The Birsay Bay project: Volume 3 The Brough of Birsay, Orkney : investigations 1954-2014
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| Sprache: | English |
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Gloucester
Sutton
2021
Oxford ; Havertown, PA Oxbow Books 2021 |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xlii, 678 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Pläne (teilweise farbig) |
| ISBN: | 9781789256079 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The Birsay Bay project |n Volume 3 |p The Brough of Birsay, Orkney : investigations 1954-2014 |c by Christopher D. Morris |
| 264 | 1 | |a Gloucester |b Sutton |c 2021 | |
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford ; Havertown, PA |b Oxbow Books |c 2021 | |
| 300 | |a xlii, 678 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Karten, Pläne (teilweise farbig) | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents * = sections uploaded online at https://books.casematepublishers.com/The_Birsay_Bay_Project_Volume_3 . pdf List of illustrations......................................................................................................................................... xvii List of tables................................................................................................................................................... xxv Preface......................................................................................................................................................... xxvii Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................................ xxxi Part I. Background and contextfor investigations 1946-2014..................................................................... 1 1. Background by Christopher D Morris......................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Summary of previous work on the Brough of Birsay...................................................................... 2 1.2 The Brough of Birsay: Post-War discussions and proposals for further work1946-55.................. 9 1.3 The Brough of Birsay: Overview of Radford and Cruden’s excavations1956-64........................ 15 1.4 The printed accounts and archives of the 1956-64 investigations................................................ 17 2. The Birsay Bay Project and the Brough of Birsay by Christopher D
Morris......................................... 22 2.1 An outline of the project................................................................................................................ 22 2.2 Birsay in the broader context of work by the Viking and Early Settlement Archaeological Research Project (VESARP) .................................................................................................... 24 2.3 The Brough of Birsay: Overview of investigations between 1973 and 1993............................... 26 2.4 Surveying operations on the Brough of Birsay.............................................................................. 31 *2.4.1 The Guardianship Area: Excavation grid data by Fred and Gladys Bettess...................... 31 *2.4.2 The Guardianship Area site survey by Fred and Gladys Bettess ..................................... 32 2.4.3 The south-western cliff-edge survey by Fred and Gladys Bettess...................................... 32 2.5 Sampling on the Brough of Birsay: General comments by D James Rackham........................... 32 2.6 The structure and chronological terminology used in this volume............................................... 34 Part II. Area I: The church and churchyard..............................................................................................39 3. Historical background to the 1950s-1960s investigations at the church, associated buildings and churchyard on the Brough of Birsay by C A Ralegh Radford.......................................................... 40 3.1 Introduction by Christopher D
Morris.............................................................................................40 3.2 Summary and interpretation of Radford’s findings at Birsay ....................................................... 40 3.3 Summary of Radford’s views on the ‘Celtic (or Pictish) church’ and ‘Celtic monasteries’ in Orkney.................................................................................................................................... 41 3.4 Summary of Radford’s views on Birsay and the Norse church in Orkney.................................. 45 3.5 Later history.................................................................................................................................... 47 4. Investigations by Ralegh Radford and Stewart Cruden on the church compiled by Christopher D Morris..................................................................................................... 49 4.1 Summary......................................................................................................................................... 49 *4.2 Notes taken by Radford on the church building during his field visit in 1955 ............................ 51
Contents vi Summary of notes on work undertaken by Radford and Cruden in the church building area during the 1956-64 campaign .................................................................................... 51 4.4 Cruden’s commentary on the church building.............................................................................. 51 *Notes by Cruden on the church *4.5 Radford’s detailed description of the church building.................................................................. 51 4.6 Analysis and interpretation of the church building area by Radford............................................. 52 4.7 Discovery of a ‘Central Grave’ in 1937......................................................................................... 55 4.8 Radford’s discussion of the ‘Central Grave’................................................................................. 57 4.9 Radford and Cruden’s discussion of the identification of the church on the Brough of Birsay ....................................................................................................... 57 *4.3 5. Investigations by Ralegh Radford and Stewart Cruden on the buildings north of the church compiled by Christopher D Morris..................................................................................................... 59 5.1 Summary......................................................................................................................................... 59 *5.2 Radford’s notes on the buildings north of the church taken during his field visit in 1955.......... 60 *5.3 Radford’s
notes on work undertaken on the buildings north of the church during the 1956-64 campaign..........................................................................................................................60 5.4 Section S9 [1958], from Radford’s draft final report..................................................................... 60 5.5 Cruden’s commentary..................................................................................................................... 62 5.6 Radford’s draft final report: The Bishop’s Palace.......................................................................... 62 *Notes by Radford 5.7 Radford’s analysis and interpretation: The Bishop’s Palace.......................................................... 63 6. An architectural analysis of the church and related buildings on the Brough of Birsay by Richard Fawcett.............................................................................................................................66 6.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 66 6.2 Description of the church............................................................................................................... 66 6.3 The architectural context of the church.......................................................................................... 67 6.4 The buildings to the north of the church........................................................................................ 72 6.5 Overall assessment of the
buildings to the north of the church..................................................... 73 7. The graves, churchyard enclosures and notable stone monuments compiled by Christopher D Morris....................................................................................................74 7.1 Summary....................................................................................................................................... 74 *7.2 Radford’s notes on the graves and enclosures from his preliminary field visit in 1955 .............. 76 *7.3 Radford and Cruden’s notes on work undertaken on the graves and enclosures during the 1956-64 campaign................................................................................................................... 76 *7.3.1-9 Seasons 1956-1964 *7.3.10 Extracts from Radford’s notebooks for work on graves and enclosure 7.4 Radford 1955 ‘Draft of Final Report’........................................................................................... 77 * 7.4.1 The cemetery................................................................................................................... 77 * 7.4.2 The Norse cemetery......................................................................................................... 77 * 7.4.3 Norse graves.................................................................................................................... 77 * 7.4.4 Description of the enclosures.......................................................................................... 77 * 7.4.5 The Pictish
monastery..................................................................................................... 77 * 7.4.6 The cells in the northern area.......................................................................................... 77 * 7.4.7 The cemetery and the oratory.......................................................................................... 77 7.5 Radford and Cruden’s analysis of the Norse and earlier cemeteries ........................................... 77 7.6 Radford and Cruden’s observations on the Pictish symbol stone and associated graves and the Teacht’.......................................................................................................................... 81 7.7 An ogham inscription from the church with Katherine Forsyth................................................... 83 7.8 Radford and Cruden’s observations on the Birsay/Evie wooden box ......................................... 84 7.9 Radford and Cruden’s conclusions on the enclosure and graveyard............................................ 84 7.10 Runic inscriptions.......................................................................................................................... 86
Contents vii 8. Reassessment of the ‘Celtic Enclosure’ in 1981 by Christopher D Morris............................................. 90 8.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 90 8.2 Trial Trench E with Norman Emery and Michael J Rains............................................................ 94 8.2.1 Summary of sequences and phasing.................................................................................... 94 * 8.2.2 Site data............................................................................................................................ 95 * 8.2.3 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy..................................................................... 95 * 8.2.4 The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account........................................................... 95 * 8.2.5 Finds catalogue by Colleen E Batey with Claudine Freeman......................................... 95 8.2.6 The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey with Ewan N Campbell, John R Hunter and Susan A Mills..........................................................................................98 8.2.7 The biological assemblage by D James Rackham............................................................. 101 *Tables 8.2.8 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 102 8.3 Trial Trench F with Norman Emery and Michael J
Rains........................................................... 102 8.3.1 Summary of sequences and phasing................................................................................... 102 *8.3. 2 Site data.......................................................................................................................... 106 *8.3. 3 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy....................................................................106 *8.3. 4 The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account......................................................... 106 *8.3. 5 Finds catalogue by Colleen E Batey with Claudine Freeman....................................... 106 8.3.6 The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey with Susan A Mills................................ 106 8.3.7 The biological assemblage by D James Rackham.............................................................. 106 *Tables 8.3.8 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 107 8.4 Trial Trench G with Norman Emery............................................................................................ 107 8.4.1 Summary of sequences and phasing................................................................................... 107 *8.4. 2 Site data.......................................................................................................................... 109 *8.4. 3 Stratigraphical relationshipsand hierarchy..................................................................... 109 *8.4. 4
The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account......................................................... 109 *8.4. 5 Finds catalogue by Colleen E Batey with Claudine Freeman...................................... 109 8.4.6 The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey................................................................ 109 8.4.7 The biological assemblage by D James Rackham............................................................. 109 8.4.8 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 109 8.5 Trial Trench H with Norman Emery........................................................................................... 109 8.5.1 Summary of sequences and phasing................................................................................... 109 * 8.5.2 Site data.......................................................................................................................... Ill * 8.5.3 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy.................................................................... Ill * 8.5.4 The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account..........................................................Ill * 8.5.5 Finds catalogue by Colleen E Batey.............................................................................. Ill 8.5.6 The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey with John R Hunter.............................. 111 8.5.7 The biological assemblage by D James Rackham.............................................................. Ill 8.5.8
Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 112 8.6 Overall assessment with Colleen E Batey and D James Rackham............................................ 112 Part III. Area II: The buildings east of the churchyard.......................................................................... 115 9. Investigations by Radford and Cruden on the area to the east of the churchyard (‘The Viking House’) and excavations in ‘Room 5’ of the ‘Small buildings’ in 1973/4 by Christopher D Morris......................................................................................................................... 116 9.1 Introduction and background....................................................................................................... 116 9.2 Introduction to, and notes by, Cruden and Radford..................................................................... 123 9.2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 123 *9.2.2 Notes by Cruden and Radford on work undertaken 1956-64......................................... 123 9.3 Overall summary of Radford and Cruden’s excavations at Site A, east of the churchyard....... 123 9.4 Period I and earlier deposits.......................................................................................................... 124
Contents viii 9.5 Period II......................................................................................................................................... 124 9.5.1 Section S6........................................................................... 124 9.5.2 Section SIO........................................................................................................................... 125 9.5.3 ‘Sigurd’s Hall’..................................................................................................................... 125 9.6 Periodili........................................................................................................................................ 128 9.6.1 Sections Sl/2/3.................................................................................................................... 128 9.6.2 Section S4............................................................................................................................ 128 9.6.3 ‘Thorfinn’s Palace’.......................................................................................... 128 *The Early Palace [Le. ‘Thorfinn’s Palace’] by Radford (July 1955) 9.6.4 The ‘Bath House’................................................................................................................. 133 9.6.5 The ‘Boat Slip’.................................................................................................................... 133 9.6.6 Area between and to the west of the pre-War buildings VII and VIII............................... 133 9.7
PeriodIV....................................................................................................................................... 135 9.7.1 Section S5...........................................................................................................................135 9.7.2 The ‘Small Buildings’/ ‘Bishop’s Palace’...........................................................................135 *‘The Bishop’s Palace’ by Radford (June 1955) 9.7.3 Section S12......................................................................................................................... 136 9.7.4 Section S14......................................................................................................................... 136 9.8 Investigations of the ‘Small Buildings’ to the west of ‘Thorfinn’s Palace’................................ 136 9.8.1 Terrace west of ‘Thorfinn’s Hall’....................................................................................... 136 9.8.2 Room 6................................................................................................................................ 136 9.8.3 Room 4 with Katherine Forsyth..........................................................................................136 9.8.4 Trenches to the north of Room 4, and trenches outside other rooms................................ 138 9.9 Room 5 revisited 1973-4 with John R Hunter............................................................................ 138 9.9.1 Background to the 1973-4
excavations............................................................................. 138 9.9.2 Synopsis of results of 1973-4 excavations (Hunter and Morris 1982)............................. 139 9.9.3 The radiocarbon dating evidence reconsidered by Zoe Outram........................................ 140 9.9.4 Comments on the artefactual assemblage...........................................................................141 9.9.5 Additional comments on the biological assemblage by D James Rackham with Enid P Allison, Sarah Colley, Christopher D Morris and Sandra Nye........................... 142 *Room 5 1973-4 Ecofactual material tables 9.10 Summary of Area II chronology in relation to artefacts..............................................................146 10. Explorations in 1993 on the cliff-side to the south-east of the churchyard by Christopher D Morris.................................................................................................................. 151 10.1 Introduction and summary of archaeological damage assessment and brief by Historic Scotland with Kevin J Brady.......................................................................... 151 10.1.1 On-site damage.................................................................................................................. 151 10.1.2 Archaeological response....................................................................................................152 10.2 Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Kevin J Brady........................................................... 152 *10.2.1 Site
data........................................................................................................................... 152 *10.2.2 Stratigraphy.....................................................................................................................152 10.2.3 Sequences and phasing: Summary................................................................................... 152 *The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account 10.3 The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey......................................................................... 154 *10.3.1 Finds catalogue............................................................................................................... 154 10.3.2 Finds discussion................................................................................................................ 154 10.4 The biological assemblage by D James Rackham with James H Barrett and Jacqueline P Huntley......................................................................................................... 160 10.4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 160 10.4.2 Animal bone and shell...................................................................................................... 162 10.4.3 Fish bone by James H Barrett.......................................................................................... 162 *Table Ml0.1
Contents 10.5 ix 10.4.4 Charred plant remains by Jacqueline P Huntley.............................................................. 165 *Tables M10.2-M10.3 10.4.5 Summary............................................................................................................................ 166 Overall assessment of explorations on the cliff-side to the south-east of the churchyard......... 166 Part IV. Area III: The buildings west of the churchyard....................................................................... 169 11. Investigations by Radford and Cruden on the buildings to the south-west of the churchyard by Christopher D Morris.................................................................................................................. 170 11.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 170 * Radford’s notes in 1955 *11.2 Record of work undertaken 1956-64 from notes by Radford and Cruden................................. 175 *11.3 Excavations by Radford and Cruden1956-7.................................................................................175 11.4 StructureC.................................................................................................................................... 175 *Description of houses on Site C 11.5 Structure D.................................................................................................................................... 179 11.6 Radford and Cruden’s overview of the buildings and Norse houses to the
south-west of the churchyard................................................................................................................ 180 12. Area excavations 1974-80 in and around Structure N by Christopher D Morris................................. 186 12.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 186 *12.1.1 ‘Isolated Viking House X’ 12.2 Site I: Stratigraphy,phasingand structureswith Norman Emery and Michael J Rains................. 187 * 12.2.1 Site data........................................................................................................................ 187 * 12.2.2 Stratigraphical relations and hierarchy......................................................................... 187 * 12.2.3 The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account........................................................ 187 12.3 Site I: The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey with Robert Young, John R Hunter, Ronald F Tylecoteț, J Gerry McDonnell and Philip Clogg.............................................. 194 *12.3.1 Finds catalogue with Claudine Freeman.........................................................................194 12.3.2 Finds discussion................................................................................................................. 194 12.4 Site I: The biological assemblage by D James Rackham and Sandra Nye with Enid P Allison, Sarah Colley, Moira Owen and Alison Μ Donaldson...................................................... 205
*Tables M12.1-M12.6 12.5 Radiocarbon dating evidence from Sites I and III by Zoe Outram............................................ 207 12.6 Site I: Overall summary with Colleen E Batey and D James Rackham.................................... 209 13. Area excavations in 1974-5 in and around Structure L and trial excavations in 1977 on features around Structure Μ by Christopher D Morris.............................................................. 211 13.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 211 *13.1.1 Isolated Viking House L................................................................................................. 212 *13.1.2 Isolated Viking House Y................................................................................................. 212 13.2 Site II: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Norman Emery and Olwyn A Owen............. 212 1 3.2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 212 * 13.2.2 Site data........................................................................................................................ 212 * 13.2.3 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy................................................................. 212 * 13.2.4 The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account....................................................... 212 13.3 Site II: The artefactual assemblage by Claudine Freeman with Colleen E Batey and John R
Hunter............................................................................................................ 214 *13.3.1 Finds catalogue by Claudine Freeman with Colleen E Batey........................................ 214 13.3.2 Finds discussion................................................................................................................ 214 13.4 Site II: The biological assemblage by D James Rackham.......................................................... 218 *Tables M13.1-M13.3
Contents x Site III: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Norman Emery, Michael J Rains and Olwyn A Owen .......................................................................................................... 219 1 3.5.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 219 * 13.5.2 Site data........................................................................................................................ 219 * 13.5.3 Stratigraphical relationships andhierarchy...................................................................219 * 13.5.4 The stratigraphical sequence: Connectedaccount.........................................................221 13.6 Site III: The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey with Robert Young, John R Hunter, Ewan N Campbell, D James Rackham, Susan A Mills and J Gerry McDonnell............ 221 *13.6.1 Site III: Finds catalogue by Claudine Freeman with Colleen E Batey.......................... 221 *13.6.2 Finds discussion.............................................................................................................. 221 13.7 Site III: The biological assemblage by D James Rackham with Enid P Allison, Sarah Colley, Sandra Nye, Alison Μ Donaldson and Moira Owen................................. 233 *Tables M13.4-M13.8 13.8 Trial Trench A with Olwyn A Owen.............................................................................................236 13.8.1
Introduction...................................................................................................................... 236 * 13.8.2 Site data........................................................................................................................237 * 13.8.3 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy................................................................. 238 * 13.8.4 The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account....................................................... 238 13.9 Trial Trench B: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Olwyn A Owen.................................238 13.9.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 238 * 13.9.2 Site data....................................................................................................................... 239 * 13.9.3 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy................................................................. 239 * 13.9.4 The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account....................................................... 239 13.10 Trial Trench B: The artefactual assemblage by Claudine Freeman and Colleen E Batey........... 239 *13.10.1 Finds catalogue by Claudine Freeman and Olwyn A Owen........................................ 239 13.10.2 Finds discussion.............................................................................................................. 239 13.11 Trial Trench C: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Olwyn A
Owen................................. 239 1 3.11.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 239 * 13.11.2 Site data..................................................................................................................... 241 * 13.11.3 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy............................................................... 241 * 13.11.4 The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account..................................................... 241 13.12 Trial Trench C: The artefactual assemblage..................................................................................241 *13.12.1 Finds catalogue by Claudine Freeman with Olwyn A Owen...................................... 241 13.12.2 Finds discussion by Colleen E Batey with Ewan N Campbell..................................... 241 13.13 Trial Trench C: The biological assemblage by D James Rackham with Sandra Nye................. 242 *Table Ml3.9 13.14 Overall assessment with Colleen E. Batey, Zoe Outram and D James Rackham....................... 242 13.5 14. Area excavations in 1976—80 in and around Structure E to the west of the churchyard by Christopher D Morris.................................................................................................................. 246 14.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 246 14.1.1 Work by Richardson
andHenderson.................................................................................. 246 14.1.2 Work by Radfordand Cruden............................................................................................ 246 * ‘Isolated House E’ 14.1.3 Work in the 1974-81 campaign........................................................................................ 246 *Site Data. Location, site grid and co-ordinates 14.1.4 Sampling and sample processing on Site IV South by D James Rackham..................... 246 14.2 Site IV South: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Nicholas F Pearson........................... 249 14.2.1 Process............................................................................................................................ 249 *Listing of contexts by episode 14.2.2 Phasing............................................................................................................................ 251 *The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account
Contents xi Site IV South: The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey with Donal Bateson, Olwyn A Owen, Christopher D Morris, J Gerry McDonnell, Katherine Forsyth, Robert Young, Ewan N Campbell and Susan A Mills..................................................... 263 14.3.1 Metals with Donal Bateson, Olwyn A Owen, Christopher D Morris and J Gerry McDonnell........................................................................................................... 263 *Finds catalogue: Metals sheets 1 and 2 by Colleen E Batey industrial debris by Colleen E Batey 14.3.2 Stone with Christopher D Morris, Katherine Forsyth and Robert Young....................... 274 *Finds catalogue: Non-metals by Colleen E Batey 14.3.3 Pumice............................................................................................................................... 280 14.3.4 Amber................................................................................................................................ 280 14.3.5 Glass by Ewan N Campbell...............................................................................................280 14.3.6 Ceramic with Susan A Mills..............................................................................................281 14.3.7 Bone and antler.................................................................................................................. 281 14.3.8 Modem material................................................................................................................ 282 14.3.9 Discussion of Site IV South finds by
phase..................................................................... 282 14.4 Site IV South: The biological assemblage by D James Rackham with Sarah Colley, Alison Μ Donaldson and Sandra Nye............................................................................... 284 14.4.1 Animal bone and shell.......................................................................................................284 *TableM14.1 14.4.2 Fish bone with Sarah Colley............................................................................................ 287 *Table M14.2-14.3 14.4.3 Charred plant remains with Alison Μ Donaldson and Sandra Nye................................ 288 14.4.4 Charcoal remains with Alison Μ Donaldson and Sandra Nye....................................... 289 14.5 Radiocarbon dating evidence from Site IV South by Zoe Outram............................................ 291 14.6 Overall assessment of excavations on and around Structure E................................................. 294 14.3 15. Area excavations in 1977-81 in and around Structures ‘S’ and В to the west and north-west of the churchyard and re-assessment of the dating of Structures F, P and R to the north by Christopher D Morris................................................................................................................ 297 15.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 297 15.1.1 Work by Richardsonand
Henderson.................................................................................. 297 15.1.2 Work by Radford and Cruden........................................................................................... 299 * Isolated Houses В and F 15.1.3 Work in the 1974-81 campaign........................................................................................ 301 * Site data. Location, site grid and co-ordinates 15.2 Site IV North: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Magnar Dalland, Olwyn A Owen and Michael J Rains......................................................................................................... 303 15.2.1 Introduction and background........................................................................................... 303 *15.2.2 Listing of the contexts by episode.................................................................................. 309 15.2.3 Site IV North: Episodes and phases................................................................................. 309 *The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account 15.3 Site IV North: The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey with Robert B K Stevensont, Donal Bateson, J Gerry McDonnell and Robert Young.................................................... 315 15.3.1 Metals with Robert В К Stevenson, Donal Bateson and J Gerry McDonnell................. 315 *Finds Catalogue: Metals Sheets 1 and 2 by Colleen E Batey *Ironworking debris by Colleen E Batey 15.3.2 Stone with Robert
Young.................................................................................................. 333 *Finds catalogue: Non-metals by Colleen E Batey 15.3.3 Jet....................................................................................................................................... 341 15.3.4 Pumice............................................................................................................................... 341 15.3.5 Glass.................................................................................................................................. 341 15.3.6 Ceramic with Susan A Mills............................................................................................. 341
Contents xii 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.3.7 Burnt clay......................................................................................................................... 341 15.3.8 Bone and antler................................................................................................................. 341 15.3.9 Discussion of Site IV North finds by phase..................................................................... 343 Site IV North: The biological assemblage by D James Rackham.............................................. 347 15.4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 347 15.4.2 Sampling and sample processing..................................................................................... 347 15.4.3 Animal bone and shell...................................................................................................... 348 15.4.4 Fish bone with Sarah Colley............................................................................................ 351 15.4.5 Charred plant remains with Alison Μ Donaldson andSandra Nye.................................. 351 15.4.6 Charcoal remains with Alison Μ Donaldson and SandraNye......................................... 352 Radiocarbon dating evidence from Site IV North by Zoe Outram............................................ 356 Overall assessment of excavations on and around Structures ‘S’ and В................................... 356 Hunter ’s campaign on Site
VII................................................................................................... 358 Re-assessment of the radiocarbon dating evidence from Site VII by Zoe Outram................... 358 15.8.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 358 15.8.2 Analysis of the data.......................................................................................................... 361 15.8.3 Conclusion........................................................................................................................ 366 16. Specialist studies relating to Area III..................................................................................................... 367 16.1 The decorated gilded copper alloy mount by Olwyn A Owen.................................................... 367 16.1.1 Description........................................................................................................................ 367 16.1.2 Archaeological context by Christopher D Morris............................................................ 367 16.1.3 The ornament.................................................................................................................... 368 16.1.4 The bosses........................................................................................................................ 370 16.1.5 Evidence of attachment.................................................................................................... 370 16.1.6 Manufacturing
method..................................................................................................... 370 16.1.7 Discussion......................................................................................................................... 371 16.2 Ogham inscriptions from the Brough of Birsay by Katherine Forsyth....................................... 374 16.2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 374 16.2.2 Description........................................................................................................................ 376 16.2.3 Discussion......................................................................................................................... 384 Part V. The south-western cliff-side area.................................................................................................. 389 17. Survey and trial investigations 1979 and re-assessment of the dating of Sites VIII and IX by Christopher D Morris.............................................................................................................. 390 17.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................. 390 17.2 Survey of coastal sites to the south and south-west of the Guardianship Area: Catalogue of sites by Norman Emery with Christopher D Morris and Kenneth A Steedman..................... 394 17.3 Radiocarbon dating evidence from Site VIII by Zoe
Outram.................................................... 399 17.4 Radiocarbon dating evidence from Site IX by Zoe Outram...................................................... 400 17.5 Trial Trench D: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Colleen E Batey, Michael J Rains and Μ Drake Patten.......................................................................................................... 401 * 17.5.1 Site data....................................................................................................................... 401 * 17.5.2 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy................................................................. 401 * 17.5.3 The stratigraphicsequence........................................................................................... 401 17.6 Trial Trench D: The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey............................................... 402 *17.6.1 Finds catalogue with Μ Drake Patten............................................................................ 402 17.6.2 Finds discussion with Robert Young and John R Hunter................................................. 402 17.7 Trial Trench D: The biological assemblage by D James Rackham with Sarah Colley and Sandra Nye................................................................................................................. 404 17.8 Site VI: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Bryan A P Alvey..........................................405 *17.8.1 Site
data..........................................................................................................................406 *17.8.2 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy................................................................... 406
Contents xiii *17.8.3 The stratigraphic sequence............................................................................................. 408 Site VI: The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey........................................................... 419 *17.9.1 Finds catalogue with Claudine Freeman....................................................................... 419 17.9.2 Finds discussion.................................................................................................................419 17.10 Site VI: The biological assemblage by D James Rackham with Sandra Nye and Moira Owen................................................................................................................ 419 *Tables M17.1—M17.2 17.11 Implications from survey and geophysical survey work in the south-western cliff-side area....419 17.12 Overall assessment of building and settlement evidence: The ‘landward’ side.......................... 420 17.9 18. Investigations on the Peerie Brough 1979-81 by Christopher D Morris.............................................. 422 18.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 422 18.2 Site V: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures by Bryan A P Alvey with Christopher D Morris ..423 * 18.2.1 Site data........................................................................................................................ 423 * 18.2.2 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy and list of layers by phase...................... 423 *
18.2.3 Stratigraphical sequences and connected accounts..................................................... 423 18.3 Site V: The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey.............................................................. 439 *18.3.1 Finds catalogue................................................................................................................439 18.3.2 Finds discussion.................................................................................................................439 18.4 Site V: The biological assemblage by D James Rackham with Sandra Nye, Enid P Allison, Sarah Colley and Moira Owen.......................................................................................... 452 *Tables M18.1-M18.5 18.5 Overall assessment of building and settlement evidence: The Peerie Brough........................... 455 18.5.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 455 18.5.2 Early occupation................................................................................................................ 455 18.5.3 The large building: Walls andconstruction........................................................................455 18.5.4 The large building: Occupationand modifications............................................................456 18.5.5 Areas beyond the building................................................................................................. 457 18.5.6 Post-
occupation................................................................................................................. 457 18.5.7 Conclusion......................................................................................................................... 457 18.6 Implications from the artefactual and ecofactual evidence for the south-western area overall with Colleen E Batey and D James Rackham................................................................... 457 Part VI. Economy, landscape and analysis............................................................................................... 461 19. The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey.................................................................................... 461 19.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 461 19.2 Area I: The church and churchyard.............................................................................................461 19.2.1 Artefactual recovery from earlier excavations by Christopher D Morris........................ 461 19.2.2 Artefactual material from the trial excavations in 1981 .................................................. 463 19.3 Area II: Buildings east of the churchyard and cliff-side south-east of the churchyard.............. 464 19.3.1 Artefactual recovery from earlier excavations by Christopher D Morris........................ 464 19.3.2 Artefacts from the 1973-4 and 1993 investigations by Christopher D Morris and Colleen E
Batey............................................................................................................. 464 19.4 Area III: Buildings to the west of the churchyard...................................................................... 465 19.4.1 Artefactual recovery from earlier excavations in and around Structures C, D and G by Christopher D Morris........................................................................................ 465 19.4.2 Artefactual material from the 1974-81 campaign around Structures L, Μ and N (Sites I-III, Trial Trenches A-C).......................................................................................... 466 19.4.3 Artefactual recovery from earlier excavations in and around Structures E, ‘S’ and В by Christopher D Morris............................................................................................ 467 19.4.4 Artefactual material from the 1974-81 campaign in and around Structure E (Site IV South) with J Gerry McDonnell.............................................................................468
xiv Contents 19.4.5 Artefactual material from the 1974-81 campaign in and around Structures ‘S’ and В (Site IV North) with J Gerry McDonnell................................................................... 470 19.5 Artefactual recovery from the 1979-81 campaign on the south-western cliff-side area: Investigations on Trial Trench D, and Sites V and VI...................................................... 471 19.6 Artefactual perspectives across the Brough of Birsay.................................................................473 19.6.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 473 19.6.2 Industrial iron working by J Gerry McDonnell with Colleen E Batey............................ 473 19.6.3 Copper alloy...................................................................................................................... 474 19.6.4 Bone and antler with Christopher D Morris.................................................................... 474 19.6.5 Steatite............................................................................................................................... 475 19.6.6 Precious metals.................................................................................................................. 475 19.7 The Brough of Birsay: Local context...........................................................................................475 19.8 Artefacts and site
status................................................................................................................476 20. The biological assemblage by Christopher D Morris based on work by D James Rackham with others....................................................................................................479 20.1 The development of sampling procedures on the Birsay Bay and VESARP projects.............. 479 20.2 Environmental studies and sampling on the Brough.................................................................. 480 20.3 Area I: The church and churchyard............................................................................................. 481 20.3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 481 20.3.2 Biological material from the trial excavations in 1991.................................................... 481 20.4 Area II: Buildings east of the churchyard and cliff-side south-east of the churchyard............. 481 20.4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 481 20.4.2 Biological material from the 1973—4 and 1993 investigations........................................ 482 20.5 Area III: Buildings to the west of the churchyard...................................................................... 482 20.5.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 482 20.5.2 Biological material from the
1974-81 campaign around Structures L, Μ and N (Sites I-III, Trial Trenches A-C)....................................................................................... 482 20.5.3 Biological material from the 1974-81 campaign in and around Structure E (Site IV South).....................................................................................................................483 20.5.4 Biological material from the 1974-81 campaign in and around Structures ‘S’ and В (Site IV North)......................................................................................................................... 483 20.6 Biological material from the 1979-81 campaign on the south-western cliff-side area: Investigations on Trial Trench D and Sites V and VI ..................................................... 484 20.7 Archaeological perspectives across excavated areas on the Brough as a whole........................ 484 20.7.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 484 20.7.2 Domestic and wild animals with Bruce J Lamden........................................................... 485 20.7.3 Birds with Enid P Allison.................................................................................................486 20.7.4 Fish with James H Barrett and Sarah P Colley................................................................ 487 20.7.5 Marine molluscs with Moira Owen.................................................................................. 488 20.7.6 Botanical remains with Alison Μ
Donaldson, Jacqueline P Huntley and Sandra Nye ...488 20.8 The Brough of Birsay: Local context.......................................................................................... 490 20.8.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 490 20.8.2 Domesticated mammals.................................................................................................... 491 20.8.3 Wild animals and hunting................................................................................................. 494 20.8.4 Small mammals and rodents............................................................................................ 495 20.8.5 Bone- and antler-working................................................................................................. 496 20.8.6 Birds and fowling............................................................................................................. 496 20.8.7 Marine resources.............................................................................................................. 497 20.8.8 Charred plant remains...................................................................................................... 500 20.8.9 Charcoal remains.............................................................................................................. 501
Contents XV 21. Geophysical prospection 2007 on the Brough of Birsay by Susan Övenden and David W Griffiths .....................................................................................................................502 21.1 Background by Christopher D Morris......................................................................................... 502 21.2 Introduction to survey.................................................................................................................. 502 *21.2.1 Methodology *21.2.2 Archive plots: Raw data 21.3 Results of gradiometer survey..................................................................................................... 504 21.4 Results of resistance survey........................................................................................................ 507 21.5 Conclusions.................................................................................................................................. 510 22. Overall re-assessment of radiocarbon dates from Birsay by Zoe Outram............................................. 511 22.1 Introduction by Christopher D Morris.......................................................................................... 511 22.2 The overall radiocarbon dating evidence from Morris’s excavations on the Brough of Birsay.................................................................................................................... 511 22.2.1 General introduction tothe dates....................................................................................... 511
22.2.2 The sequences of dates...................................................................................................... 511 22.2.3 Conclusion: The overall chronology of Room 5, Sites I, III, IV South and North........ 512 22.3 The overall radiocarbon dating evidence from Hunter’s excavations on the Brough of Birsay.................................................................................................................... 513 22.3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 513 22.3.2 The overall chronology...................................................................................................... 513 22.4 The radiocarbon dating evidence presented in The Birsay Bay Project Volume 1..................... 514 22.4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 514 22.4.2 The sequences of dates: The Point of Buckquoy............................................................ 514 22.4.3 The sequences of dates: Red Craig................................................................................. 516 22.4.4 The sequences of dates: Area south of Red Craig.......................................................... 517 22.4.5 Conclusion......................................................................................................................... 523 22.5 The radiocarbon dating evidence presented in The Birsay Bay Project Volume 2..................... 524 22.5.1
Introduction....................................................................................................................... 524 22.5.2 The sequences of dates: St Magnus’ Kirk, Birsay.......................................................... 524 22.5.3 The sequences of dates: Beachview, Burnside................................................................ 524 22.5.4 The sequences of dates: The ‘Studio Site’.......................................................................525 22.5.5 Conclusion......................................................................................................................... 528 23. Birsay Bay landscape geophysical surveys, 2003-6 by David W Griffiths with Susan Övenden....... 533 23.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 533 23.2 Surveys on the Point of Buckquoy, 2003-5................................................................................. 535 23.3 Birsay Links survey, 2006.............................................................................................................538 23.4 Conclusion..................................................................................................................................... 540 Part VII. Drawing the threads together....................................................................................................543 24. The Brough of Birsay and Birsay Bay in retrospect by Christopher D Morris..................................... 544 24.1 Overview
and implications of 150 years of research on the Brough of Birsay from 1866 to 2016............................................................................................................................... 544 24.2 The wider context in Birsay Bay................................................................................................. 546 24.3 Discussion of dating evidence based on radiocarbon dates from sites around Birsay Bay by Zoe Outram............................................................................................................................. 549 24.3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 549 24.3.2 The Bronze Age................................................................................................................. 549 24.3.3 The Iron Age...................................................................................................................... 552 24.3.4 The Pictish-Viking ‘interface’........ .................................................................................. 559 24.3.5 Viking-Late Norse............................................................................................................. 560 24.3.6 Conclusion......................................................................................................................... 563
Contents xvi 24.4 The dating and chronology of sites on the Brough of Birsay..................................................... 563 24.4.1 Prehistory-early Pictish period.........................................................................................563 24.4.2 Later Pictish period........................................................................................................... 565 24.4.3 The Pictish-Viking ‘interface’ period.............................................................................. 568 24.4.4 The Viking period..............................................................................................................570 24.4.5 The Late Norse period...................................................................................................... 573 24.4.6 The Brough after the Norse: Medieval and later............................................................. 575 24.5 Interpretation of the Brough in the context of the Bay as a whole............................................. 576 24.5.1 Religious and funerary evidence...................................................................................... 576 24.5.2 Buildings and settlement.................................................................................................. 579 24.5.3 Craft and industry............................................................................................................. 582 24.5.4 Economy and environment............................................................................................... 585 25. An overview and final
assessment by Christopher D Morris................................................................ 589 25.1 The history of the Birsay Bay Project: Reflections.................................................................... 589 25.2 The main contributions of the Birsay Bay project..................................................................... 593 25.2.1 The widened context for the Brough of Birsay.................................................................593 25.2.2 The increase in range and dates of sites uncovered in Birsay Bay.................................. 594 25.2.3 The introduction of rigorous technical methodology and the upgrade of research potential through the use of environmental archaeology and geophysical techniques...... 595 25.2.4 Radiocarbon dating............................................................................................................597 25.2.5 From the Birsay Bay Project to VESARP......................................................................... 597 25.3 Birsay, Orkney and the wider world............................................................................................ 599 25.4 Concluding remarks...................................................................................................................... 609 Coda.............................................................................................................................................. 611 Appendices
....................................................................................................................................................615 1 Summary of the radiocarbon dating evidence produced from Sites I, III, IV North, IV South and Room 5 from the excavations carried out on the Brough of Birsay 1973-1981 by Zoe Outram........................................................................................................... 616 2 Re-calibrated radiocarbon dates from excavations on Brough of Birsay by John Hunter (from Hunter 1986, Table 2) by Zoe Outram............................................................ 618 3 Re-calibrated radiocarbon dates from The Birsay Bay Project Volume 1 (1989) by Zoe Outram.......................................................................................................... 620 4 Re-calibrated radiocarbon dates from The Birsay Bay Project Volume 2 (1996) by Zoe Outram.......................................................................................................... 621 5 Re-calibrated radiocarbon dates from Buckquoy (Ritchie 1977; Brundle, Lorimer and Ritchie 2003; Barrett 2003) by Zoe Outram...................................................... 622 6 Re-calibrated radiocarbon dates from Saevar Howe (Stenhouse and Hedges 1983) by Zoe Outram...........................................................................................................623 7 Radiocarbon dating at Birsay: Sampled material and methodology by Zoe Outram................. 624 8 Slag classification by J Gerry
McDonnell.................................................................................... 628 9 References to Scottish oghams mentioned in text by Katherine Forsyth.................................... 629 10 Species list (English and Latin names for the species) of plant and animal remains identified at the Brough of Birsay by D James Rackham with Christopher D Morris............ 630 Bibliography.................................................................................................................................................. 633 1 Primary sources.......................................................................................................................... 633 2 Secondary sources.......................................................................................................................635 Index 655
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Contents * = sections uploaded online at https://books.casematepublishers.com/The_Birsay_Bay_Project_Volume_3 . pdf List of illustrations. xvii List of tables. xxv Preface. xxvii Acknowledgements. xxxi Part I. Background and contextfor investigations 1946-2014. 1 1. Background by Christopher D Morris. 2 1.1 Summary of previous work on the Brough of Birsay. 2 1.2 The Brough of Birsay: Post-War discussions and proposals for further work1946-55. 9 1.3 The Brough of Birsay: Overview of Radford and Cruden’s excavations1956-64. 15 1.4 The printed accounts and archives of the 1956-64 investigations. 17 2. The Birsay Bay Project and the Brough of Birsay by Christopher D
Morris. 22 2.1 An outline of the project. 22 2.2 Birsay in the broader context of work by the Viking and Early Settlement Archaeological Research Project (VESARP) . 24 2.3 The Brough of Birsay: Overview of investigations between 1973 and 1993. 26 2.4 Surveying operations on the Brough of Birsay. 31 *2.4.1 The Guardianship Area: Excavation grid data by Fred and Gladys Bettess. 31 *2.4.2 The Guardianship Area site survey by Fred and Gladys Bettess . 32 2.4.3 The south-western cliff-edge survey by Fred and Gladys Bettess. 32 2.5 Sampling on the Brough of Birsay: General comments by D James Rackham. 32 2.6 The structure and chronological terminology used in this volume. 34 Part II. Area I: The church and churchyard.39 3. Historical background to the 1950s-1960s investigations at the church, associated buildings and churchyard on the Brough of Birsay by C A Ralegh Radford. 40 3.1 Introduction by Christopher D
Morris.40 3.2 Summary and interpretation of Radford’s findings at Birsay . 40 3.3 Summary of Radford’s views on the ‘Celtic (or Pictish) church’ and ‘Celtic monasteries’ in Orkney. 41 3.4 Summary of Radford’s views on Birsay and the Norse church in Orkney. 45 3.5 Later history. 47 4. Investigations by Ralegh Radford and Stewart Cruden on the church compiled by Christopher D Morris. 49 4.1 Summary. 49 *4.2 Notes taken by Radford on the church building during his field visit in 1955 . 51
Contents vi Summary of notes on work undertaken by Radford and Cruden in the church building area during the 1956-64 campaign . 51 4.4 Cruden’s commentary on the church building. 51 *Notes by Cruden on the church *4.5 Radford’s detailed description of the church building. 51 4.6 Analysis and interpretation of the church building area by Radford. 52 4.7 Discovery of a ‘Central Grave’ in 1937. 55 4.8 Radford’s discussion of the ‘Central Grave’. 57 4.9 Radford and Cruden’s discussion of the identification of the church on the Brough of Birsay . 57 *4.3 5. Investigations by Ralegh Radford and Stewart Cruden on the buildings north of the church compiled by Christopher D Morris. 59 5.1 Summary. 59 *5.2 Radford’s notes on the buildings north of the church taken during his field visit in 1955. 60 *5.3 Radford’s
notes on work undertaken on the buildings north of the church during the 1956-64 campaign.60 5.4 Section S9 [1958], from Radford’s draft final report. 60 5.5 Cruden’s commentary. 62 5.6 Radford’s draft final report: The Bishop’s Palace. 62 *Notes by Radford 5.7 Radford’s analysis and interpretation: The Bishop’s Palace. 63 6. An architectural analysis of the church and related buildings on the Brough of Birsay by Richard Fawcett.66 6.1 Introduction. 66 6.2 Description of the church. 66 6.3 The architectural context of the church. 67 6.4 The buildings to the north of the church. 72 6.5 Overall assessment of the
buildings to the north of the church. 73 7. The graves, churchyard enclosures and notable stone monuments compiled by Christopher D Morris.74 7.1 Summary. 74 *7.2 Radford’s notes on the graves and enclosures from his preliminary field visit in 1955 . 76 *7.3 Radford and Cruden’s notes on work undertaken on the graves and enclosures during the 1956-64 campaign. 76 *7.3.1-9 Seasons 1956-1964 *7.3.10 Extracts from Radford’s notebooks for work on graves and enclosure 7.4 Radford 1955 ‘Draft of Final Report’. 77 * 7.4.1 The cemetery. 77 * 7.4.2 The Norse cemetery. 77 * 7.4.3 Norse graves. 77 * 7.4.4 Description of the enclosures. 77 * 7.4.5 The Pictish
monastery. 77 * 7.4.6 The cells in the northern area. 77 * 7.4.7 The cemetery and the oratory. 77 7.5 Radford and Cruden’s analysis of the Norse and earlier cemeteries . 77 7.6 Radford and Cruden’s observations on the Pictish symbol stone and associated graves and the Teacht’. 81 7.7 An ogham inscription from the church with Katherine Forsyth. 83 7.8 Radford and Cruden’s observations on the Birsay/Evie wooden box . 84 7.9 Radford and Cruden’s conclusions on the enclosure and graveyard. 84 7.10 Runic inscriptions. 86
Contents vii 8. Reassessment of the ‘Celtic Enclosure’ in 1981 by Christopher D Morris. 90 8.1 Introduction. 90 8.2 Trial Trench E with Norman Emery and Michael J Rains. 94 8.2.1 Summary of sequences and phasing. 94 * 8.2.2 Site data. 95 * 8.2.3 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy. 95 * 8.2.4 The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account. 95 * 8.2.5 Finds catalogue by Colleen E Batey with Claudine Freeman. 95 8.2.6 The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey with Ewan N Campbell, John R Hunter and Susan A Mills.98 8.2.7 The biological assemblage by D James Rackham. 101 *Tables 8.2.8 Conclusion. 102 8.3 Trial Trench F with Norman Emery and Michael J
Rains. 102 8.3.1 Summary of sequences and phasing. 102 *8.3. 2 Site data. 106 *8.3. 3 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy.106 *8.3. 4 The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account. 106 *8.3. 5 Finds catalogue by Colleen E Batey with Claudine Freeman. 106 8.3.6 The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey with Susan A Mills. 106 8.3.7 The biological assemblage by D James Rackham. 106 *Tables 8.3.8 Conclusion. 107 8.4 Trial Trench G with Norman Emery. 107 8.4.1 Summary of sequences and phasing. 107 *8.4. 2 Site data. 109 *8.4. 3 Stratigraphical relationshipsand hierarchy. 109 *8.4. 4
The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account. 109 *8.4. 5 Finds catalogue by Colleen E Batey with Claudine Freeman. 109 8.4.6 The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey. 109 8.4.7 The biological assemblage by D James Rackham. 109 8.4.8 Conclusion. 109 8.5 Trial Trench H with Norman Emery. 109 8.5.1 Summary of sequences and phasing. 109 * 8.5.2 Site data. Ill * 8.5.3 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy. Ill * 8.5.4 The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account.Ill * 8.5.5 Finds catalogue by Colleen E Batey. Ill 8.5.6 The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey with John R Hunter. 111 8.5.7 The biological assemblage by D James Rackham. Ill 8.5.8
Conclusion. 112 8.6 Overall assessment with Colleen E Batey and D James Rackham. 112 Part III. Area II: The buildings east of the churchyard. 115 9. Investigations by Radford and Cruden on the area to the east of the churchyard (‘The Viking House’) and excavations in ‘Room 5’ of the ‘Small buildings’ in 1973/4 by Christopher D Morris. 116 9.1 Introduction and background. 116 9.2 Introduction to, and notes by, Cruden and Radford. 123 9.2.1 Introduction. 123 *9.2.2 Notes by Cruden and Radford on work undertaken 1956-64. 123 9.3 Overall summary of Radford and Cruden’s excavations at Site A, east of the churchyard. 123 9.4 Period I and earlier deposits. 124
Contents viii 9.5 Period II. 124 9.5.1 Section S6. 124 9.5.2 Section SIO. 125 9.5.3 ‘Sigurd’s Hall’. 125 9.6 Periodili. 128 9.6.1 Sections Sl/2/3. 128 9.6.2 Section S4. 128 9.6.3 ‘Thorfinn’s Palace’. 128 *The Early Palace [Le. ‘Thorfinn’s Palace’] by Radford (July 1955) 9.6.4 The ‘Bath House’. 133 9.6.5 The ‘Boat Slip’. 133 9.6.6 Area between and to the west of the pre-War buildings VII and VIII. 133 9.7
PeriodIV. 135 9.7.1 Section S5.135 9.7.2 The ‘Small Buildings’/ ‘Bishop’s Palace’.135 *‘The Bishop’s Palace’ by Radford (June 1955) 9.7.3 Section S12. 136 9.7.4 Section S14. 136 9.8 Investigations of the ‘Small Buildings’ to the west of ‘Thorfinn’s Palace’. 136 9.8.1 Terrace west of ‘Thorfinn’s Hall’. 136 9.8.2 Room 6. 136 9.8.3 Room 4 with Katherine Forsyth.136 9.8.4 Trenches to the north of Room 4, and trenches outside other rooms. 138 9.9 Room 5 revisited 1973-4 with John R Hunter. 138 9.9.1 Background to the 1973-4
excavations. 138 9.9.2 Synopsis of results of 1973-4 excavations (Hunter and Morris 1982). 139 9.9.3 The radiocarbon dating evidence reconsidered by Zoe Outram. 140 9.9.4 Comments on the artefactual assemblage.141 9.9.5 Additional comments on the biological assemblage by D James Rackham with Enid P Allison, Sarah Colley, Christopher D Morris and Sandra Nye. 142 *Room 5 1973-4 Ecofactual material tables 9.10 Summary of Area II chronology in relation to artefacts.146 10. Explorations in 1993 on the cliff-side to the south-east of the churchyard by Christopher D Morris. 151 10.1 Introduction and summary of archaeological damage assessment and brief by Historic Scotland with Kevin J Brady. 151 10.1.1 On-site damage. 151 10.1.2 Archaeological response.152 10.2 Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Kevin J Brady. 152 *10.2.1 Site
data. 152 *10.2.2 Stratigraphy.152 10.2.3 Sequences and phasing: Summary. 152 *The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account 10.3 The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey. 154 *10.3.1 Finds catalogue. 154 10.3.2 Finds discussion. 154 10.4 The biological assemblage by D James Rackham with James H Barrett and Jacqueline P Huntley. 160 10.4.1 Introduction. 160 10.4.2 Animal bone and shell. 162 10.4.3 Fish bone by James H Barrett. 162 *Table Ml0.1
Contents 10.5 ix 10.4.4 Charred plant remains by Jacqueline P Huntley. 165 *Tables M10.2-M10.3 10.4.5 Summary. 166 Overall assessment of explorations on the cliff-side to the south-east of the churchyard. 166 Part IV. Area III: The buildings west of the churchyard. 169 11. Investigations by Radford and Cruden on the buildings to the south-west of the churchyard by Christopher D Morris. 170 11.1 Introduction . 170 * Radford’s notes in 1955 *11.2 Record of work undertaken 1956-64 from notes by Radford and Cruden. 175 *11.3 Excavations by Radford and Cruden1956-7.175 11.4 StructureC. 175 *Description of houses on Site C 11.5 Structure D. 179 11.6 Radford and Cruden’s overview of the buildings and Norse houses to the
south-west of the churchyard. 180 12. Area excavations 1974-80 in and around Structure N by Christopher D Morris. 186 12.1 Introduction. 186 *12.1.1 ‘Isolated Viking House X’ 12.2 Site I: Stratigraphy,phasingand structureswith Norman Emery and Michael J Rains. 187 * 12.2.1 Site data. 187 * 12.2.2 Stratigraphical relations and hierarchy. 187 * 12.2.3 The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account. 187 12.3 Site I: The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey with Robert Young, John R Hunter, Ronald F Tylecoteț, J Gerry McDonnell and Philip Clogg. 194 *12.3.1 Finds catalogue with Claudine Freeman.194 12.3.2 Finds discussion. 194 12.4 Site I: The biological assemblage by D James Rackham and Sandra Nye with Enid P Allison, Sarah Colley, Moira Owen and Alison Μ Donaldson. 205
*Tables M12.1-M12.6 12.5 Radiocarbon dating evidence from Sites I and III by Zoe Outram. 207 12.6 Site I: Overall summary with Colleen E Batey and D James Rackham. 209 13. Area excavations in 1974-5 in and around Structure L and trial excavations in 1977 on features around Structure Μ by Christopher D Morris. 211 13.1 Introduction. 211 *13.1.1 Isolated Viking House L. 212 *13.1.2 Isolated Viking House Y. 212 13.2 Site II: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Norman Emery and Olwyn A Owen. 212 1 3.2.1 Introduction. 212 * 13.2.2 Site data. 212 * 13.2.3 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy. 212 * 13.2.4 The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account. 212 13.3 Site II: The artefactual assemblage by Claudine Freeman with Colleen E Batey and John R
Hunter. 214 *13.3.1 Finds catalogue by Claudine Freeman with Colleen E Batey. 214 13.3.2 Finds discussion. 214 13.4 Site II: The biological assemblage by D James Rackham. 218 *Tables M13.1-M13.3
Contents x Site III: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Norman Emery, Michael J Rains and Olwyn A Owen . 219 1 3.5.1 Introduction. 219 * 13.5.2 Site data. 219 * 13.5.3 Stratigraphical relationships andhierarchy.219 * 13.5.4 The stratigraphical sequence: Connectedaccount.221 13.6 Site III: The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey with Robert Young, John R Hunter, Ewan N Campbell, D James Rackham, Susan A Mills and J Gerry McDonnell. 221 *13.6.1 Site III: Finds catalogue by Claudine Freeman with Colleen E Batey. 221 *13.6.2 Finds discussion. 221 13.7 Site III: The biological assemblage by D James Rackham with Enid P Allison, Sarah Colley, Sandra Nye, Alison Μ Donaldson and Moira Owen. 233 *Tables M13.4-M13.8 13.8 Trial Trench A with Olwyn A Owen.236 13.8.1
Introduction. 236 * 13.8.2 Site data.237 * 13.8.3 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy. 238 * 13.8.4 The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account. 238 13.9 Trial Trench B: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Olwyn A Owen.238 13.9.1 Introduction. 238 * 13.9.2 Site data. 239 * 13.9.3 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy. 239 * 13.9.4 The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account. 239 13.10 Trial Trench B: The artefactual assemblage by Claudine Freeman and Colleen E Batey. 239 *13.10.1 Finds catalogue by Claudine Freeman and Olwyn A Owen. 239 13.10.2 Finds discussion. 239 13.11 Trial Trench C: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Olwyn A
Owen. 239 1 3.11.1 Introduction. 239 * 13.11.2 Site data. 241 * 13.11.3 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy. 241 * 13.11.4 The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account. 241 13.12 Trial Trench C: The artefactual assemblage.241 *13.12.1 Finds catalogue by Claudine Freeman with Olwyn A Owen. 241 13.12.2 Finds discussion by Colleen E Batey with Ewan N Campbell. 241 13.13 Trial Trench C: The biological assemblage by D James Rackham with Sandra Nye. 242 *Table Ml3.9 13.14 Overall assessment with Colleen E. Batey, Zoe Outram and D James Rackham. 242 13.5 14. Area excavations in 1976—80 in and around Structure E to the west of the churchyard by Christopher D Morris. 246 14.1 Introduction. 246 14.1.1 Work by Richardson
andHenderson. 246 14.1.2 Work by Radfordand Cruden. 246 * ‘Isolated House E’ 14.1.3 Work in the 1974-81 campaign. 246 *Site Data. Location, site grid and co-ordinates 14.1.4 Sampling and sample processing on Site IV South by D James Rackham. 246 14.2 Site IV South: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Nicholas F Pearson. 249 14.2.1 Process. 249 *Listing of contexts by episode 14.2.2 Phasing. 251 *The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account
Contents xi Site IV South: The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey with Donal Bateson, Olwyn A Owen, Christopher D Morris, J Gerry McDonnell, Katherine Forsyth, Robert Young, Ewan N Campbell and Susan A Mills. 263 14.3.1 Metals with Donal Bateson, Olwyn A Owen, Christopher D Morris and J Gerry McDonnell. 263 *Finds catalogue: Metals sheets 1 and 2 by Colleen E Batey industrial debris by Colleen E Batey 14.3.2 Stone with Christopher D Morris, Katherine Forsyth and Robert Young. 274 *Finds catalogue: Non-metals by Colleen E Batey 14.3.3 Pumice. 280 14.3.4 Amber. 280 14.3.5 Glass by Ewan N Campbell.280 14.3.6 Ceramic with Susan A Mills.281 14.3.7 Bone and antler. 281 14.3.8 Modem material. 282 14.3.9 Discussion of Site IV South finds by
phase. 282 14.4 Site IV South: The biological assemblage by D James Rackham with Sarah Colley, Alison Μ Donaldson and Sandra Nye. 284 14.4.1 Animal bone and shell.284 *TableM14.1 14.4.2 Fish bone with Sarah Colley. 287 *Table M14.2-14.3 14.4.3 Charred plant remains with Alison Μ Donaldson and Sandra Nye. 288 14.4.4 Charcoal remains with Alison Μ Donaldson and Sandra Nye. 289 14.5 Radiocarbon dating evidence from Site IV South by Zoe Outram. 291 14.6 Overall assessment of excavations on and around Structure E. 294 14.3 15. Area excavations in 1977-81 in and around Structures ‘S’ and В to the west and north-west of the churchyard and re-assessment of the dating of Structures F, P and R to the north by Christopher D Morris. 297 15.1 Introduction. 297 15.1.1 Work by Richardsonand
Henderson. 297 15.1.2 Work by Radford and Cruden. 299 * Isolated Houses В and F 15.1.3 Work in the 1974-81 campaign. 301 * Site data. Location, site grid and co-ordinates 15.2 Site IV North: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Magnar Dalland, Olwyn A Owen and Michael J Rains. 303 15.2.1 Introduction and background. 303 *15.2.2 Listing of the contexts by episode. 309 15.2.3 Site IV North: Episodes and phases. 309 *The stratigraphical sequence: Connected account 15.3 Site IV North: The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey with Robert B K Stevensont, Donal Bateson, J Gerry McDonnell and Robert Young. 315 15.3.1 Metals with Robert В К Stevenson, Donal Bateson and J Gerry McDonnell. 315 *Finds Catalogue: Metals Sheets 1 and 2 by Colleen E Batey *Ironworking debris by Colleen E Batey 15.3.2 Stone with Robert
Young. 333 *Finds catalogue: Non-metals by Colleen E Batey 15.3.3 Jet. 341 15.3.4 Pumice. 341 15.3.5 Glass. 341 15.3.6 Ceramic with Susan A Mills. 341
Contents xii 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.3.7 Burnt clay. 341 15.3.8 Bone and antler. 341 15.3.9 Discussion of Site IV North finds by phase. 343 Site IV North: The biological assemblage by D James Rackham. 347 15.4.1 Introduction. 347 15.4.2 Sampling and sample processing. 347 15.4.3 Animal bone and shell. 348 15.4.4 Fish bone with Sarah Colley. 351 15.4.5 Charred plant remains with Alison Μ Donaldson andSandra Nye. 351 15.4.6 Charcoal remains with Alison Μ Donaldson and SandraNye. 352 Radiocarbon dating evidence from Site IV North by Zoe Outram. 356 Overall assessment of excavations on and around Structures ‘S’ and В. 356 Hunter ’s campaign on Site
VII. 358 Re-assessment of the radiocarbon dating evidence from Site VII by Zoe Outram. 358 15.8.1 Introduction. 358 15.8.2 Analysis of the data. 361 15.8.3 Conclusion. 366 16. Specialist studies relating to Area III. 367 16.1 The decorated gilded copper alloy mount by Olwyn A Owen. 367 16.1.1 Description. 367 16.1.2 Archaeological context by Christopher D Morris. 367 16.1.3 The ornament. 368 16.1.4 The bosses. 370 16.1.5 Evidence of attachment. 370 16.1.6 Manufacturing
method. 370 16.1.7 Discussion. 371 16.2 Ogham inscriptions from the Brough of Birsay by Katherine Forsyth. 374 16.2.1 Introduction. 374 16.2.2 Description. 376 16.2.3 Discussion. 384 Part V. The south-western cliff-side area. 389 17. Survey and trial investigations 1979 and re-assessment of the dating of Sites VIII and IX by Christopher D Morris. 390 17.1 Introduction. 390 17.2 Survey of coastal sites to the south and south-west of the Guardianship Area: Catalogue of sites by Norman Emery with Christopher D Morris and Kenneth A Steedman. 394 17.3 Radiocarbon dating evidence from Site VIII by Zoe
Outram. 399 17.4 Radiocarbon dating evidence from Site IX by Zoe Outram. 400 17.5 Trial Trench D: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Colleen E Batey, Michael J Rains and Μ Drake Patten. 401 * 17.5.1 Site data. 401 * 17.5.2 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy. 401 * 17.5.3 The stratigraphicsequence. 401 17.6 Trial Trench D: The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey. 402 *17.6.1 Finds catalogue with Μ Drake Patten. 402 17.6.2 Finds discussion with Robert Young and John R Hunter. 402 17.7 Trial Trench D: The biological assemblage by D James Rackham with Sarah Colley and Sandra Nye. 404 17.8 Site VI: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures with Bryan A P Alvey.405 *17.8.1 Site
data.406 *17.8.2 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy. 406
Contents xiii *17.8.3 The stratigraphic sequence. 408 Site VI: The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey. 419 *17.9.1 Finds catalogue with Claudine Freeman. 419 17.9.2 Finds discussion.419 17.10 Site VI: The biological assemblage by D James Rackham with Sandra Nye and Moira Owen. 419 *Tables M17.1—M17.2 17.11 Implications from survey and geophysical survey work in the south-western cliff-side area.419 17.12 Overall assessment of building and settlement evidence: The ‘landward’ side. 420 17.9 18. Investigations on the Peerie Brough 1979-81 by Christopher D Morris. 422 18.1 Introduction. 422 18.2 Site V: Stratigraphy, phasing and structures by Bryan A P Alvey with Christopher D Morris .423 * 18.2.1 Site data. 423 * 18.2.2 Stratigraphical relationships and hierarchy and list of layers by phase. 423 *
18.2.3 Stratigraphical sequences and connected accounts. 423 18.3 Site V: The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey. 439 *18.3.1 Finds catalogue.439 18.3.2 Finds discussion.439 18.4 Site V: The biological assemblage by D James Rackham with Sandra Nye, Enid P Allison, Sarah Colley and Moira Owen. 452 *Tables M18.1-M18.5 18.5 Overall assessment of building and settlement evidence: The Peerie Brough. 455 18.5.1 Introduction. 455 18.5.2 Early occupation. 455 18.5.3 The large building: Walls andconstruction.455 18.5.4 The large building: Occupationand modifications.456 18.5.5 Areas beyond the building. 457 18.5.6 Post-
occupation. 457 18.5.7 Conclusion. 457 18.6 Implications from the artefactual and ecofactual evidence for the south-western area overall with Colleen E Batey and D James Rackham. 457 Part VI. Economy, landscape and analysis. 461 19. The artefactual assemblage by Colleen E Batey. 461 19.1 Introduction. 461 19.2 Area I: The church and churchyard.461 19.2.1 Artefactual recovery from earlier excavations by Christopher D Morris. 461 19.2.2 Artefactual material from the trial excavations in 1981 . 463 19.3 Area II: Buildings east of the churchyard and cliff-side south-east of the churchyard. 464 19.3.1 Artefactual recovery from earlier excavations by Christopher D Morris. 464 19.3.2 Artefacts from the 1973-4 and 1993 investigations by Christopher D Morris and Colleen E
Batey. 464 19.4 Area III: Buildings to the west of the churchyard. 465 19.4.1 Artefactual recovery from earlier excavations in and around Structures C, D and G by Christopher D Morris. 465 19.4.2 Artefactual material from the 1974-81 campaign around Structures L, Μ and N (Sites I-III, Trial Trenches A-C). 466 19.4.3 Artefactual recovery from earlier excavations in and around Structures E, ‘S’ and В by Christopher D Morris. 467 19.4.4 Artefactual material from the 1974-81 campaign in and around Structure E (Site IV South) with J Gerry McDonnell.468
xiv Contents 19.4.5 Artefactual material from the 1974-81 campaign in and around Structures ‘S’ and В (Site IV North) with J Gerry McDonnell. 470 19.5 Artefactual recovery from the 1979-81 campaign on the south-western cliff-side area: Investigations on Trial Trench D, and Sites V and VI. 471 19.6 Artefactual perspectives across the Brough of Birsay.473 19.6.1 Introduction. 473 19.6.2 Industrial iron working by J Gerry McDonnell with Colleen E Batey. 473 19.6.3 Copper alloy. 474 19.6.4 Bone and antler with Christopher D Morris. 474 19.6.5 Steatite. 475 19.6.6 Precious metals. 475 19.7 The Brough of Birsay: Local context.475 19.8 Artefacts and site
status.476 20. The biological assemblage by Christopher D Morris based on work by D James Rackham with others.479 20.1 The development of sampling procedures on the Birsay Bay and VESARP projects. 479 20.2 Environmental studies and sampling on the Brough. 480 20.3 Area I: The church and churchyard. 481 20.3.1 Introduction. 481 20.3.2 Biological material from the trial excavations in 1991. 481 20.4 Area II: Buildings east of the churchyard and cliff-side south-east of the churchyard. 481 20.4.1 Introduction. 481 20.4.2 Biological material from the 1973—4 and 1993 investigations. 482 20.5 Area III: Buildings to the west of the churchyard. 482 20.5.1 Introduction. 482 20.5.2 Biological material from the
1974-81 campaign around Structures L, Μ and N (Sites I-III, Trial Trenches A-C). 482 20.5.3 Biological material from the 1974-81 campaign in and around Structure E (Site IV South).483 20.5.4 Biological material from the 1974-81 campaign in and around Structures ‘S’ and В (Site IV North). 483 20.6 Biological material from the 1979-81 campaign on the south-western cliff-side area: Investigations on Trial Trench D and Sites V and VI . 484 20.7 Archaeological perspectives across excavated areas on the Brough as a whole. 484 20.7.1 Introduction. 484 20.7.2 Domestic and wild animals with Bruce J Lamden. 485 20.7.3 Birds with Enid P Allison.486 20.7.4 Fish with James H Barrett and Sarah P Colley. 487 20.7.5 Marine molluscs with Moira Owen. 488 20.7.6 Botanical remains with Alison Μ
Donaldson, Jacqueline P Huntley and Sandra Nye .488 20.8 The Brough of Birsay: Local context. 490 20.8.1 Introduction. 490 20.8.2 Domesticated mammals. 491 20.8.3 Wild animals and hunting. 494 20.8.4 Small mammals and rodents. 495 20.8.5 Bone- and antler-working. 496 20.8.6 Birds and fowling. 496 20.8.7 Marine resources. 497 20.8.8 Charred plant remains. 500 20.8.9 Charcoal remains. 501
Contents XV 21. Geophysical prospection 2007 on the Brough of Birsay by Susan Övenden and David W Griffiths .502 21.1 Background by Christopher D Morris. 502 21.2 Introduction to survey. 502 *21.2.1 Methodology *21.2.2 Archive plots: Raw data 21.3 Results of gradiometer survey. 504 21.4 Results of resistance survey. 507 21.5 Conclusions. 510 22. Overall re-assessment of radiocarbon dates from Birsay by Zoe Outram. 511 22.1 Introduction by Christopher D Morris. 511 22.2 The overall radiocarbon dating evidence from Morris’s excavations on the Brough of Birsay. 511 22.2.1 General introduction tothe dates. 511
22.2.2 The sequences of dates. 511 22.2.3 Conclusion: The overall chronology of Room 5, Sites I, III, IV South and North. 512 22.3 The overall radiocarbon dating evidence from Hunter’s excavations on the Brough of Birsay. 513 22.3.1 Introduction. 513 22.3.2 The overall chronology. 513 22.4 The radiocarbon dating evidence presented in The Birsay Bay Project Volume 1. 514 22.4.1 Introduction. 514 22.4.2 The sequences of dates: The Point of Buckquoy. 514 22.4.3 The sequences of dates: Red Craig. 516 22.4.4 The sequences of dates: Area south of Red Craig. 517 22.4.5 Conclusion. 523 22.5 The radiocarbon dating evidence presented in The Birsay Bay Project Volume 2. 524 22.5.1
Introduction. 524 22.5.2 The sequences of dates: St Magnus’ Kirk, Birsay. 524 22.5.3 The sequences of dates: Beachview, Burnside. 524 22.5.4 The sequences of dates: The ‘Studio Site’.525 22.5.5 Conclusion. 528 23. Birsay Bay landscape geophysical surveys, 2003-6 by David W Griffiths with Susan Övenden. 533 23.1 Introduction. 533 23.2 Surveys on the Point of Buckquoy, 2003-5. 535 23.3 Birsay Links survey, 2006.538 23.4 Conclusion. 540 Part VII. Drawing the threads together.543 24. The Brough of Birsay and Birsay Bay in retrospect by Christopher D Morris. 544 24.1 Overview
and implications of 150 years of research on the Brough of Birsay from 1866 to 2016. 544 24.2 The wider context in Birsay Bay. 546 24.3 Discussion of dating evidence based on radiocarbon dates from sites around Birsay Bay by Zoe Outram. 549 24.3.1 Introduction. 549 24.3.2 The Bronze Age. 549 24.3.3 The Iron Age. 552 24.3.4 The Pictish-Viking ‘interface’. . 559 24.3.5 Viking-Late Norse. 560 24.3.6 Conclusion. 563
Contents xvi 24.4 The dating and chronology of sites on the Brough of Birsay. 563 24.4.1 Prehistory-early Pictish period.563 24.4.2 Later Pictish period. 565 24.4.3 The Pictish-Viking ‘interface’ period. 568 24.4.4 The Viking period.570 24.4.5 The Late Norse period. 573 24.4.6 The Brough after the Norse: Medieval and later. 575 24.5 Interpretation of the Brough in the context of the Bay as a whole. 576 24.5.1 Religious and funerary evidence. 576 24.5.2 Buildings and settlement. 579 24.5.3 Craft and industry. 582 24.5.4 Economy and environment. 585 25. An overview and final
assessment by Christopher D Morris. 589 25.1 The history of the Birsay Bay Project: Reflections. 589 25.2 The main contributions of the Birsay Bay project. 593 25.2.1 The widened context for the Brough of Birsay.593 25.2.2 The increase in range and dates of sites uncovered in Birsay Bay. 594 25.2.3 The introduction of rigorous technical methodology and the upgrade of research potential through the use of environmental archaeology and geophysical techniques. 595 25.2.4 Radiocarbon dating.597 25.2.5 From the Birsay Bay Project to VESARP. 597 25.3 Birsay, Orkney and the wider world. 599 25.4 Concluding remarks. 609 Coda. 611 Appendices
.615 1 Summary of the radiocarbon dating evidence produced from Sites I, III, IV North, IV South and Room 5 from the excavations carried out on the Brough of Birsay 1973-1981 by Zoe Outram. 616 2 Re-calibrated radiocarbon dates from excavations on Brough of Birsay by John Hunter (from Hunter 1986, Table 2) by Zoe Outram. 618 3 Re-calibrated radiocarbon dates from The Birsay Bay Project Volume 1 (1989) by Zoe Outram. 620 4 Re-calibrated radiocarbon dates from The Birsay Bay Project Volume 2 (1996) by Zoe Outram. 621 5 Re-calibrated radiocarbon dates from Buckquoy (Ritchie 1977; Brundle, Lorimer and Ritchie 2003; Barrett 2003) by Zoe Outram. 622 6 Re-calibrated radiocarbon dates from Saevar Howe (Stenhouse and Hedges 1983) by Zoe Outram.623 7 Radiocarbon dating at Birsay: Sampled material and methodology by Zoe Outram. 624 8 Slag classification by J Gerry
McDonnell. 628 9 References to Scottish oghams mentioned in text by Katherine Forsyth. 629 10 Species list (English and Latin names for the species) of plant and animal remains identified at the Brough of Birsay by D James Rackham with Christopher D Morris. 630 Bibliography. 633 1 Primary sources. 633 2 Secondary sources.635 Index 655 |
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| spelling | Morris, Christopher D. 1946- Verfasser (DE-588)1239083033 aut The Birsay Bay project Volume 3 The Brough of Birsay, Orkney : investigations 1954-2014 by Christopher D. Morris Gloucester Sutton 2021 Oxford ; Havertown, PA Oxbow Books 2021 xlii, 678 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Pläne (teilweise farbig) txt rdacontent sti rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Barrowman, Rachel C. (DE-588)1239083297 edt (DE-604)BV047422342 3 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032824924&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Morris, Christopher D. 1946- The Birsay Bay project |
| title | The Birsay Bay project |
| title_auth | The Birsay Bay project |
| title_exact_search | The Birsay Bay project |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Birsay Bay project |
| title_full | The Birsay Bay project Volume 3 The Brough of Birsay, Orkney : investigations 1954-2014 by Christopher D. Morris |
| title_fullStr | The Birsay Bay project Volume 3 The Brough of Birsay, Orkney : investigations 1954-2014 by Christopher D. Morris |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Birsay Bay project Volume 3 The Brough of Birsay, Orkney : investigations 1954-2014 by Christopher D. Morris |
| title_short | The Birsay Bay project |
| title_sort | the birsay bay project the brough of birsay orkney investigations 1954 2014 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032824924&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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