The rise and demise of world communism:
"Sixteen states came to be ruled by communist parties during the 20th century. Only five of them remain in power today. This book explores the nature of communist regimes-what they share in common, how they differed from each other, and how they differentially evolved over time. It finds that t...
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New York, NY
Oxford University Press
[2021]
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| Zusammenfassung: | "Sixteen states came to be ruled by communist parties during the 20th century. Only five of them remain in power today. This book explores the nature of communist regimes-what they share in common, how they differed from each other, and how they differentially evolved over time. It finds that these regimes all came to power in the context of warfare or its aftermath, followed by the consolidation of power by a revolutionary elite that came to value "revolutionary violence" as the preferred means to an end, based upon Marx's vision of apocalyptic revolution and Lenin's conception of party organization. All these regimes went on to "build socialism" according to a Stalinist template, and were initially dedicated to "anti-imperialist struggle" as members of a "world communist movement." But their common features gave way to diversity, difference and defiance after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953. For many reasons, and in many ways, those differences soon blew apart the world communist movement. They eventually led to the collapse of European communism. The remains of communism in China, Vietnam, Laos, North Korea, and Cuba were made possible by the first three transforming their economic systems, opening to the capitalist international order, and abandoning "anti-imperialist struggle." North Korea and Cuba have hung on due to the elites avoiding splits visible to the public. Analytically, the book explores, throughout, the interaction among the internal features of communist regimes (ideology and organization), the interactions among them within the world communist movement, and the interaction of communist states with the broader international order of capitalist powers"-- |
| Beschreibung: | Includes index 2109 |
| Beschreibung: | ix, 345 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780197579671 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The rise and demise of world communism |c George W. Breslauer |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York, NY |b Oxford University Press |c [2021] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2021 | |
| 300 | |a ix, 345 Seiten | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes index | ||
| 500 | |a 2109 | ||
| 505 | 8 | |a What did communist regimes have in common? -- How did communist regimes differ from each other? -- The world communist movement : from Moscow-centric to pluralistic -- Marxism : the vision -- Leninism : the instrument -- The Bolshevik seizure of power -- Consolidating Bolshevik power -- Respite -- Building socialism : Stalin's revolution from above -- The Great Terror and Stalinist despotism -- Was Stalinism a logical continuation of Marxism, Leninism, or neither? -- Was Stalin's revolution from above a rational strategy of modernization? -- Stalinism and world communism in the 1930s -- The impact of World War II on the Soviet Union and world communism -- The creation of East European communist states -- Origins and entrenchment of the Cold War, 1945-1953 -- World War II and the creation of Asian communist states : the People's Republic of China -- Consolidating power and building socialism in China -- Communist parties come to power in Korea and Vietnam -- | |
| 505 | 8 | |a What follows Stalinism in the USSR? -- Diversity and defiance within the world communist movement -- "Building communism" : competition for ideological "correctness" within the world communist movement -- The Sino-Soviet schism, 1957-1963 -- Cuba's indigenous revolution, 1959-70 -- The Soviet Union after Khrushchev : bureaucratic Leninism -- Alternatives to utopia in China, 1960-1965 -- The great proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1969 -- Maoism : an accounting -- The collapse of the world communist movement and the rise of detente -- Why US-Soviet détente failed -- The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, December 1979 -- Varieties of opposition to the Soviet model in Eastern Europe, 1968-1985 -- Gorbachev's peaceful revolution from above -- Gorbachev and the abandonment of anti-imperialist struggle -- From Maoism to market Leninism : the Chinese economic miracle after Mao -- China in a post-communist world : can Leninism survive market Leninism? -- Market Leninism in Vietnam -- | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Market Leninism in Laos -- Bureaucratic Leninism in Cuba -- Stalinism in North Korea -- Why the drive to difference? -- Assessing the communist experience : achievement or tragedy? -- Is there a future for new communist states? | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "Sixteen states came to be ruled by communist parties during the 20th century. Only five of them remain in power today. This book explores the nature of communist regimes-what they share in common, how they differed from each other, and how they differentially evolved over time. It finds that these regimes all came to power in the context of warfare or its aftermath, followed by the consolidation of power by a revolutionary elite that came to value "revolutionary violence" as the preferred means to an end, based upon Marx's vision of apocalyptic revolution and Lenin's conception of party organization. All these regimes went on to "build socialism" according to a Stalinist template, and were initially dedicated to "anti-imperialist struggle" as members of a "world communist movement." But their common features gave way to diversity, difference and defiance after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953. For many reasons, and in many ways, those differences soon blew apart the world communist movement. They eventually led to the collapse of European communism. The remains of communism in China, Vietnam, Laos, North Korea, and Cuba were made possible by the first three transforming their economic systems, opening to the capitalist international order, and abandoning "anti-imperialist struggle." North Korea and Cuba have hung on due to the elites avoiding splits visible to the public. Analytically, the book explores, throughout, the interaction among the internal features of communist regimes (ideology and organization), the interactions among them within the world communist movement, and the interaction of communist states with the broader international order of capitalist powers"-- | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ы Introduction i PART I. GENERAL PATTERNS IN WORLD COMMUNISM 1. What Did Communist Regimes Have in Common? n 2. How Did Communist Regimes Differ from Each Other? 21 3. The World Communist Movement: From Moscow-Centric to Pluralistic 26 PART II. IDEOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION: THE HERITAGE 4. Marxism: The Vision зз 5. Leninism: The Instrument 39 PARTIIL COMING TO POWER AND “BUILDING SOCIALISM” IN RUSSIA 6. The Bolshevik Seizure of Power 45 7. Consolidating Bolshevik Power 50 8. Respite s6
CONTENTS vi 9. Building Socialism: Stalins Revolution from Above бз 10. The Great Terror and Stalinist Despotism 71 11. Was Stalinism a Logical Continuation of Marxism, Leninism, or Neither? 77 12. Was Stalins Revolution from Above a Rational Strategy of Modernization? ss 13. Stalinism and World Communism in the 1930s 91 14. The Impact of World War II on the Soviet Union and World Communism 95 PART IV. THE STALINIST MODEL SPREADS WESTWARD AND EASTWARD 15. The Creation of East European Communist States 101 16. Origins and Entrenchment of the Cold War, 1945-1953 113 17. World War II and the Creation ofAsian Communist States: The Peoples Republic of China 117 18. Consolidating Power and “Building Socialism” in China 126 19. Communist Parties Come to Power in Korea and Vietnam PART V. 13s AFTER STALIN: FROM SIMILARITY TO DIFFERENCE 20. What Follows Stalinism in the USSR? 145 21. Diversity and Defiance within the World Communist Movement ısı 22. “Building Communism”: Competition for Ideological “Correctness” within the World Communist Movement 156 23. The Sino-Soviet Schism, 1957-1963 ібз 24. Cuba’s Indigenous Revolution, 1959-1970 no 25. The Soviet Union after Khrushchev: Bureaucratic Leninism ш 26. Alternatives to Utopia in China, 1960-1965 ш
27. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1969 i89 28. Maoism: An Accounting 194 PART VI. THE REALIGNMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS FROM PROLETARIAN INTERNATIONALISM TO PRAGMATISM 29. The Collapse of the World Communist Movement and the Rise of Détente 20s 30. Why US-Soviet Détente Failed 211 31. The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, December 1979 PART VII. 216 THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM 32. Varieties of Opposition to Bureaucratic Leninism in Eastern Europe, 1968-1985 223 33. Gorbachev s Peaceful Revolution from Above 237 34. Gorbachev and the Abandonment of Anti-Imperialist Struggle 245 PART VIII. THE REMAINS OF COMMUNISM IN A POSTCOMMUNIST WORLD 35. From Maoism to Market Leninism: The Chinese Economic Miracle after Mao 251 36. China in a Postcommunist World: Can Leninism Survive Market Leninism? 260 37. Market Leninism in Vietnam 271 38. Market Leninism in Laos vn 39. Bureaucratic Leninism in Cuba 40. Stalinism in North Korea 290 283
viii CONTENTS PART IX. 41. Why the Drive to Difference? CONCLUSIONS 297 42. Assessing the Communist Experience: Tragedy or Achievement? зоб 43. Is There a Future for New Communist States? Notes 319 Index 331 s 31
INDEX For the benefit ofdigital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53,) may, on occasion, appear on only one ofthosepages. Afghanistan jihadist insurgency during 1980s in, 217.246-47 Marxist coup (1978) in, 216 Soviet invasion and occupation (1979-89) of, 216,217-18,229,240,246-47 US aid to jihadist insurgency in, 217֊ 18.246- 47 Albania Balkan Federation proposal and, 111-12 China and, 28,111-12,166,231-32 civil war during 1940s in, 13-14,107-8,301 communist regime established in, 104,106, 107-8,109,117,168-69,301 cult ofpersonality leadership in, 167 despotic nature of Hoxha regime in, 23֊24, 182,237,308 end of communist regime in, 1,247 First Five-Year Plan in, 230 Soviet Union and, 104,106,107-8,109,11112,117,165-66,168-69,22S, 232,301 Stalinism in, 21,23-24,110-11,122-23,165֊ 66,230-32,304-5,307-8 United States and, 231,232 Warsaw Pact and, 111 -12,231 -32 World Conference of Communist Parties ( 1969) boycotted by, 208 World War II and, 101,107-8 Yugoslavia and, 166,231 Allison, Graham, 268-69 Aí Qaeda, 199,316-17 Andropov, Yuri, 239 Angola, 214-15,216 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972), 208-9 Anti-Comintern Pact (1936), 74-75 Anti-Rightist Campaign (China, 1957), 133-34,260 Arab-Israeli War of 1967,183-84 Arab-Israeli War of 1973,213,287 Arab Spring (2011), 261,265-66 Armenia, 243 Australia, 98,117 Austria, 74-75,104,109 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 45-46,47-48, 50,51, 53,233-34 Batista, Fulgencio, 170-72 Bavarian Soviet Republic, 53 Bay of Pigs invasion (Cuba, 1961), 173-74 Belarus, 103,248 Belt and Road Initiative (China), 263 Beria, Lavrenti, 145-46
Berlin blockade (1948), 116,124-25 Berlin crisis (1958), 164 Bolivia, 180,288 Bolsheviks. See ako Communist Party of the Soviet Union “building socialism” and, 57-58,61-62 collectivization of agriculture and, 57-58 consolidation ofpower by, 50-52,54,57 Constituent Assembly elections (1917) and, 48-49 expropriation of private property by, 54 industrialization and, 57-58,59-60,61-62 Lenin and, 39-40,48,50 October Revolution (1917) and, 48,50,87-88, 101,106,120-21 peasantry and, 57-59,60,121,126 proletariat class and, 54,58 “Red Terror” campaigns of, 52 331
332 INDEX Bolsheviks (cont.) Russian Civil War (1918-22) and, 49, 51-55, 59,60-61,88,101,120 Russia’s pre-industrial status and, 52-53,11819,120-21,316 Third Communist International and, 53, 58 World War I and, 47,49,50-51,101 Brazil, 87 Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918), 51 Brezhnev, Leonid Arab-Israeli War of 1973 and, 213 ascent to power (1964) of, 181 Brezhnev Doctrine and, 183-84,205-6 Bureaucratic Leninism and, 7,23,181-83,184, 205-6,223,255,284,288-89 censorship under, 182-83 China and, 183 death of, 239 détente policies with United States and, 18384,217 economic stagnation under, 183 John Paul II’s visit to Poland (1979) and, 228 militarization under, 183-84,205-6,207-8 “new class” of bureaucratic cadres accommodated by, 299 Prague Spring suppressed (1968) by, 205-6 rationalization of central planning under, 18182,183 Soviet patriotism promoted under, 182-83 Stalin and, 72 world communist movement and, 180,183 World Conference of Communist Parties (1969) and, 208 Brown, Harold, 218 Bukharin, Nikolai New Economic Policy and, 58-59,87 peaceful coexistence foreign policy and, 59 peasantry and, 59,87 procurements crisis of 1927 and, 68 sacralization of Lenin opposed by, 67 Stalin and, 61 World War I and, 51 Bulgaria Balkan Federation proposal and, 111 censorship in, 223 communist regime established in, 104-5,10910,301 end of communist regime in, 1,247 ethnic cleansing after World War II in, 103 Soviet liberation (1945) and postwar occupation of, 97-98,102,151-52 workers’ strikes against austerity (1953) in, 22, 151-52,153-54 World War II and, 101,108 Burlatsky, Fyodor, 237-38
Burma, 149,316 Cambodia China and, 28,29,218-19 end of communist regime in, 1 establishment of communist regime in, 4-5, 13-14,280,301 French colonial rule of, 277 Maoism and, 199 mass revolutionary violence in, 17-18,19,23, 199-200,280,281,306,309 US invasion (1970) of, 19,209 Vietnam’s relationship with, 4,23,29,218-19, 272,275,280-81 Vietnam War and, 13-14,19,209,271 Camp David Accords (1978), 213-14 Carter, Jimmy, 217-18 Castro, Fidel consolidation ofpower by, 173-74,179 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) and, 177,303 Cuban Revolution (1959) and, 157,170-71 cult of personality surrounding, 173,283, 284,304-5 death of, 288 industrialization policy and, 17S-76 initial skepticism toward communism of, 171 “new class” ofbureaucratic cadres and, 299 Prague Spring (1968) and, 180 privileged party officials identified as problem by, 17 US efforts to assassinate, 1-2,18-19 world communist movement and, 180 Castro, Raul, 171,173,288,313-14 Catholic Church, 109-10,152-53,170,228-29 Ceausescu, Nicolae, 223,305 Central America, 172-73,180,287 Charter 77 organization, 226 Chávez, Hugo, 286-87 Chernenko, Konstantin, 239 Chernobyl nuclear disaster (Soviet Union, 1986), 240 Chile, 216,309 China Albania and, 28,111-12,166,231-32 Angola and, 214-15,216 Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957) in, 133-34,260 Belt and Road Initiative and, 263 Cambodia and, 28,29,218-19 Christian populations as subject of crackdowns in, 261 civil war (1927-49) in, 13-14,68,98,117-18, 120,121,126,127-28,160,195,19899,316-17 collectivization of agriculture in, 18,23,13031,159-60,196-97 color revolutions in Eurasia (2000s) and,
261 communist regime established in, 117-18,12324,168-69,301
INDEX С0ѴШ-19 pandemie and, 259,262-63,268 Cuba and, 179,286-87 current communist regime in, 1,4,24,302,315 First Five-Year Plan (1953-57) in, 129-30,132, 133,159,186 Great Britain and, 119,120 Great Leap Forward Program (1958-60) and, 23,159-60,184,196-98 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (196676) and, 23,122-23,183,186,188,189-92, 197-98,199-200,201,206,237,252,254֊ 56,304-5 Han Chinese majority in, 121-22 Hong Kong protests (2019-) in, 262 Hundred Flowers campaign (1956-57) in, 13334,152-53,241,260 India and, 165-66,198-99 industrialization in, 119,128-30,159-60, 196-97,310 Japanese occupation of Manchuria (1931) and, 74-75,117,119,13S-36 Korean War and, 18-19,120,127,137,14041,198-99 Market Leninism and, 1-2,7,24,233,252-59, 260-61,264-68,269-70,286,304,313 militarization during twenty-first century in, 268-69 Muslim populations as subject of crackdowns in, 261-62 nationalism during twenty-first century in, 263, 267,268-70 North Korea and, 28,166,291-92,293 North Vietnam and, 124-25,139-41,166,168, 206,275 nuclear weapons and, 165,193,198-99,205, 206,303 peasant majority during twentieth century in, 118,185-86 People s Liberation Army (PLA) in, 191-92, 197-99,201,219 Red Guards in, 190-91,192,201 Second Five-Year Plan (1957-61) in, 159 secret police in, 265-66 Shanghai Commune (1967) and, 191-92 Sino-Japanese War (1937-45) and, 74-75,95, 98,117-18,119,121-22,123-24,128,160, 195,316-17 socioeconomic improvements under Market Leninism in, 253-54 South China Seas conflicts and, 263,275 Soviet Union and, 1-2,4,20,26-27,28-29, 53,120,123-25,130,164-69,183,193, 206,208
Taiwan and, 127,164,167,168-69,262,269, 274-75,303,316 Tiananmen Square protests ( 1989) in, 260,273 333 United States and, 1-2,28-29,120,125,127, 165-66,193,198-99,205,207-9,210,21617,218,263,267-69,274-75,290 urbanization in, 75,119,253,259,265 Vietnam and, 4,29,272,275-76 world communist movement and, 28-29, 120,125,156,163,164-65,168,193,19899,206 World Conference of Communist Parties ( 1969) boycotted by, 208 Yugoslavia and, 165-66 Churchill, Winston, 108-9 climate change, 304,317 Cohen, Stephen, 71 Cold War arms control negotiations and, 167,208-9,211, 212-13,217-18,246 demilitarization of Germany and, 115 détente policies between United States and Soviet Union and, 1-2,183-84,207,208-9, 211-15,216-18,227,246,275,290,304 nuclear weapons and, 4,19,113,125,163,205, 207-8,212-13 origins of, 113-16 realist theories of, 113-14 U-2 spy plane downing over Soviet Union (1960) and, 177 United Nations and, 114,246 Colombia, 289 color revolutions in Eurasia (2000s), 261,265-66 Committee on the Present Danger (United States), 212-13 communism. See also specific countries achievements associated with regimes of, 298 anti-capitalism and, 3,12,16,19 anti-imperialism and, 3,4,5,7,12-13,1920,28-29 “building communism” phase of, 11-12,21 “building socialism” phase of, 3,4-5,7,11-13, 15-17,21,319-20Ո.1 censorship of public media under, 15,17 clash between ideals and realities of, 299-300 collectivized agriculture and, 16 command economies and, 299 counterfactuals regarding, 311-12 education and literacy programs under, 16,301 industrialization and, 16,299,310 informants and surveillance
under, 17 Marx’s vision of, 11,21,34 militarization and, 3,16 one-party rule and, 5,6,11-13,14-15 party discipline under, 17,21 political mobilization under, 3,17 privileged class of party officials under, 17 revolutionary elites’ consolidation of power under, 13-14
334 INDEX communism (cont.) revolutionary violence and, 12-13., 17-19, 21,26-27 state-led economic development under, 3,16 world communism movement and, 1,3,7, 12-13,19 Communist International (Comintern), 19-20, S3,120,123-24 Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), 33 Communist Party of China (CPC) Chinas pre-industrial status and, 11819,120-21 Chinese civil war (1927-49) and, 68,117-18, 120,121,126,127-28,160,316-17 consolidation ofpower by, 126-29 corruption in, 185-86,258-59,264,265-66, 328Ո.21 establishment of, 117-18 Guomindang massacres of members of, 94 industrialization and, 119,128-30 land reform and, 126,128-29 Leninism and, 119-20 Long March (1934-3S) and, 74-75,94, 131,194 Marxism and, 119 nationalization of large-scale enterprises by, 128 national liberation emphasis of, 119,121-22 peasantry and, 121,126 policy of cooperation with the Guomindang (1920s) and, 94,123-24 Stalin and, 94,123-24 Stalinism and, 119-20 state-building by, 127-28 urbanization and, 119 World War II and, 98 Communist Party of the Soviet Union. See ako Bolsheviks educational initiatives under, 64-65,75 elimination of noncommunist social eûtes under, 64-65 Great Terror and the targeting of officials of, 71-72 opposition parties outlawed by, 48-49,57-58 Seventeenth Party Congress (1934) and, 76 suppression of internal factions within, 56 Twentieth Party Congress (1956) and, 147-48 Communist Party ofVietnam (CPV), 140 Congo, 309 COVID-19 pandemic (2020-), 259,262-63, 268,317 Cuba Angola and, 214-15,281 Arab-Israeli War of 1973 and, 287 Bay ofPigs invasion (1961) and, 173-74 Bureaucratic
Leninism in, 7,23, 24,28889,313-14 Catholic Church and, 170 Central American left-wing groups and, 287 China and, 179,286-87 civil war during 1950s in, 13-14 command economy in, 178,283,285 corruption during pre-revolutionary era in, 170 current communist regime in, 1,4,302,315 economic depression (1990s) in, 285-86 economic reforms in, 285 education programs in, 172,178-79 embargo by United States against, 19,173-74, 285,286-87,289,313 emigration to the United States from, 17-18, 284,286,311 Ethiopia and, 216,287 expansion of Communist Party membership (1970-85) in, 284 healthcare in, 172,178-79,287-88 imprisonment and killing of communist regimes political opponents, 171-72,173, 174-75,284 industrialization in, 175-76,179,265 Iran and, 286-87 Maoism and, 199 Missile Crisis (1962) in, 167,176-77,269,303 nationalization ofproperty in, 172-73,175 revolution (1959) in,4-S, 14-15,17-18,106, 1S7,170-73,301 socialist policies enacted in, 175-76 Soviet Union and, 27-28,157,170,173,175֊ 77,178,179-80,247,284,285-86,313-14 sugar industry in, 177,179,283,284 training of Third World revolutionary forces by, 172,180,287 United States and, 1-2,17-18,19,170,172-74, 176-77,284,285,286-87,289,311,313 Venezuela and, 286-88,313 world communist movement and, 163,180 World Conference of Communist Parties (1969) and, 208 Cultural Revolution (China). See Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (China, 1966-76) Czechoslovakia communist regime established in, 104,105-6, 109-10,114-15,116,301 elections (1946) in, 105 end of communist regime in, 1,247 expulsion of German population (1945) from, 102-3
Marshall Plan and, 106 Munich Conference (1938) and, 105 Prague Spring and Soviet invasion (1968) of, 1-2,4,22,27-28,29,183-84,206,225-26, 237-39,268,300,307-8 Russian Civil War and, 18-19,50 Soviet liberation (1945) andpostwar occupation of, 97-98,102,105,116
INDEX Stalin’s efforts to reach collective security agreement with, 75 Warsaw Pact and, 22,27,225-26 workers’ strikes against austerity (1953) in, 22, 151-52,153-54 World War II and, 101,102 Democracy Wall (Beijing, 1976), 260 Deng Xiaoping decollectivization of agriculture under, 257 foreign trips by, 257 Great Leap Forward, 186 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution and purge of, 188,189-90,192,254-56 Market Leninism reforms and, 1-2,24,28-29, 252,254-57,304-5 “new class” ofbureaucratic cadres and, 299 post-Great Leap Forward reforms and, 185 professionalized bureaucracy and, 132 southern provinces tour (1992) by, 257 Tiananmen Square protests (1989) and, 260 US visit (1979) by, 217 Vietnam-Cambodia War (1979) and, 219 détente policies arms control and, 208-9,211,212-13,21718,246 Helsinki Accords ( 1975) and, 227,304 ideological obstacles to, 211-12 Jackson-Vanik Amendment and, 212-13,215 North Korea and, 290 Olympic Games boycott (1980) and, 218 Third World proxy wars and, 213-15,216-18 Vietnam War and, 207,275 Watergate scandal (United States, 1972-74) and, 212-13,215 Dickson, Bruce, 265-67 Dittmer, Lowell, 186-87,251 Djilas, Milovan, 66 Dubček, Alexander, 237 Eastern Europe. See abo specific countries Bureaucratic Leninism in, 7,288-89 centralized economic planning in, 10910,238-39 elections after World War II in, 105 elimination of noncommunist social elites in, 109-10 end of communist regimes (1989-91) in, 4,22, 29,247,262-63,273,274 ethnic cleansing after World War II in, 103,309 Gorbachev and, 22,27,184,247 secret police in communist regimes of, 109-10 Soviet
hegemony in, 1-2,3,4,13-14,22,29, 104-5,106-7,109-12,113,114-15,12425,151-52,168-69,239,297,306,316 Warsaw Pact and, 22,110 World War II and, 101-4 335 East Germany Berlin blockade (1948) and, 116 Berlin crisis (1958) and, 164 Berlin Wall and, 223 communist regime established in, 104-5,10910,301 emigration from, 311 end of communist regime (1989) in, 1,247 Prague Spring and, 225-26 Soviet liberation ( 1945) and postwar occupation of, 151-52 workers’ strikes against austerity ( 1953) in, 22, 151-52,153-54,237 Egypt, 213-14,287 Eisenhower, Dwight, 164,165,173-74,177 El Salvador, 218, 287 Estonia, 95,243,248 Ethiopia, 74-75,216,287 Finland, 95,216 Ford, Gerald, 215 France Berlin crisis ( 1958) and, 164 Cambodia and, 277 Communist Party in, 114-15,139 French Revolution and, 46-47,53 Laos, 277-78 Russian Civil War and, 18-19,50 Stalin’s efforts to reach collective security agreement with, 75,93 Vietnam and, 13-14,140-41,271,277 World War I and, 46 World War II and, 95,98,109,117 Gaddafi, Moammar, 292-93 Gang of Four (China), 260 Geneva Conference (19S4), 275 Georgia, 50,53-54,243,261 German Communist Party (Weimar Germany), 92 Germany. See East Germany; Nazi Germany; Weimar Germany; West Germany; Wilhemine Germany Gomułka, Władysław, 153,305 Gorbachev, Mikhail Afghanistan War and, 240,246-47 arms negotiations and, 246 biographical background of, 238 Chernobyl nuclear disaster (1986) and, 240 Congress of People’s Deputies elections and, 241 coup attempt (1991) against, 244 democratization reforms sponsored by, 1-2,4, 22,27-28,182,212,237,241-42,243,247, 255,260,266,299,304-5
Eastern Europe and, 22,27,184,247 economic reforms under, 242-43 glasnost (transparency) reforms and, 240-42 Á
ЗЗб INDEX Gorbachev, Mikhail (cont.) historical judgments regarding, 248 perestroika (restructuring) reforms and, 240,242 Reagan and, 240,245-46 Supreme Soviet and, 241-42 world communist movement and, 245 Yeltsin’s criticisms of, 243-44 Great Britain Albania and, 231 Berlin Crisis (1958) and, 164 China and, 119,120 Malaysia and, 124-25 Russian Civil War and, 18-19, SO Stalin’s efforts to reach collective security agreement with, 93 World War I and, 46 World War II and, 95,96-97, 98,117 Great Depression, 69,91-92 Great Leap Forward (China, 1958-60) “backyard furnace” industrialization program and, 159-60,196-97 collectivization of agriculture under, 23,15960,196-97 continuous revolution doctrine and, 23,159 educational system expansion during, 196 mass deaths during, 23,184,197-98 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (China, 1966-76) class warfare and, 189-90 continuous revolution doctrine and, 23 Deng Xiaoping purged under, 188,189-90, 192,254-56 economic stagnation under, 189 educational institutions destroyed in, 252 Mao’s role in, 122-23,186,188,189-92,19798,199-200,201,206,237,304-5 mass deaths during, 23,189,198,201 People s Liberation Army and, 191-92,19798, 201 purge of state officials under, 188,189-91, 192,254-56 Red Guards and, 190-91,192,201 Soviet-Chinese relations and, 183 Great Terror (Soviet Union, 1936-39) Communist Party officials targeted during, 71-72 informers to the state in, 73-74 intelligentsia as targets in, 71-73,145 international security as potential motivating factor force, 18-19,74-75,79,82 Khrushchev’s denunciation of, 147 Kirov assassination
and, 76 politically docile bureaucratic class as goal of, 72-73 prison labor camps and, 72-73 Greece civil war in, 114-15 Communist Party in, 108,114-15 ethnic cleansing after World War II in, 103 failure to establish communist regime in, 104,108-9 Stalin and, 108-9, 111, 125 Truman Doctrine and, 114 US and British aid to, 108-9 World War II and, 101,108 Yugoslavia and, 108-9 Grossman, Gregory, 87,312 Guatemala, 309 Guevara, Che, 171,175-76,178,180,182 Guomindang Chinese civil war (1927-49) and, 68,117-18, 120,126,160,195,198-99,316-17 corruption among, 127-28 Jiangxi province murders of Communist Party members (1934) by, 94 Long March and, 74-75 Shanghai massacre of Chinese Communists (1927) by, 94 Stalin’s command for Communist Party of China to cooperate with, 94,123-24 Taiwan and, 120,126 United States and, 120 urban base of, 117-18 World War II and, 95,195 Havel, Vaclav, 226 Helsinki Accords (1975), 227,304 Hitler, Adolf, 74-75,93,95-96,97 Ho Chi Minh anti-imperialism and, 138-39 cult ofpersonality surrounding, 139-40, 166,167 establishment of communist regime in North Vietnam by, 139 in Europe, 139 Indochinese Communist Party and, 139 Maoism and, 139 Stalin and, 139-40 Viet Minh and, 139 World War II and, 98 Ho Chi Minh Trail, 277-78 The Holocaust, 101,103 Hong Kong, 262,275-76 Hong Kong protests (China, 2019-), 262 Hoxha, Enver, 230-32,284-8S, 304-5,308 Hu Jintao, 258 Hundred Flowers campaign (China, 1956-57), 133-34,152-53,241,260 Hungary communist regime established in, 104-5,10910,301 end of communist regime in, 1,247 ethnic cleansing after World War II in, 103
Market Leninism and, 7,24,224,237,326n.5 Prague Spring and, 225-26
INDEX revolution and Soviet military intervention (19S6) in, 4,22,27,29,152-54,164,223, 225,307-8 Roman Catholic Church in, 152-53 Soviet liberation ( 1945) and postwar occupation of, 97-98,102,151-52 Soviet Republic (1919) in, 53 Warsaw Pact and, 27,153 World War II and, 101,102 Hussein, Saddam, 292-93 “Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism” (Lenin), 41 India China and, 165-66,198-99 modernization in, 87 Naxalite movement in, 199 Pakistan and, 209 Soviet Union and, 53 World War II and, 98,117 Indochinese Communist Party, 139,277 Indonesia, 124-25,149,166,199 Iran, 46-47,53,217-18,269,286-87,309 Iraq, 292-93 ISIS, 199,316-17 Israel, 183-84,209,213-14,217,287 Italy Communist Party in, 27-28,114-15,154-55 Ethiopia invaded (1936) by, 74—75 fascist regime in, 18-19,81,91 World War II and, 107-8 Jackson-Vanik Amendment (United States), 21213,215 Japan Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) and, 74-75 Manchuria occupied (1931) by, 74-75,117, 119,135-36 militarization during 1930s in, 18-19,91 nuclear attacks on, 114,303 Russian Civil War and, 18-19,50 Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) and, 74-75 Sino-Japanese War (1937-45) and, 74-75,95, 98,117-18,119,121-22,123-24,128,160, 195,316-17 Soviet Union and, 71 Vietnam and, 13-14,98,271 World War II and, 95,98,117 Jiang Zemin, 258 John Paul II (pope), 228-29,305 Johnson, Lyndon B., 207 Juche (self-reliance doctrine, North Korea), 291 Kadar, Janos, 153 Kazakhstan, 63,248 Kennedy, John, 16S-66,173-74,176-77 Khmer Rouge China and, 218 337 continuous revolution doctrine and, 23 Maoism and, 199-200 mass revolutionary violence perpetrated by,
17-18,19,23,199-200,280,281 US invasion of Cambodia and, 19 Vietnam and, 281 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 217-18 Khrushchev, Nikita Berlin crisis (1958) and, 164 China and, 26-27,165 consumer goods production and, 166 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) and, 176-77,205, 269,303 de-Stalinization initiatives of, 81,148-50,154— 55,164,166,167,231,237,290,304-5 détente foreign policies and, 148-49,164,177, 180,205-6 educational initiatives promoted by, 158 failed coup (1957) against, 153-54,1S6-57 housing programs of, 157 Hungary revolt suppressed ( 1956) by, 153,164 industrialization and, 157-58 Mao and, 187-88,205 “new class” ofbureaucratic cadres and, 299 Non-Aligned Movement and, 149 nuclear weapons and, 148-49,163,165,167 removal from power (1964) of, 181,205 Stalin denounced by, 86,92,147-48,152-54, 166,225,298,300 Twentieth Party Congress (1956) and, 147-48 US visit (1959) of, 164,165 world communist movement and, 26-27,14849,154-55,163-64,177 Yugoslavia and, 26-27 Kim Il-sung communist regime established in North Korea by, 98,135-36 consolidation of power by, 136,290 cult of personality surrounding, 137-38, 162,308 Japanese occupation of Korea resisted by, 13536,138-39 Korean War and, 137 Stalinism and, 137-38,290 Kimjong-il, 291 Kim Jong-un, 291,293 Kirov, Sergei, 76 Kissinger, Henry, 159,207,208-9,213-14,215 Korean War casualty levels in, 137 China and, 18-19,120,127,137,140֊ 41,198-99 Soviet Union and, 137,145-46,303 truce (1953) in, 137 United States and, 18-19,120,198-99,303 Kotkin, Stephen, 83 Kronstadt naval uprising (Russia,1921), 53-54 Kuomintang. See Guomindang
338 INDEX Kursk, Battle (1943) of, 96 Kyrgyzstan, 261 Laos China and, 279-80 civil war in, 277-78 collectivization of agriculture in, 279 corruption in, 280 current communist regime in, 1,4,24,302,315 emigration from, 278-79 establishment of communist regime in, 4—5, 13-14, 277-78,301 French colonial rule of, 277-78 Ho Chi Minh Trail and, 277-78 international memberships of, 280 international organizational memberships of, 280 Maoism and, 199 Market Leninism in, 7,24,233,277,27980,299 North Vietnam and, 277-78,280 peasants as majority ofpopulation in, 279,280 Soviet Union and, 277-78,279 Thailand and, 279-80 United States and, 277-79 Vietnam’s relationship with, 279,280-81,282 Vietnam War and, 13-14,271,277-78 Latvia, 95,248 League of Nations, 93 Lenin, Vladimir. See ako Leninism Bolsheviks and, 39-40,48,50 Constituent Assembly dissolved (1918) by, 48-49 death of, 57,67,83,122 New Economic Policy and, 56, 80-81,122 peaceful coexistence foreign policy and, 81-82 peasantry and, 79-80,121 “Red Terror” campaign and, 79-81, 82-83 “respite” policies of 1920s and, 80-82,122 Russian civil war and, 78 Russian famine of 1896 and, 40 Russia’s pre-industrial status and, 41,45,52-53 Stalin and, 81 tomb and sacralized representation of, 67, 72-73,145 on trade unionism, 39,40 “What Is to Be Done?” and, 39-40 World War I and, 41-42,47-48,50 Leningrad, siege (1941-44) of, 96 Leninism anti-imperialism and, 41-42,79-80,119 consciousness and, 40,46-47,119 dictatorship ofthe proletariat and peasantry under, 41 disciplined vanguard communist party and, 5,6, 24,39-40,45,88-89,119 individual hero
view ofhistory discounted in, 67 industrialization and, 80,82 land redistribution and, 41 Maoism and, 118-23,133-34,194-95 Marxists’ debates regarding, 42 Marx’s stages of world history and, 41,42,45, 78-79,119,320Ո.8 “new class” of bureaucratic cadres opposed in, 80-81 one-party rule and, 79 peasantry and, 41,79-80 proletariat class and, 40,41 revolutionary violence and, 78,82-83 secret police and, 79 Stalinism and, 77-83,85 Libya, 292-93 Lithuania, 95,103,248 Liu Shaoqi, 132,185-86,188,189,192 Long March (China, 1934-35), 74-75,94,131,194 Lowe, Keith, 104 MacArthur, Douglas, 137 Malaysia, 124-25,199 Maoism. See aho Mao Zedong anti-imperialism and, 164-65 Confucian values opposed in, 200-1 continuous revolution doctrine and, 23-24, 159,187-88,309 guerrilla warfare and, 94,98,117-18,131,139, 194-95,196,199,271 international adherents to, 199 land reform and, 195 Leninism and, 118-23,133-34,194-95 “mass line” approach to mobilization and, 131,195 peasantry as revolutionary force under, 94,121, 131-32,159,195,316-17 Stalinism and, 133-34 Mao Zedong ascent to power of, 194-95 Chinese civil war and, 121-22,198-99 collectivization of agriculture and, 131 consolidation ofpower by, 195-96 cult ofpersonality surrounding, 167,186,308 death of, 122,192,210,254-55,304-5 establishment of communist regime ( 1949) and, 123-24 Great Leap Forward and, 159-60,163,182, 184,186,196-97,199-200,201,304-5 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution and, 122-23,186,188,189-92,197-98,199200,201,206,237,304-5 Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957) and, 133-34 Hungarian Revolt (1956) and, 154,164 Khrushchev and,
187-88,205 Long March (1934-35) and, 74-75,94, 131,194 nuclear weapons and, 165
INDEX populist despotism and, 7,122-23,2001,269-70 professionalized bureaucracy distrusted by, 17, 132-33,299 Shanghai Commune (1967) and, 191-92 Stalin and, 123-25,164 “storming” approach to public policy and, 18688,200,251 world communist movement and, 125, 163,164-65 World War II and, 98 Marshallplan, 106,114-15 Marx, Karl. See ako Marxism communism as envisioned by, 11,21,34 communist regimes’ celebration of, 33 death of, 34,35,78 theory ofworld history articulated by, 11, 21,33-34 on the United States, 37 workers’ revolution envisioned by, 5,11,15-16, 19-20,33-34,36,52 Marxism anti-capitalism and, 34-35,36 communist parties and, 35-36 consciousness and, 34,35-36,37-38 Economic Marxist faction and, 37-38,40 historical theory and, 11,21,33-34, 35-37, 41,42,69,78,91-92,119,128-29,297-98, 315-16,320Ո.8 humanist concerns in, 34,36,37,40,78 individual hero view ofhistory discounted in, 67 industrial revolution and, 33 Orthodox Marxist faction (Mensheviks) and, 37-38,39 proletariat class and, 35-38,315-16 revolutions of 1848 and, 33,37 Socialist International and, 36 Stalinism and, 77,78,85 violent workers’ revolutions and, 35,36-38, 41-42,78 “withering away of state” as aspect of, 21,47-48 Medvedev, Roy, 237-38 Meisner, Maurice, 132-33,186,192-93,196 Mensheviks, 37-38 Mexico, 289 Michnik, Adam, 227 Mikoyan, Anastas, 173 MIRVs, 212-13,217 Mlynař, Zdenek, 238 Moldova, 95 Mondale, Walter, 217 Mongolia communist regime established in, 12,117,301 end of communist regime in, 1,4 world communist movement and, 69,77 Munich Conference (1938), 75,93,105 Myanmar. See Burma 339 Nagy,
Imre, 153-54 National Liberation Movement (NLM, Albania), 108 National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), 214-15 Naxalite movement (India), 199 Nazi Germany Allies’ defeat of, 20,97,102,145 Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) and, 74-75 Austria annexed (1938) by, 74-75,109 Hitler’s rise to power (1933) in, 74-75,91,92 Poland invaded and occupied ( 1939-45) by, 95 Soviet liberation (1945) and postwar occupation of, 97-98,102 Soviet Union invaded and occupied (1941-44) by, 93,95,96-97,101 Soviet Union’s non-aggression pact (1939) with, 93,95 Western Europe’s reluctance to confront, 75 Yugoslavia invaded and occupied by, 107-8 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 165-66 Nepal, 199 The Netherlands, 37 New Economic Policy (NEP, Soviet Union) Bukharin and, 58-59,87 “commanding heights” of the economy and, 56,128 debates regarding duration of, 58-59 economic performance under, 57,87-88 Lenin and, 56,80-81,122 partial liberalization of the economy under, 56,128 peasantry and, 58-59 socioeconomic inequality under, S7 Nicaragua, 218,287 Nicholas II (tsar of Russia), 45 Nixon, Richard, 207,208-9,212-13 Non-Aligned Movement, 27,149,154,168, 233,304-5 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 109, 116,216,217,229,246 North Korea bureaucratic despotism in, 23-24 censorship in, 138 China and, 28,166,291-92,293 collectivization of agriculture in, 137-38 communist regime established in, 13-14,98, 117,135-36,168-69,301 current communist regime in, 1,4,302,315 cyberwarfare and, 269 dynastic politics in, 291 economic stagnation in, 290,291 emigration from, 291-92,311 famine (1990s) in, 291 informers
in, 138 international aid to, 293 Japanese colonial rule of, 135-36 Juche (self-reliance) doctrine and, 291
340 INDEX North Korea (cont) Korean War and, 18-19,120,137,303 labor camps in, 138 land redistribution in, 136 “new class” of bureaucratic cadres in, 299 nuclear weapons and, 292-93,303 “petty capitalism from below” in, 291-92 purges of Communist Party officials in, 162 refugees in South Korea from, 136-37 reunification goals of, 20,135,167 Soviet Union and, 3,13-14,98,117,136,247, 291.303 Stahnism in, 4,7,21,23-24,122-23,137-38, 162,166,290,291,297,304-5,313 United States and, 292-93 world communist movement and, 136,156 World Conference of Communist Parties (1969) boycotted by, 208 World War II and, 13-14,117 North Vietnam central economic planning in, 140 China and, 124-25,139-41,166,168,206,275 communist regime established in, 106,117, 139,168-69, 301 industrialization in, 140 land reform in, 139-40 Laos and, 277-78,280 Maoism and, 199,271 reunification goals of, 20,21,135,140,166, 167,271 South Vietnam conquered by, 4-5,13-14,123, 140-41,214,271,278 Soviet Union and, 106,124-2S, 139-41,166, 168-69,183-84,206,214,278 Stalinism in, 166 Vietnam War and, 2,4,140-41,166,206, 209 world communist movement and, 141, 166, 271 World Conference of Communist Parties (1969) boycotted by, 208 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (1968), 211 nuclear weapons China and, 165,193,198-99,205,206,303 Cold War and, 4,19,113,125,163,205,2078,212-13 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) and, 176-77,205, 269.303 Soviet Union and, 29,113,124-25,130,14041,163,165,167,168-69,205-6 United States and, 26-27,114,140-41,163, 167.303 US bombing ofJapan (1945) and, H 4,303 Vietnam War and, 140—41,303 Obama, Barack,
289 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 214 Ottoman Empire, 45-46,53,233-34 Pakistan, 209 Paris Commune (1871), 191-92 Pathet Lao, 277-78 People s Liberation Army (PLA, China), 191-92, 197-99,201,219 People’s Movement for the Liberation ofAngola (MPLA), 214-15 Peru, 199 Poland agriculture in, 18 communist regime established in, 104-5,10910,114-15,301 end of communist regime in, 1,247 expulsion of German population (1945) from, 102-3 The Holocaust and, 103 nationalism in, 300-1 Nazi invasion and occupation (1939-45) of, 95 Prague Spring and, 225-26 revolt against communist regime (1956) in, 22, 152-54,225,226-27,237,305 Roman Catholic Churchin, 109-10,15253,228-29 Russia’s war (1919-20) with, 50,51,53 Solidarity movement (1980-81) in, 22,29, 228-30,237,300,305,307-8 Soviet annexation of territories ( 1939-41) in, 95-96 Soviet liberation (1945) and postwar occupation of 97-98,102,151-52 territorial changes after World War II in, 103 Workers’ Defense Committee (KOR) and, 227 workers’ strikes against austerity during 1970s in, 22,227,237 World War II and, 95,101-2 Pol Pot, 308 Portugal, 214,287 Prague Spring (1968) Castro on, 180 democratic reform efforts introduced in, 22, 27-28,268,300,307-8 leaders of, 237 market socialism reforms and, 225 “socialism with a human face” as goal of, 240 Soviet suppression of, 1-2,4,27,29,180,18384,206,207-8,225-26,238-39 world communist movement and, 206 Priestland, David, 159-60,178,186 Putin, Vladimir, 88 Qpemoy and Matsu crisis ( 1958), 165 Reagan, Ronald, 215,218,223,229,240,245-46 Red Guards (China), 190-91,192,201
Romania Bureaucratic Leninism and, 224 Ceausescu ruling family and, 223,305
INDEX censorship in, 223 communist regime established in, 104-5,10910,151-52,301 end of communist regime in, 1,247 ethnic cleansing after World War II in, 103 Prague Spring and, 225-26 Soviet hberation (1945) and postwar occupation of, 97-98,102,151-52 Soviet Union’s annexation of territories (1940) in, 95 Warsaw Pact and, 27-28 World War II and, 101 Roosevelt, Franklin, 113-14,115-16 Russia. See abo Russian Federation, Soviet Union Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918) and, 51 civil war (1918-22) in, 13-15,18-19,49, SO, 51-55,59,60-61,63,68-69,75,82-83,88, 101,120,121,126 democratic reform efforts in, 45-47 empire of, 121-22 famine (1896) in, 40 famine (1921) in, 53-54 Kronstadt naval uprising (1921) in, 53-54 labor unrest in, 45-46 peasant majority during early twentieth century in, 45-46,118 Poland’s war (1919-20) with, 50,52,53-54 pre-industrial status in early twentieth century of, 41,45,52-53,71,118-19,120-21,316 proletariat class in, 39 Red Terror (1918-22) in, 52,79-81,82-83 revolution and collapse of tsarist regime (1917) in, 45,46-47,48,53,87-88,92,101,106, 120,301 Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) and, 74—75 trade unionism in, 39 World War I and, 41,45-47,49,50-52,101 Russian Federation, 248 Sadat, Anwar, 213-14 Sakharov, Andrei, 237-38,240 Service, Robert, 14-15,175 Seton-Watson, Hugh, 104 Seventeenth Party Congress (Soviet Union, 1934), 76 Shakhty Affair (Soviet Union, 1928), 68 Shanghai Commune (1967), 191-92 Shining Path movement (Peru), 199 Sihanouk (prince of Cambodia), 281 Slovakia, 53 Social-Democratic Party (Russia), 39-40 Social Democratic Party (Weimar Germany), 92
Sociaüst International, 36 Sobdarity movement (Poland), 22,228-30,237, 300,305,307-8 Solnick, Steven, 242 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 237-38 SomaÜa, 216,287 341 Souphanavong (prince ofLaos), 281 South Africa, 214-15,287 South Korea anticommunist regime estabÜshed during 1940s in, 136 democratization in, 304 economic growth in, 290 modernization in, 87 refugees from North Korea in, 136-37 United States and, 290 World War II and, 13-14,117 South Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Trail and, 277-78 North Vietnam’s conquest of, 4-5,13-14,123, 140-41,214,271,278 United States and, 140 Vietnam War and, 1-2,140-41,206 Soviet Union. See abo Russia Afghanistan War (1979-89) and, 216,217-18, 229,240,246-47 Albania and, 104,106,107-8,109,111-12, 117,166,168-69,225,232,301 Angola and, 214,216 anti-imperialism and, 26-27 Arab-Israeü War of 1967 and, 183-84 Arab-Israeli War of 1973 and, 213 Baltic countries annexed (1940) by, 95 Berlin blockade (1948) and, 116,124-25 Berlin crisis (1958) and, 164 censorship in, 92 Chernobyl nuclear disaster (1986) in, 240 China and, 1-2,4,20,26-27, 28-29,53,120, 123-25,130,164-69,183,193,206,208 collectivization of agriculture in, 18, 57-58,63, 68,69-70,71,75,82-83,121,131-32,145, 148,198 command economy in, 65,88,146,181-82 Cuba and, 27-28,157,170,173,175-77,178, 179-80,247,284, 285-86,313-14 democratization reforms under Gorbachev in, 1-2,4,22,27-28,182,212,237,241-42, 243,247,255,260,266,299,304-5 détente with the United States and, 1-2,18384,207,208-9,211-15,216-18,227,246, 275,290,304 dissolution (1991) of, 1,4,22,244,248, 274,313-14 Eastern Europe under hegemony of,
1-2,3,4,1314,22,29,104-5,106-7,109-12,113,114-15, 124-25,151-52,168-69,239,297,306,316 Egypt and, 213-14 emigration poücies in, 213,217 Ethiopia and, 216, 287 federation structure of, 243 Five-Year Plans in, 65 Great Terror (1936-39) and, 18-19,71-76,79, 82, 89,92,97,122-23,145,147,187-88
342 INDEX Soviet Union (cont.) industrialization in, S7-S8,59-60,61-62,6869,71, 75,83,148,157-58,310 Japan and, 71 Korean War and, 137,14S-46,303 Manchuria and, 124-25 missile programs in, 157,164 Nazi invasion and occupation (1941-44) of, 93, 95,96-97,101 “new class” ofbureaucratic cadres in, 66,80-81, 88-90,299 New Economic Policy ( 1920s) in, 56,57,5859,80-81,87-88,122,128 North Korea military presence of, 3,13-14,98, 117,136,247,291,303 North Vietnam and, 106,124-25,139-41,166, 168-69,183-84,206,214,278 nuclear weapons and, 29,113,124-25,130, 140-41,163,165,167,168-69,20S-6 “peaceful coexistence” foreign policy during 1920s and, 56-57,59 Polish territories annexed (1939-41) by, 95-96 prison labor camps in, 72-73,145-46 procurements crisis of 1927 and, 68,76 respite (peredyshka) policies of 1920s and, 5657,60-61 secret police in, 79,106-7,145-46 Seventeenth Party Congress (1934) in, 76 Sputnik satellite program (1957), 157,164 Supreme Soviet legislature and, 24142,243-44 Twentieth Party Congress (1956) in, 147-48 urbanization in, 63-64,65,75 Vietnam and, 219,247 workers’ strikes against austerity (1962) in, 22 world communist movement and, 12,20, 26-29, S3,69,77,91-94,97,120,123,125, 141-42,154-55,156-58,163-64,166,16869,177,205-6,298 World War II and, 20,96-98,101,147,182-83 Yugoslavia and, 26,110-12,116,161,168-69, 233,300,304-5 Spain, 27-28,74 Spratly Islands, 263,275 Sputnik satellite program (Soviet Union, 1957), 157,164 SS-20 missiles, 217,229,246 Stalin, Joseph. See abo Stalinism Austria and, 109 “building socialism” and, 4-5,15-16,6162,71 Bukharin and, 61
bureaucratic despotism and, 7,122-23,200-1 collectivization of agriculture under, 18,63, 68,69-70,71,75,82-83,121,131-32,145, 148,198 Communist Party of China and, 94,123-24 consolidation of power by, 61-62,63,6768,71-72 cult ofpersonality surrounding, 67, 72-73,75, 80-81,145,147,308 death of, 5-6,20,22,24-25,26-27,86,123, 125,141-42,151-52,298-99,302-4,306 Eastern European satellite regimes and, 106-7, 110,111,115,297,316 Great Depression and, 92 Great Terror ( 1936-39) under, 71-72,74,7576,79,82,89,92,97,122-23,187-88 Greece and, 108-9, 111, 125 industrialization under, 61-62,63-64,68-69, 71,75,83,148 Khrushchev s denunciation of, 86,92,147-48, 152-54,166,225,298,300 League ofNations and, 93 Lenin and, 81 Mao and, 123-25,164 militarization under, 61,63-64 Munich Conference (1938) and, 75 national front politics in 1930s and, 93 Nazi Germany before World War II and, 92-93 North Vietnam and, 124-25 procurements crisis of 1927 and, 68,76 respite (peredyshka) policies of 1920s and, 60-61 Shakhty Affair (1928), 68 “socialism in one country” strategy of, 61 state-building under, 65-66 Tito and, 110-11,233 Trotsky and, 61 urbanization under, 63-64,65,75 world communist movement and, 26-27,7172,91-92,93,154-55 World War II and, 97,147 Stalingrad, Battle ( 1942-43) of, 96 Stalinism. See abo Stalin, Joseph Albania and, 21,23-24,110-11,122-23,165֊ 66.304-5,307-8 anti-imperialism and, 79-80 collectivization of agriculture and, 85,86,87, 89,129 command economy under, 88 educational initiatives under, 86 elimination of noncommunist social ehtes under, 85-86 humanistic goals and, 78
industrialization and, 85-86,89,119,129 Leninism and, 77-83, 85 Marxism and, 77,78,85 militarization and, 85-86 modernization and, 85-88,91-92 “new class” of privileged bureaucratic cadres in, 80-81,88-90 North Korea and, 4,7,21,23-24,122-23,137֊ 38.162.166.290.291.297.304-5,313
INDEX “Revolution Łom Above” policies and, 61-62, 63-64,65-66,69-70,71,76,79,83, 85-90, 91-92,96,97,101,129,131-32 secret police and, 79 social welfare programs under, 145 urbanization and, 85,89,119 The State and Revolution (Lenin), 47-48 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT, 1972), 208-9 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II, 1979), 217-18 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 218,246 Taiwan China and, 127,164,167,168-69,262,269, 274-75,303,316 democratization in, 304 Guomindang and, 120,126 modernization in, 87 United Nations and, 198-99,208-9 United States and, 127,217,269,274-75,303 The Taliban, 199,316-17 Thailand, 279-80 Thatcher, Margaret, 240 Third World Cuba’s training of revolutionary guerrilla forces in, 172,180,287 decolonization in, 157 Khrushchev and, 149 Non-Aligned Movement and, 27 OPEC embargo (1973) and, 214 US covert action in, 309 US-Soviet proxy wars in, 209,213-1S, 216-18 world communist movement and, 164, 180, 183-84 Tiananmen Square protests (1989), 260,273 Tibet, 262 Tito, Josip Broz Balkan Federation proposal of, 111 consolidation of power by, 111 ethnic background of, 233-34 Hungarian Revolt (1956) and, 154 Non-Aligned Movement and, 154,304-5 Stalin and, 110-11,233 United States and, 154 Yugoslavian civil war of 1940s and, 107-8,1 ΙΟ Ι 1, 121,233 Yugoslavian independence from Moscow cultivated by, 107-8,110-11,233,300-1 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 24-25,147,153-54 Togliatti, Paimiro, 152,154-55 Trotsky, Leon drift to despotism within communism predicted by, 308 elite-driven bureaucratism criticized by, 66 industrialization and, 59-60 343
murder of, 71-72 New Economic Policy and, 59 October Revolution and, 48 peasantry and, 59 permanent revolution foreign policies and, 59-60 sacralization of Lenin opposed by, 67 Stalin and, 61 World War I and, 51 Truman Doctrine, 114-15 Trump, Donald, 259,267,293 Turkey, 114,176 Twentieth Party Congress (Soviet Union, 1956), 147^18 Ukraine collectivization of agriculture and famine under Stalin in, 63,145 ethnic cleansing after World War II in, 103 Orange Revolution (2004) in, 261 Polish territories annexed (1939-41) into, 95 secession from Russian Empire by, 50 Soviet incorporation of, 53-54 territorial changes after World War II in, 103 United Nations China’s admission to, 198-99,208-9 Cold War and, 114,246 establishment of, 113 North Korea and, 292-93 United States Albania and, 231,232 Angola and, 214-15,216 China and, 1-2,28-29,120,125,127,165-66, 193,198-99,205,207-9,210,216-17,218, 263,267-69,274-75,290 Cuba and, 1-2,17-18,19,170,172-74,17677,284,285,286-87,289,311,313 détente with the Soviet Union and, 1-2,18384,207,208-9,211-15,216-18,227,246, 275,290,304 Great Depression and, 69 Korean War and, 18-19,120,198-99,303 Marshall Plan and, 114-15 Marx on, 37 North Korea and, 292-93 nuclear weapons and, 26-27,114,140-41,163, 167,303 Olympic Games boycott (1980) and, 218 recession (1957) in, 157-58 Russian Civil War and, 18-19,50 South Korea and, 290 Taiwan and, 127,217,269,274-75,303 Truman Doctrine and, 114-15 Vietnam War and, 2,4,19,140-41,165,205, 206,207,209,213-14 World War II and, 95,96-97,98,113-14,117 Yugoslavia and, 111, 154
344 INDEX Uvalic, Milica, 235-36 Uzbekistan, 243 Venezuela, 6,286-88,313 Vietnam. See aho North Vietnam; South Vietnam; Vietnam War Cambodia and, 4,23,29,218-19,272, 275,280-81 China and, 4,29,272,275-76 collectivization of agriculture in, 272 corruption in, 273-74 current communist regime in, 1,4,24,302,315 elections canceled (1954) in, 140 famine (1988) in, 272 France expelled ( 1954) from, 13-14,140-41, 271,277 Geneva Conference (1954) and, 275 industrialization in, 272 international organizational memberships of, 274 Japanese occupation during World War II of, 13-14,98,271 Laos and, 279,280-81,282 Market Leninism in, 7,24,28-29,233,254, 272,274,299,304,313 opening to world economy by, 273-74 refagees from, 271,311 reunification (1976) of, 140 South China Seas conflicts and, 275 Soviet Union and, 219,247 US trade with, 274-75 world communist movement and, 274 Vietnam War anti-imperialism and, 19 Cambodia and, 13-14,19,209,271 casualty levels in, 140,271 détente policies and, 207,27S Haiphong Harbor and, 209,275 Laos and, 13-14,271,277-78 North Vietnam’s victory in, 4,140 nuclear weapons and, 140-41,303 United States and, 2,4,19,140-41,165,205, 206,207,209,213-14 Viet Cong forces and, 140 Viet Minh and, 139-40,141 Wälder, Andrew, 200 Walesa, Lech, 229,305,330n.S Warsaw Pact Albania and, 111-12,231-32 Brezhnev Doctrine and, 183-84,205-6 Czechoslovakia and, 27,225-26 establishment (1955) of, 110 Hungary and, 27,153-54 Romania and, 27-28 Solidarity Movement and, 229-30 Watergate scandal (United States, 1972-74), 212-13,215 Weimar Germany, 53,57,92 West Berlin, 116,164,223
West Germany acceptance of divided Europe by, 208,209 Berlin blockade (1948) and, 116 Berlin crisis (1958) and, 164 Berlin Wall and, 223 establishment of, 115 “What Is to Be Done?” (Lenin), 39-40 Wilhemine Germany, 45-46,50,51,53 Workers’ Defense Committee (KOR, Poland), 227 world communist movement Angola and, 214-15 anti-fascism and, 91-92,93,97 China and, 28-29,120,125,156,163,164-65, 168,193,198-99,206 collapse ofEuropean communism (1989-91) and, 262-63 Great Depression and, 91-92 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution and, 206 Great Terror and, 92 national front alignments during 1930s and, 93 Non-Aligned Movement and, 27 North Vietnam and, 141,166,271 Prague Spring and, 206 proletarian internationalism and, 168 resistance to Nazi occupation in Europe and, 93 Russian Revolution (1917) and, 50,53 Soviet Union’s role as leader of, 12,20,26-29, 53,69,77,91-94,97,120,123,125,141-42, 154-55,156-58,163-64,166,168-69,177, 205-6,298 Stalin and, 26-27,71-72,91-92,93,1S4-5S Third World and, 164,180,183-84 Trotskyite wing in, 91-92 Yugoslavia and, 116,156,168 World Conference of Communist Parties (1969), 208 World War I Austro-Hungarian Empire and, 45-46,47-48, 50,51, S3 Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918) and, 51 France and, 46 Germany and, 45-46,50,51,53 Great Britain and, 46 Ottoman Empire and, 45-46,53 Russia and, 41,45-47,49,50-52,101 World War II Albania and, 101,107-8 Bulgaria and, 101,107-8 Czechoslovakia and, 101,102 France and, 95,98,109,117 Great Britain and, 95,98,109,117 Greece and, 101,108 The Holocaust and, 101 Hungary and, 101,102 India and, 98,117 Italy and, 107-8
INDEX Korea and, 13-14,117 nuclear weapons and, 114,303 Poland and, 95,101-2 Romania and, 101 Sino-Japanese War (1937-45) and, 74-75,95, 98,117-18,119,121-22,123-24,128,160, 195,316-17 Soviet Union and, 20,96-98,101,147,182-83 United States and, 95,96-97,98,113-14,117 Vietnam and, 13-14,98,271 Yugoslavia and, 101-2,103,107,233-34 Xi Jinping color revolutions in Eurasia (2000s) and, 261 consolidation of power under, 266 corruption and, 258-59,264 COVID-19 pandemic and, 259,262-63 economicperformance under, 258-59,264 internet censorship and, 261 Muslim populations as subject of crackdown during rule of, 262 urbanization under and, 259 Yeltsin, Boris, 22,243-44 Yugoslavia 345 Albania and, 166,231 China and, 165-66 civil war during 1940s in, 13-14,42,107-8, 121,233 communist regime established in, 104,106, 107,109,168-69,301 end of communist regime in, 1,247 ethnic divisions in, 103,233-34 Greece and, 108-9 guest workers in Western Europe from, 24,235 International Monetary Fund rescue package for, 235 Market Leninism in, 1-2,7,24,161,168,23334,235,237,254 Non-Aligned Movement and, 27,154,168, 233.304-5 Soviet Union and, 26,110-12,116,161,16869.233.300.304-5 United States and, 111, 154 world communist movement and, 116,156,168 World Conference of Communist Parties (1969) boycotted by, 208 World War II and, 101-2,103,107,233-34 Zhou Enlai, 132,208 r Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München _____ ______ Jï
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ы Introduction i PART I. GENERAL PATTERNS IN WORLD COMMUNISM 1. What Did Communist Regimes Have in Common? n 2. How Did Communist Regimes Differ from Each Other? 21 3. The World Communist Movement: From Moscow-Centric to Pluralistic 26 PART II. IDEOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION: THE HERITAGE 4. Marxism: The Vision зз 5. Leninism: The Instrument 39 PARTIIL COMING TO POWER AND “BUILDING SOCIALISM” IN RUSSIA 6. The Bolshevik Seizure of Power 45 7. Consolidating Bolshevik Power 50 8. Respite s6
CONTENTS vi 9. Building Socialism: Stalins Revolution from Above бз 10. The Great Terror and Stalinist Despotism 71 11. Was Stalinism a Logical Continuation of Marxism, Leninism, or Neither? 77 12. Was Stalins Revolution from Above a Rational Strategy of Modernization? ss 13. Stalinism and World Communism in the 1930s 91 14. The Impact of World War II on the Soviet Union and World Communism 95 PART IV. THE STALINIST MODEL SPREADS WESTWARD AND EASTWARD 15. The Creation of East European Communist States 101 16. Origins and Entrenchment of the Cold War, 1945-1953 113 17. World War II and the Creation ofAsian Communist States: The Peoples Republic of China 117 18. Consolidating Power and “Building Socialism” in China 126 19. Communist Parties Come to Power in Korea and Vietnam PART V. 13s AFTER STALIN: FROM SIMILARITY TO DIFFERENCE 20. What Follows Stalinism in the USSR? 145 21. Diversity and Defiance within the World Communist Movement ısı 22. “Building Communism”: Competition for Ideological “Correctness” within the World Communist Movement 156 23. The Sino-Soviet Schism, 1957-1963 ібз 24. Cuba’s Indigenous Revolution, 1959-1970 no 25. The Soviet Union after Khrushchev: Bureaucratic Leninism ш 26. Alternatives to Utopia in China, 1960-1965 ш
27. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1969 i89 28. Maoism: An Accounting 194 PART VI. THE REALIGNMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS FROM PROLETARIAN INTERNATIONALISM TO PRAGMATISM 29. The Collapse of the World Communist Movement and the Rise of Détente 20s 30. Why US-Soviet Détente Failed 211 31. The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, December 1979 PART VII. 216 THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM 32. Varieties of Opposition to Bureaucratic Leninism in Eastern Europe, 1968-1985 223 33. Gorbachev s Peaceful Revolution from Above 237 34. Gorbachev and the Abandonment of Anti-Imperialist Struggle 245 PART VIII. THE REMAINS OF COMMUNISM IN A POSTCOMMUNIST WORLD 35. From Maoism to Market Leninism: The Chinese Economic Miracle after Mao 251 36. China in a Postcommunist World: Can Leninism Survive Market Leninism? 260 37. Market Leninism in Vietnam 271 38. Market Leninism in Laos vn 39. Bureaucratic Leninism in Cuba 40. Stalinism in North Korea 290 283
viii CONTENTS PART IX. 41. Why the Drive to Difference? CONCLUSIONS 297 42. Assessing the Communist Experience: Tragedy or Achievement? зоб 43. Is There a Future for New Communist States? Notes 319 Index 331 s 31
INDEX For the benefit ofdigital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53,) may, on occasion, appear on only one ofthosepages. Afghanistan jihadist insurgency during 1980s in, 217.246-47 Marxist coup (1978) in, 216 Soviet invasion and occupation (1979-89) of, 216,217-18,229,240,246-47 US aid to jihadist insurgency in, 217֊ 18.246- 47 Albania Balkan Federation proposal and, 111-12 China and, 28,111-12,166,231-32 civil war during 1940s in, 13-14,107-8,301 communist regime established in, 104,106, 107-8,109,117,168-69,301 cult ofpersonality leadership in, 167 despotic nature of Hoxha regime in, 23֊24, 182,237,308 end of communist regime in, 1,247 First Five-Year Plan in, 230 Soviet Union and, 104,106,107-8,109,11112,117,165-66,168-69,22S, 232,301 Stalinism in, 21,23-24,110-11,122-23,165֊ 66,230-32,304-5,307-8 United States and, 231,232 Warsaw Pact and, 111 -12,231 -32 World Conference of Communist Parties ( 1969) boycotted by, 208 World War II and, 101,107-8 Yugoslavia and, 166,231 Allison, Graham, 268-69 Aí Qaeda, 199,316-17 Andropov, Yuri, 239 Angola, 214-15,216 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972), 208-9 Anti-Comintern Pact (1936), 74-75 Anti-Rightist Campaign (China, 1957), 133-34,260 Arab-Israeli War of 1967,183-84 Arab-Israeli War of 1973,213,287 Arab Spring (2011), 261,265-66 Armenia, 243 Australia, 98,117 Austria, 74-75,104,109 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 45-46,47-48, 50,51, 53,233-34 Batista, Fulgencio, 170-72 Bavarian Soviet Republic, 53 Bay of Pigs invasion (Cuba, 1961), 173-74 Belarus, 103,248 Belt and Road Initiative (China), 263 Beria, Lavrenti, 145-46
Berlin blockade (1948), 116,124-25 Berlin crisis (1958), 164 Bolivia, 180,288 Bolsheviks. See ako Communist Party of the Soviet Union “building socialism” and, 57-58,61-62 collectivization of agriculture and, 57-58 consolidation ofpower by, 50-52,54,57 Constituent Assembly elections (1917) and, 48-49 expropriation of private property by, 54 industrialization and, 57-58,59-60,61-62 Lenin and, 39-40,48,50 October Revolution (1917) and, 48,50,87-88, 101,106,120-21 peasantry and, 57-59,60,121,126 proletariat class and, 54,58 “Red Terror” campaigns of, 52 331
332 INDEX Bolsheviks (cont.) Russian Civil War (1918-22) and, 49, 51-55, 59,60-61,88,101,120 Russia’s pre-industrial status and, 52-53,11819,120-21,316 Third Communist International and, 53, 58 World War I and, 47,49,50-51,101 Brazil, 87 Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918), 51 Brezhnev, Leonid Arab-Israeli War of 1973 and, 213 ascent to power (1964) of, 181 Brezhnev Doctrine and, 183-84,205-6 Bureaucratic Leninism and, 7,23,181-83,184, 205-6,223,255,284,288-89 censorship under, 182-83 China and, 183 death of, 239 détente policies with United States and, 18384,217 economic stagnation under, 183 John Paul II’s visit to Poland (1979) and, 228 militarization under, 183-84,205-6,207-8 “new class” of bureaucratic cadres accommodated by, 299 Prague Spring suppressed (1968) by, 205-6 rationalization of central planning under, 18182,183 Soviet patriotism promoted under, 182-83 Stalin and, 72 world communist movement and, 180,183 World Conference of Communist Parties (1969) and, 208 Brown, Harold, 218 Bukharin, Nikolai New Economic Policy and, 58-59,87 peaceful coexistence foreign policy and, 59 peasantry and, 59,87 procurements crisis of 1927 and, 68 sacralization of Lenin opposed by, 67 Stalin and, 61 World War I and, 51 Bulgaria Balkan Federation proposal and, 111 censorship in, 223 communist regime established in, 104-5,10910,301 end of communist regime in, 1,247 ethnic cleansing after World War II in, 103 Soviet liberation (1945) and postwar occupation of, 97-98,102,151-52 workers’ strikes against austerity (1953) in, 22, 151-52,153-54 World War II and, 101,108 Burlatsky, Fyodor, 237-38
Burma, 149,316 Cambodia China and, 28,29,218-19 end of communist regime in, 1 establishment of communist regime in, 4-5, 13-14,280,301 French colonial rule of, 277 Maoism and, 199 mass revolutionary violence in, 17-18,19,23, 199-200,280,281,306,309 US invasion (1970) of, 19,209 Vietnam’s relationship with, 4,23,29,218-19, 272,275,280-81 Vietnam War and, 13-14,19,209,271 Camp David Accords (1978), 213-14 Carter, Jimmy, 217-18 Castro, Fidel consolidation ofpower by, 173-74,179 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) and, 177,303 Cuban Revolution (1959) and, 157,170-71 cult of personality surrounding, 173,283, 284,304-5 death of, 288 industrialization policy and, 17S-76 initial skepticism toward communism of, 171 “new class” ofbureaucratic cadres and, 299 Prague Spring (1968) and, 180 privileged party officials identified as problem by, 17 US efforts to assassinate, 1-2,18-19 world communist movement and, 180 Castro, Raul, 171,173,288,313-14 Catholic Church, 109-10,152-53,170,228-29 Ceausescu, Nicolae, 223,305 Central America, 172-73,180,287 Charter 77 organization, 226 Chávez, Hugo, 286-87 Chernenko, Konstantin, 239 Chernobyl nuclear disaster (Soviet Union, 1986), 240 Chile, 216,309 China Albania and, 28,111-12,166,231-32 Angola and, 214-15,216 Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957) in, 133-34,260 Belt and Road Initiative and, 263 Cambodia and, 28,29,218-19 Christian populations as subject of crackdowns in, 261 civil war (1927-49) in, 13-14,68,98,117-18, 120,121,126,127-28,160,195,19899,316-17 collectivization of agriculture in, 18,23,13031,159-60,196-97 color revolutions in Eurasia (2000s) and,
261 communist regime established in, 117-18,12324,168-69,301
INDEX С0ѴШ-19 pandemie and, 259,262-63,268 Cuba and, 179,286-87 current communist regime in, 1,4,24,302,315 First Five-Year Plan (1953-57) in, 129-30,132, 133,159,186 Great Britain and, 119,120 Great Leap Forward Program (1958-60) and, 23,159-60,184,196-98 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (196676) and, 23,122-23,183,186,188,189-92, 197-98,199-200,201,206,237,252,254֊ 56,304-5 Han Chinese majority in, 121-22 Hong Kong protests (2019-) in, 262 Hundred Flowers campaign (1956-57) in, 13334,152-53,241,260 India and, 165-66,198-99 industrialization in, 119,128-30,159-60, 196-97,310 Japanese occupation of Manchuria (1931) and, 74-75,117,119,13S-36 Korean War and, 18-19,120,127,137,14041,198-99 Market Leninism and, 1-2,7,24,233,252-59, 260-61,264-68,269-70,286,304,313 militarization during twenty-first century in, 268-69 Muslim populations as subject of crackdowns in, 261-62 nationalism during twenty-first century in, 263, 267,268-70 North Korea and, 28,166,291-92,293 North Vietnam and, 124-25,139-41,166,168, 206,275 nuclear weapons and, 165,193,198-99,205, 206,303 peasant majority during twentieth century in, 118,185-86 People's Liberation Army (PLA) in, 191-92, 197-99,201,219 Red Guards in, 190-91,192,201 Second Five-Year Plan (1957-61) in, 159 secret police in, 265-66 Shanghai Commune (1967) and, 191-92 Sino-Japanese War (1937-45) and, 74-75,95, 98,117-18,119,121-22,123-24,128,160, 195,316-17 socioeconomic improvements under Market Leninism in, 253-54 South China Seas conflicts and, 263,275 Soviet Union and, 1-2,4,20,26-27,28-29, 53,120,123-25,130,164-69,183,193, 206,208
Taiwan and, 127,164,167,168-69,262,269, 274-75,303,316 Tiananmen Square protests ( 1989) in, 260,273 333 United States and, 1-2,28-29,120,125,127, 165-66,193,198-99,205,207-9,210,21617,218,263,267-69,274-75,290 urbanization in, 75,119,253,259,265 Vietnam and, 4,29,272,275-76 world communist movement and, 28-29, 120,125,156,163,164-65,168,193,19899,206 World Conference of Communist Parties ( 1969) boycotted by, 208 Yugoslavia and, 165-66 Churchill, Winston, 108-9 climate change, 304,317 Cohen, Stephen, 71 Cold War arms control negotiations and, 167,208-9,211, 212-13,217-18,246 demilitarization of Germany and, 115 détente policies between United States and Soviet Union and, 1-2,183-84,207,208-9, 211-15,216-18,227,246,275,290,304 nuclear weapons and, 4,19,113,125,163,205, 207-8,212-13 origins of, 113-16 realist theories of, 113-14 U-2 spy plane downing over Soviet Union (1960) and, 177 United Nations and, 114,246 Colombia, 289 color revolutions in Eurasia (2000s), 261,265-66 Committee on the Present Danger (United States), 212-13 communism. See also specific countries achievements associated with regimes of, 298 anti-capitalism and, 3,12,16,19 anti-imperialism and, 3,4,5,7,12-13,1920,28-29 “building communism” phase of, 11-12,21 “building socialism” phase of, 3,4-5,7,11-13, 15-17,21,319-20Ո.1 censorship of public media under, 15,17 clash between ideals and realities of, 299-300 collectivized agriculture and, 16 command economies and, 299 counterfactuals regarding, 311-12 education and literacy programs under, 16,301 industrialization and, 16,299,310 informants and surveillance
under, 17 Marx’s vision of, 11,21,34 militarization and, 3,16 one-party rule and, 5,6,11-13,14-15 party discipline under, 17,21 political mobilization under, 3,17 privileged class of party officials under, 17 revolutionary elites’ consolidation of power under, 13-14
334 INDEX communism (cont.) revolutionary violence and, 12-13., 17-19, 21,26-27 state-led economic development under, 3,16 world communism movement and, 1,3,7, 12-13,19 Communist International (Comintern), 19-20, S3,120,123-24 Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), 33 Communist Party of China (CPC) Chinas pre-industrial status and, 11819,120-21 Chinese civil war (1927-49) and, 68,117-18, 120,121,126,127-28,160,316-17 consolidation ofpower by, 126-29 corruption in, 185-86,258-59,264,265-66, 328Ո.21 establishment of, 117-18 Guomindang massacres of members of, 94 industrialization and, 119,128-30 land reform and, 126,128-29 Leninism and, 119-20 Long March (1934-3S) and, 74-75,94, 131,194 Marxism and, 119 nationalization of large-scale enterprises by, 128 national liberation emphasis of, 119,121-22 peasantry and, 121,126 policy of cooperation with the Guomindang (1920s) and, 94,123-24 Stalin and, 94,123-24 Stalinism and, 119-20 state-building by, 127-28 urbanization and, 119 World War II and, 98 Communist Party of the Soviet Union. See ako Bolsheviks educational initiatives under, 64-65,75 elimination of noncommunist social eûtes under, 64-65 Great Terror and the targeting of officials of, 71-72 opposition parties outlawed by, 48-49,57-58 Seventeenth Party Congress (1934) and, 76 suppression of internal factions within, 56 Twentieth Party Congress (1956) and, 147-48 Communist Party ofVietnam (CPV), 140 Congo, 309 COVID-19 pandemic (2020-), 259,262-63, 268,317 Cuba Angola and, 214-15,281 Arab-Israeli War of 1973 and, 287 Bay ofPigs invasion (1961) and, 173-74 Bureaucratic
Leninism in, 7,23, 24,28889,313-14 Catholic Church and, 170 Central American left-wing groups and, 287 China and, 179,286-87 civil war during 1950s in, 13-14 command economy in, 178,283,285 corruption during pre-revolutionary era in, 170 current communist regime in, 1,4,302,315 economic depression (1990s) in, 285-86 economic reforms in, 285 education programs in, 172,178-79 embargo by United States against, 19,173-74, 285,286-87,289,313 emigration to the United States from, 17-18, 284,286,311 Ethiopia and, 216,287 expansion of Communist Party membership (1970-85) in, 284 healthcare in, 172,178-79,287-88 imprisonment and killing of communist regimes political opponents, 171-72,173, 174-75,284 industrialization in, 175-76,179,265 Iran and, 286-87 Maoism and, 199 Missile Crisis (1962) in, 167,176-77,269,303 nationalization ofproperty in, 172-73,175 revolution (1959) in,4-S, 14-15,17-18,106, 1S7,170-73,301 socialist policies enacted in, 175-76 Soviet Union and, 27-28,157,170,173,175֊ 77,178,179-80,247,284,285-86,313-14 sugar industry in, 177,179,283,284 training of Third World revolutionary forces by, 172,180,287 United States and, 1-2,17-18,19,170,172-74, 176-77,284,285,286-87,289,311,313 Venezuela and, 286-88,313 world communist movement and, 163,180 World Conference of Communist Parties (1969) and, 208 Cultural Revolution (China). See Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (China, 1966-76) Czechoslovakia communist regime established in, 104,105-6, 109-10,114-15,116,301 elections (1946) in, 105 end of communist regime in, 1,247 expulsion of German population (1945) from, 102-3
Marshall Plan and, 106 Munich Conference (1938) and, 105 Prague Spring and Soviet invasion (1968) of, 1-2,4,22,27-28,29,183-84,206,225-26, 237-39,268,300,307-8 Russian Civil War and, 18-19,50 Soviet liberation (1945) andpostwar occupation of, 97-98,102,105,116
INDEX Stalin’s efforts to reach collective security agreement with, 75 Warsaw Pact and, 22,27,225-26 workers’ strikes against austerity (1953) in, 22, 151-52,153-54 World War II and, 101,102 Democracy Wall (Beijing, 1976), 260 Deng Xiaoping decollectivization of agriculture under, 257 foreign trips by, 257 Great Leap Forward, 186 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution and purge of, 188,189-90,192,254-56 Market Leninism reforms and, 1-2,24,28-29, 252,254-57,304-5 “new class” ofbureaucratic cadres and, 299 post-Great Leap Forward reforms and, 185 professionalized bureaucracy and, 132 southern provinces tour (1992) by, 257 Tiananmen Square protests (1989) and, 260 US visit (1979) by, 217 Vietnam-Cambodia War (1979) and, 219 détente policies arms control and, 208-9,211,212-13,21718,246 Helsinki Accords ( 1975) and, 227,304 ideological obstacles to, 211-12 Jackson-Vanik Amendment and, 212-13,215 North Korea and, 290 Olympic Games boycott (1980) and, 218 Third World proxy wars and, 213-15,216-18 Vietnam War and, 207,275 Watergate scandal (United States, 1972-74) and, 212-13,215 Dickson, Bruce, 265-67 Dittmer, Lowell, 186-87,251 Djilas, Milovan, 66 Dubček, Alexander, 237 Eastern Europe. See abo specific countries Bureaucratic Leninism in, 7,288-89 centralized economic planning in, 10910,238-39 elections after World War II in, 105 elimination of noncommunist social elites in, 109-10 end of communist regimes (1989-91) in, 4,22, 29,247,262-63,273,274 ethnic cleansing after World War II in, 103,309 Gorbachev and, 22,27,184,247 secret police in communist regimes of, 109-10 Soviet
hegemony in, 1-2,3,4,13-14,22,29, 104-5,106-7,109-12,113,114-15,12425,151-52,168-69,239,297,306,316 Warsaw Pact and, 22,110 World War II and, 101-4 335 East Germany Berlin blockade (1948) and, 116 Berlin crisis (1958) and, 164 Berlin Wall and, 223 communist regime established in, 104-5,10910,301 emigration from, 311 end of communist regime (1989) in, 1,247 Prague Spring and, 225-26 Soviet liberation ( 1945) and postwar occupation of, 151-52 workers’ strikes against austerity ( 1953) in, 22, 151-52,153-54,237 Egypt, 213-14,287 Eisenhower, Dwight, 164,165,173-74,177 El Salvador, 218, 287 Estonia, 95,243,248 Ethiopia, 74-75,216,287 Finland, 95,216 Ford, Gerald, 215 France Berlin crisis ( 1958) and, 164 Cambodia and, 277 Communist Party in, 114-15,139 French Revolution and, 46-47,53 Laos, 277-78 Russian Civil War and, 18-19,50 Stalin’s efforts to reach collective security agreement with, 75,93 Vietnam and, 13-14,140-41,271,277 World War I and, 46 World War II and, 95,98,109,117 Gaddafi, Moammar, 292-93 Gang of Four (China), 260 Geneva Conference (19S4), 275 Georgia, 50,53-54,243,261 German Communist Party (Weimar Germany), 92 Germany. See East Germany; Nazi Germany; Weimar Germany; West Germany; Wilhemine Germany Gomułka, Władysław, 153,305 Gorbachev, Mikhail Afghanistan War and, 240,246-47 arms negotiations and, 246 biographical background of, 238 Chernobyl nuclear disaster (1986) and, 240 Congress of People’s Deputies elections and, 241 coup attempt (1991) against, 244 democratization reforms sponsored by, 1-2,4, 22,27-28,182,212,237,241-42,243,247, 255,260,266,299,304-5
Eastern Europe and, 22,27,184,247 economic reforms under, 242-43 glasnost (transparency) reforms and, 240-42 Á
ЗЗб INDEX Gorbachev, Mikhail (cont.) historical judgments regarding, 248 perestroika (restructuring) reforms and, 240,242 Reagan and, 240,245-46 Supreme Soviet and, 241-42 world communist movement and, 245 Yeltsin’s criticisms of, 243-44 Great Britain Albania and, 231 Berlin Crisis (1958) and, 164 China and, 119,120 Malaysia and, 124-25 Russian Civil War and, 18-19, SO Stalin’s efforts to reach collective security agreement with, 93 World War I and, 46 World War II and, 95,96-97, 98,117 Great Depression, 69,91-92 Great Leap Forward (China, 1958-60) “backyard furnace” industrialization program and, 159-60,196-97 collectivization of agriculture under, 23,15960,196-97 continuous revolution doctrine and, 23,159 educational system expansion during, 196 mass deaths during, 23,184,197-98 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (China, 1966-76) class warfare and, 189-90 continuous revolution doctrine and, 23 Deng Xiaoping purged under, 188,189-90, 192,254-56 economic stagnation under, 189 educational institutions destroyed in, 252 Mao’s role in, 122-23,186,188,189-92,19798,199-200,201,206,237,304-5 mass deaths during, 23,189,198,201 People's Liberation Army and, 191-92,19798, 201 purge of state officials under, 188,189-91, 192,254-56 Red Guards and, 190-91,192,201 Soviet-Chinese relations and, 183 Great Terror (Soviet Union, 1936-39) Communist Party officials targeted during, 71-72 informers to the state in, 73-74 intelligentsia as targets in, 71-73,145 international security as potential motivating factor force, 18-19,74-75,79,82 Khrushchev’s denunciation of, 147 Kirov assassination
and, 76 politically docile bureaucratic class as goal of, 72-73 prison labor camps and, 72-73 Greece civil war in, 114-15 Communist Party in, 108,114-15 ethnic cleansing after World War II in, 103 failure to establish communist regime in, 104,108-9 Stalin and, 108-9, 111, 125 Truman Doctrine and, 114 US and British aid to, 108-9 World War II and, 101,108 Yugoslavia and, 108-9 Grossman, Gregory, 87,312 Guatemala, 309 Guevara, Che, 171,175-76,178,180,182 Guomindang Chinese civil war (1927-49) and, 68,117-18, 120,126,160,195,198-99,316-17 corruption among, 127-28 Jiangxi province murders of Communist Party members (1934) by, 94 Long March and, 74-75 Shanghai massacre of Chinese Communists (1927) by, 94 Stalin’s command for Communist Party of China to cooperate with, 94,123-24 Taiwan and, 120,126 United States and, 120 urban base of, 117-18 World War II and, 95,195 Havel, Vaclav, 226 Helsinki Accords (1975), 227,304 Hitler, Adolf, 74-75,93,95-96,97 Ho Chi Minh anti-imperialism and, 138-39 cult ofpersonality surrounding, 139-40, 166,167 establishment of communist regime in North Vietnam by, 139 in Europe, 139 Indochinese Communist Party and, 139 Maoism and, 139 Stalin and, 139-40 Viet Minh and, 139 World War II and, 98 Ho Chi Minh Trail, 277-78 The Holocaust, 101,103 Hong Kong, 262,275-76 Hong Kong protests (China, 2019-), 262 Hoxha, Enver, 230-32,284-8S, 304-5,308 Hu Jintao, 258 Hundred Flowers campaign (China, 1956-57), 133-34,152-53,241,260 Hungary communist regime established in, 104-5,10910,301 end of communist regime in, 1,247 ethnic cleansing after World War II in, 103
Market Leninism and, 7,24,224,237,326n.5 Prague Spring and, 225-26
INDEX revolution and Soviet military intervention (19S6) in, 4,22,27,29,152-54,164,223, 225,307-8 Roman Catholic Church in, 152-53 Soviet liberation ( 1945) and postwar occupation of, 97-98,102,151-52 Soviet Republic (1919) in, 53 Warsaw Pact and, 27,153 World War II and, 101,102 Hussein, Saddam, 292-93 “Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism” (Lenin), 41 India China and, 165-66,198-99 modernization in, 87 Naxalite movement in, 199 Pakistan and, 209 Soviet Union and, 53 World War II and, 98,117 Indochinese Communist Party, 139,277 Indonesia, 124-25,149,166,199 Iran, 46-47,53,217-18,269,286-87,309 Iraq, 292-93 ISIS, 199,316-17 Israel, 183-84,209,213-14,217,287 Italy Communist Party in, 27-28,114-15,154-55 Ethiopia invaded (1936) by, 74—75 fascist regime in, 18-19,81,91 World War II and, 107-8 Jackson-Vanik Amendment (United States), 21213,215 Japan Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) and, 74-75 Manchuria occupied (1931) by, 74-75,117, 119,135-36 militarization during 1930s in, 18-19,91 nuclear attacks on, 114,303 Russian Civil War and, 18-19,50 Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) and, 74-75 Sino-Japanese War (1937-45) and, 74-75,95, 98,117-18,119,121-22,123-24,128,160, 195,316-17 Soviet Union and, 71 Vietnam and, 13-14,98,271 World War II and, 95,98,117 Jiang Zemin, 258 John Paul II (pope), 228-29,305 Johnson, Lyndon B., 207 Juche (self-reliance doctrine, North Korea), 291 Kadar, Janos, 153 Kazakhstan, 63,248 Kennedy, John, 16S-66,173-74,176-77 Khmer Rouge China and, 218 337 continuous revolution doctrine and, 23 Maoism and, 199-200 mass revolutionary violence perpetrated by,
17-18,19,23,199-200,280,281 US invasion of Cambodia and, 19 Vietnam and, 281 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 217-18 Khrushchev, Nikita Berlin crisis (1958) and, 164 China and, 26-27,165 consumer goods production and, 166 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) and, 176-77,205, 269,303 de-Stalinization initiatives of, 81,148-50,154— 55,164,166,167,231,237,290,304-5 détente foreign policies and, 148-49,164,177, 180,205-6 educational initiatives promoted by, 158 failed coup (1957) against, 153-54,1S6-57 housing programs of, 157 Hungary revolt suppressed ( 1956) by, 153,164 industrialization and, 157-58 Mao and, 187-88,205 “new class” ofbureaucratic cadres and, 299 Non-Aligned Movement and, 149 nuclear weapons and, 148-49,163,165,167 removal from power (1964) of, 181,205 Stalin denounced by, 86,92,147-48,152-54, 166,225,298,300 Twentieth Party Congress (1956) and, 147-48 US visit (1959) of, 164,165 world communist movement and, 26-27,14849,154-55,163-64,177 Yugoslavia and, 26-27 Kim Il-sung communist regime established in North Korea by, 98,135-36 consolidation of power by, 136,290 cult of personality surrounding, 137-38, 162,308 Japanese occupation of Korea resisted by, 13536,138-39 Korean War and, 137 Stalinism and, 137-38,290 Kimjong-il, 291 Kim Jong-un, 291,293 Kirov, Sergei, 76 Kissinger, Henry, 159,207,208-9,213-14,215 Korean War casualty levels in, 137 China and, 18-19,120,127,137,140֊ 41,198-99 Soviet Union and, 137,145-46,303 truce (1953) in, 137 United States and, 18-19,120,198-99,303 Kotkin, Stephen, 83 Kronstadt naval uprising (Russia,1921), 53-54 Kuomintang. See Guomindang
338 INDEX Kursk, Battle (1943) of, 96 Kyrgyzstan, 261 Laos China and, 279-80 civil war in, 277-78 collectivization of agriculture in, 279 corruption in, 280 current communist regime in, 1,4,24,302,315 emigration from, 278-79 establishment of communist regime in, 4—5, 13-14, 277-78,301 French colonial rule of, 277-78 Ho Chi Minh Trail and, 277-78 international memberships of, 280 international organizational memberships of, 280 Maoism and, 199 Market Leninism in, 7,24,233,277,27980,299 North Vietnam and, 277-78,280 peasants as majority ofpopulation in, 279,280 Soviet Union and, 277-78,279 Thailand and, 279-80 United States and, 277-79 Vietnam’s relationship with, 279,280-81,282 Vietnam War and, 13-14,271,277-78 Latvia, 95,248 League of Nations, 93 Lenin, Vladimir. See ako Leninism Bolsheviks and, 39-40,48,50 Constituent Assembly dissolved (1918) by, 48-49 death of, 57,67,83,122 New Economic Policy and, 56, 80-81,122 peaceful coexistence foreign policy and, 81-82 peasantry and, 79-80,121 “Red Terror” campaign and, 79-81, 82-83 “respite” policies of 1920s and, 80-82,122 Russian civil war and, 78 Russian famine of 1896 and, 40 Russia’s pre-industrial status and, 41,45,52-53 Stalin and, 81 tomb and sacralized representation of, 67, 72-73,145 on trade unionism, 39,40 “What Is to Be Done?” and, 39-40 World War I and, 41-42,47-48,50 Leningrad, siege (1941-44) of, 96 Leninism anti-imperialism and, 41-42,79-80,119 consciousness and, 40,46-47,119 dictatorship ofthe proletariat and peasantry under, 41 disciplined vanguard communist party and, 5,6, 24,39-40,45,88-89,119 individual hero
view ofhistory discounted in, 67 industrialization and, 80,82 land redistribution and, 41 Maoism and, 118-23,133-34,194-95 Marxists’ debates regarding, 42 Marx’s stages of world history and, 41,42,45, 78-79,119,320Ո.8 “new class” of bureaucratic cadres opposed in, 80-81 one-party rule and, 79 peasantry and, 41,79-80 proletariat class and, 40,41 revolutionary violence and, 78,82-83 secret police and, 79 Stalinism and, 77-83,85 Libya, 292-93 Lithuania, 95,103,248 Liu Shaoqi, 132,185-86,188,189,192 Long March (China, 1934-35), 74-75,94,131,194 Lowe, Keith, 104 MacArthur, Douglas, 137 Malaysia, 124-25,199 Maoism. See aho Mao Zedong anti-imperialism and, 164-65 Confucian values opposed in, 200-1 continuous revolution doctrine and, 23-24, 159,187-88,309 guerrilla warfare and, 94,98,117-18,131,139, 194-95,196,199,271 international adherents to, 199 land reform and, 195 Leninism and, 118-23,133-34,194-95 “mass line” approach to mobilization and, 131,195 peasantry as revolutionary force under, 94,121, 131-32,159,195,316-17 Stalinism and, 133-34 Mao Zedong ascent to power of, 194-95 Chinese civil war and, 121-22,198-99 collectivization of agriculture and, 131 consolidation ofpower by, 195-96 cult ofpersonality surrounding, 167,186,308 death of, 122,192,210,254-55,304-5 establishment of communist regime ( 1949) and, 123-24 Great Leap Forward and, 159-60,163,182, 184,186,196-97,199-200,201,304-5 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution and, 122-23,186,188,189-92,197-98,199200,201,206,237,304-5 Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957) and, 133-34 Hungarian Revolt (1956) and, 154,164 Khrushchev and,
187-88,205 Long March (1934-35) and, 74-75,94, 131,194 nuclear weapons and, 165
INDEX populist despotism and, 7,122-23,2001,269-70 professionalized bureaucracy distrusted by, 17, 132-33,299 Shanghai Commune (1967) and, 191-92 Stalin and, 123-25,164 “storming” approach to public policy and, 18688,200,251 world communist movement and, 125, 163,164-65 World War II and, 98 Marshallplan, 106,114-15 Marx, Karl. See ako Marxism communism as envisioned by, 11,21,34 communist regimes’ celebration of, 33 death of, 34,35,78 theory ofworld history articulated by, 11, 21,33-34 on the United States, 37 workers’ revolution envisioned by, 5,11,15-16, 19-20,33-34,36,52 Marxism anti-capitalism and, 34-35,36 communist parties and, 35-36 consciousness and, 34,35-36,37-38 Economic Marxist faction and, 37-38,40 historical theory and, 11,21,33-34, 35-37, 41,42,69,78,91-92,119,128-29,297-98, 315-16,320Ո.8 humanist concerns in, 34,36,37,40,78 individual hero view ofhistory discounted in, 67 industrial revolution and, 33 Orthodox Marxist faction (Mensheviks) and, 37-38,39 proletariat class and, 35-38,315-16 revolutions of 1848 and, 33,37 Socialist International and, 36 Stalinism and, 77,78,85 violent workers’ revolutions and, 35,36-38, 41-42,78 “withering away of state” as aspect of, 21,47-48 Medvedev, Roy, 237-38 Meisner, Maurice, 132-33,186,192-93,196 Mensheviks, 37-38 Mexico, 289 Michnik, Adam, 227 Mikoyan, Anastas, 173 MIRVs, 212-13,217 Mlynař, Zdenek, 238 Moldova, 95 Mondale, Walter, 217 Mongolia communist regime established in, 12,117,301 end of communist regime in, 1,4 world communist movement and, 69,77 Munich Conference (1938), 75,93,105 Myanmar. See Burma 339 Nagy,
Imre, 153-54 National Liberation Movement (NLM, Albania), 108 National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), 214-15 Naxalite movement (India), 199 Nazi Germany Allies’ defeat of, 20,97,102,145 Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) and, 74-75 Austria annexed (1938) by, 74-75,109 Hitler’s rise to power (1933) in, 74-75,91,92 Poland invaded and occupied ( 1939-45) by, 95 Soviet liberation (1945) and postwar occupation of, 97-98,102 Soviet Union invaded and occupied (1941-44) by, 93,95,96-97,101 Soviet Union’s non-aggression pact (1939) with, 93,95 Western Europe’s reluctance to confront, 75 Yugoslavia invaded and occupied by, 107-8 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 165-66 Nepal, 199 The Netherlands, 37 New Economic Policy (NEP, Soviet Union) Bukharin and, 58-59,87 “commanding heights” of the economy and, 56,128 debates regarding duration of, 58-59 economic performance under, 57,87-88 Lenin and, 56,80-81,122 partial liberalization of the economy under, 56,128 peasantry and, 58-59 socioeconomic inequality under, S7 Nicaragua, 218,287 Nicholas II (tsar of Russia), 45 Nixon, Richard, 207,208-9,212-13 Non-Aligned Movement, 27,149,154,168, 233,304-5 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 109, 116,216,217,229,246 North Korea bureaucratic despotism in, 23-24 censorship in, 138 China and, 28,166,291-92,293 collectivization of agriculture in, 137-38 communist regime established in, 13-14,98, 117,135-36,168-69,301 current communist regime in, 1,4,302,315 cyberwarfare and, 269 dynastic politics in, 291 economic stagnation in, 290,291 emigration from, 291-92,311 famine (1990s) in, 291 informers
in, 138 international aid to, 293 Japanese colonial rule of, 135-36 Juche (self-reliance) doctrine and, 291
340 INDEX North Korea (cont) Korean War and, 18-19,120,137,303 labor camps in, 138 land redistribution in, 136 “new class” of bureaucratic cadres in, 299 nuclear weapons and, 292-93,303 “petty capitalism from below” in, 291-92 purges of Communist Party officials in, 162 refugees in South Korea from, 136-37 reunification goals of, 20,135,167 Soviet Union and, 3,13-14,98,117,136,247, 291.303 Stahnism in, 4,7,21,23-24,122-23,137-38, 162,166,290,291,297,304-5,313 United States and, 292-93 world communist movement and, 136,156 World Conference of Communist Parties (1969) boycotted by, 208 World War II and, 13-14,117 North Vietnam central economic planning in, 140 China and, 124-25,139-41,166,168,206,275 communist regime established in, 106,117, 139,168-69, 301 industrialization in, 140 land reform in, 139-40 Laos and, 277-78,280 Maoism and, 199,271 reunification goals of, 20,21,135,140,166, 167,271 South Vietnam conquered by, 4-5,13-14,123, 140-41,214,271,278 Soviet Union and, 106,124-2S, 139-41,166, 168-69,183-84,206,214,278 Stalinism in, 166 Vietnam War and, 2,4,140-41,166,206, 209 world communist movement and, 141, 166, 271 World Conference of Communist Parties (1969) boycotted by, 208 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (1968), 211 nuclear weapons China and, 165,193,198-99,205,206,303 Cold War and, 4,19,113,125,163,205,2078,212-13 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) and, 176-77,205, 269.303 Soviet Union and, 29,113,124-25,130,14041,163,165,167,168-69,205-6 United States and, 26-27,114,140-41,163, 167.303 US bombing ofJapan (1945) and, H 4,303 Vietnam War and, 140—41,303 Obama, Barack,
289 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 214 Ottoman Empire, 45-46,53,233-34 Pakistan, 209 Paris Commune (1871), 191-92 Pathet Lao, 277-78 People's Liberation Army (PLA, China), 191-92, 197-99,201,219 People’s Movement for the Liberation ofAngola (MPLA), 214-15 Peru, 199 Poland agriculture in, 18 communist regime established in, 104-5,10910,114-15,301 end of communist regime in, 1,247 expulsion of German population (1945) from, 102-3 The Holocaust and, 103 nationalism in, 300-1 Nazi invasion and occupation (1939-45) of, 95 Prague Spring and, 225-26 revolt against communist regime (1956) in, 22, 152-54,225,226-27,237,305 Roman Catholic Churchin, 109-10,15253,228-29 Russia’s war (1919-20) with, 50,51,53 Solidarity movement (1980-81) in, 22,29, 228-30,237,300,305,307-8 Soviet annexation of territories ( 1939-41) in, 95-96 Soviet liberation (1945) and postwar occupation of 97-98,102,151-52 territorial changes after World War II in, 103 Workers’ Defense Committee (KOR) and, 227 workers’ strikes against austerity during 1970s in, 22,227,237 World War II and, 95,101-2 Pol Pot, 308 Portugal, 214,287 Prague Spring (1968) Castro on, 180 democratic reform efforts introduced in, 22, 27-28,268,300,307-8 leaders of, 237 market socialism reforms and, 225 “socialism with a human face” as goal of, 240 Soviet suppression of, 1-2,4,27,29,180,18384,206,207-8,225-26,238-39 world communist movement and, 206 Priestland, David, 159-60,178,186 Putin, Vladimir, 88 Qpemoy and Matsu crisis ( 1958), 165 Reagan, Ronald, 215,218,223,229,240,245-46 Red Guards (China), 190-91,192,201
Romania Bureaucratic Leninism and, 224 Ceausescu ruling family and, 223,305
INDEX censorship in, 223 communist regime established in, 104-5,10910,151-52,301 end of communist regime in, 1,247 ethnic cleansing after World War II in, 103 Prague Spring and, 225-26 Soviet hberation (1945) and postwar occupation of, 97-98,102,151-52 Soviet Union’s annexation of territories (1940) in, 95 Warsaw Pact and, 27-28 World War II and, 101 Roosevelt, Franklin, 113-14,115-16 Russia. See abo Russian Federation, Soviet Union Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918) and, 51 civil war (1918-22) in, 13-15,18-19,49, SO, 51-55,59,60-61,63,68-69,75,82-83,88, 101,120,121,126 democratic reform efforts in, 45-47 empire of, 121-22 famine (1896) in, 40 famine (1921) in, 53-54 Kronstadt naval uprising (1921) in, 53-54 labor unrest in, 45-46 peasant majority during early twentieth century in, 45-46,118 Poland’s war (1919-20) with, 50,52,53-54 pre-industrial status in early twentieth century of, 41,45,52-53,71,118-19,120-21,316 proletariat class in, 39 Red Terror (1918-22) in, 52,79-81,82-83 revolution and collapse of tsarist regime (1917) in, 45,46-47,48,53,87-88,92,101,106, 120,301 Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) and, 74—75 trade unionism in, 39 World War I and, 41,45-47,49,50-52,101 Russian Federation, 248 Sadat, Anwar, 213-14 Sakharov, Andrei, 237-38,240 Service, Robert, 14-15,175 Seton-Watson, Hugh, 104 Seventeenth Party Congress (Soviet Union, 1934), 76 Shakhty Affair (Soviet Union, 1928), 68 Shanghai Commune (1967), 191-92 Shining Path movement (Peru), 199 Sihanouk (prince of Cambodia), 281 Slovakia, 53 Social-Democratic Party (Russia), 39-40 Social Democratic Party (Weimar Germany), 92
Sociaüst International, 36 Sobdarity movement (Poland), 22,228-30,237, 300,305,307-8 Solnick, Steven, 242 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 237-38 SomaÜa, 216,287 341 Souphanavong (prince ofLaos), 281 South Africa, 214-15,287 South Korea anticommunist regime estabÜshed during 1940s in, 136 democratization in, 304 economic growth in, 290 modernization in, 87 refugees from North Korea in, 136-37 United States and, 290 World War II and, 13-14,117 South Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Trail and, 277-78 North Vietnam’s conquest of, 4-5,13-14,123, 140-41,214,271,278 United States and, 140 Vietnam War and, 1-2,140-41,206 Soviet Union. See abo Russia Afghanistan War (1979-89) and, 216,217-18, 229,240,246-47 Albania and, 104,106,107-8,109,111-12, 117,166,168-69,225,232,301 Angola and, 214,216 anti-imperialism and, 26-27 Arab-Israeü War of 1967 and, 183-84 Arab-Israeli War of 1973 and, 213 Baltic countries annexed (1940) by, 95 Berlin blockade (1948) and, 116,124-25 Berlin crisis (1958) and, 164 censorship in, 92 Chernobyl nuclear disaster (1986) in, 240 China and, 1-2,4,20,26-27, 28-29,53,120, 123-25,130,164-69,183,193,206,208 collectivization of agriculture in, 18, 57-58,63, 68,69-70,71,75,82-83,121,131-32,145, 148,198 command economy in, 65,88,146,181-82 Cuba and, 27-28,157,170,173,175-77,178, 179-80,247,284, 285-86,313-14 democratization reforms under Gorbachev in, 1-2,4,22,27-28,182,212,237,241-42, 243,247,255,260,266,299,304-5 détente with the United States and, 1-2,18384,207,208-9,211-15,216-18,227,246, 275,290,304 dissolution (1991) of, 1,4,22,244,248, 274,313-14 Eastern Europe under hegemony of,
1-2,3,4,1314,22,29,104-5,106-7,109-12,113,114-15, 124-25,151-52,168-69,239,297,306,316 Egypt and, 213-14 emigration poücies in, 213,217 Ethiopia and, 216, 287 federation structure of, 243 Five-Year Plans in, 65 Great Terror (1936-39) and, 18-19,71-76,79, 82, 89,92,97,122-23,145,147,187-88
342 INDEX Soviet Union (cont.) industrialization in, S7-S8,59-60,61-62,6869,71, 75,83,148,157-58,310 Japan and, 71 Korean War and, 137,14S-46,303 Manchuria and, 124-25 missile programs in, 157,164 Nazi invasion and occupation (1941-44) of, 93, 95,96-97,101 “new class” ofbureaucratic cadres in, 66,80-81, 88-90,299 New Economic Policy ( 1920s) in, 56,57,5859,80-81,87-88,122,128 North Korea military presence of, 3,13-14,98, 117,136,247,291,303 North Vietnam and, 106,124-25,139-41,166, 168-69,183-84,206,214,278 nuclear weapons and, 29,113,124-25,130, 140-41,163,165,167,168-69,20S-6 “peaceful coexistence” foreign policy during 1920s and, 56-57,59 Polish territories annexed (1939-41) by, 95-96 prison labor camps in, 72-73,145-46 procurements crisis of 1927 and, 68,76 respite (peredyshka) policies of 1920s and, 5657,60-61 secret police in, 79,106-7,145-46 Seventeenth Party Congress (1934) in, 76 Sputnik satellite program (1957), 157,164 Supreme Soviet legislature and, 24142,243-44 Twentieth Party Congress (1956) in, 147-48 urbanization in, 63-64,65,75 Vietnam and, 219,247 workers’ strikes against austerity (1962) in, 22 world communist movement and, 12,20, 26-29, S3,69,77,91-94,97,120,123,125, 141-42,154-55,156-58,163-64,166,16869,177,205-6,298 World War II and, 20,96-98,101,147,182-83 Yugoslavia and, 26,110-12,116,161,168-69, 233,300,304-5 Spain, 27-28,74 Spratly Islands, 263,275 Sputnik satellite program (Soviet Union, 1957), 157,164 SS-20 missiles, 217,229,246 Stalin, Joseph. See abo Stalinism Austria and, 109 “building socialism” and, 4-5,15-16,6162,71 Bukharin and, 61
bureaucratic despotism and, 7,122-23,200-1 collectivization of agriculture under, 18,63, 68,69-70,71,75,82-83,121,131-32,145, 148,198 Communist Party of China and, 94,123-24 consolidation of power by, 61-62,63,6768,71-72 cult ofpersonality surrounding, 67, 72-73,75, 80-81,145,147,308 death of, 5-6,20,22,24-25,26-27,86,123, 125,141-42,151-52,298-99,302-4,306 Eastern European satellite regimes and, 106-7, 110,111,115,297,316 Great Depression and, 92 Great Terror ( 1936-39) under, 71-72,74,7576,79,82,89,92,97,122-23,187-88 Greece and, 108-9, 111, 125 industrialization under, 61-62,63-64,68-69, 71,75,83,148 Khrushchev s denunciation of, 86,92,147-48, 152-54,166,225,298,300 League ofNations and, 93 Lenin and, 81 Mao and, 123-25,164 militarization under, 61,63-64 Munich Conference (1938) and, 75 national front politics in 1930s and, 93 Nazi Germany before World War II and, 92-93 North Vietnam and, 124-25 procurements crisis of 1927 and, 68,76 respite (peredyshka) policies of 1920s and, 60-61 Shakhty Affair (1928), 68 “socialism in one country” strategy of, 61 state-building under, 65-66 Tito and, 110-11,233 Trotsky and, 61 urbanization under, 63-64,65,75 world communist movement and, 26-27,7172,91-92,93,154-55 World War II and, 97,147 Stalingrad, Battle ( 1942-43) of, 96 Stalinism. See abo Stalin, Joseph Albania and, 21,23-24,110-11,122-23,165֊ 66.304-5,307-8 anti-imperialism and, 79-80 collectivization of agriculture and, 85,86,87, 89,129 command economy under, 88 educational initiatives under, 86 elimination of noncommunist social ehtes under, 85-86 humanistic goals and, 78
industrialization and, 85-86,89,119,129 Leninism and, 77-83, 85 Marxism and, 77,78,85 militarization and, 85-86 modernization and, 85-88,91-92 “new class” of privileged bureaucratic cadres in, 80-81,88-90 North Korea and, 4,7,21,23-24,122-23,137֊ 38.162.166.290.291.297.304-5,313
INDEX “Revolution Łom Above” policies and, 61-62, 63-64,65-66,69-70,71,76,79,83, 85-90, 91-92,96,97,101,129,131-32 secret police and, 79 social welfare programs under, 145 urbanization and, 85,89,119 The State and Revolution (Lenin), 47-48 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT, 1972), 208-9 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II, 1979), 217-18 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 218,246 Taiwan China and, 127,164,167,168-69,262,269, 274-75,303,316 democratization in, 304 Guomindang and, 120,126 modernization in, 87 United Nations and, 198-99,208-9 United States and, 127,217,269,274-75,303 The Taliban, 199,316-17 Thailand, 279-80 Thatcher, Margaret, 240 Third World Cuba’s training of revolutionary guerrilla forces in, 172,180,287 decolonization in, 157 Khrushchev and, 149 Non-Aligned Movement and, 27 OPEC embargo (1973) and, 214 US covert action in, 309 US-Soviet proxy wars in, 209,213-1S, 216-18 world communist movement and, 164, 180, 183-84 Tiananmen Square protests (1989), 260,273 Tibet, 262 Tito, Josip Broz Balkan Federation proposal of, 111 consolidation of power by, 111 ethnic background of, 233-34 Hungarian Revolt (1956) and, 154 Non-Aligned Movement and, 154,304-5 Stalin and, 110-11,233 United States and, 154 Yugoslavian civil war of 1940s and, 107-8,1 ΙΟ Ι 1, 121,233 Yugoslavian independence from Moscow cultivated by, 107-8,110-11,233,300-1 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 24-25,147,153-54 Togliatti, Paimiro, 152,154-55 Trotsky, Leon drift to despotism within communism predicted by, 308 elite-driven bureaucratism criticized by, 66 industrialization and, 59-60 343
murder of, 71-72 New Economic Policy and, 59 October Revolution and, 48 peasantry and, 59 permanent revolution foreign policies and, 59-60 sacralization of Lenin opposed by, 67 Stalin and, 61 World War I and, 51 Truman Doctrine, 114-15 Trump, Donald, 259,267,293 Turkey, 114,176 Twentieth Party Congress (Soviet Union, 1956), 147^18 Ukraine collectivization of agriculture and famine under Stalin in, 63,145 ethnic cleansing after World War II in, 103 Orange Revolution (2004) in, 261 Polish territories annexed (1939-41) into, 95 secession from Russian Empire by, 50 Soviet incorporation of, 53-54 territorial changes after World War II in, 103 United Nations China’s admission to, 198-99,208-9 Cold War and, 114,246 establishment of, 113 North Korea and, 292-93 United States Albania and, 231,232 Angola and, 214-15,216 China and, 1-2,28-29,120,125,127,165-66, 193,198-99,205,207-9,210,216-17,218, 263,267-69,274-75,290 Cuba and, 1-2,17-18,19,170,172-74,17677,284,285,286-87,289,311,313 détente with the Soviet Union and, 1-2,18384,207,208-9,211-15,216-18,227,246, 275,290,304 Great Depression and, 69 Korean War and, 18-19,120,198-99,303 Marshall Plan and, 114-15 Marx on, 37 North Korea and, 292-93 nuclear weapons and, 26-27,114,140-41,163, 167,303 Olympic Games boycott (1980) and, 218 recession (1957) in, 157-58 Russian Civil War and, 18-19,50 South Korea and, 290 Taiwan and, 127,217,269,274-75,303 Truman Doctrine and, 114-15 Vietnam War and, 2,4,19,140-41,165,205, 206,207,209,213-14 World War II and, 95,96-97,98,113-14,117 Yugoslavia and, 111, 154
344 INDEX Uvalic, Milica, 235-36 Uzbekistan, 243 Venezuela, 6,286-88,313 Vietnam. See aho North Vietnam; South Vietnam; Vietnam War Cambodia and, 4,23,29,218-19,272, 275,280-81 China and, 4,29,272,275-76 collectivization of agriculture in, 272 corruption in, 273-74 current communist regime in, 1,4,24,302,315 elections canceled (1954) in, 140 famine (1988) in, 272 France expelled ( 1954) from, 13-14,140-41, 271,277 Geneva Conference (1954) and, 275 industrialization in, 272 international organizational memberships of, 274 Japanese occupation during World War II of, 13-14,98,271 Laos and, 279,280-81,282 Market Leninism in, 7,24,28-29,233,254, 272,274,299,304,313 opening to world economy by, 273-74 refagees from, 271,311 reunification (1976) of, 140 South China Seas conflicts and, 275 Soviet Union and, 219,247 US trade with, 274-75 world communist movement and, 274 Vietnam War anti-imperialism and, 19 Cambodia and, 13-14,19,209,271 casualty levels in, 140,271 détente policies and, 207,27S Haiphong Harbor and, 209,275 Laos and, 13-14,271,277-78 North Vietnam’s victory in, 4,140 nuclear weapons and, 140-41,303 United States and, 2,4,19,140-41,165,205, 206,207,209,213-14 Viet Cong forces and, 140 Viet Minh and, 139-40,141 Wälder, Andrew, 200 Walesa, Lech, 229,305,330n.S Warsaw Pact Albania and, 111-12,231-32 Brezhnev Doctrine and, 183-84,205-6 Czechoslovakia and, 27,225-26 establishment (1955) of, 110 Hungary and, 27,153-54 Romania and, 27-28 Solidarity Movement and, 229-30 Watergate scandal (United States, 1972-74), 212-13,215 Weimar Germany, 53,57,92 West Berlin, 116,164,223
West Germany acceptance of divided Europe by, 208,209 Berlin blockade (1948) and, 116 Berlin crisis (1958) and, 164 Berlin Wall and, 223 establishment of, 115 “What Is to Be Done?” (Lenin), 39-40 Wilhemine Germany, 45-46,50,51,53 Workers’ Defense Committee (KOR, Poland), 227 world communist movement Angola and, 214-15 anti-fascism and, 91-92,93,97 China and, 28-29,120,125,156,163,164-65, 168,193,198-99,206 collapse ofEuropean communism (1989-91) and, 262-63 Great Depression and, 91-92 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution and, 206 Great Terror and, 92 national front alignments during 1930s and, 93 Non-Aligned Movement and, 27 North Vietnam and, 141,166,271 Prague Spring and, 206 proletarian internationalism and, 168 resistance to Nazi occupation in Europe and, 93 Russian Revolution (1917) and, 50,53 Soviet Union’s role as leader of, 12,20,26-29, 53,69,77,91-94,97,120,123,125,141-42, 154-55,156-58,163-64,166,168-69,177, 205-6,298 Stalin and, 26-27,71-72,91-92,93,1S4-5S Third World and, 164,180,183-84 Trotskyite wing in, 91-92 Yugoslavia and, 116,156,168 World Conference of Communist Parties (1969), 208 World War I Austro-Hungarian Empire and, 45-46,47-48, 50,51, S3 Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918) and, 51 France and, 46 Germany and, 45-46,50,51,53 Great Britain and, 46 Ottoman Empire and, 45-46,53 Russia and, 41,45-47,49,50-52,101 World War II Albania and, 101,107-8 Bulgaria and, 101,107-8 Czechoslovakia and, 101,102 France and, 95,98,109,117 Great Britain and, 95,98,109,117 Greece and, 101,108 The Holocaust and, 101 Hungary and, 101,102 India and, 98,117 Italy and, 107-8
INDEX Korea and, 13-14,117 nuclear weapons and, 114,303 Poland and, 95,101-2 Romania and, 101 Sino-Japanese War (1937-45) and, 74-75,95, 98,117-18,119,121-22,123-24,128,160, 195,316-17 Soviet Union and, 20,96-98,101,147,182-83 United States and, 95,96-97,98,113-14,117 Vietnam and, 13-14,98,271 Yugoslavia and, 101-2,103,107,233-34 Xi Jinping color revolutions in Eurasia (2000s) and, 261 consolidation of power under, 266 corruption and, 258-59,264 COVID-19 pandemic and, 259,262-63 economicperformance under, 258-59,264 internet censorship and, 261 Muslim populations as subject of crackdown during rule of, 262 urbanization under and, 259 Yeltsin, Boris, 22,243-44 Yugoslavia 345 Albania and, 166,231 China and, 165-66 civil war during 1940s in, 13-14,42,107-8, 121,233 communist regime established in, 104,106, 107,109,168-69,301 end of communist regime in, 1,247 ethnic divisions in, 103,233-34 Greece and, 108-9 guest workers in Western Europe from, 24,235 International Monetary Fund rescue package for, 235 Market Leninism in, 1-2,7,24,161,168,23334,235,237,254 Non-Aligned Movement and, 27,154,168, 233.304-5 Soviet Union and, 26,110-12,116,161,16869.233.300.304-5 United States and, 111, 154 world communist movement and, 116,156,168 World Conference of Communist Parties (1969) boycotted by, 208 World War II and, 101-2,103,107,233-34 Zhou Enlai, 132,208 r Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München _ _ Jï |
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| author | Breslauer, George W. 1946- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)170253120 |
| author_facet | Breslauer, George W. 1946- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Breslauer, George W. 1946- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047420047 |
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| contents | What did communist regimes have in common? -- How did communist regimes differ from each other? -- The world communist movement : from Moscow-centric to pluralistic -- Marxism : the vision -- Leninism : the instrument -- The Bolshevik seizure of power -- Consolidating Bolshevik power -- Respite -- Building socialism : Stalin's revolution from above -- The Great Terror and Stalinist despotism -- Was Stalinism a logical continuation of Marxism, Leninism, or neither? -- Was Stalin's revolution from above a rational strategy of modernization? -- Stalinism and world communism in the 1930s -- The impact of World War II on the Soviet Union and world communism -- The creation of East European communist states -- Origins and entrenchment of the Cold War, 1945-1953 -- World War II and the creation of Asian communist states : the People's Republic of China -- Consolidating power and building socialism in China -- Communist parties come to power in Korea and Vietnam -- What follows Stalinism in the USSR? -- Diversity and defiance within the world communist movement -- "Building communism" : competition for ideological "correctness" within the world communist movement -- The Sino-Soviet schism, 1957-1963 -- Cuba's indigenous revolution, 1959-70 -- The Soviet Union after Khrushchev : bureaucratic Leninism -- Alternatives to utopia in China, 1960-1965 -- The great proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1969 -- Maoism : an accounting -- The collapse of the world communist movement and the rise of detente -- Why US-Soviet détente failed -- The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, December 1979 -- Varieties of opposition to the Soviet model in Eastern Europe, 1968-1985 -- Gorbachev's peaceful revolution from above -- Gorbachev and the abandonment of anti-imperialist struggle -- From Maoism to market Leninism : the Chinese economic miracle after Mao -- China in a post-communist world : can Leninism survive market Leninism? -- Market Leninism in Vietnam -- Market Leninism in Laos -- Bureaucratic Leninism in Cuba -- Stalinism in North Korea -- Why the drive to difference? -- Assessing the communist experience : achievement or tragedy? -- Is there a future for new communist states? |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1255776539 (DE-599)BVBBV047420047 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>06201nam a22006018c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV047420047</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20220411 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">210816s2021 |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780197579671</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-19-757967-1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1255776539</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV047420047</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-Bo133</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">HIST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NK 6760</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)126112:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Breslauer, George W.</subfield><subfield code="d">1946-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)170253120</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The rise and demise of world communism</subfield><subfield code="c">George W. Breslauer</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">New York, NY</subfield><subfield code="b">Oxford University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">[2021]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2021</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ix, 345 Seiten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2109</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">What did communist regimes have in common? -- How did communist regimes differ from each other? -- The world communist movement : from Moscow-centric to pluralistic -- Marxism : the vision -- Leninism : the instrument -- The Bolshevik seizure of power -- Consolidating Bolshevik power -- Respite -- Building socialism : Stalin's revolution from above -- The Great Terror and Stalinist despotism -- Was Stalinism a logical continuation of Marxism, Leninism, or neither? -- Was Stalin's revolution from above a rational strategy of modernization? -- Stalinism and world communism in the 1930s -- The impact of World War II on the Soviet Union and world communism -- The creation of East European communist states -- Origins and entrenchment of the Cold War, 1945-1953 -- World War II and the creation of Asian communist states : the People's Republic of China -- Consolidating power and building socialism in China -- Communist parties come to power in Korea and Vietnam -- </subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">What follows Stalinism in the USSR? -- Diversity and defiance within the world communist movement -- "Building communism" : competition for ideological "correctness" within the world communist movement -- The Sino-Soviet schism, 1957-1963 -- Cuba's indigenous revolution, 1959-70 -- The Soviet Union after Khrushchev : bureaucratic Leninism -- Alternatives to utopia in China, 1960-1965 -- The great proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1969 -- Maoism : an accounting -- The collapse of the world communist movement and the rise of detente -- Why US-Soviet détente failed -- The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, December 1979 -- Varieties of opposition to the Soviet model in Eastern Europe, 1968-1985 -- Gorbachev's peaceful revolution from above -- Gorbachev and the abandonment of anti-imperialist struggle -- From Maoism to market Leninism : the Chinese economic miracle after Mao -- China in a post-communist world : can Leninism survive market Leninism? -- Market Leninism in Vietnam -- </subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Market Leninism in Laos -- Bureaucratic Leninism in Cuba -- Stalinism in North Korea -- Why the drive to difference? -- Assessing the communist experience : achievement or tragedy? -- Is there a future for new communist states?</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"Sixteen states came to be ruled by communist parties during the 20th century. Only five of them remain in power today. This book explores the nature of communist regimes-what they share in common, how they differed from each other, and how they differentially evolved over time. It finds that these regimes all came to power in the context of warfare or its aftermath, followed by the consolidation of power by a revolutionary elite that came to value "revolutionary violence" as the preferred means to an end, based upon Marx's vision of apocalyptic revolution and Lenin's conception of party organization. All these regimes went on to "build socialism" according to a Stalinist template, and were initially dedicated to "anti-imperialist struggle" as members of a "world communist movement." But their common features gave way to diversity, difference and defiance after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953. For many reasons, and in many ways, those differences soon blew apart the world communist movement. They eventually led to the collapse of European communism. The remains of communism in China, Vietnam, Laos, North Korea, and Cuba were made possible by the first three transforming their economic systems, opening to the capitalist international order, and abandoning "anti-imperialist struggle." North Korea and Cuba have hung on due to the elites avoiding splits visible to the public. Analytically, the book explores, throughout, the interaction among the internal features of communist regimes (ideology and organization), the interactions among them within the world communist movement, and the interaction of communist states with the broader international order of capitalist powers"--</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Sozialistische Staaten</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4055813-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Communism / History / 20th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Communist countries / Politics and government</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Communism</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Politics and government</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Communist countries</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">1900-1999</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="6"><subfield code="a">History</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Sozialistische Staaten</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4055813-7</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Geschichte</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="z">978-0-19-757969-5</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032822666&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032822666&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Register // Gemischte Register</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">BSB_NED_20220221</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032822666</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">0904</subfield><subfield code="g">181</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">0904</subfield><subfield code="g">947.08</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Sozialistische Staaten (DE-588)4055813-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sozialistische Staaten |
| id | DE-604.BV047420047 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:56:38Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:11:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780197579671 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032822666 |
| oclc_num | 1255776539 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-Bo133 DE-12 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-Bo133 DE-12 DE-188 |
| physical | ix, 345 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220221 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Breslauer, George W. 1946- Verfasser (DE-588)170253120 aut The rise and demise of world communism George W. Breslauer New York, NY Oxford University Press [2021] © 2021 ix, 345 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes index 2109 What did communist regimes have in common? -- How did communist regimes differ from each other? -- The world communist movement : from Moscow-centric to pluralistic -- Marxism : the vision -- Leninism : the instrument -- The Bolshevik seizure of power -- Consolidating Bolshevik power -- Respite -- Building socialism : Stalin's revolution from above -- The Great Terror and Stalinist despotism -- Was Stalinism a logical continuation of Marxism, Leninism, or neither? -- Was Stalin's revolution from above a rational strategy of modernization? -- Stalinism and world communism in the 1930s -- The impact of World War II on the Soviet Union and world communism -- The creation of East European communist states -- Origins and entrenchment of the Cold War, 1945-1953 -- World War II and the creation of Asian communist states : the People's Republic of China -- Consolidating power and building socialism in China -- Communist parties come to power in Korea and Vietnam -- What follows Stalinism in the USSR? -- Diversity and defiance within the world communist movement -- "Building communism" : competition for ideological "correctness" within the world communist movement -- The Sino-Soviet schism, 1957-1963 -- Cuba's indigenous revolution, 1959-70 -- The Soviet Union after Khrushchev : bureaucratic Leninism -- Alternatives to utopia in China, 1960-1965 -- The great proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1969 -- Maoism : an accounting -- The collapse of the world communist movement and the rise of detente -- Why US-Soviet détente failed -- The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, December 1979 -- Varieties of opposition to the Soviet model in Eastern Europe, 1968-1985 -- Gorbachev's peaceful revolution from above -- Gorbachev and the abandonment of anti-imperialist struggle -- From Maoism to market Leninism : the Chinese economic miracle after Mao -- China in a post-communist world : can Leninism survive market Leninism? -- Market Leninism in Vietnam -- Market Leninism in Laos -- Bureaucratic Leninism in Cuba -- Stalinism in North Korea -- Why the drive to difference? -- Assessing the communist experience : achievement or tragedy? -- Is there a future for new communist states? "Sixteen states came to be ruled by communist parties during the 20th century. Only five of them remain in power today. This book explores the nature of communist regimes-what they share in common, how they differed from each other, and how they differentially evolved over time. It finds that these regimes all came to power in the context of warfare or its aftermath, followed by the consolidation of power by a revolutionary elite that came to value "revolutionary violence" as the preferred means to an end, based upon Marx's vision of apocalyptic revolution and Lenin's conception of party organization. All these regimes went on to "build socialism" according to a Stalinist template, and were initially dedicated to "anti-imperialist struggle" as members of a "world communist movement." But their common features gave way to diversity, difference and defiance after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953. For many reasons, and in many ways, those differences soon blew apart the world communist movement. They eventually led to the collapse of European communism. The remains of communism in China, Vietnam, Laos, North Korea, and Cuba were made possible by the first three transforming their economic systems, opening to the capitalist international order, and abandoning "anti-imperialist struggle." North Korea and Cuba have hung on due to the elites avoiding splits visible to the public. Analytically, the book explores, throughout, the interaction among the internal features of communist regimes (ideology and organization), the interactions among them within the world communist movement, and the interaction of communist states with the broader international order of capitalist powers"-- Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Sozialistische Staaten (DE-588)4055813-7 gnd rswk-swf Communism / History / 20th century Communist countries / Politics and government Communism Politics and government Communist countries 1900-1999 History Sozialistische Staaten (DE-588)4055813-7 g Geschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-757969-5 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032822666&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032822666&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Breslauer, George W. 1946- The rise and demise of world communism What did communist regimes have in common? -- How did communist regimes differ from each other? -- The world communist movement : from Moscow-centric to pluralistic -- Marxism : the vision -- Leninism : the instrument -- The Bolshevik seizure of power -- Consolidating Bolshevik power -- Respite -- Building socialism : Stalin's revolution from above -- The Great Terror and Stalinist despotism -- Was Stalinism a logical continuation of Marxism, Leninism, or neither? -- Was Stalin's revolution from above a rational strategy of modernization? -- Stalinism and world communism in the 1930s -- The impact of World War II on the Soviet Union and world communism -- The creation of East European communist states -- Origins and entrenchment of the Cold War, 1945-1953 -- World War II and the creation of Asian communist states : the People's Republic of China -- Consolidating power and building socialism in China -- Communist parties come to power in Korea and Vietnam -- What follows Stalinism in the USSR? -- Diversity and defiance within the world communist movement -- "Building communism" : competition for ideological "correctness" within the world communist movement -- The Sino-Soviet schism, 1957-1963 -- Cuba's indigenous revolution, 1959-70 -- The Soviet Union after Khrushchev : bureaucratic Leninism -- Alternatives to utopia in China, 1960-1965 -- The great proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1969 -- Maoism : an accounting -- The collapse of the world communist movement and the rise of detente -- Why US-Soviet détente failed -- The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, December 1979 -- Varieties of opposition to the Soviet model in Eastern Europe, 1968-1985 -- Gorbachev's peaceful revolution from above -- Gorbachev and the abandonment of anti-imperialist struggle -- From Maoism to market Leninism : the Chinese economic miracle after Mao -- China in a post-communist world : can Leninism survive market Leninism? -- Market Leninism in Vietnam -- Market Leninism in Laos -- Bureaucratic Leninism in Cuba -- Stalinism in North Korea -- Why the drive to difference? -- Assessing the communist experience : achievement or tragedy? -- Is there a future for new communist states? |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4055813-7 |
| title | The rise and demise of world communism |
| title_auth | The rise and demise of world communism |
| title_exact_search | The rise and demise of world communism |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The rise and demise of world communism |
| title_full | The rise and demise of world communism George W. Breslauer |
| title_fullStr | The rise and demise of world communism George W. Breslauer |
| title_full_unstemmed | The rise and demise of world communism George W. Breslauer |
| title_short | The rise and demise of world communism |
| title_sort | the rise and demise of world communism |
| topic_facet | Sozialistische Staaten |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032822666&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032822666&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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