control of, 164 Institute of High Molecular Compounds, 112 Institute of Immunology appointment of Sawe as director, 90 collaboration with Omutninsk plant on Protein A, 75 creation in 1978, 164 as part of NPO Biosintez, 97 US/UK Inspection of, 144 Institute of Military Medicine, 166 Institute of Organic Chemistry, 100
258 INDEX Institute of Virology and Experimental Biology, Oxford, 142 Institute voor Tropische Geneeskunde (Antwerp), 105 Interagency ScientificTechnical Council support for Zav’yalov, 166 Interdepartmental Scientific-Technical Council for Molecular Biology Genetics appointment of Alikhanyan, 21 approves plan for new generation of biological weapons, 42 Belyaev appointed chair, 42 creation by Glavmikrobioprom, 40 role of Special Department, 41 International Science Technology Centre (ISTC) provides life-support for Biopreparat facilities, 160 Iraq, 223 Irbit Chemical-Pharmaceutical Factory, 184 Irkutsk Scientific-Research Anti-Plague Institute of Siberia and the Far East, 108 J Janulaitis, Arvydas, 194, 196 Joint Stock Company Apromed, 163 Jones, Brian, 120 К Kalinin, Yurii Tikhonovich appointed chair of RAO Biopreparat, 154 appointed Deputy Director at VNIIbakpreparat, 22 appointed director of VNII BP, 66 appointed head of State Concern Biopreparat, 139 creation of Biopreparat-Tsentr, 157 friendship with VA. Grishin, 58 heads up inspection commission at Obolensk, 91 heads up neuropeptide project in Kharkov, 97 heads-up Mochalishche BW project, 66 meeting with Andy Webber, 162 as member of MNTS, 241 removal from RAO Biopreparat, 155 role in expanding size of Biopreparat, 137 travels to West Germany with Pasechnik, 119 Kang, Chil-Yong, 142 Kazakhstan agreement with US on dismantlement of Stepnogorsk BW facilities, 6 Kelly, David, 76, 77, 120, 145 inspection of Berdsk Chemical Factory, 11 Khabriev, Ramil Usmanovich, 155, 157 Kharkov Enterprise for the Production of Bacterial
Preparations, 96 Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich, 30 creation of network of BW mobilization facilities, 9 establishment of network of dual-use BW production facilities, 2 undertakes major expansion of Soviet BW programme, 16 Khudyakov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich as member of MNTS, 241 Kirov Location of Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene, 50
INDEX Klyucherev, Lev Aleksandrovich appointed head of Biopreparats Scientific department, 54 as deputy chair of MNTS secretariat, 241 as deputy head of MNTS Special Department, 41 Koishibaev, Marat Sovetovich, 190 Kolesnikov, Vladimir Nikolaevich, 173 Kolobov, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 115 Kol’tsovo location of VNII MB, 98 Korchagin, Pavel, 180 Korotyaev, Aleksandr Ivanovich, 33 Kosinov, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 185 Kostandov, Leonid Arkad’evich, 31 Kosygin, Alexei, 31, 51 Kozyrev, Andrei, 115 Krasnoyarsk-26,13 Kundin, Vitalii, 76 Kuntsevich, Anatolii Dem’yanovich, 158 Kupreev, A.V., 39 Kurchatov, Igor’ Vasil’evich, 20 Kurgan Factory of Medical Preparations as BW mobilization facility, 14 L Laboratory Animals Alibekov chairs meeting on supply and use of, 141 Laboratory Animals Farm at Kol’tsovo, 104 Minmedbioprom issues order on creation of breeding centres, 139 plans for large-scale breeding centre at Kol’tsovo, 139 L.A. Tarasevich State Scientific-Research Institute for the Standardization and Control of Medical Biological Preparations, 134 259 Lavrinenko, Ivan, 13 Lebedinski։, Vladimir Andreevich appointed to MNTS, 40 inspection of ONOPB, 75 as member of MNTS, 241 travels to Czechoslovakia with Pasechnik, 119 Legionella pneumophila genetic engineering of by VNII PM, 95 Lennon, Derek, 142,143 Lensovet Leningrad Technological Institute, 28 Lepeshkin, Genadii Nikolaevich appointed director at SNOPB, 79 as director of Biomedpreparat, 186 participation in oral history project, 80 LH Fermentation Ltd., 185,187 Listov, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 31 Lotoshino Biochemical Factory forms
part of NPO Biomash, 68 as part of NPO Biosintez, 98 Lukashevich, Igor’ Sergeevich, 106 Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich political campaign against Mendelian genetics, 20 Lyubomirskii, Veniamin Evseevich, 38 Lyubuchany location of Institute of Immunology, 164 M Main Administration Biopreparat creation, 136 emergence as key player in biopharma sector, 138 reorganised as State Concern Biopreparat, 139
260 INDEX Main Administration of the Microbiological Industry absorption of dual-use BW facilities, 32 absorption of VNIIsintezbelok, 26 collaboration with Minsredmash, 38 construction of large-scale microbial proteins’ plants, 26 construction of VNIIgenetika labs in Lyubuchany, 165 creation, 19 creation of Biopreparat, 49 creation of pilot plants for production of microbial proteins, 26 creation of SKTB BAV, 22 creation of VNIIøenetika, 21 creation of VNUOChB, 112 launches BW programme focused on plasmids, 32 merger with Minmedprom, 133 microbial proteins’ programme, 23, 24 order creating NPO Vektor, 102 plans to absorb anti-plague facility, 22 production of microbial proteins from petroleum derivatives, 25 proposes Soviet-UK plasmids seminar, 34 Rychkov appointed head, 43 Malygin, Ernst Georgievich, 96 Marburg virus death of Vektor scientist working on weaponization project, 5 dry formulation developed for aerosol dispersal, 106 focus of weaponisation programme at VNIIMB, 105 infection via mucous membrane, 109 production of a dry formulation of, 4 variant U, 5 variant U isolated from Ustinov, 109 weaponization project fatality, 107 work of Nikolai Chernyi, 102 Marchenko, Viktor Isaakovich, 166 Medvedev, Dmitrii, 185 Michigan State University, 204 Microbial pesticides dendrobacillin, 11 entobacterin, 11 Microbial proteins Glavmikrobioprom focus on, 23, 24 Soviet production in WWII, 24 Soviet production using petroleum derivatives, 25 USSR construction of large-scale petroleum-based plants, 26 M.I. Kalinin Polytechnical Institute, 134 Mikhailichenko, Aleksandr Petrovich,
185 Miklashevskii, Anatolii Anatol’evich appointed deputy head of Biopreparat, 52 appointed head of Biopreparat, 52 Minsredmash, see USSR Ministry of Medium Machine Building Mityushev, Valerii Pavlovich appointment to VNIIbiokhimmashproekt, 58 memoirs relating to Berdsk Chemical Factory, 11 memoirs relating to Biopreparat, 2 role in creation of OKBA, 65 role in creation of OKB TM, 63 visits to Penza, 13 Mityushkin, Vladimir Alekseevich, 80 Molchanov, Mikhail Sergeevich, 14 appointment to VNIIbiokhimmashproekt, 57, 59 Molokoedov, Mikhail Mikhailovich, 58 Morozov, Yu.I., 166 Moscow Physical-Technical Institute, 54
INDEX Mosjjiprobiosintez transfer to Biopreparat, 66 Mostov, P.P., 163 Mukhin, Aleksei, 183 Muratov, Salikh Salakhovich, 62 Myalkin, Aleksandr Ivanovich, 67 N Naidenov, Anatolii Yakovlevich, 59 Naimytenko, Evgeniya Petrovich, 96, 97 National Centre for Biotechnology of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 188 Navalny, Aleksei, 231 Navashin, Sergei Mikhailovich, 186 Nazerbaev, Nursultan, 188 Nechaev, Eduard Aleksandrovich, 153 Neroda, Georgii Vasiľevich, 52 Neuropeptides All-Union Neuropeptide Programme, 94 Ashmarin All Union Neuropeptide Programme, 94 Ashmarin coordinates USSR programmes, 94 production by Biopreparat in Kharkov, 96 New Brunswick, 187 New England Biolabs, 198 N.F. Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 53 N.F. Gamaleya Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 36 NIKTIBAV, see Scientific-Research Design Institute of Biologically Active Substances Novosibirsk Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 100,199 Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, 96 261 Nurgaliev, Rashid, 183 Nurmagambetov, Sagdat, 191 Obolensk location of VNIIPM, 87 Ogarkov, Vsevolod Ivanovich appointed deputy director at Glavmikrobioprom, 50 appointed head of Biopreparat, 50 appointed head of Institute of Biotechnology, 52 appointed to MNTS, 43 as member of MNTS, 241 publishes book on aerogenic infections, 51 recruitment of Pasechnik to Biopreparat, 112 signs Belyaev’s obituary, 32 OKBA, see Experimental Design Bureau of Automation Equipment ОКБ TBM, see Experimental Design Bureau of Precision Biological Engineering Omutninsk Chemical Factory appointment of Valov as director, 12
creation, 12 creation of Vostok and Biopreparat companies, 200 focus on civil projects, 230 identification by CIA as BW facility, 15 large-scale production of Protein A, 75 lead role in Revertaza project, 135 management by Kirov regional economic council, 13 production of influenza vaccine, 134 role in F. tularensis weaponization project, 114 transfer to Biopreparat, 54
262 INDEX Omutniøsk Scientific ExperimentalIndustrial Base construction by convicts, 74 US/UK inspection under Trilateral Process, 76 Onishchenko, Genadii Grigor’evich heads-up Rospotrebnadzor, 177 Open Joint Stock Company Biopreparat centre for Export Control, 173,174 created from RAO Biopreparat, 172 interaction with UK and Finland, 207 loss of commercial technologies, 157 as pale shadow of former self, 205 Open Joint Stock Company Biopreparat-Tsentr acquisition of RAO Biopreparat technologies, 157 creation by Kalinin, 157 Ovchinnikov, Yurii Anatol’evich, 31, 166, 226 appointed to MNTS, 40 as member of MNTS, 241 Oxford Virology pic, 142,143 commercial interaction with Biopreparat, 7 V PaineWebber Incorporated, 159 Panfilov, Viktor Fedorovich, 80 Partrikeev, Nikolai Ivanovich, 101 Pasechnik, Vladimir Artemovich appointed CSO of Regma BioTechnologies, 122 defection to the UK, 110, 120 education, 112 pivotal role in ending Biopreparat BW programme, 6 on problems with antibioticresistance in Ύ. pestis, 114 Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 134 Pchelintsev, Sergei Yur’evich, 170 Pekhen’ko, Vladimir, 108 Penza Factory of Medical Preparations as BW mobilization facility, 13 Perov, Eduard Ivanovich, 78 appointed head of Progress Chemical Factory, 39 Pervukhin, Mikhail Georgievich, 29 Petrova, Lyudmila I., 194 Plant growth stimulators Gibberellin, 14 Plasmids Andropov authorises plague project, 34 creation of lab at VNIIsintezbelok, 33, 34 existence of plasmids in Ύ. pestiis demonstrated by Domaradskii, 34 Glavmikrobioprom BW research programme focused on, 32
Glavmikrobioprom seeks to organise Soviet-UK seminar on, 34 international meeting in Tallinn, 36 key role of Domaradskii, 32, 33 lab created at Krasnodar branch of VNIIsintezbelok, 33 lab created in Saratov, 33 launch of All-Union Programme, 36 research conducted by AT. Korotyaev, 33 research conducted by Ain Heinaru, 33 research of Professor Skavronskaya, 36 Soviet discovery in T. pestis, 32 Platonov, K.I., 12
INDEX Plekhanov, Vladimir, 179 Popov, Sergei Gennadievich, 95 Popov, Viktor Grigor’evich, 54 Prilepskii, Boris Vasileevich appointed director of Berdsk Chemical Factory, 11 Programme Factor key role of VNIIOChB, 115 Progress Factory transfer to Biopreparat, 54 R Rassadkin, Yurii, 108 Record, Frank, 203 Redin, Vladimir Sergeevich, 59 Restriction enzymes early research on by VNIIgenetika, 21 Rimmington, Anthony, 117 Vilnius visit December 1990,197 Rosmedprom Kalinin as President of, 156 Rudakova, Evdokia Afanasseevna, 59 Rumyantsev, Vladimir, 76 Russian Academy of Medical-Technical Sciences, 32 Russian Joint Stock Company Biopreparat agreement with Alcoa, 167 alleged threats against Zav’yalov, 170 appointment of Khabriev, 155 creation of, 154 creation of JV with G.D Searle, 162 reformed as ОАО Biopreparat, 172 removal of Kalinin, 155 retains control of ОАО UI, 171,172 role in conversion of military BW facilities, 159 263 Russian Ministry of Defence, 177, 231 Russian Ministry of Economics, 156 Russian Ministry of Health and the Medical Industry relations with Biopreparat, 154 reorganization of, 153 Russian State Archive of the Economy access to Biopreparat documentation, 2 Russian University of People’s Friendship, 171 Ryapis, Leonid Abramovich, 89 Rychkov, Rotislav S., 32 appointed head of Glavmikrobioprom, 43 as chair of MNTS, 241 S Sadovskii, Anatolii Petrovich, 106 Safonov, Oleg, 183 Sagirov, Rustam Khabibovich, 58 Salostii, Aleksandr, 203 Samsonov, Georgii Vasil’evich, 112 Samukov, Vladimir Vasileevich, 107 Sandakhchiev, Lev Stepanovich as advisor to Drozdov, 179
appointed director of NPO Vektor, 102 appointed director of VNII MB, 101,102 eulogy for Nikolai Ustinov, 108 honoured by CRDF, 161 interaction with Oxford Virology, 142 Sawe, Vladimir Davidovich appointed deputy director of VNII PM, 90 appointed director of immunology institute, 164
264 INDEX Science Industrial Complex Biomedpreparat, collapse of Kamed Resources JV, 191; dismandement, 192; Kazakhstan government pledges funding, 189; production of disposable syringes, 190; production of Profezim, 189; seeks to acquire fermenters, 185,187 Science Production Association Bacteriophage, 138 Science Production Association Biomash Alibekov appointed director, 144 creation in mid-1980s, 68 led by VNIIbiokhimmashproekt, 57 seizure of Building A, 163 Science Production Association Elevar, 163 Science Production Association Farmpribor, 117 Science Production Association Immunopreparat, 138 Science Production Association Nutrient Media, 138 Science Production Association Promavtomttka key role in automating Biopreparat facilities, 67 Science Production Association SibEnzim, 199 Science Production Association Vektor, 199 Glavmikrobioprom Order for creation of, 102 interaction with Oxford Virology pic, 142 opening of Laboratory Animals Farm, 104 Science Production Association Virion, 107 Science Production Complexes Biomedpreparat, 236 Scientific Experimental-Industrial Base design role of VNIIbiokhimmashproekt, 60 Scientific-Research Design Institute of Biologically Active Substances, 189,199 Scientific-Research Institute of Bacterial Vaccine Preparations release of anthrax aerosol, 82 Sverdlovsk anthrax disaster, 4 Scientific-Research Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene, 91 Scientific-Research Institute of Hygiene, 50 Scientific-Research Institute of Microbiology, 113 Scientific-Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 117 Scientific-Research Sanitary Institute,
54, 88,102,194 research conducted by Vorob’ev, 53 Scientific-Research Technical Bureau ( NITB) appointment of curators at Penza and Kurgan, 14 location in Moscow, 9 management of BW mobilization network, 9 management of dual-use BW production facilities, 2 role at the Omutninsk Chemical Factory, 11 transfer of officers to VNIIbiokhimmashproekt, 57 transfer of personnel to Glavmikrobioprom, 32 Seleznev, Gennadii Nikolaevich, 160 Sergeev, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 182 Sergeev, Boris Viktorovich, 59 Sergeev, Nikolai N., 102
INDEX Shakhov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 75 Shcherbakov, Grigoril Yakovlevich, 170 appears before NATO sub committee, 176, 207 appointed director of III, 170 as head of Biopreparaťs ScientificTechnical Administration, 173,175 struggle with Zav’yalov, 170 visits to US and UK, 173 Shevelev, Lev Petrovich, 59 Shinko, Galina Yakovlevna, 32 Shmelev, Anatolii Pavlovich, 59 Sibbiofarm Production Association, 203, 205 destruction of dual-use BW facilities, 5 Single-cell proteins (SCP), see Microbial proteins Skavronskaya, Adelina-Viktoriya Genrikhovna, 36 Skladnev, Anatolii Aleksandrovich, 32 appointed to MNTS, 40 as member of MNTS, 242 Skryabin, Georgii Konstantinovich appointed to MNTS, 40 as member of MNTS, 241 Skryabin, Konstantin Georgievich, 31 SKTB BAV, see Special Design Bureau of Biologically Active Substances Slavskii, Efim Pavlovich, 38 interaction with Glavmikrobioprom, 21 Smirnov, Anatolii D., 159 Smirnov, Efim Ivanovich appointed to MNTS, 42-A3 heading-up Soviet BW programme, 3,9 as member of MNTS, 241 Smirnov, Petr Arsen’evich, 50 Smith, Harold, 191 265 S.M. Kirov Military-Medical Academy, 50,113, 164 Soviet chemical weapons programme capture of German nerve gas plants, 29 key role of Belyaev, 32 production of Levenstein mustard, 29 Special Design Bureau of Biologically Active Substances creation in Berdsk, 22 renaming of, 22 transfer to Biopreparat, 56 State Concern Biopreparat absorption of Sibbiofarm, 203 control of Neuropeptide enterprise, 97 engagement with Oxford Virology pic, 142 expansion of, 148 production of neuropeptides in Kharkov, 96 reorganised as 1L40
Biopreparat, 154 transfer to Russian health ministry, 153 State Institute for the Design of Enterprises of the Biological Industry, 187 origins, 66 State Scientific Centre of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology faces economic crisis, 160 ownership of recombinant insulin process, 157 transfer to Rospotrebnadzor, 177 State Scientific Centre of Virology and Biotechnology Vektor demilitarization of, 206 indebitedness to energy companies, 161 transfer to Rospotrebnadzor, 179
266 INDEX State Scientific-Research Institute of Biological InstrumentMaking, 182 State Scientific-Research Institute of Highly Pure Biological Preparations, 182 focus on civil projects, 206 Stepnogorsk Scientific ExperimentalIndustrial Base construction using convict labour, 77 high accident rate at, 84 large-scale production of B. anthmcis, 83 location of SNOPB, 77 origins of town, 37 production of B. anthmcis, 83 reformed as Biomedprepamt, 185 Strogov, Semen Efimovich, 58 Sventitskii, Evgenii Nikolaevich, 113 Sverdlovsk anthrax disaster location of Institute of Bacterial Vaccine Preparations, 4 role of Institute of Bacterial Vaccine Preparations, 4 Syutkin, Pavel Pavlovich, 158 T Taranov, Andrei, 184 Taylor, Joel, 145 Tbilisi Scientific-Research Institute of Vaccines 8c Sera, 138 Tereshchenko, A., 156 Thermo Fisher Scientific, 198 Timon’kin, Yurii Nikolaevich appointed director of Berdsk Chemical Factory, 10 appointed director of Chemical Factory Progress in Stepnogorsk, 11 appointed head of Progress Chemical Factory, 38 biographical details, 10 manages construction at Stepnogorsk, 39 U UK Health Protection Agency, 207 Ukraintsev, Anatolii Dmitrievich, 62 United Kingdom Defence Intelligence Service (DIS), 120 United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 173 Urakov, Nikolai Nikolaevich allegations against, 177 appointed director of VNII PM, 91 death, 179 on Obolensk economic crisis, 160 removal as director at Obolensk, 179 Urban, Mark, 115,116 U.S. Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry and Security, 231 US Defence Special Weapons Agency, 191 US
Department of Defence agreement with Kazakhstan to dismande Stepnogorsk BW facilities, 6 US Non-Proliferation Programmes destruction of dual-use facilities at Berdsk, 5 dismantlement of Stepnogorsk BW production facilities, 5 USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, 94,134 USSR Academy of Sciences, 134, 189 launch of All-Union Plasmids Programme, 36 participation in MNTS, 40 research on microbial proteins, 25
INDEX USSR Ministry of Agriculture management of Berdsk Chemical Factory, 11 participation in MNTS, 40 USSR Ministry of Defence, 153,164, 166,189,194 participation in MNTS, 40 Sverdlovsk disaster, 138 transfer of personnel to Glavmikrobioprom, 32 USSR Ministry of Health, 162 participation in MNTS, 40 USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, 14 uses convicts to construct ONOPB, 74 USSR Ministry of Medical and Microbiological Industry Bykov appointed minister of, 136 USSR Ministry of Medium Machine Building (Minsredmash) activity in Stepnogorsk, 37 management of atomic bomb project, 21 management of nuclear facilities, 13 role in construction at Obolensk, 89 USSR Ministry of the Chemical Industry appointment of Belyaev as Deputy Minister, 31 role in production of nerve agents, 30 USSR Ministry of the Medical and Microbiological Industry creation in 1985, 133 orders human insulin production, 186 reorganised as Minmedprom, 139 USSR Ministry of the Medical Industry creation of Neuropeptide enterprise, 97 267 liquidation of, 148 order concerning production of neuropeptides, 96 order relating to influenza vaccine production at Mochalishche, 65 renames the Lotoshino Biochemical Factory, 98 Ustinov, Nikolai Vasil’evich death after accident working on Marburg weaponization project, 5 death following lab accident, 108 parallels with Pasechnik, 109 work on Marburg virus weaponization, 107 V Vaccines Glavmikrobioprom development of influenza vaccine, 134 III work on tableted vaccines, 169 Lyubuchany creates associated vaccine, 166 production of anthrax vaccine in Tbihsi, 138 supply of non-
sterile vials from Tbihsi, 147 Valov, Vladimir Arkad’evich appointment as director of Omutninsk Chemical Factory, 12 post-Soviet role at Omuminsk, 200 Van der Groen, Guido, 106 Variola major focus on at Zagorsk, 102 Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis virus creation of live vaccine, 53 Vilnius Experimental Enzyme Plant, 193, 196
268 INDEX Vilnius Experimental-Industrial Factory of Enzyme Preparations transfer to Biopreparat, 54 Vinogradov, Dmitrii Vladimirovich, 137 Vinogradov-Volzhinskii, Dmitrii Vladimirovich appointed director of VNII PM, 87 appointed head of MNTS Special Department, 43 dismissed as director of VNII PM, 91 as head of MNTS secretariat, 241 Vitamins Vitamin В12,14 Yoshkar-Ola Vitamin Factory, 65 Vizunov, Sergei, 109 Vlasko, Lev Georgievich, 58 VNIIbakprepamt, see All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Microbial Pesticides and Bacterial Preparations VNIIbiotekhnolojjfii, see All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Biotechnology VNIĮgenetika, see All-Union ScientificResearch Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms VNII PM, see All-Union ScientificResearch Institute of Applied Microbiology Volkov, Vladimir Yakovlevich, 179 Volkovoi, Konstantin Ivanovich, 90 Vorob’ev, Anatolii Andreevich appointment to Biopreparat, 53, 54 award of USSR State Prize, 135 research for the USSR Ministry of Defence, 52 role at Omutninsk Chemical Factory, 134 Vorob’ev, Anatolii Vorob’ev focus on Lithuania, 194 Vostochnyi location of the Omutninsk Chemical Plant, 74 Votyakov, Veniamin Iosifovich, 105 Vozrozhdenie Island proving ground, 59 receives anthrax strains from Lotoshino facility, 98 tests of F. tularensis bomblets, 75 Vygodchikov, Grigorii Vasil’evich, 53 Vyshnii Volochek Factory of Enzyme Preparations transfer to Biopreparat, 55 W Webber, Andy, 162 Werner Kamman Maschinenfabrik GmbH (Germany), 200 Wolfram, Jim, 204 Y Yelin, Aleksandr, 183 Yersinia pestis aerosol
vaccine against pulmonary forms, 50 Andropov authorises plague project, 34 genetic engineering of at Lyubuchany, 167 genetic engineering to alter antigenic presentation of, 4 role of Lakhta facility in weaponisation of, 115 use of EV strain in weaponisation project, 114 VNIIOchB work on antibioticresistance, 114
INDEX Z Zagorsk location of Scientific-Research Sanitary Institute, 88 Zav’yalov, Vladimir Petrovich alleged threats against, 170 appointed head of immunology institute, 166 appointed head of Obolensk lab, 164 removal as head of III, 170 Zemtsov, Valerii Kuzmich, 62 Zhdanov, Viktor Mikhailovich appointed chair of MNTS, 40 as chair of MNTS, 241 Zhukov, Sergei Leonidovich, 200 Žilinskas, Raymond, 36 Zotov, Yurii Dmitrievich, 14 Zurabov, Robert Sergeevich, 38 Zybin, Vladimir Dmitrievich, 54, 63, 65 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München J 269 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Rimmington, Anthony |
| author_GND | (DE-588)170114058 |
| author_facet | Rimmington, Anthony |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Rimmington, Anthony |
| author_variant | a r ar |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047424030 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 5920 NQ 8294 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1286859551 (DE-599)BVBBV047424030 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1974-2010 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1974-2010 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV047424030 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:57:33Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:11:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783030828813 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032826553 |
| oclc_num | 1286859551 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| physical | xv, 269 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220214 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Palgrave Macmillan |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rimmington, Anthony Verfasser (DE-588)170114058 aut The Soviet Union's invisible weapons of mass destruction Biopreparat's covert biological warfare programme Anthony Rimmington Cham, Switzerland Palgrave Macmillan [2021] © 2021 xv, 269 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1974-2010 gnd rswk-swf Biopharmazie (DE-588)4006890-0 gnd rswk-swf Biologische Waffe (DE-588)4145624-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Biologische Waffe (DE-588)4145624-5 s Biopharmazie (DE-588)4006890-0 s Geschichte 1974-2010 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-030-82882-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032826553&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032826553&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Rimmington, Anthony The Soviet Union's invisible weapons of mass destruction Biopreparat's covert biological warfare programme Biopharmazie (DE-588)4006890-0 gnd Biologische Waffe (DE-588)4145624-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006890-0 (DE-588)4145624-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | The Soviet Union's invisible weapons of mass destruction Biopreparat's covert biological warfare programme |
| title_auth | The Soviet Union's invisible weapons of mass destruction Biopreparat's covert biological warfare programme |
| title_exact_search | The Soviet Union's invisible weapons of mass destruction Biopreparat's covert biological warfare programme |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Soviet Union's invisible weapons of mass destruction Biopreparat's covert biological warfare programme |
| title_full | The Soviet Union's invisible weapons of mass destruction Biopreparat's covert biological warfare programme Anthony Rimmington |
| title_fullStr | The Soviet Union's invisible weapons of mass destruction Biopreparat's covert biological warfare programme Anthony Rimmington |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Soviet Union's invisible weapons of mass destruction Biopreparat's covert biological warfare programme Anthony Rimmington |
| title_short | The Soviet Union's invisible weapons of mass destruction |
| title_sort | the soviet union s invisible weapons of mass destruction biopreparat s covert biological warfare programme |
| title_sub | Biopreparat's covert biological warfare programme |
| topic | Biopharmazie (DE-588)4006890-0 gnd Biologische Waffe (DE-588)4145624-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biopharmazie Biologische Waffe Sowjetunion Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032826553&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032826553&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rimmingtonanthony thesovietunionsinvisibleweaponsofmassdestructionbiopreparatscovertbiologicalwarfareprogramme |