Politics of the Russian language beyond Russia:
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Edinburgh
Edinburgh University Press
2021
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| Schriftenreihe: | Russian language and society
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | xiii, 248 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781474463799 |
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Contents List of Tables List of Contributors Acknowledgements vii viii xii Introduction: Language and Culture in Russia’s Soft Power Toolbox Christian Noack r. The‘Russian World’and Ukraine Michał Wawrzonek i 19 2. Russian in Belarus: A Feature of Belarusian Identity or Moscow’s‘Trojan Horse’? Mark Brüggemann 45 3. Between Emotions and Pragmatism: The Russian Language in Kazakhstan and the ‘Russian Factor’ Natalya Kosmarskaya and Igor Savin 68 4. Speakers of Russian in Ireland: ‘What unites us is language, but in all other respects we are different’ Feargus Denman 92 5. Media Use of Russian Speakers in Germany Olga Tikhomirova 120 6. The Role of Russian for Digital Diplomacy in Moldova Dmitry Yagodin 138 7. Promoting Russian Higher Education Sirke Mäkinen 161
vi CONTENTS 8. Stable or Variable Russian? Standardisation versus Pluricentrism 187 Ekaterina Protassova and Maria Yelenevskaya 9. The Russian World in Perspective: Comparing Russian Culture and Language Promotion with British, German and French Practices 215 Christian Noack Index 241
Index Abkhazia, 21, 38, 141, 165 Academy ofSciences (Belarus), 60 Academy ofSciences (Russia), 189, 192 AfD see Alternative fiir Deutschland Africa, 106, 223-5, 229, 232-3 Aleksei II (Patriarch of Moscow), 28-9 All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, 217 Alma-Ata see Almaty Almaty, 70, 71, 73, 76, 80, 81, 84-5, 86-7 Alternative für Deutschland (AfD), 120—1, 131-2.133,135 Arabic see Arabic language Arabic language, 205, 206, 227 Armenia, in, 141 Asia, 84,165,169, 223-5, 226, 230 Central, 12, 68, 71-2, 80-7, 194, 203 Astana, 82, 85 Azerbaijan, 99, 141, 165 Baltic countries see Baltic states Baltic region see Baltic states Baltic states, 13, 27, 85, 93, 109, in, 112, 123, 194, 203, 205, 223 Belarus, 1,6, 7, 9, ո, 12, 45-67, 93, in, 144, 163, 165-6, 175, 176-7, 178-9, 183, 194, 203 language, 45-63 (national) identity, 12, 53, 60, 62-3 nationalism, 49, 55, 57 Belarusians, 12, 45-67, 68 students, 179, 183 Belarusian Language Society (Tavarystva Belaruskai Movy, TBM), 46, 50, 56 Belarusian National Front (Belaruski Narodny Front, BNF), 46, 57 Belarusian-Russian mixed speech (BRMS), 12, 52-3, 62-3 Belgium, 171 Berlin, 120, 121, 125, 132 biculturalism, 207 bilingualism, 8, 12, 25, 83, 88-9Ո.5, 113, 204, 207 asymmetric, 7-9 balanced, 8, 201 Belarus, 47, 55 Central Asia, 71 Kazakhstan, 75 official, 21, 25 Ukraine, 25-6 borrowings, 196-9, 202, 207, 209 Bourdieu, Pierre, 19-20 Brest, 48 British Council, 220—1, 222, 224, 225, 226, 228,231-3,234 British Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 220 Bulgaria, 165, 194, 195, 224 caiques, 199, 202, 207, 209 censuses Belarus,
51-2, 62 Ireland, 93 Kazakhstan, 72-3 Soviet, 25, 45
242 INDEX Central Baltic Programme, ւցց, 20i, 203, 209η.6 Centre for International Scientific and Cultural Cooperation (Russia), 216-17 children Belarus, 47, 62 books, 233 English language courses, 228 Kazakhstan, 74, 76 of heritage speakers in the near abroad, 230-1 of Russian speakers outside the Russian Federation, 98, 100,122,129-30, I91, 193-4,199-207 Russia, 231 China, 4, 79, 83-4, 165,171,174-5, 193, 215, 226, 232, 235 Chinese see Chinese language Chinese language, 84, 99,117Ո.8, 194, 227, 232 Chisinau, 141,149 CIS, i, 3, 5-6, 22, 25, 48, 83, 86,121, 165-6,169,171-3, 188,194, 208, 215, 217, 218 citizenship, 9-10, 99, 114 Azerbaijani, 99 Belarusian, 53, 58 dual, 204, 205 Finnish, 204 German, 122 Russian, 9, 24, 190, 206 civilization, 4, 6, 23, 29, 122, 208; see also Russian World Orthodox, 38 polyethnic, 2, 190 Russian, 31, 38 Soviet, 71 codes, 12, 21, 59, 85, 94 code-mixing, 197-8 code-switching, 99, 199, 202 Cold War, 219 colloquialisms, 201, 203 colonialism, 224 colonisation, 70-1, 208 colour revolutions, 3, 5, 23, 27-8, 39 Commonwealth of Independent States see CIS communication, 7, 74, 75, 78, 82, 83, 93, 97,112, 122, 127, 149, 155,168, 189, 191,192, 197, 200, 205, 229 channels, 149 everyday, 36, 88ո.շ, 203 formal/informal, 207 global, 156 horizontal, 143 intercultural, 76, 195 interethnic, 25, 46, 77, 141, 146, 149, 190, 196 international, 20, 98,151, 172, 206 mass, 143 means of, 28, 58, 78, 81,126,139, 142 medial, 3 one-way, 143, 156 online, 125, 143 oral, 13, 63 platforms, 144 technologies see communication: means of theory, 147 tools see communication: means
of within the family, 89Ո.20, 124, 202, 206 communities bilingual, 198 diasporic, 104, 207 ethnic, 94-6, 101, 106, 190, 193,196, 203, 205 imagined, 12 compatriots, 1, 2, 6, 9-15, 24-5, 35, 39, 48, 56, 62, 69-71, 83, 87, 93, 165, 168, 172, 189, 215-18, 224, 231 Concept ofthe State Support and Promotion ofthe Russian Language Abroad (2015), 162, 172 conflicts, 19, 23, 33-4, 37-8, 45, 49, 57, 59, 98, ІЗ8, H2, 155; tee also Ukrainian crisis Confucius Institutes, 84, 174, 215, 235 Coordinating Council ofRussian Compatriots, 48, 93 cosmopolitanism, 60, 130 Council ofMinisters, Russia, 24 creole, 207 Crimea, 6, 23, 26-7, 30, 32-3, 48, 57, 59, 62, 166 Cuba, 165 cultural diplomacy, 1-2, 3, 4, 14, 215, 216-17, 219, 202, 225-6, 228, 234-6; see also public diplomacy, soft power
INDEX culture, i, 2, 5, 6, 8,15, 19, 2о, 24, 26, 35,4б, 54, 56,81,84,98, 105,113, 115, 129, 134-5, 142, 174,188, 191, 207, 216-17, 225, 227, 233, 234, 235 Belarusian, 46, 50, 53-4 dialogue between, 228 global, 72, 84 high, 15-16, 60, 71, 228 industries, 222 Irish, 98 Kazakh, 88, 195 pluralistic understanding of, 235 popular, 16, 141 Russian, 1-3, 4, 7, 8-ю, 13-16,19, 26-7, 30, 35, 38, 48, 53, 56, 69-71, 78, 80-3, 86, 88, 98, 101,116, 181, 187, 189,190-1, 193, 200-2, 204, 206, 208, 215, 217, 219, 224, 231, 235 Russophone, 82 Soviet, 26-7 Ukrainian, 38 Western promotion of, 15, 219-22 Culturethèque, 234 Customs Union, 3 Cyprus, 194 Cyrillic script, 88Ո.4,102, 140, 196 Czech Republic, 171,194 Delegation ofthe European Union to the Republic ofMoldova (EURM), 145-50, 153-5 de-Russification, 140 Development ofthe Export Potential ofthe Russian System ofEducation Project, 162, 164, 167, 170, 183-4 dialects, 12, 139, 208 diaspora, 9, 95,97,104,106-7, ИЗ, »5, 143, 189, 217, 227, 235 ‘beached’, 9, 16 Chinese, 105 Russian (speaking), 95,103-4, 106, 112,116,122, 124,142,151,189, 224, 227 scattered, 144 diversity, 5, 6, 95, 101, 114, 144, 149, 156, 182, 208, 228 Dnipro, 32, 36-7 Dodon, Igor, 139, 145-6, 152 243 domains (of language use), 46, 59, 80,191, 193, 201 Donbas, 26, 32, 33, 34, 38, 48, 57, 59, 62 Donetsk, 25, 26, 27, 30, 32, 35, 224 Dublin, 96-7,102 Duma Committee for Education (Russia), 179 education, 5, 6, 25, 50, 72, 80,121, 122, 132,151,176,181, 188, 189, 191, 193,194, W6, 203, 208, 216, 225-6, 228, 230, 232 Belarusian higher, 46, 50 Belarusian system of, 47, 50, 54, 59, 69
bilingual, 199, 202, 204 British, 221, 226 complementary institutions of, 193, 205 diplomacy, 161, 169, 182 distant, 168, 178 English language, 173-4 fairs, 170-1 Finnish system of, 204 French system of higher, 220, 226 global market, 161-3 higher, 103, 126, 148, 162, 173, 183 Indian initiatives in Central Asia, 83-4 internationalisation of, 14, 161, 166, 168-9, 182-3 Irish system of, 117Ո.8 Kazakh higher, 86 Kazakh system of, 72, 74, 88-9Ո.5, 178 multilingual, 200 promotion of abroad, 141, 148-9, 161-84, 2J8 reform in Moldova, 145 Russian higher, 14, 164-5, 170 Russian language outside Russia, 74, 80, 87, 202 Russian system of, 14, 15, 16, 76, 87, ill, 188, 193 secondary, 34, 72, 74 tuition-free, 168-9, i7° 176, !77i 178 Egypt, 171, 223 Embassy of the Russian Federation to Moldova (ERFRM), 145-8, 150-4 emigration, 93,121-2,193,194 empire, 6, 49, 63, 71, hi English see English language
244 INDEX English language, 14, 56,182, 191 194, 208, 222, 227, 232 as a medium for teaching, 162, 168, 183, 226 Belarus, 176 Estonia, 198-9 Finland, 200 Germany, 127 global, 207-8, 228-9 Ireland, 93-4, 98-9, 102-3 Israel, 206 Kazakhstan, 72, 75-6, 79, 82, 178, 195 Latvia, 200 Moldova, 141, 144, 148-50, 155-6 Russian higher education, 162, 170-1, 173-4 world see English language: global entertainment, 13, 50, 125-6, 204-5 Esperanto, 199 Estonia, hi, 196, 198-9, 203, 223 Estonian language, 196-200 ethnicity, 6, 24, 71, 115-16, 192, 208; see also ethnic communities Belarusian, 51-2 Estonian, 198 Finnish, 202 German, 123 Jewish, 123 Kazakh, 74, 80, 87, 195 Kyrgyz, 80 non-Russian, 8, 74, 83 Old Russian’, 55 Russian, 8, 12, 35, 51-3, 62, 70-1, 73, 81, 83, 85, 101, 103, 140, 200, 271, 224, 227 Russo-Irish, 116 titular, 69-71, 73, 75 Uzbek, 80 EU see European Union Eurasia, 2, 113 Eurasian Economic Union, 3, 5, 7, 68, 73, 176 eurasianism, 1 European Union, 7, 13, 108, 116, 123, 126, i34 138-9, 140, 144-5, 147-9, 151-2, 154-6, 161, 165-6, 181 expats, 227, 231, 235 Facebook, 145-9, і5!-6 Family, 78, 81, 88Ո.5, 96-7, 101, 105, 123-4, їбз, 179, i8i, 190-1, 202, 206 bilingual, 199, 202 histories, 108 ‘far abroad’, 11, 13, 15, 187, 195, 230 Federal Agency for the Commonwealth ofIndependent States Affairs, Compatriots Living Abroad, and International Humanitarian Cooperation see Rossotrudnichestvo Federal Ministry ofthe Interior (Germany), 132-3 Federal Target Programme ‘The Russian Language’ (Russia), 218, 231 Fond Russkii Mir see Russian World Foundation former Soviet Space, 2, 3, 5,
13,15, 16, 39, 179, 180, 193-4, 205, 223, 224, 230, 236 France, 166, 174, 219, 226, 227, 232, 234 French see French language French language, 56, 170, 174, 206, 220, 227, 229, 232 Fursenko, Andrei, 173 geopolitics, 1-2, 6, 73, 84, 87, 98, 142, 236 Georgia, 3, 4, 85,93, m, 141 Germany, 1, 4, 13, 16, 120-36, 163, 165-6, 174, 175-6, i8o֊2, 183, 184, 221, 226, 229, 232 globalisation, 6, 75, 84, 209 Greece, 171, 194 Gromyko, Aleksei, 21, 23 Hebrew see Hebrew Language Hebrew Language, 204-7 heritage, 5, 7, 8, 48, 60, 82, 95, 97-8, 101, 105, 203, 217-18, 227 language, 98, 100, 114, 192, 206 speakers, 194, 200, 203, 207, 230 Homel, 48 Horlivka, 35 human rights, 5, 51, 128-30, 134, 181 Hungary, 171 identity, 4, 7, 26-7, 39, 50, 69, 81, 99, 105, 108-9, ИЗ, 115-16, 144, 184, 187, 197, 209
INDEX Belarusian, 12, 45, 48 collective, ii, 107-8, 115 diasporic, 116, 193, ethnic, 53, 81, 94, 99, 139; see also ethnicity hybrid, 109, 207 language preference and, 10-11, 13, 15, 16, 33, 51, 61-3, 98, ιοί-շ, 108, 112, 115-16, 191, 202 Moldovan, 139 multiple, 207 national, 13, 45, 53, 61-3, 94, 99, 189 Russian, 19, 70,140 Ukrainian, 26, 28, 39 imposition, 20, 188 India, 82, 83, in, 165, 171, 223, 224, 226 Indonesia, 171, 226 insertion, 201, 202 integration, 4, 5, 7, 71, 97, 98,105, ւշԼ 123-4, 129-31, 139, 152, 220, 22Յ, 235 Belarusian-Russian, 49 EU, 140, 14s European, 151, 155-6 of the former Soviet space, 1,3,7,76, 85 internationalisation, 14,167 of education, 14,161, 169, 182, 183 internet, 35, 50, 76, 84, 85,127,133-4, H2, 43, 190, 196, 198, 204-5, 207 Russian (language), 50, 144, 227, 231 Irish Gaelic, 98-100 Israel, 14,16,116 Russian language in, 204-7 Jews, 13, 106 Germany, 16 Soviet, 122 Kazakh see Kazakh language Kazakh language, 12, 69-74, 76-81, 83, 88, 88ո.շ, 88Ո.4, 88n.5,176, 178, 195-6 Kazakhstan, 1, 7, 11, 12, 21, 22, 122-3, 129-30, 163, 165-6, 171, 183-4 perception of Russian higher education, ։75-8 Russian language, 68-88, 195-6 Kazakhstanis, 12, 80-2, 84, 86-8, 171, 176-7,183, 195 Kharkiv, 29, 30, 32 245 Kherson, 26, 32 Kievan Rus’, 28, 29, 55, 208 Kirill (Patriarch of Moscow), 22, 23, 29, 33-3 Kivalov-Kolesnichenko law (Ukraine), 30, 33; see also language: law Kremlin, 4, 15, 28, 33, 39, 112, 217 Kryvyi Rih, 32 Kyiv, 28, 29, 32, 33, 35, 38, 141 Kyrgyzstan, 21, 71, 77, 80, 82-3, 87, 123, 165 language bilingual proficiency, 205 certificates, 222, 225
contacts, 195 exams, 222, 230, 232 law, 73, 190; see also KivalovKolesnichenko law minority, 8-9, 148-9 monocentric, 61, 188 of tuition, 25, 174, 182-3, շշ6 preference, 10, 47, 123, 124 regional, 30 rights, 30 titular, 8,14, 52, 69, 71-2, 76,109,114, 140 Latin alphabet see Latin script Latin America, 225 Latin script, 88Ո.4, 140, 196 Latvia, 21, 101, 103, 107-13, 166 Russian language, 200-2 Latvian see Latvian language Latvian language, 93, 200-2 Lavrov, Sergey, 4,170 lexicon, 24, 60, 207 libraries, 76, 84-5, 96-7, 202, 218, 226, 233֊4 lingua franca, 1, 7, 8, 72, 98, 140, 144, 155, 166, 187, 196, 205, 207-8, 228 Lithuania, 93, 107-8, 110-12, 141, 176, 179, 223 loanwords, 198, 199, 206, 208 Luhansk, 26, 27, 30, 32, 35, 224 Lukashenka, Aliaksandr, 11, 12, 45, 47, 48-9, 50, 54, 56, 57-9, 61, 62 Mahilu, 48 Maidan, 12, 27, 34, 39
246 INDEX Mandarin see Chinese language media, 3, 13, 50, 72, 86, 143, 146, 150, 152, 154, iS6, 165, 167, 189, 199, 206, 221, 222, 232, 234; see also communication: means of, social media consumption of Russian speakers in Germany, 120-35 digital, 50,144, 187, 205 electronic see media: digital mass, 60, 141,147, 194, 200, 202 Russian (language), 1, 13, 16, 31, 49, 57, 61, 86,120, 124-6,127-8, 133-5, 141, 146, 223 Medvedev, Dmitry, 25, 29, 168, 217 migration, 9, 80, 83, 87, 121, 125, 131, 133, 162 Ministry ofEducation and Science ofthe Russian Federation, 167, 170, 221, 231 Ministry ofEurope and Foreign Affairs (France), 219, 222 Ministry ofForeign Affairs ofthe Russian Federation, 22, 35, 145, 170, 219, 231 minorities, 12, 30, 46, 58, 69, 74, 126, 130, 131, 135 historical, 203 national, 30, 62 rights, 30, 144 (ethnic) Russian, 11, 12, 14, 69 Russian-speaking, 85, 223-4 Moldova, (Republic of), 1, 13, 21, 22, 85, 93,100,138-56,171, 205-6, 223 Moldovan see Moldovan language Moldovan language, 98,100, 103, 113, 138, 154, 155 Mongolia, 165, 171, 224 Montenegro, 194 Moscow, 8, 12, 16, 24, 26, 28, 29, 31, 38, 48, 63, 104, 108, no-11, 141, 150, 152, 164, 166, 170, 176-7, 179, 180, 189, 224 multilingualism, 7, 8, 52, 92, 97, 187, 191, 196, 201, 204, 207, 229, 234 Muslims, 128, 135 Mykolaiiv, 25, 26, 32 Nationality, 209η. 1; see also ethnicity Nazarbaev, Nursultan, 69, 70, 73, 88Ո.3, 195 ‘near abroad’, 2,10,14-16, 27,168, 216, 224, 230; see also former Soviet space Nikonov, Vyacheslav, 20, 34, 179, 219 nostalgia, 30, 204 Nye, Joseph, 2,15, 142-3, 215, 235 Oceania, 224, 225 Odesa, 26,
30, 32 Orange revolution see colour revolutions origins ethnic, 28, 88, 121-2, 202 Orthodoxy, 6, 7, 12, 29, 38, 93; see also Russian Orthodox Church OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities, 30, 33 Petropavlovsk, 70 pidgins, 207-8 pluricentrism, 14, 63, 69, 187, 191, 192, 195, 207 Poland, 108, 123, 179, 223 Polish see Polish language Polish language, 99 polyethnicity, 8, 69 Post-Soviet space, 19-22, 73, 85, 123, 139-42, 144,151, 161-2, 165, 174, 182, 194, 223-5; see also former Soviet space Programme for the Promotion ofthe Russian Language and Education in Russia, 172 public diplomacy, 1, 4, 13, 139-40, 142-3, 145, 149, 153, 156, 161, 174; see also cultural diplomacy, soft power Putin, Vladimir, 4, 6, 7, 20, 21, 24, 25, 29, 33,35, 95, 125, 132, 152, 190, 217, 218 rankings, 164, 169-70 regiolects, 188 Rivne, 32 Rogozin, Dmitry, 193 Romania, 171 Romanian see Romanian language Romanian language, 100, 139, 146, 147-5 Rose revolution see colour revolutions Rossotrudnichestvo, 1, 14-5, 22, 24, 47-9, 62, 165, 170-4, 215, 217-18, 220, 221-4, 227-8, 230, 233-4
INDEX Russia, 1-4, 6-13, 16, 19-24, 27 29։ 32-S, յ8֊9, 47-51, 5б, 58-61, 70, 72-3, 76, 8օ, 8l—7, 93, 95, ЮО-І, ЮЗ, 104-5, 107,1°8, lio, 112-13, 116, 121-3, 125-6, 128, 129-30, 135, 138-42, 144-5, 147, 151-2, 155, 161, 165-6, 168-71, 173-84,188, 189, 190,192-3,194,195-6, 198, 200, 203, 205, 206, 208, 215, 217, շշշ֊Յ, 228, 230, 233 Imperial, 4, 8, 70, 80, 208 Post-Soviet, 8, in Russian see Russian language Russian Centres for Science and Culture, Зі-շ, 35, 48, 170, 173, 180, 184, 223, 231,233 Russian Federation see Russia Russian language, 1-3, 7-16,19, 21-3, 25-6, 30, 31-2, 35-8, 45-8, 52-3, 63, 69-71, 73-5, 80, 81, 87, 88, 95, 98, 100-3,113, i H, 116,127, ІЗЗ, 175,179,181, 182-3,187-8, 190-1, 192,195, 199, 208, 217, 219, 228, 230 Belarus, 45-63 colonial role of, 56 diasporic, 14, 187-8, 192-6, 205 Finland, 202-4 Germany, 120-35 global, 95, 144, 192, 208 Ireland, 92-116 Israel, 204-7 Kazakhstan, 48-68 Kyrgyzstan, 82-3 Latvia, 200-2 media, 1, 13,16, 30, 50, 57, 86, 93, 120—i, 124-8,130,131, HL 146, 150, Η2, 223,231 promotion of, i, 3, n, 15, 20, 31, 36, 48, 86,161-3,171-4,180,183, 218, 227 Soviet Union, 7, 8, 61,140,156,166 status of, 8,15, 30, 37-9, 48, 52, 54, 55-61, 63, 68-9, 72, 75-80, 82, 139-42, 144-5, H9, HS, 162-3, 171-3, 175, 189, 194,195, 206-7, 235 teachers, 16, 194, 201-3, 23° teaching, 172-4, 176-7, 182, 191, 199, շօշ, 204, շօ6, 208, 217; 231 247 Ukraine, 19-39 varieties of, 189,192,195, 200, 202-3, 209 world see Russian language: global Russian Orthodox Church, 22, 29, 220; see also Orthodoxy Russian speakers, 2, 9-10, 13,15-16, 22, 30, 33, 62, 69, 80, 92-116,
120-135, 139, Но-ι, 149,154-5, 169,171, ПЭН, 175,180-1,183,187,190, 192, 193-203, 206, 222, 228; see also Russoglots Russian World (concept), 2, 4, 11-12, 14-15, ібп.і, 19-24, 27-31, 34-5, 37-9, 49, 57-8, 69, 83-4, 95, 115, 139, 173,217 Russian World Foundation, 1, 14-5, ібп.і, 21, 24, 29, ЗО, 31-7, 47-50, 62, 82, 85, 95, 172, 215, 2i7֊24, 227-8, 230-1, 233-4 Russianness, 10, 26, 30, 71, 82, 95, 116, 228 Russification, 8, 24, 36, 70-1, 104, 140; see also de-Russification russkii mir see Russian world Russoglots, 13, 82, 83, 79, 94, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 109, 113, 189, 205, 224; see also Russian speakers Russophobia, 37, 49 Russophones see Russoglots St Petersburg, 63, 164, 179, 180,190, 197 schools, 25, 32, 54,188,191 Belarus, 46, 50, 60 bilingual, 199, 202 Germany, 182 Israel, 205 Kazakhstan, 74-5, 79, 88Ո.5 Russian abroad, 173 Russian-Finish, 202, 204 separatism Donbas, 27, 33, 35, 48, 57 Georgia, 141 Moldova, 138; see also Transnistria Sevastopol, 32, 33 Simferopol, 32 Slovenia, 171,194 social media, 13, 93, 139, 143-7, 150, 152-З, ИЗ, 195,' see also media
248 INDEX soft power, 1-7, II, 14-5, 39, 84, 86, 88, 89η. 19,142-3, įsi, i S 5-6, 17Յ, 174, 183, 208, 215, 217, 235-6; see also cultural diplomacy, public diplomacy South Ossetia, 21, 38,141, 165 Soviet Union, 4, 6, 8-ю, 13,15, 19, 25-6, 45, 46, 60, 72, 86, 105,109-11, 116, 120, 122-3,126, 133,138, 140,151, 155, i64֊S, 166, 188,190, 208 disintegration of, 7, 19, 45-6, 53-4, 60, 61, 69, 72,105, 108, 122,140, 164, 188, 194, 196, 216 Spanish see Spanish language Spanish language, 170, 227 speech children, 199 colloquial, 60 community, 94, 99 dialectal, 60 hybrid, 99, 198-9, 201, 206 multilingual, 201 Sovietisms, 203 vernacular, 97, 198 Sri Lanka, 171 Standardization, 61, 63, 94-5,188-9, 208, 235 State Duma, 9, 24 Sukhumi, 141 Syria, 165 Tajikistan, 141, 165 Tatars, 33, 104, 188 Tatarstan, 8 teacher training, 15, 216, 226, 230, 233 teaching material, 192, 231 textbooks, 60, 76, 188, 192, 195, 209, 226, Tskhinvali, 141 tuition fees, 162, 168, 176, 178, 181, 183, 232 Turkey, 123, 171, 226 Turkmenistan, 141, 165 Twitter, 145 UK see United Kingdom Ukraine, i, 4, 6, 9,10, 11-12,15, 16, 19-39, 48, 49, 57, 60, 62, 65, 93, 106, i to—11, 123, 130, 138, 141, 142, 144, 165,194,203,205-6,224 Ukrainian see Ukrainian language Ukrainian conflict see Ukrainian Crisis Ukrainian crisis, 12, 22, 49, 57, 73 Ukrainian language, 12, 25-6, 28, 30, 34, 36-8, 60 Ukrainians, 11, 23, 49-50, 55, 58, 68, 106-7, из, 196 UN see United Nations Union ofSoviet Societies ofFriendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, 216 United Kingdom, 4,112, 226, 228, 232 United Nations, 76, 228 United States (of
America), 2, 4, 83, 128, 142, 147, 163, 164, 166, 171, 193, 206, 223 US(A) see United States USSR see Soviet Union Uzbekistan, 77, 80, 141,165,171 Uzbeks, 196 Vietnam, 165, 171, 224 Vinnytsia, 35-6 vk see VKontakte VKontakte, 125,145 231-З Tishkov, Valerii, 20-1 Transnistria, 38,138-9, 141-2,151, 224 Trasianka see Belarusian-Russian mixed speech Trump, Donald, 125 Trusau, Aleh, 50, 56-7 Yanukovich, Viktor, 29, 32, 33, 37, 49 ‘Year of the Russian Language’ 2007, 20 Yeltsin, Boris, 9, 23-4, 218 YouTube, 147, 152 Yushchenko, Viktor, 28-9 Zaporizhzhia, 26, 30, 32 f------------------ ------Հ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München v- z |
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Contents List of Tables List of Contributors Acknowledgements vii viii xii Introduction: Language and Culture in Russia’s Soft Power Toolbox Christian Noack r. The‘Russian World’and Ukraine Michał Wawrzonek i 19 2. Russian in Belarus: A Feature of Belarusian Identity or Moscow’s‘Trojan Horse’? Mark Brüggemann 45 3. Between Emotions and Pragmatism: The Russian Language in Kazakhstan and the ‘Russian Factor’ Natalya Kosmarskaya and Igor Savin 68 4. Speakers of Russian in Ireland: ‘What unites us is language, but in all other respects we are different’ Feargus Denman 92 5. Media Use of Russian Speakers in Germany Olga Tikhomirova 120 6. The Role of Russian for Digital Diplomacy in Moldova Dmitry Yagodin 138 7. Promoting Russian Higher Education Sirke Mäkinen 161
vi CONTENTS 8. Stable or Variable Russian? Standardisation versus Pluricentrism 187 Ekaterina Protassova and Maria Yelenevskaya 9. The Russian World in Perspective: Comparing Russian Culture and Language Promotion with British, German and French Practices 215 Christian Noack Index 241
Index Abkhazia, 21, 38, 141, 165 Academy ofSciences (Belarus), 60 Academy ofSciences (Russia), 189, 192 AfD see Alternative fiir Deutschland Africa, 106, 223-5, 229, 232-3 Aleksei II (Patriarch of Moscow), 28-9 All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, 217 Alma-Ata see Almaty Almaty, 70, 71, 73, 76, 80, 81, 84-5, 86-7 Alternative für Deutschland (AfD), 120—1, 131-2.133,135 Arabic see Arabic language Arabic language, 205, 206, 227 Armenia, in, 141 Asia, 84,165,169, 223-5, 226, 230 Central, 12, 68, 71-2, 80-7, 194, 203 Astana, 82, 85 Azerbaijan, 99, 141, 165 Baltic countries see Baltic states Baltic region see Baltic states Baltic states, 13, 27, 85, 93, 109, in, 112, 123, 194, 203, 205, 223 Belarus, 1,6, 7, 9, ո, 12, 45-67, 93, in, 144, 163, 165-6, 175, 176-7, 178-9, 183, 194, 203 language, 45-63 (national) identity, 12, 53, 60, 62-3 nationalism, 49, 55, 57 Belarusians, 12, 45-67, 68 students, 179, 183 Belarusian Language Society (Tavarystva Belaruskai Movy, TBM), 46, 50, 56 Belarusian National Front (Belaruski Narodny Front, BNF), 46, 57 Belarusian-Russian mixed speech (BRMS), 12, 52-3, 62-3 Belgium, 171 Berlin, 120, 121, 125, 132 biculturalism, 207 bilingualism, 8, 12, 25, 83, 88-9Ո.5, 113, 204, 207 asymmetric, 7-9 balanced, 8, 201 Belarus, 47, 55 Central Asia, 71 Kazakhstan, 75 official, 21, 25 Ukraine, 25-6 borrowings, 196-9, 202, 207, 209 Bourdieu, Pierre, 19-20 Brest, 48 British Council, 220—1, 222, 224, 225, 226, 228,231-3,234 British Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 220 Bulgaria, 165, 194, 195, 224 caiques, 199, 202, 207, 209 censuses Belarus,
51-2, 62 Ireland, 93 Kazakhstan, 72-3 Soviet, 25, 45
242 INDEX Central Baltic Programme, ւցց, 20i, 203, 209η.6 Centre for International Scientific and Cultural Cooperation (Russia), 216-17 children Belarus, 47, 62 books, 233 English language courses, 228 Kazakhstan, 74, 76 of heritage speakers in the near abroad, 230-1 of Russian speakers outside the Russian Federation, 98, 100,122,129-30, I91, 193-4,199-207 Russia, 231 China, 4, 79, 83-4, 165,171,174-5, 193, 215, 226, 232, 235 Chinese see Chinese language Chinese language, 84, 99,117Ո.8, 194, 227, 232 Chisinau, 141,149 CIS, i, 3, 5-6, 22, 25, 48, 83, 86,121, 165-6,169,171-3, 188,194, 208, 215, 217, 218 citizenship, 9-10, 99, 114 Azerbaijani, 99 Belarusian, 53, 58 dual, 204, 205 Finnish, 204 German, 122 Russian, 9, 24, 190, 206 civilization, 4, 6, 23, 29, 122, 208; see also Russian World Orthodox, 38 polyethnic, 2, 190 Russian, 31, 38 Soviet, 71 codes, 12, 21, 59, 85, 94 code-mixing, 197-8 code-switching, 99, 199, 202 Cold War, 219 colloquialisms, 201, 203 colonialism, 224 colonisation, 70-1, 208 colour revolutions, 3, 5, 23, 27-8, 39 Commonwealth of Independent States see CIS communication, 7, 74, 75, 78, 82, 83, 93, 97,112, 122, 127, 149, 155,168, 189, 191,192, 197, 200, 205, 229 channels, 149 everyday, 36, 88ո.շ, 203 formal/informal, 207 global, 156 horizontal, 143 intercultural, 76, 195 interethnic, 25, 46, 77, 141, 146, 149, 190, 196 international, 20, 98,151, 172, 206 mass, 143 means of, 28, 58, 78, 81,126,139, 142 medial, 3 one-way, 143, 156 online, 125, 143 oral, 13, 63 platforms, 144 technologies see communication: means of theory, 147 tools see communication: means
of within the family, 89Ո.20, 124, 202, 206 communities bilingual, 198 diasporic, 104, 207 ethnic, 94-6, 101, 106, 190, 193,196, 203, 205 imagined, 12 compatriots, 1, 2, 6, 9-15, 24-5, 35, 39, 48, 56, 62, 69-71, 83, 87, 93, 165, 168, 172, 189, 215-18, 224, 231 Concept ofthe State Support and Promotion ofthe Russian Language Abroad (2015), 162, 172 conflicts, 19, 23, 33-4, 37-8, 45, 49, 57, 59, 98, ІЗ8, H2, 155; tee also Ukrainian crisis Confucius Institutes, 84, 174, 215, 235 Coordinating Council ofRussian Compatriots, 48, 93 cosmopolitanism, 60, 130 Council ofMinisters, Russia, 24 creole, 207 Crimea, 6, 23, 26-7, 30, 32-3, 48, 57, 59, 62, 166 Cuba, 165 cultural diplomacy, 1-2, 3, 4, 14, 215, 216-17, 219, 202, 225-6, 228, 234-6; see also public diplomacy, soft power
INDEX culture, i, 2, 5, 6, 8,15, 19, 2о, 24, 26, 35,4б, 54, 56,81,84,98, 105,113, 115, 129, 134-5, 142, 174,188, 191, 207, 216-17, 225, 227, 233, 234, 235 Belarusian, 46, 50, 53-4 dialogue between, 228 global, 72, 84 high, 15-16, 60, 71, 228 industries, 222 Irish, 98 Kazakh, 88, 195 pluralistic understanding of, 235 popular, 16, 141 Russian, 1-3, 4, 7, 8-ю, 13-16,19, 26-7, 30, 35, 38, 48, 53, 56, 69-71, 78, 80-3, 86, 88, 98, 101,116, 181, 187, 189,190-1, 193, 200-2, 204, 206, 208, 215, 217, 219, 224, 231, 235 Russophone, 82 Soviet, 26-7 Ukrainian, 38 Western promotion of, 15, 219-22 Culturethèque, 234 Customs Union, 3 Cyprus, 194 Cyrillic script, 88Ո.4,102, 140, 196 Czech Republic, 171,194 Delegation ofthe European Union to the Republic ofMoldova (EURM), 145-50, 153-5 de-Russification, 140 Development ofthe Export Potential ofthe Russian System ofEducation Project, 162, 164, 167, 170, 183-4 dialects, 12, 139, 208 diaspora, 9, 95,97,104,106-7, ИЗ, »5, 143, 189, 217, 227, 235 ‘beached’, 9, 16 Chinese, 105 Russian (speaking), 95,103-4, 106, 112,116,122, 124,142,151,189, 224, 227 scattered, 144 diversity, 5, 6, 95, 101, 114, 144, 149, 156, 182, 208, 228 Dnipro, 32, 36-7 Dodon, Igor, 139, 145-6, 152 243 domains (of language use), 46, 59, 80,191, 193, 201 Donbas, 26, 32, 33, 34, 38, 48, 57, 59, 62 Donetsk, 25, 26, 27, 30, 32, 35, 224 Dublin, 96-7,102 Duma Committee for Education (Russia), 179 education, 5, 6, 25, 50, 72, 80,121, 122, 132,151,176,181, 188, 189, 191, 193,194, W6, 203, 208, 216, 225-6, 228, 230, 232 Belarusian higher, 46, 50 Belarusian system of, 47, 50, 54, 59, 69
bilingual, 199, 202, 204 British, 221, 226 complementary institutions of, 193, 205 diplomacy, 161, 169, 182 distant, 168, 178 English language, 173-4 fairs, 170-1 Finnish system of, 204 French system of higher, 220, 226 global market, 161-3 higher, 103, 126, 148, 162, 173, 183 Indian initiatives in Central Asia, 83-4 internationalisation of, 14, 161, 166, 168-9, 182-3 Irish system of, 117Ո.8 Kazakh higher, 86 Kazakh system of, 72, 74, 88-9Ո.5, 178 multilingual, 200 promotion of abroad, 141, 148-9, 161-84, 2J8 reform in Moldova, 145 Russian higher, 14, 164-5, 170 Russian language outside Russia, 74, 80, 87, 202 Russian system of, 14, 15, 16, 76, 87, ill, 188, 193 secondary, 34, 72, 74 tuition-free, 168-9, i7° 176, !77i 178 Egypt, 171, 223 Embassy of the Russian Federation to Moldova (ERFRM), 145-8, 150-4 emigration, 93,121-2,193,194 empire, 6, 49, 63, 71, hi English see English language
244 INDEX English language, 14, 56,182, 191 194, 208, 222, 227, 232 as a medium for teaching, 162, 168, 183, 226 Belarus, 176 Estonia, 198-9 Finland, 200 Germany, 127 global, 207-8, 228-9 Ireland, 93-4, 98-9, 102-3 Israel, 206 Kazakhstan, 72, 75-6, 79, 82, 178, 195 Latvia, 200 Moldova, 141, 144, 148-50, 155-6 Russian higher education, 162, 170-1, 173-4 world see English language: global entertainment, 13, 50, 125-6, 204-5 Esperanto, 199 Estonia, hi, 196, 198-9, 203, 223 Estonian language, 196-200 ethnicity, 6, 24, 71, 115-16, 192, 208; see also ethnic communities Belarusian, 51-2 Estonian, 198 Finnish, 202 German, 123 Jewish, 123 Kazakh, 74, 80, 87, 195 Kyrgyz, 80 non-Russian, 8, 74, 83 Old Russian’, 55 Russian, 8, 12, 35, 51-3, 62, 70-1, 73, 81, 83, 85, 101, 103, 140, 200, 271, 224, 227 Russo-Irish, 116 titular, 69-71, 73, 75 Uzbek, 80 EU see European Union Eurasia, 2, 113 Eurasian Economic Union, 3, 5, 7, 68, 73, 176 eurasianism, 1 European Union, 7, 13, 108, 116, 123, 126, i34 138-9, 140, 144-5, 147-9, 151-2, 154-6, 161, 165-6, 181 expats, 227, 231, 235 Facebook, 145-9, і5!-6 Family, 78, 81, 88Ո.5, 96-7, 101, 105, 123-4, їбз, 179, i8i, 190-1, 202, 206 bilingual, 199, 202 histories, 108 ‘far abroad’, 11, 13, 15, 187, 195, 230 Federal Agency for the Commonwealth ofIndependent States Affairs, Compatriots Living Abroad, and International Humanitarian Cooperation see Rossotrudnichestvo Federal Ministry ofthe Interior (Germany), 132-3 Federal Target Programme ‘The Russian Language’ (Russia), 218, 231 Fond Russkii Mir see Russian World Foundation former Soviet Space, 2, 3, 5,
13,15, 16, 39, 179, 180, 193-4, 205, 223, 224, 230, 236 France, 166, 174, 219, 226, 227, 232, 234 French see French language French language, 56, 170, 174, 206, 220, 227, 229, 232 Fursenko, Andrei, 173 geopolitics, 1-2, 6, 73, 84, 87, 98, 142, 236 Georgia, 3, 4, 85,93, m, 141 Germany, 1, 4, 13, 16, 120-36, 163, 165-6, 174, 175-6, i8o֊2, 183, 184, 221, 226, 229, 232 globalisation, 6, 75, 84, 209 Greece, 171, 194 Gromyko, Aleksei, 21, 23 Hebrew see Hebrew Language Hebrew Language, 204-7 heritage, 5, 7, 8, 48, 60, 82, 95, 97-8, 101, 105, 203, 217-18, 227 language, 98, 100, 114, 192, 206 speakers, 194, 200, 203, 207, 230 Homel, 48 Horlivka, 35 human rights, 5, 51, 128-30, 134, 181 Hungary, 171 identity, 4, 7, 26-7, 39, 50, 69, 81, 99, 105, 108-9, ИЗ, 115-16, 144, 184, 187, 197, 209
INDEX Belarusian, 12, 45, 48 collective, ii, 107-8, 115 diasporic, 116, 193, ethnic, 53, 81, 94, 99, 139; see also ethnicity hybrid, 109, 207 language preference and, 10-11, 13, 15, 16, 33, 51, 61-3, 98, ιοί-շ, 108, 112, 115-16, 191, 202 Moldovan, 139 multiple, 207 national, 13, 45, 53, 61-3, 94, 99, 189 Russian, 19, 70,140 Ukrainian, 26, 28, 39 imposition, 20, 188 India, 82, 83, in, 165, 171, 223, 224, 226 Indonesia, 171, 226 insertion, 201, 202 integration, 4, 5, 7, 71, 97, 98,105, ւշԼ 123-4, 129-31, 139, 152, 220, 22Յ, 235 Belarusian-Russian, 49 EU, 140, 14s European, 151, 155-6 of the former Soviet space, 1,3,7,76, 85 internationalisation, 14,167 of education, 14,161, 169, 182, 183 internet, 35, 50, 76, 84, 85,127,133-4, H2, 43, 190, 196, 198, 204-5, 207 Russian (language), 50, 144, 227, 231 Irish Gaelic, 98-100 Israel, 14,16,116 Russian language in, 204-7 Jews, 13, 106 Germany, 16 Soviet, 122 Kazakh see Kazakh language Kazakh language, 12, 69-74, 76-81, 83, 88, 88ո.շ, 88Ո.4, 88n.5,176, 178, 195-6 Kazakhstan, 1, 7, 11, 12, 21, 22, 122-3, 129-30, 163, 165-6, 171, 183-4 perception of Russian higher education, ։75-8 Russian language, 68-88, 195-6 Kazakhstanis, 12, 80-2, 84, 86-8, 171, 176-7,183, 195 Kharkiv, 29, 30, 32 245 Kherson, 26, 32 Kievan Rus’, 28, 29, 55, 208 Kirill (Patriarch of Moscow), 22, 23, 29, 33-3 Kivalov-Kolesnichenko law (Ukraine), 30, 33; see also language: law Kremlin, 4, 15, 28, 33, 39, 112, 217 Kryvyi Rih, 32 Kyiv, 28, 29, 32, 33, 35, 38, 141 Kyrgyzstan, 21, 71, 77, 80, 82-3, 87, 123, 165 language bilingual proficiency, 205 certificates, 222, 225
contacts, 195 exams, 222, 230, 232 law, 73, 190; see also KivalovKolesnichenko law minority, 8-9, 148-9 monocentric, 61, 188 of tuition, 25, 174, 182-3, շշ6 preference, 10, 47, 123, 124 regional, 30 rights, 30 titular, 8,14, 52, 69, 71-2, 76,109,114, 140 Latin alphabet see Latin script Latin America, 225 Latin script, 88Ո.4, 140, 196 Latvia, 21, 101, 103, 107-13, 166 Russian language, 200-2 Latvian see Latvian language Latvian language, 93, 200-2 Lavrov, Sergey, 4,170 lexicon, 24, 60, 207 libraries, 76, 84-5, 96-7, 202, 218, 226, 233֊4 lingua franca, 1, 7, 8, 72, 98, 140, 144, 155, 166, 187, 196, 205, 207-8, 228 Lithuania, 93, 107-8, 110-12, 141, 176, 179, 223 loanwords, 198, 199, 206, 208 Luhansk, 26, 27, 30, 32, 35, 224 Lukashenka, Aliaksandr, 11, 12, 45, 47, 48-9, 50, 54, 56, 57-9, 61, 62 Mahilu, 48 Maidan, 12, 27, 34, 39
246 INDEX Mandarin see Chinese language media, 3, 13, 50, 72, 86, 143, 146, 150, 152, 154, iS6, 165, 167, 189, 199, 206, 221, 222, 232, 234; see also communication: means of, social media consumption of Russian speakers in Germany, 120-35 digital, 50,144, 187, 205 electronic see media: digital mass, 60, 141,147, 194, 200, 202 Russian (language), 1, 13, 16, 31, 49, 57, 61, 86,120, 124-6,127-8, 133-5, 141, 146, 223 Medvedev, Dmitry, 25, 29, 168, 217 migration, 9, 80, 83, 87, 121, 125, 131, 133, 162 Ministry ofEducation and Science ofthe Russian Federation, 167, 170, 221, 231 Ministry ofEurope and Foreign Affairs (France), 219, 222 Ministry ofForeign Affairs ofthe Russian Federation, 22, 35, 145, 170, 219, 231 minorities, 12, 30, 46, 58, 69, 74, 126, 130, 131, 135 historical, 203 national, 30, 62 rights, 30, 144 (ethnic) Russian, 11, 12, 14, 69 Russian-speaking, 85, 223-4 Moldova, (Republic of), 1, 13, 21, 22, 85, 93,100,138-56,171, 205-6, 223 Moldovan see Moldovan language Moldovan language, 98,100, 103, 113, 138, 154, 155 Mongolia, 165, 171, 224 Montenegro, 194 Moscow, 8, 12, 16, 24, 26, 28, 29, 31, 38, 48, 63, 104, 108, no-11, 141, 150, 152, 164, 166, 170, 176-7, 179, 180, 189, 224 multilingualism, 7, 8, 52, 92, 97, 187, 191, 196, 201, 204, 207, 229, 234 Muslims, 128, 135 Mykolaiiv, 25, 26, 32 Nationality, 209η. 1; see also ethnicity Nazarbaev, Nursultan, 69, 70, 73, 88Ո.3, 195 ‘near abroad’, 2,10,14-16, 27,168, 216, 224, 230; see also former Soviet space Nikonov, Vyacheslav, 20, 34, 179, 219 nostalgia, 30, 204 Nye, Joseph, 2,15, 142-3, 215, 235 Oceania, 224, 225 Odesa, 26,
30, 32 Orange revolution see colour revolutions origins ethnic, 28, 88, 121-2, 202 Orthodoxy, 6, 7, 12, 29, 38, 93; see also Russian Orthodox Church OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities, 30, 33 Petropavlovsk, 70 pidgins, 207-8 pluricentrism, 14, 63, 69, 187, 191, 192, 195, 207 Poland, 108, 123, 179, 223 Polish see Polish language Polish language, 99 polyethnicity, 8, 69 Post-Soviet space, 19-22, 73, 85, 123, 139-42, 144,151, 161-2, 165, 174, 182, 194, 223-5; see also former Soviet space Programme for the Promotion ofthe Russian Language and Education in Russia, 172 public diplomacy, 1, 4, 13, 139-40, 142-3, 145, 149, 153, 156, 161, 174; see also cultural diplomacy, soft power Putin, Vladimir, 4, 6, 7, 20, 21, 24, 25, 29, 33,35, 95, 125, 132, 152, 190, 217, 218 rankings, 164, 169-70 regiolects, 188 Rivne, 32 Rogozin, Dmitry, 193 Romania, 171 Romanian see Romanian language Romanian language, 100, 139, 146, 147-5 Rose revolution see colour revolutions Rossotrudnichestvo, 1, 14-5, 22, 24, 47-9, 62, 165, 170-4, 215, 217-18, 220, 221-4, 227-8, 230, 233-4
INDEX Russia, 1-4, 6-13, 16, 19-24, 27 29։ 32-S, յ8֊9, 47-51, 5б, 58-61, 70, 72-3, 76, 8օ, 8l—7, 93, 95, ЮО-І, ЮЗ, 104-5, 107,1°8, lio, 112-13, 116, 121-3, 125-6, 128, 129-30, 135, 138-42, 144-5, 147, 151-2, 155, 161, 165-6, 168-71, 173-84,188, 189, 190,192-3,194,195-6, 198, 200, 203, 205, 206, 208, 215, 217, շշշ֊Յ, 228, 230, 233 Imperial, 4, 8, 70, 80, 208 Post-Soviet, 8, in Russian see Russian language Russian Centres for Science and Culture, Зі-շ, 35, 48, 170, 173, 180, 184, 223, 231,233 Russian Federation see Russia Russian language, 1-3, 7-16,19, 21-3, 25-6, 30, 31-2, 35-8, 45-8, 52-3, 63, 69-71, 73-5, 80, 81, 87, 88, 95, 98, 100-3,113, i H, 116,127, ІЗЗ, 175,179,181, 182-3,187-8, 190-1, 192,195, 199, 208, 217, 219, 228, 230 Belarus, 45-63 colonial role of, 56 diasporic, 14, 187-8, 192-6, 205 Finland, 202-4 Germany, 120-35 global, 95, 144, 192, 208 Ireland, 92-116 Israel, 204-7 Kazakhstan, 48-68 Kyrgyzstan, 82-3 Latvia, 200-2 media, 1, 13,16, 30, 50, 57, 86, 93, 120—i, 124-8,130,131, HL 146, 150, Η2, 223,231 promotion of, i, 3, n, 15, 20, 31, 36, 48, 86,161-3,171-4,180,183, 218, 227 Soviet Union, 7, 8, 61,140,156,166 status of, 8,15, 30, 37-9, 48, 52, 54, 55-61, 63, 68-9, 72, 75-80, 82, 139-42, 144-5, H9, HS, 162-3, 171-3, 175, 189, 194,195, 206-7, 235 teachers, 16, 194, 201-3, 23° teaching, 172-4, 176-7, 182, 191, 199, շօշ, 204, շօ6, 208, 217; 231 247 Ukraine, 19-39 varieties of, 189,192,195, 200, 202-3, 209 world see Russian language: global Russian Orthodox Church, 22, 29, 220; see also Orthodoxy Russian speakers, 2, 9-10, 13,15-16, 22, 30, 33, 62, 69, 80, 92-116,
120-135, 139, Но-ι, 149,154-5, 169,171, ПЭН, 175,180-1,183,187,190, 192, 193-203, 206, 222, 228; see also Russoglots Russian World (concept), 2, 4, 11-12, 14-15, ібп.і, 19-24, 27-31, 34-5, 37-9, 49, 57-8, 69, 83-4, 95, 115, 139, 173,217 Russian World Foundation, 1, 14-5, ібп.і, 21, 24, 29, ЗО, 31-7, 47-50, 62, 82, 85, 95, 172, 215, 2i7֊24, 227-8, 230-1, 233-4 Russianness, 10, 26, 30, 71, 82, 95, 116, 228 Russification, 8, 24, 36, 70-1, 104, 140; see also de-Russification russkii mir see Russian world Russoglots, 13, 82, 83, 79, 94, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 109, 113, 189, 205, 224; see also Russian speakers Russophobia, 37, 49 Russophones see Russoglots St Petersburg, 63, 164, 179, 180,190, 197 schools, 25, 32, 54,188,191 Belarus, 46, 50, 60 bilingual, 199, 202 Germany, 182 Israel, 205 Kazakhstan, 74-5, 79, 88Ո.5 Russian abroad, 173 Russian-Finish, 202, 204 separatism Donbas, 27, 33, 35, 48, 57 Georgia, 141 Moldova, 138; see also Transnistria Sevastopol, 32, 33 Simferopol, 32 Slovenia, 171,194 social media, 13, 93, 139, 143-7, 150, 152-З, ИЗ, 195,' see also media
248 INDEX soft power, 1-7, II, 14-5, 39, 84, 86, 88, 89η. 19,142-3, įsi, i S 5-6, 17Յ, 174, 183, 208, 215, 217, 235-6; see also cultural diplomacy, public diplomacy South Ossetia, 21, 38,141, 165 Soviet Union, 4, 6, 8-ю, 13,15, 19, 25-6, 45, 46, 60, 72, 86, 105,109-11, 116, 120, 122-3,126, 133,138, 140,151, 155, i64֊S, 166, 188,190, 208 disintegration of, 7, 19, 45-6, 53-4, 60, 61, 69, 72,105, 108, 122,140, 164, 188, 194, 196, 216 Spanish see Spanish language Spanish language, 170, 227 speech children, 199 colloquial, 60 community, 94, 99 dialectal, 60 hybrid, 99, 198-9, 201, 206 multilingual, 201 Sovietisms, 203 vernacular, 97, 198 Sri Lanka, 171 Standardization, 61, 63, 94-5,188-9, 208, 235 State Duma, 9, 24 Sukhumi, 141 Syria, 165 Tajikistan, 141, 165 Tatars, 33, 104, 188 Tatarstan, 8 teacher training, 15, 216, 226, 230, 233 teaching material, 192, 231 textbooks, 60, 76, 188, 192, 195, 209, 226, Tskhinvali, 141 tuition fees, 162, 168, 176, 178, 181, 183, 232 Turkey, 123, 171, 226 Turkmenistan, 141, 165 Twitter, 145 UK see United Kingdom Ukraine, i, 4, 6, 9,10, 11-12,15, 16, 19-39, 48, 49, 57, 60, 62, 65, 93, 106, i to—11, 123, 130, 138, 141, 142, 144, 165,194,203,205-6,224 Ukrainian see Ukrainian language Ukrainian conflict see Ukrainian Crisis Ukrainian crisis, 12, 22, 49, 57, 73 Ukrainian language, 12, 25-6, 28, 30, 34, 36-8, 60 Ukrainians, 11, 23, 49-50, 55, 58, 68, 106-7, из, 196 UN see United Nations Union ofSoviet Societies ofFriendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, 216 United Kingdom, 4,112, 226, 228, 232 United Nations, 76, 228 United States (of
America), 2, 4, 83, 128, 142, 147, 163, 164, 166, 171, 193, 206, 223 US(A) see United States USSR see Soviet Union Uzbekistan, 77, 80, 141,165,171 Uzbeks, 196 Vietnam, 165, 171, 224 Vinnytsia, 35-6 vk see VKontakte VKontakte, 125,145 231-З Tishkov, Valerii, 20-1 Transnistria, 38,138-9, 141-2,151, 224 Trasianka see Belarusian-Russian mixed speech Trump, Donald, 125 Trusau, Aleh, 50, 56-7 Yanukovich, Viktor, 29, 32, 33, 37, 49 ‘Year of the Russian Language’ 2007, 20 Yeltsin, Boris, 9, 23-4, 218 YouTube, 147, 152 Yushchenko, Viktor, 28-9 Zaporizhzhia, 26, 30, 32 f------------------ ------Հ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München v- z |
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| spelling | Politics of the Russian language beyond Russia edited by Christian Noack Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press 2021 xiii, 248 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Russian language and society Russisch (DE-588)4051038-4 gnd rswk-swf Russen (DE-588)4051034-7 gnd rswk-swf Sprachpolitik (DE-588)4077732-7 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf Kasachstan (DE-588)4029839-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Kasachstan (DE-588)4029839-5 g Russen (DE-588)4051034-7 s Russisch (DE-588)4051038-4 s Sprachpolitik (DE-588)4077732-7 s DE-604 Noack, Christian 1965- (DE-588)1200055012 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-4744-6381-2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-4744-6384-3 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032810041&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032810041&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Politics of the Russian language beyond Russia Russisch (DE-588)4051038-4 gnd Russen (DE-588)4051034-7 gnd Sprachpolitik (DE-588)4077732-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4051038-4 (DE-588)4051034-7 (DE-588)4077732-7 (DE-588)4015701-5 (DE-588)4029839-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Politics of the Russian language beyond Russia |
| title_auth | Politics of the Russian language beyond Russia |
| title_exact_search | Politics of the Russian language beyond Russia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Politics of the Russian language beyond Russia |
| title_full | Politics of the Russian language beyond Russia edited by Christian Noack |
| title_fullStr | Politics of the Russian language beyond Russia edited by Christian Noack |
| title_full_unstemmed | Politics of the Russian language beyond Russia edited by Christian Noack |
| title_short | Politics of the Russian language beyond Russia |
| title_sort | politics of the russian language beyond russia |
| topic | Russisch (DE-588)4051038-4 gnd Russen (DE-588)4051034-7 gnd Sprachpolitik (DE-588)4077732-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Russisch Russen Sprachpolitik Europa Kasachstan Aufsatzsammlung |
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