The Greek military dictatorship: revisiting a troubled past, 1967-1974
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New York ; Oxford
Berghahn
2021
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| Beschreibung: | ix, 362 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781800731745 |
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Contents List of Illustrations vii Preface viii Introduction. The Greek Military Junta’s Exceptionalism in Historical and Comparative Perspectives Othon Anastasakis and Katerina Lagos 1 Part I. Historical and Ideological Background 1. The Greek Army in Politics, 1909-67 André Gerolymatos 2. The Political and Ideological Origins of the Ethnosotirios Epanastasis Katerina Lagos 15 34 Part II. Domestic Affairs 3. Economic Policy under the Greek Dictatorship Appendix: Data Sources Andreas Kakridis 73 93 4. Foreign Investment under the Greek Military Regime: The American Experience NicholasJames Kalogerakos 103 5. “Patient in a Cast”: How the Greek Military Regime Traumatized Education Othon Anastasakis 140 6. Can Dead Poets Speak Back? C. P. Cavafy, Cold War Propaganda, and the Greek Dictatorship Foteini Dimirouli 164 V
Contents VI 7. Religion Enchained: The Church of Greece under the Military Junta 198 Charalampos Andreopoulos andAthanasios Grammenos Part III. External Affairs 8. Uneasy Alliances: Archbishop Iakovos and the Greek Colonels’ Dictatorship 215 Alexander Kitroeff 9. Uncle Sam Regrets: The United States and the Greek Coup of April 1967 240 James Edward МШег 10. Britain, Europe, and the Greek Junta: “Business as Usual” 266 Alexandras Nafpliotis 11. West Germany’s Policy toward Greece during the Junta Period in the Context of “Burden-Sharing” 295 Mogens Pelt 12. The Greek Military Regime and the Cyprus Question 320 John Sakkos Conclusions. The 1974 Moment of Rupture and the Legacies of a Discredited Past 340 Othon Anastasakis and Katerina Lagos Index 347
Index Note: Page references noted with an ƒ are figures. Academy of Athens, 152 Acheson, Dean, 323 Acheson Plan, 322, 323, 324, 332 Agnew, Spiro, 256 agriculture, 155 Akheloos River dam, 105 The Alexandria Quartet (Durrell), 187 allegories, 184 Allende, Salvadore, 258 Alphand, Hervé, 275 American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association (AHEPA), 222 American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA), 118 anarchism, 148, 149 Anastasakis, Othon, 4, 6, 7 Anastassopoulos, George, 115 Ancient Greek, 147, 179 Andreopoulos, Charalambos, 5, 7, 51 Androutsopoulos, Adamantios, 79 Angelis, Odysseas, 45,149 Angelopoulos, Demetrios, 115 anticommunism, 28, 143, 158, 169-74, 185, 187, 201, 296 anti-Greek campaigns, 272 anti-Left, 201 antileftist propaganda, 158 Apostolopoulos, Dimitrios K., 297 Arab League, 123 archbishops, selections of, 205-7. See aho Greek Orthodox Church Archdiocese Clergy-Laity Congress (1968), 8 Aristode University, 155, 202 Arnaoutis, Michael, 56 artistic integrity, 189 Ash, Roy, 121 Asia Minor catastrophe (1922), 5, 1521, 38, 186, 332 Aslanides, Konstaninos, 325 Asmussen, Ian, 321 ASPIDA, 249, 251 Association Agreement (with EEC), 104, 107, 131, 279, 281, 283, 286, 311. See abo European Economic Community (EEC) Athanassiades-Novas, George, 250250 Athenagoras, Archbishop, 217, 232, 235 Athens, Greece, 17, 18, 199, 224, 22529, 230, 234, 235 Athens Merchants’Association, 115 Athens Pedagogical Institute, 146 Athens Polytechnic uprising (1973), 59, 233, 328, 341 347
348 Index Atlantic Alliance, 267, 277, 278, 279, 306 Atlantic Maritime Enterprises Company, 123 AÜantis, 224 austerity, 345 Auswärtiges Amt (Federal Foreign Office of Germany), 300 authoritarianism, 92, 140, 142, 143, 164; in education, 157-59; regimes in Latin America, 342 autocephalous Greek Orthodox Church, 198. See abo Greek Orthodox Church Averoff, Evangelos, 247 Axis occupation of Greece, 22, 296 Bakirdzis, Euripides, 22, 24 Balance of Payments, 109, 110/ Balkan Wars (1912-13), 16, 37, 203 Baltazzis, Georgios, 17 Bank of Greece, 93, 109 Barios Brothers Company, 114 Bauxites Parnasse S.A., 113, 114 Belgium, 271, 272, 310 Berlin, Germany, 295. See aho West Germany Bermeo, Nancy, 92 bilateral trade, 267 Bodosakis-Athanasiadis, Pródromos, 111, 112 Bonn, Germany, 296, 299, 300, 306, 307, 311, 312-14. See abo Brandt, Willy; West Germany book bans, 164 “The Bourgeois ‘Barbarians’” (Sulzberger), 171 Brademas, John, 222 Brandt, Willy, 9, 301, 302, 306, 312-14 Brewster, Daniel, 240 Briggs, Ellis, 246 British Foreign Office, 22 Brosio, Manlio, 273 Buffalo, New York (USA), 220 Bund Deutscher Mädel, 302 Bundestag (West Germany), 309 burden-sharing, 296, 299-300, 305, 307-9 bureaucratic-authoritarianism, 92 Butler, Frank P., 120 Byzantine Empire, 51, 174, 176 Camre, Mogens, 302 Canada, 310 canonical order, 203-5 canon law, 199 capital imports, 85 capitalism, 145 capitulation, 252-54 Castro, Fidel, 149 Cavafy, C. P., 7, 164-65, 190; anticommunism propaganda, 169֊ 74; in context of junta’s discourse, 174-79; in Eighteen Texts, 182-87; ideologies, 166-69,185; in schools, 179-82. See
abo poetry censorship, 150-51 Center Union (EK) party, 7, 44, 146, 179, 245, 246, 249, 304, 344 Central Powers, 38 Centre for Planning and Economic Research (CPER), 79 Chile, 258 China, 112 Christian Democrats, 206 Christianity, 51, 174, 175, 206,228. See abo Greek Orthodox Church Christian Solidarity (Χριστιανική Αλληλεγγύη), 207 Christopoulos, Georgios, 222, 223 Christou, Panagiotis, 142 Chrysostomos II, 7 Chrysostomos II (Chatzistayrou), 202 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 27, 41, 241, 246, 250, 251, 324 civil wars, 18 Clergy-Laity Congress (1966), 222 Clergy-Laity Congress (1967), 215, 220, 221
Index Clergy-Laity Congress (1968), 224, 225-29, 234, 235 Clergy-Laity Congress (1970), 231 Coca-Cola, 122-27 Cold War, 3, 5, 24, 187, 241, 244, 255, 257, 284, 295,297, 305, 322, 341, 342; anticommunism and, 28; anticommunism propaganda, 16974; containment of Soviet Union, 298-99; military ideology of, 35; onset of, 27; propaganda, 164-65. See abo Soviet Union Colonels, the, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 35, 36, 304; anniversary of the coup, 166; Brandt, Willy, 312-14; Cyprus policy and, 331 (see abo Cyprus); dictatorships, 54; economic policies under, 73-74 (see abo economic policies); European Economic Community (EEC), 279-83; expulsion of Greece from CoE, 269-73; foreign investment under, 103 (see abo foreign investments); Great Britain and, 268; Greco-Christian Civilization, 203; growth and, 91 (see abo growth); Iakovos, Archbishop, 215-16 (see abo Iakovos, Archbishop); ideologies, 172, 200 (see abo ideologies); NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 273-79; Phantom case, 309; propaganda, 184; relationships with the West, 283-85; revolution and, 51; rise of, 40-48; UK support of, 274; United States and, 241 (see abo United States of America); and West Germany, 307 (see abo West Germany); West Germany policies toward, 295-98 (see abo West Germany); West Germany relationship with, 311-12. See abo coup d’état (1967); junta 349 Commission on Education (1957), 145 Committee on Higher Educational Matters, 155 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 92 communism, 41, 50, 149, 242, 296; advocates of, 52; containment of Soviet Union, 298-99; fear of, 23; risk of, 200; warnings of dangers of, 168
Communist Party, 3, 42, 172 conservatism, 41 Conservatives (CDU), 302 Conservatives (Great Britain), 267, 276, 282, 285 Constantine I (King), 16, 17, 37, 38, 46, 50, 202, 207, 224, 229, 230, 231, 241, 252, 254, 256, 274, 302, 311; countercoup, 56-58; leaving Greece, 58 Constantine II (King), 28 constitution (Greece), 251-52 Constitution of 1968, 152 construction, 84-86 Conterier, Peter, 310 continuity, economic policies after 1967, 78-84 COREPER (Committee of Permanent Representatives), 275, 280, 281 Council of Europe (CoE), 266, 267, 269-73, 275, 276, 285, 287, 307 Council of Ministers, 269, 281 countercoup (King Constantine), 56-58, 225 coup d’état (1967), 1, 10, 34, 278, 304, 341; economic policies after 1967, 78-84; Greek America on eve of, 216-20; military actions in, 58; start of, 48, 49; United States of America and, 240-41 (see abo United States of America); United States of America reaction to, 300-301; West Germany reaction to, 300-301 coup d’état (1974), 9
350 Index coups: attempts (1935), 19, 20; countercoup (King Constantine), 56-58; Gaddafi, Muammar, 277; Goudi Revolt (1909), 15, 35, 37, 57; Ioannides, Dimitrios, 90 credit policies, 83f, credit conditions, 86; private sector lending, 87; real credit growth, 85/ Crete, Greece, 277, 300 crises: Cyprus, 80, 320-21, 328-31 (see abo Cyprus) The Crisis of the Consumerist Society (Georgalas), 148 Crossman, Richard, 275 Cuba, 322 currencies, reliability of, 77, 89 Cypriot Communist Party (AKEL), 327, 328 Cypriot National Guard, 323 Cyprus, 9, 43, 44, 75, 217, 219, 233, 286; after independence, 322-23; crises, 80, 81, 90, 206, 328-31; Cyprus question (1967-72), 324-28; Greek unity with, 321; intervention and, 245; opposition to partition of, 323; Turkey invasion of, 323 Dafnis, Grigoris, 19 Danish Social Democrat Party, 304 Darius (King), 183, 184 Daveas, D., 158 Dawkins, R. M., 178 debt, 92. See aho credit policies Defence Planning Committee (DPC [NATO]), 308 Defense and Overseas Policy Committee (1969), 274 deficits, trade alliances and, 88/ Dekemvriana (Δεκεμβριανά, December Events) of 1944, 24 Delphi Bauxites, 114 Demertzis, Constantine, 20 democracy, 229, 241, 242, 278; Greece as birthplace of, 1; New Democracy government, 344 Democratic Army (DA), 6, 26, 40 Demoticism, 186 demotic (spoken) language, 145, 178 Denmark, 269, 271, 276, 277, 279, 307, 311 Denver, Colorado (USA), 221 despotism, 185 dictatorships, 1, 34, 140, 154,164-65; anticommunism propaganda, 169-74; the Colonels, 54; economic policies under, 73-74 (see abo economic policies); education and, 181; Goudi Revolt
(1909), 35; Iakovos, Archbishop, 215-16 (see abo Iakovos, Archbishop); ideologies of military, 200-201; military, 34; West Germany policies toward, 295-98 (see abo West Germany). See abo authoritarianism; junta Die griechbh-deutschen Nachkrigsbeziehungen (Apostolopoulos), 297 Dimirouli, Foteini, 7 Dokopoulou, Evangelia, 107 domestic policy, 301 drachmas, 89. See abo currencies drug smuggling, 113 Dubček, Alexander, 255 Durrell, Lawrence, 187 Dutsche, Rudi, 305 Eastern bloc, 342 East Germany, 296. See abo West Germany economic aid, 241, 243 economic austerity, 345 Economic Development Financing Corporation, 107 Economic Development Plan for Greece 0968-72), 79
Index economic imperialism, 103 economic policies, 73-74; after 1967, 78-84; economic development, 76-78; gross domestic product (GDP), 74, 75; growth legitimation, 84-90; investments, 81-84; long term view of economy, 74-76; stability and, 80-81 economic stagnation, 5 economies, 2, 154 Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, 198, 199, 201, 203, 204, 218, 220, 221 EDA (Ενιαία Δημοκρατική Αριστερά, United Democratic Left) party, 43, 44, 302 EDES (Εθνικός Δημοκρατικός Ελληνικό Σύνδεσμος, National Republican Greek League), 23 EDHN (Εθνική Δημοκρατία Νεολαία, Greek Democratic Youth), 149 education: authoritarianism in, 15759; Cavafy in schools, 179-82; censorship, 150-51; control of, 152-54; and dictatorships, 181; Greek National Army and, 140-42; indoctrination, 150-51; policies, 141; propaganda, 150-51; pseudomodernizing/ pseudoliberal facade, 154-57; reaction and counter-reform in, 144-48; as a threat, 142-44; traditional humanist, 179; youth demobilization, 148-50 Education Act (1964), 146 Education ofthe Citizen (Papakonstantinou), 176 EENA (Εθνική Ένωσις Νέων Αξιωματικών, Union of Young Greek Officers), 45, 47 EES (Εταιρεία Ελληνικών Σπουδών, Society for Greek Studies), 79 Egypt, 112, 217 351 Ehmke, Horst, 313 Eighteen Texts, 182-87 Eisenhower, Dwight, 105, 218, 243, 245, 255 Eisenhower, Mamie, 218 EKOF (Εθνική Κοινωνική Οργάνωσις Φοιτητών, National Social Organization of Students), 154 ELAS, 23, 25, 26 Eliopoulos, Athanassius, 112, 113, 114 Eliopoulos, Elias, 112, 113, 114 Eliopoulos, George, 112, 113, 114 Elytis, Odysseus, 177 Emergency Law 3/1967, 202 Emergency Law
129/1967, 146 Emergency Law 214/1967, 202 ΕΝΑ (Ένωσης Νέων Αξιωματικών, Union of Young Officers), 25 Epistle to the Phiäppians (Apostle Paul), 227 ERE (Εθνική 'Ριζοσπαστική'Ένωσις, National Radical Union), 43, 149, 246 Erhard-Markezinis agreement (1953), 112 Ethnikos Kiryx, 224 Ethnosotirios Epanastasis, 34-36; countercoup (King Constantine), 56-58; Greek military (pre-World War II), 36-40; in power, 48-55; rise of the Colonels, 40-48 eudemonism, 148 Europe: authoritarian regimes in, 342; and the junta, 266 (see aho junta) European Commission of Human Rights, 272 European Convention on Human Rights (1967), 269, 304 European Economic Community (EEC), 1, 8, 77, 78, 80, 88, 92, 104, 107, 266, 268, 279-83, 286, 299, 343; Association Agreement with, 279, 281, 283, 286, 311; Greece’s relationships with, 283-85
352 Index European Union (EU), 345 executions of the Six, 18 exports, 75, 88f Extra-Parliamentary Opposition (Außerparlamentarischen Opposition), 303 extreme right-wing indoctrination, 158 F-4 Phantom aircraft, 308 Fanfanı, Amintore, 273 Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 268, 271, 278, 298, 299, 306. See ako West Germany Federal Security Council (West Germany), 309 Federation of Greek Industries (FGI), 116 Federation of Greek Industry (SEB), 80 Fiat, 119, 120 financial repression, 77 Finlay, George, 150 fiscal policies, 82If Five-Year Economic Development Program Committee, 115 Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), 275, 281 foreign capital, 84-86 foreign direct investment (FDI), 85, 89, 109, 111, 117 foreign exchange, 88 Foreign Investment Committee, 114 foreign investments, 103-4; American economic assistance, 104-6; Coca-Cola, 122-27; Gerber, 127-30; Greek manufacturers and, 111-17; Litton Industries, 117-22; Nutricia, 127-30; Pepsi Cola, 122-27; protecting economic establishment, 107-11 foreign policy, 243, 301, 311, 322, 324 Fouskas, Vassilis, 321 France, 148, 254, 268, 273, 275, 278, 285, 287 Frangatos, Gerasimos, 142 Frederiką (Queen), 247, 301, 302 Free Democratic Party (FPD), 310 Free-Thinkers Party (Κόμμα των Ελευθεροφρόνων), 39 French Revolution, 36 Gaddafi, Muammar, 277 Gaddis, John Lewis, 383 Gage, Nicholas, 232 Galley, M., 278, 279 Gantonas, Nikolaos, 142 Garoufalias, Petros, 46 Gastarbeiters (guest workers), 90, 299 Gavas, Georgios, 219 general education, 147. See ако education Generation of the 1930s, 169 Georgakas, Dan, 224, 225, 230 Georgalas, Georgios,
35, 36, 49, 50, 53, 148, 167, 168, 169,170, 171, 173 George I (King), 15 George II (King), 20, 21, 23, 39 Gerakinis, Christos, 28 Gerber, 127-30 German Democratic Republic (GDR), 298 Germany, 295. See ако Federal Republic of Germany (FRG); West Germany Gerolymatos, André, 2, 5, 36 Golden Dawn, 345 Gonatas, Stylianos, 19 Goodpaster, A. J., 305, 306 Goudi Revolt (1909), 15, 35, 37, 57 Gounaris, Dimitris, 17, 38 Grammenos, Athanasios, 5, 7, 51 Grand Bretagne (Athens, Greece), 223 Grand Coalition government (196669), 302 Great Britain, 44, 254; Conservatives, 282, 285; Council of Europe (CoE), 269-73; and Cyprus, 244, 320 (see also Cyprus); European Economic Community (EEC), 279-83; government in the 1960s,
Index 266; Greece’s relationships with, 283-85; House of Commons, 276, 282; and the junta, 266 (see aho junta); Labour government, 267, 268, 275, 276; MPs (Members of Parliament), 302; NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 273-79; policies toward Greece, 274; United States’s relationship with, 272 Great Idea (Megali Idea), 216, 235 Great Powers, 18 Great Synthesis (Μεγάλη Σύνθεσις), 36 Greco-Christian Civilization, 200, 201, 203 Greco-Christian ideals, 51, 143 Greco-Turkish War (1897), 5, 15, 37 Greco-Turkish War (1919-22), 203 Greece: Association Agreement (with EEC), 279, 281, 283, 286, 311; Athens (see Athens, Greece); Axis occupation of, 22, 296; as birthplace of democracy, 1; Brandt, Willy, 312-14; Christianity in, 228 (see also Greek Orthodox Church); Clergy-Laity Congress (1966), 222; Clergy-Laity Congress (1967), 215, 220, 221; constitution, 251-52, 343; Council of Europe (CoE), 269-73; coup d’état (1967), 1 (see abo coup d’état [1967]); and Cyprus, 320-21 (see abo Cyprus); democracy, 229, 278; dictatorships, 164-65 (see abo dictatorships); economic policies, 75; European Economic Community (EEC), 279-83; foreign policy and, 243; Gastarbeiter (migrant workers), 299; history, 151; isolation of government, 301; Johnson, Lyndon B. and, 247-48; Kennedy, John F. and, 245-47; Kingdom of Greece, 198; migrations, 75; military involvement in politics, 2; 353 monographs on political history of, 2; NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 268, 273-79 (see abo NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organization]); politics and, 341; post-World War II, 3, 216; public opinion and,
301-4; reconstruction of, 298-99; relationships with the West, 283-85; trade partners and, 268; United States of America aid to, 4; West Germany policies toward, 295-98 (see abo West Germany); West Germany relationship with, 311-12. See abo Colonels, the; junta Greek America: on eve of coup d’état (1967), 216-20; policies, 216 Greek American community, 201 Greek American Fascism, 111 Greek American Progressive Association (GAPA), 222 Greek Civil War (1946-49), 2, 5, 24-28, 25, 36, 40, 41, 45, 48, 103, 154, 172, 201, 296 Greek Communist Party (KKE), 242 Greek Constitution, 49, 55 Greek Cotton Textile Manufacturers Association, 116 Greek Cypriot forces, 323 Greek Foreign Ministry, 322 Greek Holy Synod, 198, 199, 202, 203, 204 Greek identity, 52, 174, 177 Greek Independence Day, 204 Greek Industrial Development Bank, 119 Greek Light (Ελληνικό Φώς), 202 Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 219 Greek National Army, 5; Asia Minor catastrophe (1922), 15-21; and Cyprus, 320-21 (see abo Cyprus); and education, 140-42 (see abo education); Greek Civil War, 24-28 (see abo Greek Civil
354 Index War); intervention in elections, 251; morale of, 26; in politics, 15; training of Greek officers (USA), 40; World War II and the occupation, 21-24 Greek Orthodox Archdiocese, 205, 215; archbishop selections, 205-7; autonomy of, 206 Greek Orthodox Church, 5, 7, 51, 185; dictatorships and, 207; on eve of coup d’état (1967), 216-20; fundamental documents of, 203; Greek language liturgy, 231; Iakovos, Archbishop, 215 (see also Iakovos, Archbishop); ideology of military dictatorship, 200-201; Ieronymos, Archimandrite, 203-5, 207-8; influence of, 157; junta’s designation of, 202-3; under the military junta, 198-99; symbolism and, 226; in the United States of America, 217, 232, 233, 234 Greek Rally Party, 42 Greek Right, 251 Greek-Turkish War (1919-22), 216 Greek War Relief Association, 217 gross domestic product (GDP), 74, 75, 81, 86, 87, 111 growth, 82\f legitimation, 84-90; real credit, 85/ Guevara, Che, 149 Guillaume, Pierre, 118 Hellacana Trading Co.-Spyropoulos Bros., 127 Hellenic Company of Chemical Products and Fertilizers Ltd., 112 Hellenic Industrial Development Bank (ETVA), 107, 108 Hellenic Review, 151 Hellenism, 53 Helms, Richard, 251 Hermes, Peter, 312 hierarchies in religion and government, 199 Higher Council of Education, 147 hippy movement, 148 history: Cavafy, C. P., 174-79; Greece, 151 History of the Greek Nation (1860-74 [Paparrigopoulos]), 150, 175 History of the Greek Revolution (Finlay), 150 Hitler, Adolf, 296 Holy Courts, 202 Holy See, 198, 203 Holy Synod. See Greek Holy Synod Homeland-Religion-Family, 200 homosexuality, 169, 187 Hood (Lord), 269
Hooper, Robin, 278, 279, 281 Hoppers, Vernon, 125 House of Commons (Great Britain), 276, 282 Howaldtwerke-Deuschte Werft, 301 Halyvourgiki Steel, 115 Harmel, Pierre, 272 Härtling, Poul, 307, 308 Hatzianestis, Georgios, 17 Hatzipetros, Alexandras, 45 Hawk missiles, 307 Healey, Dennis, 273 health, 155 Heaney, Seamus, 188, 189 Heath, Edward, 267, 279, 286 heavy industry as engine of growth, 74 Iakovos, Archbishop, 8, 201; change in attitude, 230-34; Clergy-Laity Congress (1968), 224, 225-29; and the Colonel’s dictatorship, 215-16, 221-25; as devil-priest, 235; on eve of coup d’état (1967), 216-20; promotion of Greek language and culture, 220-21; relationships with American presidents, 218; sympathy toward the Colonels, 229-30
Index Iakovos (Makrygiannis) of Elassona (Bishop), 207 IDEA (Ιερός Δεσμός Ελλήνων Αξιωματικών, Holy Bond of Greek Officers), 3, 25, 26, 27, 28, 45, 55, 200, 249, 250 ideologies, 141, 143; Cavafy, C. P., 166-69, 185; Colonels, the, 172; of military dictatorship, 200-201 The Ideology of the Revolution: Ideals not Dogmas (Georgalas), 49, 167, 169 Ieronymos, Archimandrite, 7, 203-5, 207-8 Ieronymos I (Kotsonis [archbishop]), 199 imports, 75; capital, 85; trade alliances, 88/ independence, Cyprus after, 322-23 indoctrination, 144, 150-51, 158 Industrial Development Corporation, 107 industry, 74, 155 inflation, 77, 80, 89f, 90 Inonu, ismet, 248 intellectuals, 143, 164,166 Interorthodox Center of Penteli (Athens, Greece), 207 interwar period, 16 investments, 3, 82/ economic development and, 76-78; economic policies, 81-84; foreign, 103-4 (see aho foreign investments); public, 84 investor intentions, 109 Ioannides, Dimitrios, 9, 90, 142, 157, 205, 233, 328 Iron Curtain, 342 Israel, 273, 330. See aho Middle East Italy, 271, 273 “Ithaca” (Cavafy), 179, 180, 181, 182 Jefferys, Peter, 187 Jesus Christ, 174 Johnson, Lady Bird, 218 Johnson, Lyndon B., 218, 247-48, 253, 255 З55 Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive (JCS 1067), 298 Julian the Apostate, 176 junta, 34, 46,81, 115, 131, 141, 169; authoritarianism in education, 157-59; Brandt, Willy, 312-14; burden-sharing, 309 (see aho burden-sharing); Cavafy in context of junta’s discourse, 174֊ 79; collapse of, 73; designation of Greek Orthodox Church, 202-3; ethnocultural ambitions of, 207; European Economic Community (EEC), 279-83; expulsion of
Greece from CoE, 269-73; Great Britain and, 266, 267, 268, 269; Greek Orthodox Church under the military, 198-99 (see abo Greek Orthodox Church); ideology of, 144; leaders, 53, 54, 59; legacy of, 340-45; lending and, 87; NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 273-79; November Polytechnic uprising (1973), 312; politics of, 164, 165; practices of, 8; relationships with the West, 283-85; UK support of, 274; and the United States, 253, 257 (see abo United States of America); West Germany and, 307; West Germany policies toward, 295-98 (see abo West Germany); West Germany relationship with, 311-12; and youth, 148-50. See abo Colonels, the; coup d’état (1967); Greek National Army; military Kakridis, Andreas, 5, 6, 108 Kalamnpokias, Konstantinos, 141, 200 Kalergis, Dimitrios, 15 Kalogerakos, Nicholas, 6, 85 Kanellopoulos, Panagiotis, 252, 254 Karakatsanis, Neovi M., 282, 320
356 Index Karamanlis, Konstantinos, 81, 43, 105, 106, 206, 229, 245, 246, 247, 302, 332, 340, 343 Karaoglou, C. L., 170 Kardamakis, Vassilios, 250 KATE (Κέντρα Ανωτέρας Τεχνικής Εκπαι,δεύσεως, Centers of Higher Technical Education), 155, 159 Katharevousa, 52, 145, 148, 177, 178, 179 Katsambas, Christopher, 116, 117 Keeley, Robert, 240, 241, 252, 253, 279 Kemal, Mustafa, 38 Kennedy, John F., 105, 245-47 KET (Κέντρο Εκπαιδεύσεως Τεθωρακισμένων, Armored Training Center), 48 Keys, Barbara, 298 Kiesinger, Kurt, 9, 302, 313 Kingdom of Greece, 198 Kissinger, Henry, 257, 258, 308, 328, 330 Kitroeff, Alexander, 7, 201 Kizilyiirek, Niyazi, 320 Kjærsgaard, Kristine, 298 KKE (Greek Communist Party), 45, 158 Kollias, Ioannis, 224, 225, 253 Kollias, Konstantinos, 78, 252 Kondylis, George, 20 Korais, Adamantios, 51 Krag, Jens Otto, 304 Krokidas, Sotirios, 19 Krushchev, Nikita, 42, 43 ΚΥΡ (ΚεντρικήΥπηρεσία Πληροφοριών, Central Intelligence Service), 27, 41, 326 Kyros, Peter, 222 labor unions, 77 Labouisse, Henry R, 45, 246 Labour government (Great Britain), 267, 268, 275, 276. See abo Great Britain Ladas, Ioannis, 53, 325 Lagos, Katerina, 2, 5, 6 Lambrakis, Grigoris, 302 languages: Cavafy, C. R, 174-79; demotic (spoken), 145, 178; Greek-language liturgy, 231; Katharevousa, 52, 148, 177, 178, 179 (see abo Katharevousa); Modern Greek, 146, 147; role of, 51, 52 Larymna nickel mines, 112 Latin America, 34, 91, 141; authoritarian regimes in, 342; military regimes, 143 Lausanne Treaty (1923), 324 Law 93/1969, 149 Law 129/1967, 147 Law 509, 42 Law 553/68, 153 Law 652/1970, 155 Law 2687/53, 85,
111, 126 Law 4379/1964, 145 Law Decree 672/70, 153 Law Decree 746/70, 156 laws, 84; canon law, 199; and religion, 199 Law School, 156, 159 Leffler, Melvyn, 241 left-wing politics, 3 Leonidas (King), 53 liberalism, 84, 140 Liberal-KKE (Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας, Communist Party of Greece), 20 Liberal Party (Eleftheros Kosmos), 149 Libya, 277 licenses, 128 Life magazine, 113 Limerick (Lord), 278 Linz, Juan, 142 Lipkowski, Jean de, 278 literature, 164. See abo Cavafy, C. P. Litton Industries, 85, 117-22 London-Zürich accords, 248 long-term view of economy, 74-76, 76f
Index M47 Patton tanks, 307 Makarezos, Nikolaos, 37, 47, 128, 284 Makarios, Archbishop, 9, 248, 257, 258, 321, 322; coup against (1974), 331; Cyprus crisis (1973-74), 328-31; diplomacy of, 325; relationship with Cyprus, 324; relationship with United States, 328; Soviet Union and, 325, 326 Makedonia, 39 Malouhos, Giorgos, 229 Mandakas, Emmanuel, 24 Mangakis, Georgios-Alexandros, 313 Mao Zedong, 149 Maragkou, Konstantina, 320 Marinopoulos, Demetrios, 116, 127, 128, 130 Markezinis, Spyridon, 79, 112, 156, 328 Markezinis experiment (1973), 268, 282 Maronitis, D. N., 183, 184, 188, 189 Marshall Plan, 40, 103, 104, 242, 298 Marxism, 149, 157 Maury, Jack, 252 Mavromichalis, Kyriakoulis, 37 McCarthy, Joseph, 42 McGrew, William, 120, 121 McNamara, Robert, 55 Megalopolis Power Station Project, 106 Melistas, Nikos, 81 MEO (Μυστική Επαναστατική Οργάνωσιν, Secret Revolutionary Organization), 21 Merrill, James, 170 Metapolitefsi, 34 Metapolitefsi (regime change), 342 Metaxas, Ioannis, 20, 21, 22, 34, 38, 39, 54, 111, 175, 176, 199, 295; ideologies, 200 (see aho ideologies); propaganda, 54 Meyer, Frank A., 127, 129, 130 Michael, Archbishop, 217, 235 Middle East, 45, 123, 271, 273, 330, 331 migrant workers (Gastarbeiter), 299 migrations, 75 З57 military, 266; aid and United States of America, 279; the Colonels (see the Colonels); and Cyprus, 32021 (see aho Cyprus); dictatorships, 34 (see aho dictatorships); and education, 140-42 (see aho education); Greek military (preWorld War II), 36-40; increase in expenditures, 21; involvement in Greek politics, 2, 15; junta (¿««junta); regimes (Latin
America), 143; revolts, 15; royalistdominated officer corps, 20, 21; United States control of Greek, 26 Military Academy, 54 military coups, 1. See aho coup d’état (1967) Military League, 15, 37 Miller, James Edwards, 3, 5, 8 Milkt, 326 mining, 113 Ministry of Agriculture, 127 Ministry of Coordination, 87, 93, 118, 120, 121, 123, 124, 128, 129 Ministry of Defense (Germany), 310 Ministry of Education, 145, 153 Ministry of Finance, 127 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Germany), 297 Ministry of National Economy 2001, 93 Ministry of Press, 150 Modern Greek language, 146, 147 modernization, 40, 242, 243 Monetary Committee, 78, 87 monetary policies, 80, 83f See aho economic policies Monthly Stathtical Bulletin (Bank of Greece), 93 Montreal, Canada, 222 Morgenthau Plan, 298 morphine, 113 mortgages, 86. See aho credit policies MPs (Members of Parliament), 302 Mussolini, Benito, 22
358 Index Nafpliotis, Alexandro։, 3, 8 narcissism, 187 National Can, 119 National Council of Education, 152 National Ethical Instruction, 144 National Front, 326 National Investment Bank of Industrial Development (NIBID), 107 National Regeneration, 49, 50 National Revolution, 57 National Schism, 37 National Security Action Memorandum No. 22,105 National Security Council (NSC), 299 National Security Decision Memorandum (NSDM 34), 256 nation building, 242, 245 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 41, 44, 167, 242, 244, 247, 254, 266, 268, 273-79, 280, 283, 286, 287, 299, 300, 304, 305, 343; attacks on, 272; Brandt, Willy, 314; burden-sharing, 307-9 (see abo burden-sharing); Defence Planning Committee (DPC), 308; Greece’s relationships with, 283֊ 85; November Polytechnic uprising (1973), 312; role of, 274; South Eastern flank, 277; West Germany, 306-7 Nazis: invasion of Greece, 111; liberal resistance to, 166; occupation of Greece, 154 Nea Demokratia, 206 Nea Estia, 168 Nea Politem, 39, 185 Near East Foundation, 298 Nea Techni, 168 Nenni, Pietro, 273 neo-Nazi Golden Dawn, 345 Netherlands, the, 313 the Netherlands, 269, 271 New Democracy government, 158, 344 New Left, 166, 302 New York City (USA), 231 New York Times, 173, 232 nihilism, 148 Nixon, Richard M., 255, 256, 257, 258, 308, 320, 330 noncommissioned officers (NCOs), 41 Norway, 269, 271, 279, 311 November Polytechnic uprising (1973), 312 Nutricia, 127-30 Oder-Neisse border, 305 Officers Save Fatherland Ideals Democracy Meritocracy, 46 Ohnesorg, Benno, 302 oil shocks, 90 Onassis, Aristotle, 123 Onassis industrial
complex (Megara, Greece), 85 Oncken, Dirk, 311 Organization for Economic Co operation and Development (OECD), 74 Orthodox Observer, 226 Ostpolitik (West Germany), 310 Othon I (King), 15 Othonaios, Alexandras, 24 Otto (King), 198 “Our Belief’ speech (Papadopoulos), 200 output, 75. See abo economic policies Pagoulatos, George, 108 Pakistanis, Gregorios, 224 Panagoulis, Alexandras, 313 Panayotakos, Constantine, 233 Pángalos, Theodoras, 38, 52, 178, 199 Papadimitriou, G., 153 Papadopoulos, Georgios, 5, 7, 34, 36, 37, 39, 42, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 54, 58, 59, 79, 86, 115, 116, 141, 204, 205, 224, 225, 250, 281, 284; ClergyLaity Congress (1968), 234, 235; Cyprus crisis (1973-74), 328-31;
Index liberalization and, 283; “Our Belief’ speech, 200; removing Cyprus from foreign policy, 324; speeches (1967), 52-53; unified Hellinism, 227 Papagos, Alexander, 20, 23, 26, 27, 42, 243, 244 Papakonstantinou, Theofylaktos, 141, 176 Papandreou, Andreas, 46, 48, 56, 79, 117, 241, 249, 251, 252, 304, 344 Papandreou, George, 4, 44, 79, 145, 146,158, 246, 251; opposition to partition of Cyprus, 322; relationship with United States, 247 Papanoutsos, Evangelos, 145 Paparrigopoulos, Konstantinos, 150, 175, 176 Papathanasopoulos, Charalambos, 28 Pappas, Tom A., 123, 124, 125, 127, 222 PASOK (Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα, Panhellenic Socialist Movement), 157, 158, 331, 343, 344 Patriarchal and Synodical Act of 1928, 203 Patrinacos, Nicon, 226 Pattakos, Stylianos, 37, 47, 151, 204, 225, 230, 231, 256, 284 Paul (Aposde), 227 Paul (King), 27, 202, 218, 246, 247, 249, 250 Pechiney conglomerate, 106, 114 Pedaliou, Effie G. H., 298 Pelt, Mogens, 5, 112, 297 Pepsi-Cola, 122-27 Pesmazoglou, Ioannis, 282 Pesmazoglu, John, 109 Phantom case, 309 Phokas, Nikolaos, 19 Piel, Gerard, 112, 113 Pipinelis, Panagiotis, 277 Piraiki-Patraiki Cotton Manufacturing Company, 116 359 Plan Perciles, 45, 47 Plan Prometheus, 49 Plastiras, Nikolaos, 19, 24, 38 Plytas, Amvrosios, 223 Plytzanopoulos, Ioannis, 28 Podlesski, Nick, 123, 124, 125 poetry, 164, 190; artistic integrity, 189; Heaney, Seamus, 188, 189; ideology of revolution, 166-69; “Ithaca” (Cavafy), 179, 180, 181, 182; “Thermopylae” (Cavafy), 179, 181, 182; “Waiting for the Barbarians” (Cavafy), 172; “Walls” (Cavafy), 170,173; “The Windows”
(Cavafy), 170, 171, 173. See ako Cavafy, C. P. Political Education (Papakonstantinou), 151 politics: Cold War, 24; Greek Army in, 15; left-wing, 3; military involvement in, 2 Politis 2, 153, 158 Polytechnic uprising (1973), 156 populism, 81 Populist Party, 19 Portugal, 342 post-World War II Greece, 3, 216 Poulantzas, Nicos, 91 power, centralizing, 140. See ako dictatorships Pravda, 331 prices, 83f primary education, 145. See ako education private sector lending, 87 pro-enosis statements, 325 propaganda, 148, 150-51, 158; anticommunism, 169-74; Cold War, 164-65 (see ako Cold War); Colonels, the, 184; Metaxas, Ioannis, 54 property rights, 78, 80 Protopapadakis, Petros, 17 provincialisms, 187
360 Index pseudo-ideology, 200. See abo ideologies pseudointellectuals, 143 Psichari, Jean, 178 Ptolemais Project, 112 public investments, 84 public opinion, 301-4 Public Power Corporation (Greece), 106 Rallis, Dimitrios, 15, 28, 37 Rallis, Ioannis, 23 real credit growth, 85/ recessions, 90 The Redress ofPoetry (Heaney), 188 Red totalitarianism, 50 reforms, 144-48 religion, 198-99; Cavafy, C. P., 174-79; Iakovos, Archbishop, 215-16 (see abo Iakovos, Archbishop); laws and, 199. See abo Christianity; Greek Orthodox Church revolts, 15 Revolutionary Council, 47 Revolutionary Group, 48 revolutions, 28, 232; the Colonels and, 51; ideologies, 166-69 Reynolds Metal Company, 114 Ritsos, Giannis, 166 Rodgers, William R, 232 Rodinos-Orlandos, John, 123, 125 Rostow, Walt W., 253 Royal Crown Cola, 124 Royal Decree 322/69, 152 Royal Decree 702/69, 151 Royal Greek Navy, 311 Royal Hellenic Navy, 301 royalist-dominated officer corps, 20, 21, 24 Rusk, Dean, 240, 247, 253, 301 Sakkas, John, 321 Savidis, G. R, 169, 174, 175 Scheel, Walter, 308, 310 Schmidt, Helmut, 310 Schmitt, Hans O., 121, 122 school leaving certificate (Akadimaiko Apolytirio), 146 secondary education, 145. See abo education Second Balkan Pact (1953), 243 secret associations, 28 Security Battalions, 23, 25, 28 Seferis, George, 169, 177 shipping, 84-86 Sifnaios, Panagiotis, 142 Simpson, Nicos, 233 Sioris, Nikitas, 141 Sisco, Joseph, 330 Six, the, 17, 18 Six-Day War (1967), 273 Social Democrats (SPD), 302, 305, 309, 310, 312 Socialists (Belgium), 272 social security (IKA) payments, 130 soft propaganda, 164. See abo propaganda
Sorokos, Ioannis A., 272 South Africa, 274 Southern Flank, 254 Soviet Bloc, 301 Soviet Union, 242, 257; containment of, 298-99; and Cyprus, 321, 322 (see abo Cyprus); Cyprus crisis (1973-74) and, 328-31; Makarios, Archbishop, 325, 326 Spain, 342 Spais, Leonidas, 17 Spandidakis, Gregory, 47, 55, 56 Special Disciplinary Council, 158 Special Operations Executive (SOE), 22 SSAksia, 112 stability, 4; economic development and, 76-78; and economic policies, 80-81 Statbtical Yearbook, 93 Stefanopoulos, Stefanos, 251 Stewart, Michael, 270, 284 Stratos, Nikolaos, 17 subversive ideas, punishment for, 150
Index Sulzberger, Cyrus L., 170, 171, 172, 17З, 187 Supreme Administrative Court, 204 Supreme Military Council, 26 Swarts, Jonathon, 282, 320 Sweden, 269, 271 Talbot, Phillips, 46, 54, 57, 223, 240, 251, 252, 277 Tasca, Henry, 230, 257, 270 Tasca Report, 256 taxes, 84, 130, 131 TEA (Τάγματα Εθνοφυλακής Αμύνης, National Defense Battalions), 42 Teachers’ Training College, 146 TEIs (Τεχνολογικό Εκπαιδευτικό Ίδρυμα, Technological Higher Education Institutions), 159 Tel Aviv, Israel, 123 textiles, 155 Theologitis, John, 125 Theotokas, George, 177 Theotokis, Nikolaos, 17 “Thermopylae” (Cavafy), 179, 181, 182 Thessaloniki, Greece, 230, 231 Third Greek Civilization, 53 Third Hellenic Civilization, 175, 199 Time magazine, 123 Tom Pappas Decree (1968), 125, 126 Topika Somateia fraternities, 222 Tories (Great Britain), 268 totalitarianism, 142 tourism, 84-86,118, 119 trade: alliances, 88fi balances, 88ψ, bilateral, 267; partners and Greece, 268 trademark policies, 84-86 transterritorial Hellenism, 215, 216 Treaties of Alliance, Establishment, and Guarantee, 322 Truman, Harry, 218, 242 Truman Doctrine, 298 Tsakas, Christos, 91 Tsellos, Epaminondas, 21 361 Turkey, 9, 44, 112, 219, 233, 234, 273, 277; Cyprus and, 321 (see aho Cyprus); Cyprus crisis (1973-74), 328-31; invasion of Cyprus, 323; United States support of, 242 Tying Greece to the West: US-West GermanGreek Relations 1'949-74 (Pelt), 297 unification, 244 unified Hellinism, 227 Union Carbide, 131 unions, 77 United Democratic Left (EDA), 245, 246, 249 United Kingdom (UK), 267, 287; expulsion of Greece from CoE, 270; policies
toward Greece, 282; support of the junta, 274. See aho Great Britain United Nations (UN), 219, 247, 269 United States Drug Enforcement Administration, 112,113 United States of America: aid to Greece, 4; burden-sharing, 308 (see aho burden-sharing); capitulation, 252-54; CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 27, 41; Clergy-Laity Congress (1967), 220, 221; common objectives of, 241; control of Greek military, 26; and the coup d’état (1967), 240-41; and Cyprus, 325 (see aho Cyprus); Cyprus and, 320 (see aho Cyprus); Cyprus crisis (1973-74), 328-31; economic aid, 241, 243; economic assistance to Greece, 104-6; economic imperialism, 103; European Economic Community (EEC), 279-83; expulsion of Greece from CoE, 270; gaining trust of Greek people, 340; Greece’s relationships with, 283-85; Greek America policies and, 216; Greek anger against, 333; Greek Orthodox
Index 362 Church in the, 217, 232, 233, 234; interventions, 252-54; involvement in coup, 8; limits of power and, 241-44; Makarios, Archbishop, 328; Marshall Plan, 103 {see abo Marshall Plan); military aid and, 279; NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 273-79; Papandreou, George, 247 (see abo Papandreou, George); policies toward Greece, 320; policies toward West Germany, 299; reaction to coup d’état (1967), 300-301; reconstruction of Greece, 298-99; relationship with Great Britain, 272; returning Greece to constitutional government, 255-58; soft propaganda, 164 (see abo propaganda); training of Greek officers, 40 University of Athens, 152, 230 University of Crete, 156 University of Cyprus, 320 University of Ioannina, 146 University of Patras, 146 University of Thessaloniki, 142 University of Thrace, 156 U.S. Development Loan Fund (DLF), 105 U.S. Orthodox Church, 255 USS Franklin D. Roosevelt, 255 U.S. Sixth Fleet, 252, 253, 255 USSR. See Soviet Union Varkiza Agreement, 25 Vekris, Socrates, 126 Venizelists, 16, 17, 22, 23, 27, 37, 186 Venizelos, Eleftherios, 16, 17, 37 Venizelos, Sophokles, 246 Vidalis, Orestis, 225, 230 Vietnam, 258 von Bohlen Krupp, Bertold, 112 wages, 80, 83f “Waiting for the Barbarians” (Cavafy), 172 “Walls” (Cavafy), 170, 173 Wassman, William P., 131 Western Alliance, 300 Western Peloponnesus, 121 West Germany, 8,106, 112, 254, 285, 287; Brandt, Willy, 312-14 {see abo Brandt, Willy); Bundestag, 309; burden-sharing, 296,299-300, 305; expulsion of Greece from CoE, 270; Free Democratic Party (FPD), 310; NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization),
306-7; November Polytechnic uprising (1973), 312; Ostpolitik, 310; policies toward Greece (junta period), 295-98; public opinion and, 301-4; reaction to coup d’état (1967), 300-301; reactivating burden-sharing, 307-9; reconstruction of Greece, 298-99; relationship with the junta, 311-12; rising opposition, 309-10; Social Democrats (SPD), 309, 310; as trade partners, 268; United States of America policies toward, 299 Wilson, Harold, 266, 267, 276, 277 “The Windows” (Cavafy), 170, 171, 173 World Bank, 155 World War I, 16, 35, 295 World War II, 3, 111, 145; anticommunist propaganda, 175; dictatorships after, 266; Greece’s entrance into, 217; Greek Army prior to, 15; and the occupation, 21-24; post-World War II Greece, 216 Xanthopoulos-Palamas, Christos, 273, 278 youth demobilization, 148-50 youth movements, 142. See abo education Zambelios, Spyridon, 175 Zepos, D., 129 Zoitakis. Georgina. 231 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek |
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Contents List of Illustrations vii Preface viii Introduction. The Greek Military Junta’s Exceptionalism in Historical and Comparative Perspectives Othon Anastasakis and Katerina Lagos 1 Part I. Historical and Ideological Background 1. The Greek Army in Politics, 1909-67 André Gerolymatos 2. The Political and Ideological Origins of the Ethnosotirios Epanastasis Katerina Lagos 15 34 Part II. Domestic Affairs 3. Economic Policy under the Greek Dictatorship Appendix: Data Sources Andreas Kakridis 73 93 4. Foreign Investment under the Greek Military Regime: The American Experience NicholasJames Kalogerakos 103 5. “Patient in a Cast”: How the Greek Military Regime Traumatized Education Othon Anastasakis 140 6. Can Dead Poets Speak Back? C. P. Cavafy, Cold War Propaganda, and the Greek Dictatorship Foteini Dimirouli 164 V
Contents VI 7. Religion Enchained: The Church of Greece under the Military Junta 198 Charalampos Andreopoulos andAthanasios Grammenos Part III. External Affairs 8. Uneasy Alliances: Archbishop Iakovos and the Greek Colonels’ Dictatorship 215 Alexander Kitroeff 9. Uncle Sam Regrets: The United States and the Greek Coup of April 1967 240 James Edward МШег 10. Britain, Europe, and the Greek Junta: “Business as Usual” 266 Alexandras Nafpliotis 11. West Germany’s Policy toward Greece during the Junta Period in the Context of “Burden-Sharing” 295 Mogens Pelt 12. The Greek Military Regime and the Cyprus Question 320 John Sakkos Conclusions. The 1974 Moment of Rupture and the Legacies of a Discredited Past 340 Othon Anastasakis and Katerina Lagos Index 347
Index Note: Page references noted with an ƒ are figures. Academy of Athens, 152 Acheson, Dean, 323 Acheson Plan, 322, 323, 324, 332 Agnew, Spiro, 256 agriculture, 155 Akheloos River dam, 105 The Alexandria Quartet (Durrell), 187 allegories, 184 Allende, Salvadore, 258 Alphand, Hervé, 275 American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association (AHEPA), 222 American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA), 118 anarchism, 148, 149 Anastasakis, Othon, 4, 6, 7 Anastassopoulos, George, 115 Ancient Greek, 147, 179 Andreopoulos, Charalambos, 5, 7, 51 Androutsopoulos, Adamantios, 79 Angelis, Odysseas, 45,149 Angelopoulos, Demetrios, 115 anticommunism, 28, 143, 158, 169-74, 185, 187, 201, 296 anti-Greek campaigns, 272 anti-Left, 201 antileftist propaganda, 158 Apostolopoulos, Dimitrios K., 297 Arab League, 123 archbishops, selections of, 205-7. See aho Greek Orthodox Church Archdiocese Clergy-Laity Congress (1968), 8 Aristode University, 155, 202 Arnaoutis, Michael, 56 artistic integrity, 189 Ash, Roy, 121 Asia Minor catastrophe (1922), 5, 1521, 38, 186, 332 Aslanides, Konstaninos, 325 Asmussen, Ian, 321 ASPIDA, 249, 251 Association Agreement (with EEC), 104, 107, 131, 279, 281, 283, 286, 311. See abo European Economic Community (EEC) Athanassiades-Novas, George, 250250 Athenagoras, Archbishop, 217, 232, 235 Athens, Greece, 17, 18, 199, 224, 22529, 230, 234, 235 Athens Merchants’Association, 115 Athens Pedagogical Institute, 146 Athens Polytechnic uprising (1973), 59, 233, 328, 341 347
348 Index Atlantic Alliance, 267, 277, 278, 279, 306 Atlantic Maritime Enterprises Company, 123 AÜantis, 224 austerity, 345 Auswärtiges Amt (Federal Foreign Office of Germany), 300 authoritarianism, 92, 140, 142, 143, 164; in education, 157-59; regimes in Latin America, 342 autocephalous Greek Orthodox Church, 198. See abo Greek Orthodox Church Averoff, Evangelos, 247 Axis occupation of Greece, 22, 296 Bakirdzis, Euripides, 22, 24 Balance of Payments, 109, 110/ Balkan Wars (1912-13), 16, 37, 203 Baltazzis, Georgios, 17 Bank of Greece, 93, 109 Barios Brothers Company, 114 Bauxites Parnasse S.A., 113, 114 Belgium, 271, 272, 310 Berlin, Germany, 295. See aho West Germany Bermeo, Nancy, 92 bilateral trade, 267 Bodosakis-Athanasiadis, Pródromos, 111, 112 Bonn, Germany, 296, 299, 300, 306, 307, 311, 312-14. See abo Brandt, Willy; West Germany book bans, 164 “The Bourgeois ‘Barbarians’” (Sulzberger), 171 Brademas, John, 222 Brandt, Willy, 9, 301, 302, 306, 312-14 Brewster, Daniel, 240 Briggs, Ellis, 246 British Foreign Office, 22 Brosio, Manlio, 273 Buffalo, New York (USA), 220 Bund Deutscher Mädel, 302 Bundestag (West Germany), 309 burden-sharing, 296, 299-300, 305, 307-9 bureaucratic-authoritarianism, 92 Butler, Frank P., 120 Byzantine Empire, 51, 174, 176 Camre, Mogens, 302 Canada, 310 canonical order, 203-5 canon law, 199 capital imports, 85 capitalism, 145 capitulation, 252-54 Castro, Fidel, 149 Cavafy, C. P., 7, 164-65, 190; anticommunism propaganda, 169֊ 74; in context of junta’s discourse, 174-79; in Eighteen Texts, 182-87; ideologies, 166-69,185; in schools, 179-82. See
abo poetry censorship, 150-51 Center Union (EK) party, 7, 44, 146, 179, 245, 246, 249, 304, 344 Central Powers, 38 Centre for Planning and Economic Research (CPER), 79 Chile, 258 China, 112 Christian Democrats, 206 Christianity, 51, 174, 175, 206,228. See abo Greek Orthodox Church Christian Solidarity (Χριστιανική Αλληλεγγύη), 207 Christopoulos, Georgios, 222, 223 Christou, Panagiotis, 142 Chrysostomos II, 7 Chrysostomos II (Chatzistayrou), 202 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 27, 41, 241, 246, 250, 251, 324 civil wars, 18 Clergy-Laity Congress (1966), 222 Clergy-Laity Congress (1967), 215, 220, 221
Index Clergy-Laity Congress (1968), 224, 225-29, 234, 235 Clergy-Laity Congress (1970), 231 Coca-Cola, 122-27 Cold War, 3, 5, 24, 187, 241, 244, 255, 257, 284, 295,297, 305, 322, 341, 342; anticommunism and, 28; anticommunism propaganda, 16974; containment of Soviet Union, 298-99; military ideology of, 35; onset of, 27; propaganda, 164-65. See abo Soviet Union Colonels, the, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 35, 36, 304; anniversary of the coup, 166; Brandt, Willy, 312-14; Cyprus policy and, 331 (see abo Cyprus); dictatorships, 54; economic policies under, 73-74 (see abo economic policies); European Economic Community (EEC), 279-83; expulsion of Greece from CoE, 269-73; foreign investment under, 103 (see abo foreign investments); Great Britain and, 268; Greco-Christian Civilization, 203; growth and, 91 (see abo growth); Iakovos, Archbishop, 215-16 (see abo Iakovos, Archbishop); ideologies, 172, 200 (see abo ideologies); NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 273-79; Phantom case, 309; propaganda, 184; relationships with the West, 283-85; revolution and, 51; rise of, 40-48; UK support of, 274; United States and, 241 (see abo United States of America); and West Germany, 307 (see abo West Germany); West Germany policies toward, 295-98 (see abo West Germany); West Germany relationship with, 311-12. See abo coup d’état (1967); junta 349 Commission on Education (1957), 145 Committee on Higher Educational Matters, 155 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 92 communism, 41, 50, 149, 242, 296; advocates of, 52; containment of Soviet Union, 298-99; fear of, 23; risk of, 200; warnings of dangers of, 168
Communist Party, 3, 42, 172 conservatism, 41 Conservatives (CDU), 302 Conservatives (Great Britain), 267, 276, 282, 285 Constantine I (King), 16, 17, 37, 38, 46, 50, 202, 207, 224, 229, 230, 231, 241, 252, 254, 256, 274, 302, 311; countercoup, 56-58; leaving Greece, 58 Constantine II (King), 28 constitution (Greece), 251-52 Constitution of 1968, 152 construction, 84-86 Conterier, Peter, 310 continuity, economic policies after 1967, 78-84 COREPER (Committee of Permanent Representatives), 275, 280, 281 Council of Europe (CoE), 266, 267, 269-73, 275, 276, 285, 287, 307 Council of Ministers, 269, 281 countercoup (King Constantine), 56-58, 225 coup d’état (1967), 1, 10, 34, 278, 304, 341; economic policies after 1967, 78-84; Greek America on eve of, 216-20; military actions in, 58; start of, 48, 49; United States of America and, 240-41 (see abo United States of America); United States of America reaction to, 300-301; West Germany reaction to, 300-301 coup d’état (1974), 9
350 Index coups: attempts (1935), 19, 20; countercoup (King Constantine), 56-58; Gaddafi, Muammar, 277; Goudi Revolt (1909), 15, 35, 37, 57; Ioannides, Dimitrios, 90 credit policies, 83f, credit conditions, 86; private sector lending, 87; real credit growth, 85/ Crete, Greece, 277, 300 crises: Cyprus, 80, 320-21, 328-31 (see abo Cyprus) The Crisis of the Consumerist Society (Georgalas), 148 Crossman, Richard, 275 Cuba, 322 currencies, reliability of, 77, 89 Cypriot Communist Party (AKEL), 327, 328 Cypriot National Guard, 323 Cyprus, 9, 43, 44, 75, 217, 219, 233, 286; after independence, 322-23; crises, 80, 81, 90, 206, 328-31; Cyprus question (1967-72), 324-28; Greek unity with, 321; intervention and, 245; opposition to partition of, 323; Turkey invasion of, 323 Dafnis, Grigoris, 19 Danish Social Democrat Party, 304 Darius (King), 183, 184 Daveas, D., 158 Dawkins, R. M., 178 debt, 92. See aho credit policies Defence Planning Committee (DPC [NATO]), 308 Defense and Overseas Policy Committee (1969), 274 deficits, trade alliances and, 88/ Dekemvriana (Δεκεμβριανά, December Events) of 1944, 24 Delphi Bauxites, 114 Demertzis, Constantine, 20 democracy, 229, 241, 242, 278; Greece as birthplace of, 1; New Democracy government, 344 Democratic Army (DA), 6, 26, 40 Demoticism, 186 demotic (spoken) language, 145, 178 Denmark, 269, 271, 276, 277, 279, 307, 311 Denver, Colorado (USA), 221 despotism, 185 dictatorships, 1, 34, 140, 154,164-65; anticommunism propaganda, 169-74; the Colonels, 54; economic policies under, 73-74 (see abo economic policies); education and, 181; Goudi Revolt
(1909), 35; Iakovos, Archbishop, 215-16 (see abo Iakovos, Archbishop); ideologies of military, 200-201; military, 34; West Germany policies toward, 295-98 (see abo West Germany). See abo authoritarianism; junta Die griechbh-deutschen Nachkrigsbeziehungen (Apostolopoulos), 297 Dimirouli, Foteini, 7 Dokopoulou, Evangelia, 107 domestic policy, 301 drachmas, 89. See abo currencies drug smuggling, 113 Dubček, Alexander, 255 Durrell, Lawrence, 187 Dutsche, Rudi, 305 Eastern bloc, 342 East Germany, 296. See abo West Germany economic aid, 241, 243 economic austerity, 345 Economic Development Financing Corporation, 107 Economic Development Plan for Greece 0968-72), 79
Index economic imperialism, 103 economic policies, 73-74; after 1967, 78-84; economic development, 76-78; gross domestic product (GDP), 74, 75; growth legitimation, 84-90; investments, 81-84; long term view of economy, 74-76; stability and, 80-81 economic stagnation, 5 economies, 2, 154 Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, 198, 199, 201, 203, 204, 218, 220, 221 EDA (Ενιαία Δημοκρατική Αριστερά, United Democratic Left) party, 43, 44, 302 EDES (Εθνικός Δημοκρατικός Ελληνικό Σύνδεσμος, National Republican Greek League), 23 EDHN (Εθνική Δημοκρατία Νεολαία, Greek Democratic Youth), 149 education: authoritarianism in, 15759; Cavafy in schools, 179-82; censorship, 150-51; control of, 152-54; and dictatorships, 181; Greek National Army and, 140-42; indoctrination, 150-51; policies, 141; propaganda, 150-51; pseudomodernizing/ pseudoliberal facade, 154-57; reaction and counter-reform in, 144-48; as a threat, 142-44; traditional humanist, 179; youth demobilization, 148-50 Education Act (1964), 146 Education ofthe Citizen (Papakonstantinou), 176 EENA (Εθνική Ένωσις Νέων Αξιωματικών, Union of Young Greek Officers), 45, 47 EES (Εταιρεία Ελληνικών Σπουδών, Society for Greek Studies), 79 Egypt, 112, 217 351 Ehmke, Horst, 313 Eighteen Texts, 182-87 Eisenhower, Dwight, 105, 218, 243, 245, 255 Eisenhower, Mamie, 218 EKOF (Εθνική Κοινωνική Οργάνωσις Φοιτητών, National Social Organization of Students), 154 ELAS, 23, 25, 26 Eliopoulos, Athanassius, 112, 113, 114 Eliopoulos, Elias, 112, 113, 114 Eliopoulos, George, 112, 113, 114 Elytis, Odysseus, 177 Emergency Law 3/1967, 202 Emergency Law
129/1967, 146 Emergency Law 214/1967, 202 ΕΝΑ (Ένωσης Νέων Αξιωματικών, Union of Young Officers), 25 Epistle to the Phiäppians (Apostle Paul), 227 ERE (Εθνική 'Ριζοσπαστική'Ένωσις, National Radical Union), 43, 149, 246 Erhard-Markezinis agreement (1953), 112 Ethnikos Kiryx, 224 Ethnosotirios Epanastasis, 34-36; countercoup (King Constantine), 56-58; Greek military (pre-World War II), 36-40; in power, 48-55; rise of the Colonels, 40-48 eudemonism, 148 Europe: authoritarian regimes in, 342; and the junta, 266 (see aho junta) European Commission of Human Rights, 272 European Convention on Human Rights (1967), 269, 304 European Economic Community (EEC), 1, 8, 77, 78, 80, 88, 92, 104, 107, 266, 268, 279-83, 286, 299, 343; Association Agreement with, 279, 281, 283, 286, 311; Greece’s relationships with, 283-85
352 Index European Union (EU), 345 executions of the Six, 18 exports, 75, 88f Extra-Parliamentary Opposition (Außerparlamentarischen Opposition), 303 extreme right-wing indoctrination, 158 F-4 Phantom aircraft, 308 Fanfanı, Amintore, 273 Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 268, 271, 278, 298, 299, 306. See ako West Germany Federal Security Council (West Germany), 309 Federation of Greek Industries (FGI), 116 Federation of Greek Industry (SEB), 80 Fiat, 119, 120 financial repression, 77 Finlay, George, 150 fiscal policies, 82If Five-Year Economic Development Program Committee, 115 Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), 275, 281 foreign capital, 84-86 foreign direct investment (FDI), 85, 89, 109, 111, 117 foreign exchange, 88 Foreign Investment Committee, 114 foreign investments, 103-4; American economic assistance, 104-6; Coca-Cola, 122-27; Gerber, 127-30; Greek manufacturers and, 111-17; Litton Industries, 117-22; Nutricia, 127-30; Pepsi Cola, 122-27; protecting economic establishment, 107-11 foreign policy, 243, 301, 311, 322, 324 Fouskas, Vassilis, 321 France, 148, 254, 268, 273, 275, 278, 285, 287 Frangatos, Gerasimos, 142 Frederiką (Queen), 247, 301, 302 Free Democratic Party (FPD), 310 Free-Thinkers Party (Κόμμα των Ελευθεροφρόνων), 39 French Revolution, 36 Gaddafi, Muammar, 277 Gaddis, John Lewis, 383 Gage, Nicholas, 232 Galley, M., 278, 279 Gantonas, Nikolaos, 142 Garoufalias, Petros, 46 Gastarbeiters (guest workers), 90, 299 Gavas, Georgios, 219 general education, 147. See ако education Generation of the 1930s, 169 Georgakas, Dan, 224, 225, 230 Georgalas, Georgios,
35, 36, 49, 50, 53, 148, 167, 168, 169,170, 171, 173 George I (King), 15 George II (King), 20, 21, 23, 39 Gerakinis, Christos, 28 Gerber, 127-30 German Democratic Republic (GDR), 298 Germany, 295. See ако Federal Republic of Germany (FRG); West Germany Gerolymatos, André, 2, 5, 36 Golden Dawn, 345 Gonatas, Stylianos, 19 Goodpaster, A. J., 305, 306 Goudi Revolt (1909), 15, 35, 37, 57 Gounaris, Dimitris, 17, 38 Grammenos, Athanasios, 5, 7, 51 Grand Bretagne (Athens, Greece), 223 Grand Coalition government (196669), 302 Great Britain, 44, 254; Conservatives, 282, 285; Council of Europe (CoE), 269-73; and Cyprus, 244, 320 (see also Cyprus); European Economic Community (EEC), 279-83; government in the 1960s,
Index 266; Greece’s relationships with, 283-85; House of Commons, 276, 282; and the junta, 266 (see aho junta); Labour government, 267, 268, 275, 276; MPs (Members of Parliament), 302; NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 273-79; policies toward Greece, 274; United States’s relationship with, 272 Great Idea (Megali Idea), 216, 235 Great Powers, 18 Great Synthesis (Μεγάλη Σύνθεσις), 36 Greco-Christian Civilization, 200, 201, 203 Greco-Christian ideals, 51, 143 Greco-Turkish War (1897), 5, 15, 37 Greco-Turkish War (1919-22), 203 Greece: Association Agreement (with EEC), 279, 281, 283, 286, 311; Athens (see Athens, Greece); Axis occupation of, 22, 296; as birthplace of democracy, 1; Brandt, Willy, 312-14; Christianity in, 228 (see also Greek Orthodox Church); Clergy-Laity Congress (1966), 222; Clergy-Laity Congress (1967), 215, 220, 221; constitution, 251-52, 343; Council of Europe (CoE), 269-73; coup d’état (1967), 1 (see abo coup d’état [1967]); and Cyprus, 320-21 (see abo Cyprus); democracy, 229, 278; dictatorships, 164-65 (see abo dictatorships); economic policies, 75; European Economic Community (EEC), 279-83; foreign policy and, 243; Gastarbeiter (migrant workers), 299; history, 151; isolation of government, 301; Johnson, Lyndon B. and, 247-48; Kennedy, John F. and, 245-47; Kingdom of Greece, 198; migrations, 75; military involvement in politics, 2; 353 monographs on political history of, 2; NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 268, 273-79 (see abo NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organization]); politics and, 341; post-World War II, 3, 216; public opinion and,
301-4; reconstruction of, 298-99; relationships with the West, 283-85; trade partners and, 268; United States of America aid to, 4; West Germany policies toward, 295-98 (see abo West Germany); West Germany relationship with, 311-12. See abo Colonels, the; junta Greek America: on eve of coup d’état (1967), 216-20; policies, 216 Greek American community, 201 Greek American Fascism, 111 Greek American Progressive Association (GAPA), 222 Greek Civil War (1946-49), 2, 5, 24-28, 25, 36, 40, 41, 45, 48, 103, 154, 172, 201, 296 Greek Communist Party (KKE), 242 Greek Constitution, 49, 55 Greek Cotton Textile Manufacturers Association, 116 Greek Cypriot forces, 323 Greek Foreign Ministry, 322 Greek Holy Synod, 198, 199, 202, 203, 204 Greek identity, 52, 174, 177 Greek Independence Day, 204 Greek Industrial Development Bank, 119 Greek Light (Ελληνικό Φώς), 202 Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 219 Greek National Army, 5; Asia Minor catastrophe (1922), 15-21; and Cyprus, 320-21 (see abo Cyprus); and education, 140-42 (see abo education); Greek Civil War, 24-28 (see abo Greek Civil
354 Index War); intervention in elections, 251; morale of, 26; in politics, 15; training of Greek officers (USA), 40; World War II and the occupation, 21-24 Greek Orthodox Archdiocese, 205, 215; archbishop selections, 205-7; autonomy of, 206 Greek Orthodox Church, 5, 7, 51, 185; dictatorships and, 207; on eve of coup d’état (1967), 216-20; fundamental documents of, 203; Greek language liturgy, 231; Iakovos, Archbishop, 215 (see also Iakovos, Archbishop); ideology of military dictatorship, 200-201; Ieronymos, Archimandrite, 203-5, 207-8; influence of, 157; junta’s designation of, 202-3; under the military junta, 198-99; symbolism and, 226; in the United States of America, 217, 232, 233, 234 Greek Rally Party, 42 Greek Right, 251 Greek-Turkish War (1919-22), 216 Greek War Relief Association, 217 gross domestic product (GDP), 74, 75, 81, 86, 87, 111 growth, 82\f legitimation, 84-90; real credit, 85/ Guevara, Che, 149 Guillaume, Pierre, 118 Hellacana Trading Co.-Spyropoulos Bros., 127 Hellenic Company of Chemical Products and Fertilizers Ltd., 112 Hellenic Industrial Development Bank (ETVA), 107, 108 Hellenic Review, 151 Hellenism, 53 Helms, Richard, 251 Hermes, Peter, 312 hierarchies in religion and government, 199 Higher Council of Education, 147 hippy movement, 148 history: Cavafy, C. P., 174-79; Greece, 151 History of the Greek Nation (1860-74 [Paparrigopoulos]), 150, 175 History of the Greek Revolution (Finlay), 150 Hitler, Adolf, 296 Holy Courts, 202 Holy See, 198, 203 Holy Synod. See Greek Holy Synod Homeland-Religion-Family, 200 homosexuality, 169, 187 Hood (Lord), 269
Hooper, Robin, 278, 279, 281 Hoppers, Vernon, 125 House of Commons (Great Britain), 276, 282 Howaldtwerke-Deuschte Werft, 301 Halyvourgiki Steel, 115 Harmel, Pierre, 272 Härtling, Poul, 307, 308 Hatzianestis, Georgios, 17 Hatzipetros, Alexandras, 45 Hawk missiles, 307 Healey, Dennis, 273 health, 155 Heaney, Seamus, 188, 189 Heath, Edward, 267, 279, 286 heavy industry as engine of growth, 74 Iakovos, Archbishop, 8, 201; change in attitude, 230-34; Clergy-Laity Congress (1968), 224, 225-29; and the Colonel’s dictatorship, 215-16, 221-25; as devil-priest, 235; on eve of coup d’état (1967), 216-20; promotion of Greek language and culture, 220-21; relationships with American presidents, 218; sympathy toward the Colonels, 229-30
Index Iakovos (Makrygiannis) of Elassona (Bishop), 207 IDEA (Ιερός Δεσμός Ελλήνων Αξιωματικών, Holy Bond of Greek Officers), 3, 25, 26, 27, 28, 45, 55, 200, 249, 250 ideologies, 141, 143; Cavafy, C. P., 166-69, 185; Colonels, the, 172; of military dictatorship, 200-201 The Ideology of the Revolution: Ideals not Dogmas (Georgalas), 49, 167, 169 Ieronymos, Archimandrite, 7, 203-5, 207-8 Ieronymos I (Kotsonis [archbishop]), 199 imports, 75; capital, 85; trade alliances, 88/ independence, Cyprus after, 322-23 indoctrination, 144, 150-51, 158 Industrial Development Corporation, 107 industry, 74, 155 inflation, 77, 80, 89f, 90 Inonu, ismet, 248 intellectuals, 143, 164,166 Interorthodox Center of Penteli (Athens, Greece), 207 interwar period, 16 investments, 3, 82/ economic development and, 76-78; economic policies, 81-84; foreign, 103-4 (see aho foreign investments); public, 84 investor intentions, 109 Ioannides, Dimitrios, 9, 90, 142, 157, 205, 233, 328 Iron Curtain, 342 Israel, 273, 330. See aho Middle East Italy, 271, 273 “Ithaca” (Cavafy), 179, 180, 181, 182 Jefferys, Peter, 187 Jesus Christ, 174 Johnson, Lady Bird, 218 Johnson, Lyndon B., 218, 247-48, 253, 255 З55 Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive (JCS 1067), 298 Julian the Apostate, 176 junta, 34, 46,81, 115, 131, 141, 169; authoritarianism in education, 157-59; Brandt, Willy, 312-14; burden-sharing, 309 (see aho burden-sharing); Cavafy in context of junta’s discourse, 174֊ 79; collapse of, 73; designation of Greek Orthodox Church, 202-3; ethnocultural ambitions of, 207; European Economic Community (EEC), 279-83; expulsion of
Greece from CoE, 269-73; Great Britain and, 266, 267, 268, 269; Greek Orthodox Church under the military, 198-99 (see abo Greek Orthodox Church); ideology of, 144; leaders, 53, 54, 59; legacy of, 340-45; lending and, 87; NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 273-79; November Polytechnic uprising (1973), 312; politics of, 164, 165; practices of, 8; relationships with the West, 283-85; UK support of, 274; and the United States, 253, 257 (see abo United States of America); West Germany and, 307; West Germany policies toward, 295-98 (see abo West Germany); West Germany relationship with, 311-12; and youth, 148-50. See abo Colonels, the; coup d’état (1967); Greek National Army; military Kakridis, Andreas, 5, 6, 108 Kalamnpokias, Konstantinos, 141, 200 Kalergis, Dimitrios, 15 Kalogerakos, Nicholas, 6, 85 Kanellopoulos, Panagiotis, 252, 254 Karakatsanis, Neovi M., 282, 320
356 Index Karamanlis, Konstantinos, 81, 43, 105, 106, 206, 229, 245, 246, 247, 302, 332, 340, 343 Karaoglou, C. L., 170 Kardamakis, Vassilios, 250 KATE (Κέντρα Ανωτέρας Τεχνικής Εκπαι,δεύσεως, Centers of Higher Technical Education), 155, 159 Katharevousa, 52, 145, 148, 177, 178, 179 Katsambas, Christopher, 116, 117 Keeley, Robert, 240, 241, 252, 253, 279 Kemal, Mustafa, 38 Kennedy, John F., 105, 245-47 KET (Κέντρο Εκπαιδεύσεως Τεθωρακισμένων, Armored Training Center), 48 Keys, Barbara, 298 Kiesinger, Kurt, 9, 302, 313 Kingdom of Greece, 198 Kissinger, Henry, 257, 258, 308, 328, 330 Kitroeff, Alexander, 7, 201 Kizilyiirek, Niyazi, 320 Kjærsgaard, Kristine, 298 KKE (Greek Communist Party), 45, 158 Kollias, Ioannis, 224, 225, 253 Kollias, Konstantinos, 78, 252 Kondylis, George, 20 Korais, Adamantios, 51 Krag, Jens Otto, 304 Krokidas, Sotirios, 19 Krushchev, Nikita, 42, 43 ΚΥΡ (ΚεντρικήΥπηρεσία Πληροφοριών, Central Intelligence Service), 27, 41, 326 Kyros, Peter, 222 labor unions, 77 Labouisse, Henry R, 45, 246 Labour government (Great Britain), 267, 268, 275, 276. See abo Great Britain Ladas, Ioannis, 53, 325 Lagos, Katerina, 2, 5, 6 Lambrakis, Grigoris, 302 languages: Cavafy, C. R, 174-79; demotic (spoken), 145, 178; Greek-language liturgy, 231; Katharevousa, 52, 148, 177, 178, 179 (see abo Katharevousa); Modern Greek, 146, 147; role of, 51, 52 Larymna nickel mines, 112 Latin America, 34, 91, 141; authoritarian regimes in, 342; military regimes, 143 Lausanne Treaty (1923), 324 Law 93/1969, 149 Law 129/1967, 147 Law 509, 42 Law 553/68, 153 Law 652/1970, 155 Law 2687/53, 85,
111, 126 Law 4379/1964, 145 Law Decree 672/70, 153 Law Decree 746/70, 156 laws, 84; canon law, 199; and religion, 199 Law School, 156, 159 Leffler, Melvyn, 241 left-wing politics, 3 Leonidas (King), 53 liberalism, 84, 140 Liberal-KKE (Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας, Communist Party of Greece), 20 Liberal Party (Eleftheros Kosmos), 149 Libya, 277 licenses, 128 Life magazine, 113 Limerick (Lord), 278 Linz, Juan, 142 Lipkowski, Jean de, 278 literature, 164. See abo Cavafy, C. P. Litton Industries, 85, 117-22 London-Zürich accords, 248 long-term view of economy, 74-76, 76f
Index M47 Patton tanks, 307 Makarezos, Nikolaos, 37, 47, 128, 284 Makarios, Archbishop, 9, 248, 257, 258, 321, 322; coup against (1974), 331; Cyprus crisis (1973-74), 328-31; diplomacy of, 325; relationship with Cyprus, 324; relationship with United States, 328; Soviet Union and, 325, 326 Makedonia, 39 Malouhos, Giorgos, 229 Mandakas, Emmanuel, 24 Mangakis, Georgios-Alexandros, 313 Mao Zedong, 149 Maragkou, Konstantina, 320 Marinopoulos, Demetrios, 116, 127, 128, 130 Markezinis, Spyridon, 79, 112, 156, 328 Markezinis experiment (1973), 268, 282 Maronitis, D. N., 183, 184, 188, 189 Marshall Plan, 40, 103, 104, 242, 298 Marxism, 149, 157 Maury, Jack, 252 Mavromichalis, Kyriakoulis, 37 McCarthy, Joseph, 42 McGrew, William, 120, 121 McNamara, Robert, 55 Megalopolis Power Station Project, 106 Melistas, Nikos, 81 MEO (Μυστική Επαναστατική Οργάνωσιν, Secret Revolutionary Organization), 21 Merrill, James, 170 Metapolitefsi, 34 Metapolitefsi (regime change), 342 Metaxas, Ioannis, 20, 21, 22, 34, 38, 39, 54, 111, 175, 176, 199, 295; ideologies, 200 (see aho ideologies); propaganda, 54 Meyer, Frank A., 127, 129, 130 Michael, Archbishop, 217, 235 Middle East, 45, 123, 271, 273, 330, 331 migrant workers (Gastarbeiter), 299 migrations, 75 З57 military, 266; aid and United States of America, 279; the Colonels (see the Colonels); and Cyprus, 32021 (see aho Cyprus); dictatorships, 34 (see aho dictatorships); and education, 140-42 (see aho education); Greek military (preWorld War II), 36-40; increase in expenditures, 21; involvement in Greek politics, 2, 15; junta (¿««junta); regimes (Latin
America), 143; revolts, 15; royalistdominated officer corps, 20, 21; United States control of Greek, 26 Military Academy, 54 military coups, 1. See aho coup d’état (1967) Military League, 15, 37 Miller, James Edwards, 3, 5, 8 Milkt, 326 mining, 113 Ministry of Agriculture, 127 Ministry of Coordination, 87, 93, 118, 120, 121, 123, 124, 128, 129 Ministry of Defense (Germany), 310 Ministry of Education, 145, 153 Ministry of Finance, 127 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Germany), 297 Ministry of National Economy 2001, 93 Ministry of Press, 150 Modern Greek language, 146, 147 modernization, 40, 242, 243 Monetary Committee, 78, 87 monetary policies, 80, 83f See aho economic policies Monthly Stathtical Bulletin (Bank of Greece), 93 Montreal, Canada, 222 Morgenthau Plan, 298 morphine, 113 mortgages, 86. See aho credit policies MPs (Members of Parliament), 302 Mussolini, Benito, 22
358 Index Nafpliotis, Alexandro։, 3, 8 narcissism, 187 National Can, 119 National Council of Education, 152 National Ethical Instruction, 144 National Front, 326 National Investment Bank of Industrial Development (NIBID), 107 National Regeneration, 49, 50 National Revolution, 57 National Schism, 37 National Security Action Memorandum No. 22,105 National Security Council (NSC), 299 National Security Decision Memorandum (NSDM 34), 256 nation building, 242, 245 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 41, 44, 167, 242, 244, 247, 254, 266, 268, 273-79, 280, 283, 286, 287, 299, 300, 304, 305, 343; attacks on, 272; Brandt, Willy, 314; burden-sharing, 307-9 (see abo burden-sharing); Defence Planning Committee (DPC), 308; Greece’s relationships with, 283֊ 85; November Polytechnic uprising (1973), 312; role of, 274; South Eastern flank, 277; West Germany, 306-7 Nazis: invasion of Greece, 111; liberal resistance to, 166; occupation of Greece, 154 Nea Demokratia, 206 Nea Estia, 168 Nea Politem, 39, 185 Near East Foundation, 298 Nea Techni, 168 Nenni, Pietro, 273 neo-Nazi Golden Dawn, 345 Netherlands, the, 313 the Netherlands, 269, 271 New Democracy government, 158, 344 New Left, 166, 302 New York City (USA), 231 New York Times, 173, 232 nihilism, 148 Nixon, Richard M., 255, 256, 257, 258, 308, 320, 330 noncommissioned officers (NCOs), 41 Norway, 269, 271, 279, 311 November Polytechnic uprising (1973), 312 Nutricia, 127-30 Oder-Neisse border, 305 Officers Save Fatherland Ideals Democracy Meritocracy, 46 Ohnesorg, Benno, 302 oil shocks, 90 Onassis, Aristotle, 123 Onassis industrial
complex (Megara, Greece), 85 Oncken, Dirk, 311 Organization for Economic Co operation and Development (OECD), 74 Orthodox Observer, 226 Ostpolitik (West Germany), 310 Othon I (King), 15 Othonaios, Alexandras, 24 Otto (King), 198 “Our Belief’ speech (Papadopoulos), 200 output, 75. See abo economic policies Pagoulatos, George, 108 Pakistanis, Gregorios, 224 Panagoulis, Alexandras, 313 Panayotakos, Constantine, 233 Pángalos, Theodoras, 38, 52, 178, 199 Papadimitriou, G., 153 Papadopoulos, Georgios, 5, 7, 34, 36, 37, 39, 42, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 54, 58, 59, 79, 86, 115, 116, 141, 204, 205, 224, 225, 250, 281, 284; ClergyLaity Congress (1968), 234, 235; Cyprus crisis (1973-74), 328-31;
Index liberalization and, 283; “Our Belief’ speech, 200; removing Cyprus from foreign policy, 324; speeches (1967), 52-53; unified Hellinism, 227 Papagos, Alexander, 20, 23, 26, 27, 42, 243, 244 Papakonstantinou, Theofylaktos, 141, 176 Papandreou, Andreas, 46, 48, 56, 79, 117, 241, 249, 251, 252, 304, 344 Papandreou, George, 4, 44, 79, 145, 146,158, 246, 251; opposition to partition of Cyprus, 322; relationship with United States, 247 Papanoutsos, Evangelos, 145 Paparrigopoulos, Konstantinos, 150, 175, 176 Papathanasopoulos, Charalambos, 28 Pappas, Tom A., 123, 124, 125, 127, 222 PASOK (Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα, Panhellenic Socialist Movement), 157, 158, 331, 343, 344 Patriarchal and Synodical Act of 1928, 203 Patrinacos, Nicon, 226 Pattakos, Stylianos, 37, 47, 151, 204, 225, 230, 231, 256, 284 Paul (Aposde), 227 Paul (King), 27, 202, 218, 246, 247, 249, 250 Pechiney conglomerate, 106, 114 Pedaliou, Effie G. H., 298 Pelt, Mogens, 5, 112, 297 Pepsi-Cola, 122-27 Pesmazoglou, Ioannis, 282 Pesmazoglu, John, 109 Phantom case, 309 Phokas, Nikolaos, 19 Piel, Gerard, 112, 113 Pipinelis, Panagiotis, 277 Piraiki-Patraiki Cotton Manufacturing Company, 116 359 Plan Perciles, 45, 47 Plan Prometheus, 49 Plastiras, Nikolaos, 19, 24, 38 Plytas, Amvrosios, 223 Plytzanopoulos, Ioannis, 28 Podlesski, Nick, 123, 124, 125 poetry, 164, 190; artistic integrity, 189; Heaney, Seamus, 188, 189; ideology of revolution, 166-69; “Ithaca” (Cavafy), 179, 180, 181, 182; “Thermopylae” (Cavafy), 179, 181, 182; “Waiting for the Barbarians” (Cavafy), 172; “Walls” (Cavafy), 170,173; “The Windows”
(Cavafy), 170, 171, 173. See ako Cavafy, C. P. Political Education (Papakonstantinou), 151 politics: Cold War, 24; Greek Army in, 15; left-wing, 3; military involvement in, 2 Politis 2, 153, 158 Polytechnic uprising (1973), 156 populism, 81 Populist Party, 19 Portugal, 342 post-World War II Greece, 3, 216 Poulantzas, Nicos, 91 power, centralizing, 140. See ako dictatorships Pravda, 331 prices, 83f primary education, 145. See ako education private sector lending, 87 pro-enosis statements, 325 propaganda, 148, 150-51, 158; anticommunism, 169-74; Cold War, 164-65 (see ako Cold War); Colonels, the, 184; Metaxas, Ioannis, 54 property rights, 78, 80 Protopapadakis, Petros, 17 provincialisms, 187
360 Index pseudo-ideology, 200. See abo ideologies pseudointellectuals, 143 Psichari, Jean, 178 Ptolemais Project, 112 public investments, 84 public opinion, 301-4 Public Power Corporation (Greece), 106 Rallis, Dimitrios, 15, 28, 37 Rallis, Ioannis, 23 real credit growth, 85/ recessions, 90 The Redress ofPoetry (Heaney), 188 Red totalitarianism, 50 reforms, 144-48 religion, 198-99; Cavafy, C. P., 174-79; Iakovos, Archbishop, 215-16 (see abo Iakovos, Archbishop); laws and, 199. See abo Christianity; Greek Orthodox Church revolts, 15 Revolutionary Council, 47 Revolutionary Group, 48 revolutions, 28, 232; the Colonels and, 51; ideologies, 166-69 Reynolds Metal Company, 114 Ritsos, Giannis, 166 Rodgers, William R, 232 Rodinos-Orlandos, John, 123, 125 Rostow, Walt W., 253 Royal Crown Cola, 124 Royal Decree 322/69, 152 Royal Decree 702/69, 151 Royal Greek Navy, 311 Royal Hellenic Navy, 301 royalist-dominated officer corps, 20, 21, 24 Rusk, Dean, 240, 247, 253, 301 Sakkas, John, 321 Savidis, G. R, 169, 174, 175 Scheel, Walter, 308, 310 Schmidt, Helmut, 310 Schmitt, Hans O., 121, 122 school leaving certificate (Akadimaiko Apolytirio), 146 secondary education, 145. See abo education Second Balkan Pact (1953), 243 secret associations, 28 Security Battalions, 23, 25, 28 Seferis, George, 169, 177 shipping, 84-86 Sifnaios, Panagiotis, 142 Simpson, Nicos, 233 Sioris, Nikitas, 141 Sisco, Joseph, 330 Six, the, 17, 18 Six-Day War (1967), 273 Social Democrats (SPD), 302, 305, 309, 310, 312 Socialists (Belgium), 272 social security (IKA) payments, 130 soft propaganda, 164. See abo propaganda
Sorokos, Ioannis A., 272 South Africa, 274 Southern Flank, 254 Soviet Bloc, 301 Soviet Union, 242, 257; containment of, 298-99; and Cyprus, 321, 322 (see abo Cyprus); Cyprus crisis (1973-74) and, 328-31; Makarios, Archbishop, 325, 326 Spain, 342 Spais, Leonidas, 17 Spandidakis, Gregory, 47, 55, 56 Special Disciplinary Council, 158 Special Operations Executive (SOE), 22 SSAksia, 112 stability, 4; economic development and, 76-78; and economic policies, 80-81 Statbtical Yearbook, 93 Stefanopoulos, Stefanos, 251 Stewart, Michael, 270, 284 Stratos, Nikolaos, 17 subversive ideas, punishment for, 150
Index Sulzberger, Cyrus L., 170, 171, 172, 17З, 187 Supreme Administrative Court, 204 Supreme Military Council, 26 Swarts, Jonathon, 282, 320 Sweden, 269, 271 Talbot, Phillips, 46, 54, 57, 223, 240, 251, 252, 277 Tasca, Henry, 230, 257, 270 Tasca Report, 256 taxes, 84, 130, 131 TEA (Τάγματα Εθνοφυλακής Αμύνης, National Defense Battalions), 42 Teachers’ Training College, 146 TEIs (Τεχνολογικό Εκπαιδευτικό Ίδρυμα, Technological Higher Education Institutions), 159 Tel Aviv, Israel, 123 textiles, 155 Theologitis, John, 125 Theotokas, George, 177 Theotokis, Nikolaos, 17 “Thermopylae” (Cavafy), 179, 181, 182 Thessaloniki, Greece, 230, 231 Third Greek Civilization, 53 Third Hellenic Civilization, 175, 199 Time magazine, 123 Tom Pappas Decree (1968), 125, 126 Topika Somateia fraternities, 222 Tories (Great Britain), 268 totalitarianism, 142 tourism, 84-86,118, 119 trade: alliances, 88fi balances, 88ψ, bilateral, 267; partners and Greece, 268 trademark policies, 84-86 transterritorial Hellenism, 215, 216 Treaties of Alliance, Establishment, and Guarantee, 322 Truman, Harry, 218, 242 Truman Doctrine, 298 Tsakas, Christos, 91 Tsellos, Epaminondas, 21 361 Turkey, 9, 44, 112, 219, 233, 234, 273, 277; Cyprus and, 321 (see aho Cyprus); Cyprus crisis (1973-74), 328-31; invasion of Cyprus, 323; United States support of, 242 Tying Greece to the West: US-West GermanGreek Relations 1'949-74 (Pelt), 297 unification, 244 unified Hellinism, 227 Union Carbide, 131 unions, 77 United Democratic Left (EDA), 245, 246, 249 United Kingdom (UK), 267, 287; expulsion of Greece from CoE, 270; policies
toward Greece, 282; support of the junta, 274. See aho Great Britain United Nations (UN), 219, 247, 269 United States Drug Enforcement Administration, 112,113 United States of America: aid to Greece, 4; burden-sharing, 308 (see aho burden-sharing); capitulation, 252-54; CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 27, 41; Clergy-Laity Congress (1967), 220, 221; common objectives of, 241; control of Greek military, 26; and the coup d’état (1967), 240-41; and Cyprus, 325 (see aho Cyprus); Cyprus and, 320 (see aho Cyprus); Cyprus crisis (1973-74), 328-31; economic aid, 241, 243; economic assistance to Greece, 104-6; economic imperialism, 103; European Economic Community (EEC), 279-83; expulsion of Greece from CoE, 270; gaining trust of Greek people, 340; Greece’s relationships with, 283-85; Greek America policies and, 216; Greek anger against, 333; Greek Orthodox
Index 362 Church in the, 217, 232, 233, 234; interventions, 252-54; involvement in coup, 8; limits of power and, 241-44; Makarios, Archbishop, 328; Marshall Plan, 103 {see abo Marshall Plan); military aid and, 279; NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 273-79; Papandreou, George, 247 (see abo Papandreou, George); policies toward Greece, 320; policies toward West Germany, 299; reaction to coup d’état (1967), 300-301; reconstruction of Greece, 298-99; relationship with Great Britain, 272; returning Greece to constitutional government, 255-58; soft propaganda, 164 (see abo propaganda); training of Greek officers, 40 University of Athens, 152, 230 University of Crete, 156 University of Cyprus, 320 University of Ioannina, 146 University of Patras, 146 University of Thessaloniki, 142 University of Thrace, 156 U.S. Development Loan Fund (DLF), 105 U.S. Orthodox Church, 255 USS Franklin D. Roosevelt, 255 U.S. Sixth Fleet, 252, 253, 255 USSR. See Soviet Union Varkiza Agreement, 25 Vekris, Socrates, 126 Venizelists, 16, 17, 22, 23, 27, 37, 186 Venizelos, Eleftherios, 16, 17, 37 Venizelos, Sophokles, 246 Vidalis, Orestis, 225, 230 Vietnam, 258 von Bohlen Krupp, Bertold, 112 wages, 80, 83f “Waiting for the Barbarians” (Cavafy), 172 “Walls” (Cavafy), 170, 173 Wassman, William P., 131 Western Alliance, 300 Western Peloponnesus, 121 West Germany, 8,106, 112, 254, 285, 287; Brandt, Willy, 312-14 {see abo Brandt, Willy); Bundestag, 309; burden-sharing, 296,299-300, 305; expulsion of Greece from CoE, 270; Free Democratic Party (FPD), 310; NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization),
306-7; November Polytechnic uprising (1973), 312; Ostpolitik, 310; policies toward Greece (junta period), 295-98; public opinion and, 301-4; reaction to coup d’état (1967), 300-301; reactivating burden-sharing, 307-9; reconstruction of Greece, 298-99; relationship with the junta, 311-12; rising opposition, 309-10; Social Democrats (SPD), 309, 310; as trade partners, 268; United States of America policies toward, 299 Wilson, Harold, 266, 267, 276, 277 “The Windows” (Cavafy), 170, 171, 173 World Bank, 155 World War I, 16, 35, 295 World War II, 3, 111, 145; anticommunist propaganda, 175; dictatorships after, 266; Greece’s entrance into, 217; Greek Army prior to, 15; and the occupation, 21-24; post-World War II Greece, 216 Xanthopoulos-Palamas, Christos, 273, 278 youth demobilization, 148-50 youth movements, 142. See abo education Zambelios, Spyridon, 175 Zepos, D., 129 Zoitakis. Georgina. 231 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:53:04Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-31T00:53:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781800731745 |
| language | English |
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| publisher | Berghahn |
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| spelling | The Greek military dictatorship revisiting a troubled past, 1967-1974 edited by Othon Anastasakis and Katerina Lagos New York ; Oxford Berghahn 2021 ix, 362 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1967-1974 gnd rswk-swf Militärdiktatur (DE-588)4074805-4 gnd rswk-swf Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 gnd rswk-swf Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 g Militärdiktatur (DE-588)4074805-4 s Geschichte 1967-1974 z DE-604 Anastasakis, Othon (DE-588)136154662 edt Lagos, Katerina (DE-588)1243188774 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-80073-175-2 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032803672&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032803672&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | The Greek military dictatorship revisiting a troubled past, 1967-1974 Militärdiktatur (DE-588)4074805-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4074805-4 (DE-588)4022047-3 |
| title | The Greek military dictatorship revisiting a troubled past, 1967-1974 |
| title_auth | The Greek military dictatorship revisiting a troubled past, 1967-1974 |
| title_exact_search | The Greek military dictatorship revisiting a troubled past, 1967-1974 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Greek military dictatorship revisiting a troubled past, 1967-1974 |
| title_full | The Greek military dictatorship revisiting a troubled past, 1967-1974 edited by Othon Anastasakis and Katerina Lagos |
| title_fullStr | The Greek military dictatorship revisiting a troubled past, 1967-1974 edited by Othon Anastasakis and Katerina Lagos |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Greek military dictatorship revisiting a troubled past, 1967-1974 edited by Othon Anastasakis and Katerina Lagos |
| title_short | The Greek military dictatorship |
| title_sort | the greek military dictatorship revisiting a troubled past 1967 1974 |
| title_sub | revisiting a troubled past, 1967-1974 |
| topic | Militärdiktatur (DE-588)4074805-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Militärdiktatur Griechenland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032803672&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032803672&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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