Heritage under socialism: preservation in Eastern and Central Europe, 1945-1991
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New York ; Oxford
Berghahn Books
2022
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| Schriftenreihe: | New perspectives on Central and Eastern European studies
volume 2 |
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| Beschreibung: | x, 244 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte |
| ISBN: | 9781800732278 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction Heritage under Socialism: Trajectories of Preserving the Tangible Past in Postwar Eastern and Central Europe Corinne Geering and Paul Vickers Part I. Transfers and Exchanges in Heritage Policies and Practices Chapter 1 The Past Belongs to the Future: Heritage in Soviet Policymaking on Cultural Development Corinne Geering Chapter 2 International Experts—National Martyrdom—Socialist Heritage: The Contribution of the Polish People’s Republic to the Early UNESCO World Heritage Program Julia Röttjer Chapter 3 International Tourism and the Making of the National Heritage Canon in Late Soviet Ukraine, 1964-1991 Iryna Sklokina Chapter 4 International Contacts and Cooperation in Heritage Preservation in Soviet Estonia, 1960-1990 Karin Hallas-Murula and Kaarel Truu Part II. Canonizing and Contesting the Past: Heritage, Place, and Belonging under Socialism Chapter 5 Socialist Royalty? The Ambiguities of the Reconstruction of the Royal Residence in Budapest in the 1950s Eszter Gantner Chapter 6 Justifying Demolition, Questioning Value: Urban Typologies and the Concept of the “Historic Town” in 1960s Romania Liliana luga
VI CONTENTS Chapter 7 Making Sense of Socialism through Heritage Preservation: Stories from Northwest Bohemia Čeněk Pýcha Chapter 8 Socialism and the Rise of Industrial Heritage: The Preservation of Industrial Monuments in the German Democratic Republic Nele-Hendrikje Lehmann 169 195 Conclusion Transnational Heritage Networks in Socialist Eastern and Central Europe Corinne Geering 217 Index 237
HERITAGE UNDER SOCIALISM Preservation in Eastern and ( entrai Europe. 1945-1991 Edited by ESZTER GANTNER, CORINNE GEERING PAUL VICKERS This coherent, well-conceived book presents a wide range of issues through a selection of interesting cases. Its focus on the Central and Eastern Europe region is an important addition to the wider discussion concerning the geopolitics of knowledge. MAGDALENA BANASZKIEWICZ, Jagiellonian University How was heritage understood and implemented in European socialist states after World War II? By exploring national and regional specificities within the broader context of internationalization, this volume enriches the conceptual, methodological, and empirical scope of heritage studies through a series of fascinating case studies. Its transnational approach highlights the socialist world’s diverse interpretations of heritage and the ways in which they have shaped the trajectories of present-day preservation practices.
Index A Albania, 135 Alexander Leopold of Austria, Archduke, 131 All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments (VOOPIiK), 43, 111, 230 Altenberg tin buddle, 198 American Society for the Preservation of Russian Monuments, 230 antifascist struggle, 8,16, 62, 70, 92,179, 185,223 Architects Union in Estonia, 110,113-14 in Romania, 150,156 Architectural Planning Company KÖZTI, 130 Association of German Engineers, 196-97, 208 Association of United Ukrainian Canadians, 81 atheism, 1,10,12, 89,108 Auschwitz-Birkenau (heritage site), 16, 23, 56-62, 64-71, 223, 229-30 Austria, 121n40,171, 201 Austria-Hungary, 80,131,149-50,171 authorized heritage discourse, 21,170, 172-74,177-80,184-85,189-90 В Babyn Yar, 17, 95 Bad Sulza, 208 Baliasna, Riva, 95 Baller, E. A., 40-41 Baltic States, 18,105,107,154, 231 Baroque, 85, 90,130,134,139,149,184, 187-88,191ո6 neo-Baroque, 131,134,139 Battle of Mohács, 130,142nl4 Belarus, 35,120nl, 219 Belgium, 112,115,201 Bergakademie Freiberg, 204, 206 Berlin, 149,163n39,197, 204, 229 Białowieża National Park, 58,62-63,68, 70 Bilciurescu, Virgil, 156-57 Bistriţa (Bistritz/Beszterce), 150 Böckler, Teddy, 115 Bohemia, 21,169-71,173-74,186,189, 226, 229 Bolsheviks, 2, 38, 86,226 Borobudur Temple, 42 Brasilia, 155 Braşov (Kronstadt/Brassó), 150-52,156, 158,162ո82 Braun, Matyáš Bernard, 187 Britain. See United Kingdom Broggio, Ottavio, 187 Brokoff, Ferdinand Maximilian, 187 Bruns, Dmitri, 111, 117 Bucharest, 21,145-46,151-52,160, 225, 229 Buchenwald (concentration camp), 93 Budapest, 20,131,134,136,140,150, 221 1972 ICOMOS meeting in,
13, 111, 222 Buda Castle in, 19-20,127-41, 221 National Gallery in, 132,139-41 Budimex, 117 Bukovina, 91 Bulgaria, 43, 68, 92,111-12,135, 221-22 C Cálinescu, G., 152 Canada, 58, 81, 86, 88, 96, 98n21, 201, 220 capitalist countries, 12, 35, 41, 79, 81, 93, 105-6,110,112-13,118,135, 203, 229 Caucasus, 83, 230 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 21,145,160
238 INDEX Central Asia, 38 Central-Commission zur Erforschung und Erhaltung der Baudenkmale, 174 Charter 77,11 Chernivtsi, 83 Chernobyl, 11 civilizing mission, 38, 86 class struggle, 108,169-70,175-76,179, 183,186, 227 Cold War, 6,11-13,15, 36-37,44, 79, 96, 153, 218, 228 collective farm, 82-83, 88 colonialism, 36,173 Communist party, 10,227 of Czechoslovakia, 173-74,184 in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), 195,199, 203-6, in Hungary, 129,139-40,142n8, 223 in Poland, 57, 61-62, 70, 230 of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, 79, 83, 87 of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CPSU), 39-41,44,109, 138, 224 communist society, construction of, 1, 3, 35, 38,40-41, 44, 48, 217, 226 concentration camp, 7, 59, 61, 64, 66, 69, 93, 223, 229-30 consumer culture, 9,13, 79-80, 84, 87-88, 92, 203 Cossack, 17, 85, 87-88, 96-97,100n57, 229 Cossons, Neil, 201 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 3, 219 Council of Europe, 37, 47 Crimea, 85-86, 94 Crimean Tatars, deportation of, 82 Cuba, 11, 111, 222 cultural policy, 12,15, 35-36, 38, 40-41, 44-48,132,195-96,199, 203, 223-27 cultural revolution, 7,132-33,141, 223, 226 cultural sovereignty, 44-45 Curinschi, Gheorghe, 21,145-47,150, 153-56,161n2 Czechoslovakia, 21-22, 79, 83, 89,11114,134-35,140,148,169-75,178,180, 184-86,188,190, 220-22,225-27 1968 Soviet military intervention in, 11, 224 First Czechoslovak Republic, 174, 179,184-85 D Deiters, Ludwig, 221 Denkmale der Produktions- und Verkehrsgeschichte, 205, 213n85 Denmark, 112,114, 201 de-Stalinization, 11, 82,138 destruction, 130,137,145-47,153, 160,178,186-90, 201,
210, 217, 225, 230-32 of church buildings, 1,108,145,187, 189 during World War II, 2, 7-9, 20, 39, 62, 65, 70, 86,127-28,131, 134-35,148, 217, 219-20,222 detente, 11, 79, 202-3 development aid, 42,44 Dniprohes, 87-88 Donetsk, 85, 94 Dresden, 197-99, 206, 209, 222 Duchcov (Dux), 21,170-71,176-87, 189-90, 229 E Ecuador, 58 education, 8, 16, 35-36, 38-45, 48-49, 59-60,107,133,199, 217, 227 Entz, Géza, 134-35 Estonia, 15,17-18,105-119, 218, 220-21, 230-31 Republic of Estonia (interwar period), 107-8 Estonian Heritage Society, 18,119 Ethiopia, 58,112 Europe, idea of, 3,14 European Union, 2004 enlargement of, 228 F Faro Convention, 47
INDEX Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 58, 69, 81, 92, 94,114-15,195, 201-3 Finland, 18,106,110,112-13,115,118, 221, 231 five-year plan, 44, 87, 220 Fláje, 188 folk culture, 82, 84-85, 88-89, 91, 93, 96-97, 99n33, 220 France, 81,112,136,153,160 Franz Joseph I of Austria, Emperor, 131 Freiberg, 206,210. See also Bergakademie Freiberg Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ), 206 friendship of peoples, notion of, 81, 86, 92,110 Furtseva, E. A., 45 G Galicia-Volhynia, Principality of, 90-91 garden town movement, 152,157 Gazzola, Pietro, 111 Gdańsk, 136 Gerevich, Laszlo, 134 German Democratic Republic (GDR), 8, 13,19, 22,69, 81, 87, 92,111-14,129, 135,156,195-210, 221, 224, 227 German Museum of Science and Technology in Munich, 196-97 Gerő, László, 134-36 Gierek, Edward, 62 Glemža, Jonas, 111 Gorée Island. See Senegal Gothic, 90, Ю7-8,114,130,137,149, 151 Gottwald, Klement, 184 Granasztói, Pál, 139 Great Patriotic War. See under World Warll Greenpeace, 189 H Haase, Horst, 203 Habsburg Empire. See Austria-Hungary Hager, Kurt, 204 Hauszmann, Alajos, 131,134 Hauszmann style, 134,138 National Hauszmann Program, 141 239 Heimat, concept of, 22,197-99,204, 208 Heimatschutz movement, 197-99, 208-9 Helsinki, 110 Henderson, William O., 204 Hennecke, Adolf, 205 Hidasi, Lajos, 139 Hiroshima, 57, 67 Historicism, 82, 90,134 historic town, 43, 62-63, 111, 115, 145-50,153-54,156,158-60, 224-25, 227, 232 Hoffmann, Hans-Joachim, 208 Holocaust, 16, 69, 90, 95 Honecker, Erich, 203, 209 Horthy, Miklós, 131 Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party (MSZMP). See Communist party: in Hungary Hungarian Working People’s
Party (MDP). See Communist party: in Hungary Hungary, 13,127-141,160, 201, 218, 223-24 1956 uprising and Soviet intervention in, 11, 20,139, 224 diaspora, 17, 20, 81, 89, 220 and exchange between restorers, 20,111-15,135-38,153, 201, 221-22 Kingdom of, 129,131,142nl4 See also Austria-Hungary Hussite movement, 174 I lancu, Marcel, 152 ideology, of socialism, 8,10-12,19-23, 35-36, 38,40, 48-49, 57, 70, 81, 91, 95-96,106-8,128-30,132-33,13738,140-41,153,169-70,175,178, 185-86,195,198, 204, 217, 224-26, 229, 232. See also Marxism industrial heritage, 7,19, 21-22, 63,115, 195-210,227, 229 and technical monuments in the GDR, 197-98, 206-7, 213n85 industrial archeology, 201-2, 204, 210
240 INDEX industrialization, 87,147-48,153,160, 169,172, 201-2, 205, 209-10 Institut für Denkmalpflege, 197,199, 207-8, 221 International Auschwitz Committee (IAC), 59, 64 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. See World Bank International Campaign to Save the Monuments in Nubia, 42 International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM), 112 International Committee for the Conservation of Industrial Heritage (TICCIH), 201 International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historical Monuments, 221 International Congress on the Conservation of Industrial Monuments, 22, 200, 208, 227 International Council of Museums (ICOM), 12, 111, 228 International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), 12,13,15, 39, 43, 58, 64-65, 68,105,111-14,116,118, 218, 221-22, 225, 228 International Fund for the Promotion of Culture, 45 interwar period, legacy of, 12,14,18-22, 128,147-48,151-52,160,184-85, 187, 219, 221, 225, 229, 231-32 Inturist, 80-83, 85-86, 92, 96,110 inventory, of monuments, 6,12, 21, 59, 90,108,115,149-50,177-79,184-85, 196-98, 206-9, 217, 227 Iorga, Nicolae, 151-52 Israel, 69, 81-82, 94 Italy, 43,114,136,153,160, 201 Ivanov, Vladimir, 111 Izmail (city), 85 J Janáky, István, 134,138-39 Japan, 201 Jewish World Congress, 66 К Kaljundi, Yevgeny, 115 Karling, Sten, 107,114 Karlštejn Castle, 179 Katyń massacre, 8 Kazakevich, V. M., 42-43 Kazakhstan, 120nl, 219 KGB. See under Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Khalturin, A. G., 43 Kharkiv, 80, 84-85, 93 Khrushchev, N. S., 40. See also Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR): Krushchev Thaw in Koch, Hans, 227 Korotkevich, V. B., 35 Kossowski, Jerzy, 58 Kotka (city), 110 Kotsis, Iván, 134 Kraków, 16, 58, 62-64, 68, 70, 91,221-23 Kazimierz, 59, 63,136,162ո20 Wawel Castle in, 63,137, 222 Krušné hory (Erzgebirge), 172 Kulturbund, 198, 203, 206-10 Kyiv, 17, 80-83, 88-89, 92-93, 95, 221 L Laar, Mart, 119 Lahošť (Loosch), 179 Lahti, 110 Latvia, 221 Lăzărescu, Cezar, 156,159 League of American Ukrainians, 81 legislation, on heritage, 4, 6, 9,11-12,14, 47,128, 201, 218-19 in Czechoslovakia, 162nl6,172,175, 177,179 in Estonia, 105,109,120n4 in the GDR, 197, 205-7, 210 in Romania, 149-50,160,162nl5, 165n87 in the USSR, 17, 39,41,120nl, 165n86, 218, 222 Leipzig, 204 Lenin, V. L, 35,184, 204, 230 Leningrad. See Saint Petersburg Libkovice, 188-90
241 INDEX Lindner, Werner, 197-98 Liptice, 188 Lithuania, 18, 64,109, 111, 221 Lopès, Henri, 46 Louis I of Anjou, King, 130 Lviv, 80-84, 90-92 Moldova, 91,149-50,158 Mongolia, 111, 222 Montreal, 199 Morris, William, 155 Moscow (city), 8,13,15, 46, 68, 83-85, 87-88, 93,111-12,116,118,120, 221-22 M Mączeński, Zdzisław, 137 Maiste, Juhan, 112 Malinowski, Kazimierz, 136 Maria Theresia, Empress, 127,130 Marxism, 208 notion of bourgeois culture in, 19-20,108,129,139,152,162n9, 190,196, 208 notion of feudalism in, 129,153-55 and historical materialism, 148,153, 159 on historiography, 57, 61,154, 195-96, 204-5, 209, 227 Marxism-Leninism, 35, 38, 40, 47-48,195-96, 225 neo-Marxism, 202 Matschoß, Conrad, 197-98 Matthias Corvinus, King, 130,137,139 Mauritius, 57 M’Bow, Amadou, 64, 66 Mediaş (Mediasch/Medgyes), 150 memory, 1,2,4, 8,16,24,66, 69-70,90-91, 119,131,145,177-79,186,227, 230 politics of, 57, 61-62, 70,129,133,184 Middle Ages, 112,117,129,131,134-35, 137-38,150,153,172 urban structure from, 9, 62-64, 71, 105,107-9,114,127,148-52,154, 156-59,187, 221 Mihályfi, Ernő, 139 Mikhalkov, N. S., 47 mining, 22,172,178,180,183,186-89, 197-98, 205-6 Mittag, Günter, 207 modernism, 2, 7, 20-21, 97,134,147-48, 152,155-57, 229 modernization, 1-3, 22, 80,145,148,153, 155,160,173,196-97,199-200, 225, 232 1980 Summer Olympics in, 18,116 Church Christ the Savior in, 1 Church of the Venerable Simeon Stylites on the Povarskaia in, 1-4, 12 Kremlin, 127,134,136 Novyi Arbat (Kalinin Prospekt) in, 1-4,12, 232 Most (city), 186-87 Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, 187 Mostar, 57 N Nadler,
Hans, 197-99, 206 national history, 6, 20, 57, 62, 64, 70, 87, 127-28,130,132,135,137,140-41, 174, 223 national identity, formation of, 24, 78, 81-82, 88,119,127,131, 203 nationalism, 9-10,17, 24, 36, 78, 80, 88, 141,161,199 nationalization, of property, 10, 38,129, 217, 226 National Socialism, 59, 62, 64,197 nation-building, 9,15,17,19-20, 22, 78-79, 96,128, 217, 229 Neoclassicism, 85,138,149-50 Netherlands, 121n40, 201 Neuwirth, Carl, 131 Norway, 112, 201 О October Revolution, 2-3, 7, 9, 38,112, 226 Odesa, 80, 85, 92-93, 95 Oelsnitz, coal mine in, 205 Orbán, Viktor, 127,141 Orthodox church (architecture), 1, 90, 157
242 INDEX Ottoman Empire, 20,130,137,142nl4, 149-50 P Parent, Michel, 64, 67,112 patriotism, 2, 8, 41, 79, 87, 95,119,148 Paulinyi, Ákos, 202 Pawłowski, Krzysztof, 58-59, 63, 68, 224 peace, promotion of, 60, 66, 70, 93, 230 perestroika, 11,17, 40, 44,46-47, 85-86, 90 Petergof, 128 Piskarevo cemetery, 93 Piteşti, 156-57 Piwocki, Franciszek Ksawery, 136 Poland, 8,11-12,15-17, 22,45, 56-71, 89-91,111-14,117,128-29,135-37, 140,148,153-54,160,195, 201, 220-23, 226 Polish State Workshops for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage (PKZ), 18, 20,106,116-18, 220-21, 231 Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR). See Communist party: in Poland Polish Workers’ Party (PPR). See Communist party: in Poland Prague, 148,179,184,187 1966 ICOMOS symposium in, 225 Hradčany (Prague Castle) in, 21, 127,179-80, 226 Lidový dům (People’s House) in, 184 U Kaštanu house in, 184 propaganda, 8,12,63,81-82, 91,94, 97n4, 98n7,133,195, 203, 220 R Raam, Viliem, 107,113-15,119,121ո35 Rákosi, Mátyás, 128,133-34,138 government of, 127,129,134,137 Reformation, 22, 204 Reiner, Václav Vavřinec, 187 Renaissance, 63, 90,130-31,137,139 restoration, 2, 3, 5-6, 20, 23, 43, 63, 68,107-12,115-19,136,141,149, 153-56,158-60,219-21, 225-26, 230 workshops, 39,108,110,113-14, 135, 220-21 (see also Polish State Workshops for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage [PKZ]) Révai, József, 133, 223 Riegner, Gerhart, 66 Riga, 107,118 Říp, 179 Rivne, 84 Robben Island, 67 Romania, 11,17,19-21, 85, 89, 91,114, 129,135,145-60, 220-21, 225, 232 Rome, 42,113 Rostock, 13,222 Russian Culture Fund, 47 Russian Empire, 40, 80-81, 85 Russian Soviet
Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 8,12-13,43,109, 222, 230 S Saint Petersburg, 40, 92-94,110,117, 221, 229 Saxony, 197-99, 209-10 Scandinavia, 18,118-19 Second International Congress of Architects and Specialists of Historic Buildings, 12, 58,146 Senegal, 56, 58, 67 Serov, Valentin, 89 Sfinţescu, Cincinat, 152,163n39 Shevchenko, Taras, 84-85, 88 Sibiu (Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben), 151-52 Sighişoara (Schäßburg/Segesvar), 150, 152 skansen, 82, 89 Smoleń, Kazimierz, 59 Sneyers, René, 115 socialist bloc, 3, 6,11,14-15,17-18, 68, 79,106,116,128,140,147,178, 200, 224, 229, 231-32 socialist internationalism, 10,12,14,16, 41,128,133, 219, 223, 228 Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). See Communist party: in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) Soiuzvneshstroiimport, 117 Solidarność, 11
INDEX souvenirs, 44, 83-85, 88-89 Stalin, I. V. birth home of, 221 cult of, 128,138 death of, 11,106,110,114,138 regime of, 106,113-14,119,139 strike, 170,179-80,183,186, 227 Sudeten Germans, expulsion of, 21, 169-71,178 sustainable development, 42,46 Suvorov, A. V., 85 Suzdal , 13,23,43,49, 111, 222 Sweden, 18,114-15,118,195, 201-2, 221, 231 T Tallinn, 18, 20,23,105-10,112-14, 116-20, 221 Niguliste (St. Nicholas) Church in, 112,115 Târgovişte, 151,157,159 Tartu, 107-8 Church of St. John in, 115-16 Tbilisi, 221 Teplice (Teplitz), 171 Ternopil, 81, 83, 92 Thümmler, Gerhard, 199 Timişoara, 152 Tomps, Fredi, 111, 116-17 Toss, Hain, 115 Toulouse, 68,155 tourism, 12-13,15-17, 37, 40, 42-44, 48-49, 63, 78-97,105,156,190, 220, 222 diaspora tourists, 17, 23, 80-84, 86, 96, 220 travel abroad by Soviet citizens, 9, 106,109-10,113-14 visiting castles and chateaus, 19, 98n7,174-75,189-90 Transylvania, 142nl4,147,149-50,152, 157-58 German colonists in, 150,154,162n4 Tsarskoe Selo, 128 Tunisia, 58 Turku, 110 Tuulse, Armin, 114 243 U Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR), 7,15,17, 78-97,109-10, 230 Ukrainka, Lesia, 86 Ulbricht, Walter, 199, 203 UNESCO, 2, 3,12,15, 36-37, 39,42, 44-47,111,115,158, 201-2, 218, 224-25, 228, 231 World Heritage, 16-18, 56-71, 202, 222-24 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 2-3, 8-9,11,13,15,17-18, 36, 38-49, 79-81, 83, 87-90, 92-93, 95-96,105-12,115-17,128-29,136, 138, 221, 224-25, 228, 230-31 1977 Constitution of, 226 Committee for State Security (KGB), 106,108,121n35 ICOMOS-USSR, 111-14,116,118 literacy campaigns in, 38 memorandum between UNESCO
and, 46-47 nationality policy in, 38, 82, 91, 99n25 Khrushchev Thaw in, 11, 84,106 United Kingdom, 22, 46,160,136,153, 195, 201-2, 204 United Nations, 35, 40, 42, 44-48, 82 World Decade for Cultural Development, 16, 36,44, 46-47 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. See UNESCO United States (US), 46, 58, 81, 86, 94, 96, 112, 201-2 Üprus, Helmi, 107,109, 111, 113-15, 119 Uranov, G. V., 46 urban development, 1, 6,12, 37,149,152, 200, 219 urban planning, 20, 37, 43,131,145, 147-48,154,160,171, 232 Ústí nad Labem (Aussig), 171,175,177 Uzhhorod, 80, 82, 84 V Vali, Jaan, 115
244 INDEX Venice Charter. See Second International Congress of Architects and Specialists of Historic Buildings Vienna, 130,140,150,174 Vietnam, 111-12 Vilnius, 109, 111, 118, 225 Visby, 114 Visegrad Group, 228 Vítězný únor, 185 Vladimir Oblast, 43-44 VOOPIiK. See All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments W Wachtler, Eberhard, 201,204,206-8, 210 Wagenbreth, Otfried, 206-7,209-10 Wallachia, 149-51,157-58,163n26 Warsaw, 16, 23, 57-58, 62, 65-66, 68, 70, 116,135-36, 222-23, 229 ICOMOS founding meeting in, 12, 111, 221 postwar reconstruction of, 63, 65, 137,148,162nl5,219, 221-23, 226 Royal Castle in, 63,128 Warsaw Pact, 3,13, 219,228 Weimar, 203, 206 Weiss, Josef, 131 Wieliczka Salt Mine, 16, 58, 62-64, 68, 70 wine, 85-86 workers’ movement, 21,183-86, 202, 205, 227 Working Group of Socialist Countries for the Restoration of Monuments of History, Culture, and Museum Valuables, 111-12, 222 World Bank, 37, 45 World Commission on Culture and Development, 47 world conferences on cultural policies, 36, 45-46 World War II, 2, 7-8, 41, 61-62, 64, 70, 85-87, 91,179, 217, 227, 230 Great Patriotic War, 2,8,44, 92-93, 220, 230 memorials and sites relating to, 92-96,108,185 reconstruction after, 2, 7-8, 20, 39, 137-141,148,153-54, 219-22 (see also Warsaw) See also destruction Wroclaw, 136 Y Yalta, 80, 86, 94 Ybl, Miklós, 131 Yerevan, 221 Yugoslavia, 43,113, 221 Z Zachwatowicz, Jan, 137, 221-22 Zápotocký, Antonín, 184 Zagreb, 115 Zamość, 68 Zaporizhia, 17, 23, 80, 83, 87-88,101ո62, НО Zatiahan, Yosyp, 88-89 һГ^) Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Ithefc j München
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Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction Heritage under Socialism: Trajectories of Preserving the Tangible Past in Postwar Eastern and Central Europe Corinne Geering and Paul Vickers Part I. Transfers and Exchanges in Heritage Policies and Practices Chapter 1 The Past Belongs to the Future: Heritage in Soviet Policymaking on Cultural Development Corinne Geering Chapter 2 International Experts—National Martyrdom—Socialist Heritage: The Contribution of the Polish People’s Republic to the Early UNESCO World Heritage Program Julia Röttjer Chapter 3 International Tourism and the Making of the National Heritage Canon in Late Soviet Ukraine, 1964-1991 Iryna Sklokina Chapter 4 International Contacts and Cooperation in Heritage Preservation in Soviet Estonia, 1960-1990 Karin Hallas-Murula and Kaarel Truu Part II. Canonizing and Contesting the Past: Heritage, Place, and Belonging under Socialism Chapter 5 Socialist Royalty? The Ambiguities of the Reconstruction of the Royal Residence in Budapest in the 1950s Eszter Gantner Chapter 6 Justifying Demolition, Questioning Value: Urban Typologies and the Concept of the “Historic Town” in 1960s Romania Liliana luga
VI CONTENTS Chapter 7 Making Sense of Socialism through Heritage Preservation: Stories from Northwest Bohemia Čeněk Pýcha Chapter 8 Socialism and the Rise of Industrial Heritage: The Preservation of Industrial Monuments in the German Democratic Republic Nele-Hendrikje Lehmann 169 195 Conclusion Transnational Heritage Networks in Socialist Eastern and Central Europe Corinne Geering 217 Index 237
HERITAGE UNDER SOCIALISM Preservation in Eastern and ( entrai Europe. 1945-1991 Edited by ESZTER GANTNER, CORINNE GEERING PAUL VICKERS This coherent, well-conceived book presents a wide range of issues through a selection of interesting cases. Its focus on the Central and Eastern Europe region is an important addition to the wider discussion concerning the geopolitics of knowledge. MAGDALENA BANASZKIEWICZ, Jagiellonian University How was heritage understood and implemented in European socialist states after World War II? By exploring national and regional specificities within the broader context of internationalization, this volume enriches the conceptual, methodological, and empirical scope of heritage studies through a series of fascinating case studies. Its transnational approach highlights the socialist world’s diverse interpretations of heritage and the ways in which they have shaped the trajectories of present-day preservation practices.
Index A Albania, 135 Alexander Leopold of Austria, Archduke, 131 All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments (VOOPIiK), 43, 111, 230 Altenberg tin buddle, 198 American Society for the Preservation of Russian Monuments, 230 antifascist struggle, 8,16, 62, 70, 92,179, 185,223 Architects Union in Estonia, 110,113-14 in Romania, 150,156 Architectural Planning Company KÖZTI, 130 Association of German Engineers, 196-97, 208 Association of United Ukrainian Canadians, 81 atheism, 1,10,12, 89,108 Auschwitz-Birkenau (heritage site), 16, 23, 56-62, 64-71, 223, 229-30 Austria, 121n40,171, 201 Austria-Hungary, 80,131,149-50,171 authorized heritage discourse, 21,170, 172-74,177-80,184-85,189-90 В Babyn Yar, 17, 95 Bad Sulza, 208 Baliasna, Riva, 95 Baller, E. A., 40-41 Baltic States, 18,105,107,154, 231 Baroque, 85, 90,130,134,139,149,184, 187-88,191ո6 neo-Baroque, 131,134,139 Battle of Mohács, 130,142nl4 Belarus, 35,120nl, 219 Belgium, 112,115,201 Bergakademie Freiberg, 204, 206 Berlin, 149,163n39,197, 204, 229 Białowieża National Park, 58,62-63,68, 70 Bilciurescu, Virgil, 156-57 Bistriţa (Bistritz/Beszterce), 150 Böckler, Teddy, 115 Bohemia, 21,169-71,173-74,186,189, 226, 229 Bolsheviks, 2, 38, 86,226 Borobudur Temple, 42 Brasilia, 155 Braşov (Kronstadt/Brassó), 150-52,156, 158,162ո82 Braun, Matyáš Bernard, 187 Britain. See United Kingdom Broggio, Ottavio, 187 Brokoff, Ferdinand Maximilian, 187 Bruns, Dmitri, 111, 117 Bucharest, 21,145-46,151-52,160, 225, 229 Buchenwald (concentration camp), 93 Budapest, 20,131,134,136,140,150, 221 1972 ICOMOS meeting in,
13, 111, 222 Buda Castle in, 19-20,127-41, 221 National Gallery in, 132,139-41 Budimex, 117 Bukovina, 91 Bulgaria, 43, 68, 92,111-12,135, 221-22 C Cálinescu, G., 152 Canada, 58, 81, 86, 88, 96, 98n21, 201, 220 capitalist countries, 12, 35, 41, 79, 81, 93, 105-6,110,112-13,118,135, 203, 229 Caucasus, 83, 230 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 21,145,160
238 INDEX Central Asia, 38 Central-Commission zur Erforschung und Erhaltung der Baudenkmale, 174 Charter 77,11 Chernivtsi, 83 Chernobyl, 11 civilizing mission, 38, 86 class struggle, 108,169-70,175-76,179, 183,186, 227 Cold War, 6,11-13,15, 36-37,44, 79, 96, 153, 218, 228 collective farm, 82-83, 88 colonialism, 36,173 Communist party, 10,227 of Czechoslovakia, 173-74,184 in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), 195,199, 203-6, in Hungary, 129,139-40,142n8, 223 in Poland, 57, 61-62, 70, 230 of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, 79, 83, 87 of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CPSU), 39-41,44,109, 138, 224 communist society, construction of, 1, 3, 35, 38,40-41, 44, 48, 217, 226 concentration camp, 7, 59, 61, 64, 66, 69, 93, 223, 229-30 consumer culture, 9,13, 79-80, 84, 87-88, 92, 203 Cossack, 17, 85, 87-88, 96-97,100n57, 229 Cossons, Neil, 201 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 3, 219 Council of Europe, 37, 47 Crimea, 85-86, 94 Crimean Tatars, deportation of, 82 Cuba, 11, 111, 222 cultural policy, 12,15, 35-36, 38, 40-41, 44-48,132,195-96,199, 203, 223-27 cultural revolution, 7,132-33,141, 223, 226 cultural sovereignty, 44-45 Curinschi, Gheorghe, 21,145-47,150, 153-56,161n2 Czechoslovakia, 21-22, 79, 83, 89,11114,134-35,140,148,169-75,178,180, 184-86,188,190, 220-22,225-27 1968 Soviet military intervention in, 11, 224 First Czechoslovak Republic, 174, 179,184-85 D Deiters, Ludwig, 221 Denkmale der Produktions- und Verkehrsgeschichte, 205, 213n85 Denmark, 112,114, 201 de-Stalinization, 11, 82,138 destruction, 130,137,145-47,153, 160,178,186-90, 201,
210, 217, 225, 230-32 of church buildings, 1,108,145,187, 189 during World War II, 2, 7-9, 20, 39, 62, 65, 70, 86,127-28,131, 134-35,148, 217, 219-20,222 detente, 11, 79, 202-3 development aid, 42,44 Dniprohes, 87-88 Donetsk, 85, 94 Dresden, 197-99, 206, 209, 222 Duchcov (Dux), 21,170-71,176-87, 189-90, 229 E Ecuador, 58 education, 8, 16, 35-36, 38-45, 48-49, 59-60,107,133,199, 217, 227 Entz, Géza, 134-35 Estonia, 15,17-18,105-119, 218, 220-21, 230-31 Republic of Estonia (interwar period), 107-8 Estonian Heritage Society, 18,119 Ethiopia, 58,112 Europe, idea of, 3,14 European Union, 2004 enlargement of, 228 F Faro Convention, 47
INDEX Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 58, 69, 81, 92, 94,114-15,195, 201-3 Finland, 18,106,110,112-13,115,118, 221, 231 five-year plan, 44, 87, 220 Fláje, 188 folk culture, 82, 84-85, 88-89, 91, 93, 96-97, 99n33, 220 France, 81,112,136,153,160 Franz Joseph I of Austria, Emperor, 131 Freiberg, 206,210. See also Bergakademie Freiberg Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ), 206 friendship of peoples, notion of, 81, 86, 92,110 Furtseva, E. A., 45 G Galicia-Volhynia, Principality of, 90-91 garden town movement, 152,157 Gazzola, Pietro, 111 Gdańsk, 136 Gerevich, Laszlo, 134 German Democratic Republic (GDR), 8, 13,19, 22,69, 81, 87, 92,111-14,129, 135,156,195-210, 221, 224, 227 German Museum of Science and Technology in Munich, 196-97 Gerő, László, 134-36 Gierek, Edward, 62 Glemža, Jonas, 111 Gorée Island. See Senegal Gothic, 90, Ю7-8,114,130,137,149, 151 Gottwald, Klement, 184 Granasztói, Pál, 139 Great Patriotic War. See under World Warll Greenpeace, 189 H Haase, Horst, 203 Habsburg Empire. See Austria-Hungary Hager, Kurt, 204 Hauszmann, Alajos, 131,134 Hauszmann style, 134,138 National Hauszmann Program, 141 239 Heimat, concept of, 22,197-99,204, 208 Heimatschutz movement, 197-99, 208-9 Helsinki, 110 Henderson, William O., 204 Hennecke, Adolf, 205 Hidasi, Lajos, 139 Hiroshima, 57, 67 Historicism, 82, 90,134 historic town, 43, 62-63, 111, 115, 145-50,153-54,156,158-60, 224-25, 227, 232 Hoffmann, Hans-Joachim, 208 Holocaust, 16, 69, 90, 95 Honecker, Erich, 203, 209 Horthy, Miklós, 131 Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party (MSZMP). See Communist party: in Hungary Hungarian Working People’s
Party (MDP). See Communist party: in Hungary Hungary, 13,127-141,160, 201, 218, 223-24 1956 uprising and Soviet intervention in, 11, 20,139, 224 diaspora, 17, 20, 81, 89, 220 and exchange between restorers, 20,111-15,135-38,153, 201, 221-22 Kingdom of, 129,131,142nl4 See also Austria-Hungary Hussite movement, 174 I lancu, Marcel, 152 ideology, of socialism, 8,10-12,19-23, 35-36, 38,40, 48-49, 57, 70, 81, 91, 95-96,106-8,128-30,132-33,13738,140-41,153,169-70,175,178, 185-86,195,198, 204, 217, 224-26, 229, 232. See also Marxism industrial heritage, 7,19, 21-22, 63,115, 195-210,227, 229 and technical monuments in the GDR, 197-98, 206-7, 213n85 industrial archeology, 201-2, 204, 210
240 INDEX industrialization, 87,147-48,153,160, 169,172, 201-2, 205, 209-10 Institut für Denkmalpflege, 197,199, 207-8, 221 International Auschwitz Committee (IAC), 59, 64 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. See World Bank International Campaign to Save the Monuments in Nubia, 42 International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM), 112 International Committee for the Conservation of Industrial Heritage (TICCIH), 201 International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historical Monuments, 221 International Congress on the Conservation of Industrial Monuments, 22, 200, 208, 227 International Council of Museums (ICOM), 12, 111, 228 International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), 12,13,15, 39, 43, 58, 64-65, 68,105,111-14,116,118, 218, 221-22, 225, 228 International Fund for the Promotion of Culture, 45 interwar period, legacy of, 12,14,18-22, 128,147-48,151-52,160,184-85, 187, 219, 221, 225, 229, 231-32 Inturist, 80-83, 85-86, 92, 96,110 inventory, of monuments, 6,12, 21, 59, 90,108,115,149-50,177-79,184-85, 196-98, 206-9, 217, 227 Iorga, Nicolae, 151-52 Israel, 69, 81-82, 94 Italy, 43,114,136,153,160, 201 Ivanov, Vladimir, 111 Izmail (city), 85 J Janáky, István, 134,138-39 Japan, 201 Jewish World Congress, 66 К Kaljundi, Yevgeny, 115 Karling, Sten, 107,114 Karlštejn Castle, 179 Katyń massacre, 8 Kazakevich, V. M., 42-43 Kazakhstan, 120nl, 219 KGB. See under Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Khalturin, A. G., 43 Kharkiv, 80, 84-85, 93 Khrushchev, N. S., 40. See also Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR): Krushchev Thaw in Koch, Hans, 227 Korotkevich, V. B., 35 Kossowski, Jerzy, 58 Kotka (city), 110 Kotsis, Iván, 134 Kraków, 16, 58, 62-64, 68, 70, 91,221-23 Kazimierz, 59, 63,136,162ո20 Wawel Castle in, 63,137, 222 Krušné hory (Erzgebirge), 172 Kulturbund, 198, 203, 206-10 Kyiv, 17, 80-83, 88-89, 92-93, 95, 221 L Laar, Mart, 119 Lahošť (Loosch), 179 Lahti, 110 Latvia, 221 Lăzărescu, Cezar, 156,159 League of American Ukrainians, 81 legislation, on heritage, 4, 6, 9,11-12,14, 47,128, 201, 218-19 in Czechoslovakia, 162nl6,172,175, 177,179 in Estonia, 105,109,120n4 in the GDR, 197, 205-7, 210 in Romania, 149-50,160,162nl5, 165n87 in the USSR, 17, 39,41,120nl, 165n86, 218, 222 Leipzig, 204 Lenin, V. L, 35,184, 204, 230 Leningrad. See Saint Petersburg Libkovice, 188-90
241 INDEX Lindner, Werner, 197-98 Liptice, 188 Lithuania, 18, 64,109, 111, 221 Lopès, Henri, 46 Louis I of Anjou, King, 130 Lviv, 80-84, 90-92 Moldova, 91,149-50,158 Mongolia, 111, 222 Montreal, 199 Morris, William, 155 Moscow (city), 8,13,15, 46, 68, 83-85, 87-88, 93,111-12,116,118,120, 221-22 M Mączeński, Zdzisław, 137 Maiste, Juhan, 112 Malinowski, Kazimierz, 136 Maria Theresia, Empress, 127,130 Marxism, 208 notion of bourgeois culture in, 19-20,108,129,139,152,162n9, 190,196, 208 notion of feudalism in, 129,153-55 and historical materialism, 148,153, 159 on historiography, 57, 61,154, 195-96, 204-5, 209, 227 Marxism-Leninism, 35, 38, 40, 47-48,195-96, 225 neo-Marxism, 202 Matschoß, Conrad, 197-98 Matthias Corvinus, King, 130,137,139 Mauritius, 57 M’Bow, Amadou, 64, 66 Mediaş (Mediasch/Medgyes), 150 memory, 1,2,4, 8,16,24,66, 69-70,90-91, 119,131,145,177-79,186,227, 230 politics of, 57, 61-62, 70,129,133,184 Middle Ages, 112,117,129,131,134-35, 137-38,150,153,172 urban structure from, 9, 62-64, 71, 105,107-9,114,127,148-52,154, 156-59,187, 221 Mihályfi, Ernő, 139 Mikhalkov, N. S., 47 mining, 22,172,178,180,183,186-89, 197-98, 205-6 Mittag, Günter, 207 modernism, 2, 7, 20-21, 97,134,147-48, 152,155-57, 229 modernization, 1-3, 22, 80,145,148,153, 155,160,173,196-97,199-200, 225, 232 1980 Summer Olympics in, 18,116 Church Christ the Savior in, 1 Church of the Venerable Simeon Stylites on the Povarskaia in, 1-4, 12 Kremlin, 127,134,136 Novyi Arbat (Kalinin Prospekt) in, 1-4,12, 232 Most (city), 186-87 Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, 187 Mostar, 57 N Nadler,
Hans, 197-99, 206 national history, 6, 20, 57, 62, 64, 70, 87, 127-28,130,132,135,137,140-41, 174, 223 national identity, formation of, 24, 78, 81-82, 88,119,127,131, 203 nationalism, 9-10,17, 24, 36, 78, 80, 88, 141,161,199 nationalization, of property, 10, 38,129, 217, 226 National Socialism, 59, 62, 64,197 nation-building, 9,15,17,19-20, 22, 78-79, 96,128, 217, 229 Neoclassicism, 85,138,149-50 Netherlands, 121n40, 201 Neuwirth, Carl, 131 Norway, 112, 201 О October Revolution, 2-3, 7, 9, 38,112, 226 Odesa, 80, 85, 92-93, 95 Oelsnitz, coal mine in, 205 Orbán, Viktor, 127,141 Orthodox church (architecture), 1, 90, 157
242 INDEX Ottoman Empire, 20,130,137,142nl4, 149-50 P Parent, Michel, 64, 67,112 patriotism, 2, 8, 41, 79, 87, 95,119,148 Paulinyi, Ákos, 202 Pawłowski, Krzysztof, 58-59, 63, 68, 224 peace, promotion of, 60, 66, 70, 93, 230 perestroika, 11,17, 40, 44,46-47, 85-86, 90 Petergof, 128 Piskarevo cemetery, 93 Piteşti, 156-57 Piwocki, Franciszek Ksawery, 136 Poland, 8,11-12,15-17, 22,45, 56-71, 89-91,111-14,117,128-29,135-37, 140,148,153-54,160,195, 201, 220-23, 226 Polish State Workshops for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage (PKZ), 18, 20,106,116-18, 220-21, 231 Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR). See Communist party: in Poland Polish Workers’ Party (PPR). See Communist party: in Poland Prague, 148,179,184,187 1966 ICOMOS symposium in, 225 Hradčany (Prague Castle) in, 21, 127,179-80, 226 Lidový dům (People’s House) in, 184 U Kaštanu house in, 184 propaganda, 8,12,63,81-82, 91,94, 97n4, 98n7,133,195, 203, 220 R Raam, Viliem, 107,113-15,119,121ո35 Rákosi, Mátyás, 128,133-34,138 government of, 127,129,134,137 Reformation, 22, 204 Reiner, Václav Vavřinec, 187 Renaissance, 63, 90,130-31,137,139 restoration, 2, 3, 5-6, 20, 23, 43, 63, 68,107-12,115-19,136,141,149, 153-56,158-60,219-21, 225-26, 230 workshops, 39,108,110,113-14, 135, 220-21 (see also Polish State Workshops for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage [PKZ]) Révai, József, 133, 223 Riegner, Gerhart, 66 Riga, 107,118 Říp, 179 Rivne, 84 Robben Island, 67 Romania, 11,17,19-21, 85, 89, 91,114, 129,135,145-60, 220-21, 225, 232 Rome, 42,113 Rostock, 13,222 Russian Culture Fund, 47 Russian Empire, 40, 80-81, 85 Russian Soviet
Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 8,12-13,43,109, 222, 230 S Saint Petersburg, 40, 92-94,110,117, 221, 229 Saxony, 197-99, 209-10 Scandinavia, 18,118-19 Second International Congress of Architects and Specialists of Historic Buildings, 12, 58,146 Senegal, 56, 58, 67 Serov, Valentin, 89 Sfinţescu, Cincinat, 152,163n39 Shevchenko, Taras, 84-85, 88 Sibiu (Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben), 151-52 Sighişoara (Schäßburg/Segesvar), 150, 152 skansen, 82, 89 Smoleń, Kazimierz, 59 Sneyers, René, 115 socialist bloc, 3, 6,11,14-15,17-18, 68, 79,106,116,128,140,147,178, 200, 224, 229, 231-32 socialist internationalism, 10,12,14,16, 41,128,133, 219, 223, 228 Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). See Communist party: in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) Soiuzvneshstroiimport, 117 Solidarność, 11
INDEX souvenirs, 44, 83-85, 88-89 Stalin, I. V. birth home of, 221 cult of, 128,138 death of, 11,106,110,114,138 regime of, 106,113-14,119,139 strike, 170,179-80,183,186, 227 Sudeten Germans, expulsion of, 21, 169-71,178 sustainable development, 42,46 Suvorov, A. V., 85 Suzdal', 13,23,43,49, 111, 222 Sweden, 18,114-15,118,195, 201-2, 221, 231 T Tallinn, 18, 20,23,105-10,112-14, 116-20, 221 Niguliste (St. Nicholas) Church in, 112,115 Târgovişte, 151,157,159 Tartu, 107-8 Church of St. John in, 115-16 Tbilisi, 221 Teplice (Teplitz), 171 Ternopil, 81, 83, 92 Thümmler, Gerhard, 199 Timişoara, 152 Tomps, Fredi, 111, 116-17 Toss, Hain, 115 Toulouse, 68,155 tourism, 12-13,15-17, 37, 40, 42-44, 48-49, 63, 78-97,105,156,190, 220, 222 diaspora tourists, 17, 23, 80-84, 86, 96, 220 travel abroad by Soviet citizens, 9, 106,109-10,113-14 visiting castles and chateaus, 19, 98n7,174-75,189-90 Transylvania, 142nl4,147,149-50,152, 157-58 German colonists in, 150,154,162n4 Tsarskoe Selo, 128 Tunisia, 58 Turku, 110 Tuulse, Armin, 114 243 U Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR), 7,15,17, 78-97,109-10, 230 Ukrainka, Lesia, 86 Ulbricht, Walter, 199, 203 UNESCO, 2, 3,12,15, 36-37, 39,42, 44-47,111,115,158, 201-2, 218, 224-25, 228, 231 World Heritage, 16-18, 56-71, 202, 222-24 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 2-3, 8-9,11,13,15,17-18, 36, 38-49, 79-81, 83, 87-90, 92-93, 95-96,105-12,115-17,128-29,136, 138, 221, 224-25, 228, 230-31 1977 Constitution of, 226 Committee for State Security (KGB), 106,108,121n35 ICOMOS-USSR, 111-14,116,118 literacy campaigns in, 38 memorandum between UNESCO
and, 46-47 nationality policy in, 38, 82, 91, 99n25 Khrushchev Thaw in, 11, 84,106 United Kingdom, 22, 46,160,136,153, 195, 201-2, 204 United Nations, 35, 40, 42, 44-48, 82 World Decade for Cultural Development, 16, 36,44, 46-47 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. See UNESCO United States (US), 46, 58, 81, 86, 94, 96, 112, 201-2 Üprus, Helmi, 107,109, 111, 113-15, 119 Uranov, G. V., 46 urban development, 1, 6,12, 37,149,152, 200, 219 urban planning, 20, 37, 43,131,145, 147-48,154,160,171, 232 Ústí nad Labem (Aussig), 171,175,177 Uzhhorod, 80, 82, 84 V Vali, Jaan, 115
244 INDEX Venice Charter. See Second International Congress of Architects and Specialists of Historic Buildings Vienna, 130,140,150,174 Vietnam, 111-12 Vilnius, 109, 111, 118, 225 Visby, 114 Visegrad Group, 228 Vítězný únor, 185 Vladimir Oblast, 43-44 VOOPIiK. See All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments W Wachtler, Eberhard, 201,204,206-8, 210 Wagenbreth, Otfried, 206-7,209-10 Wallachia, 149-51,157-58,163n26 Warsaw, 16, 23, 57-58, 62, 65-66, 68, 70, 116,135-36, 222-23, 229 ICOMOS founding meeting in, 12, 111, 221 postwar reconstruction of, 63, 65, 137,148,162nl5,219, 221-23, 226 Royal Castle in, 63,128 Warsaw Pact, 3,13, 219,228 Weimar, 203, 206 Weiss, Josef, 131 Wieliczka Salt Mine, 16, 58, 62-64, 68, 70 wine, 85-86 workers’ movement, 21,183-86, 202, 205, 227 Working Group of Socialist Countries for the Restoration of Monuments of History, Culture, and Museum Valuables, 111-12, 222 World Bank, 37, 45 World Commission on Culture and Development, 47 world conferences on cultural policies, 36, 45-46 World War II, 2, 7-8, 41, 61-62, 64, 70, 85-87, 91,179, 217, 227, 230 Great Patriotic War, 2,8,44, 92-93, 220, 230 memorials and sites relating to, 92-96,108,185 reconstruction after, 2, 7-8, 20, 39, 137-141,148,153-54, 219-22 (see also Warsaw) See also destruction Wroclaw, 136 Y Yalta, 80, 86, 94 Ybl, Miklós, 131 Yerevan, 221 Yugoslavia, 43,113, 221 Z Zachwatowicz, Jan, 137, 221-22 Zápotocký, Antonín, 184 Zagreb, 115 Zamość, 68 Zaporizhia, 17, 23, 80, 83, 87-88,101ո62, НО Zatiahan, Yosyp, 88-89 һГ^) Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Ithefc j München
LJ |
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| author2 | Gantner, Eszter B. 1971-2019 Geering, Corinne 1987- Vickers, Paul 1984- |
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| discipline_str_mv | Kunstgeschichte Allgemeines Geschichte |
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| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1991 |
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| id | DE-604.BV047406872 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:54:18Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:11:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781800732278 |
| language | English |
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| series | New perspectives on Central and Eastern European studies |
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| spelling | Heritage under socialism preservation in Eastern and Central Europe, 1945-1991 edited by Eszter Gantner, Corinne Geering, and Paul Vickers New York ; Oxford Berghahn Books 2022 x, 244 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier New perspectives on Central and Eastern European studies volume 2 Geschichte 1945-1991 gnd rswk-swf Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 gnd rswk-swf Erhaltung (DE-588)4250664-5 gnd rswk-swf Ostblock (DE-588)4075730-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Ostblock (DE-588)4075730-4 g Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 s Erhaltung (DE-588)4250664-5 s Geschichte 1945-1991 z DE-604 Gantner, Eszter B. 1971-2019 (DE-588)1015903339 edt Geering, Corinne 1987- (DE-588)1156854504 edt Vickers, Paul 1984- (DE-588)1204027536 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-80073-228-5 New perspectives on Central and Eastern European studies volume 2 (DE-604)BV045678168 2 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032807822&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032807822&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032807822&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Heritage under socialism preservation in Eastern and Central Europe, 1945-1991 New perspectives on Central and Eastern European studies Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 gnd Erhaltung (DE-588)4250664-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033560-4 (DE-588)4250664-5 (DE-588)4075730-4 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Heritage under socialism preservation in Eastern and Central Europe, 1945-1991 |
| title_auth | Heritage under socialism preservation in Eastern and Central Europe, 1945-1991 |
| title_exact_search | Heritage under socialism preservation in Eastern and Central Europe, 1945-1991 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Heritage under socialism preservation in Eastern and Central Europe, 1945-1991 |
| title_full | Heritage under socialism preservation in Eastern and Central Europe, 1945-1991 edited by Eszter Gantner, Corinne Geering, and Paul Vickers |
| title_fullStr | Heritage under socialism preservation in Eastern and Central Europe, 1945-1991 edited by Eszter Gantner, Corinne Geering, and Paul Vickers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Heritage under socialism preservation in Eastern and Central Europe, 1945-1991 edited by Eszter Gantner, Corinne Geering, and Paul Vickers |
| title_short | Heritage under socialism |
| title_sort | heritage under socialism preservation in eastern and central europe 1945 1991 |
| title_sub | preservation in Eastern and Central Europe, 1945-1991 |
| topic | Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 gnd Erhaltung (DE-588)4250664-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kulturerbe Erhaltung Ostblock Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032807822&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032807822&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032807822&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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