European-Russian power relations in turbulent times:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Ann Arbor
University of Michigan Press
April 2021
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| Beschreibung: | vi, 303 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780472132287 |
| DOI: | 10.3998/mpub.10202357 |
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Contents 1 ļ Introduction: Power Dynamics in EU-Russian Relations Mai’a K. Davis Cross and Ireneusz Paweł Karolewski і The EU’s Foreign Policy vis-à-vis Russia 2 Į European Military Power: Institutional Legacies and External Threat in EU Defense Cooperation Rosella Cappella Zielinski and Kaija Schilde 29 3 ļ Arguing Sanctions: On the EU’s Response to the Crisis in Ukraine Helene Sjursen and Guri Rosén 59 4 ļ Crisis and Cooperation: How the Ukraine Crisis Enabled the EU’s Maritime Foreign and Security Powers Marianne Riddervold 84 5 I The European External Action Service and the Ukraine Crisis: The Case of the 2015 Revision of the European Neighbourhood Policy Cristian Nitiou 108 Russia’s Foreign Policy: The Domestic and International Context 6 I Confrontation as Ontological Security: Russia’s Reactions to the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement Molly Krasnodębska 135 7 I Death by a Thousand Cuts: Is Russia Winning the Information War with the West? Ryan C. Maness 160
vi ļ Contents 8 ļ The Russian Challenge in Southeast Europe Dimitar Bechev 187 9 I Russia’s Regionalism Projects in Eurasia Yulia Nikitina 217 ro I Power, Identity, and Circumstances: Three Factors in the Ukrainian Crisis Vsevolod Samokhvalov 239 Conclusions 11 Į Europe-Russia Relations in the Shadow of the Transatlantic Divide Ireneusz Paweł Karolewski and Mai’a K. Davis Cross 263 Contributors 281 Index 287 Digital materials related to this title can be found on the Fulcrum platform via the following citable URL: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.10202357
Index Abkhazia, 12,13-14,147, 240, 248 actors: in community of practices, 225; EU as, 6-10, 266, 267-68; EU/Russia differences, 2,5, 217,222-24, 264, 266; institutional actors and EUMSS forma tion, 95-96; in power concept, 4-6; and recognition of great powerhood, 141-42,150-51, 271; rivalries and, 16567; Russia as, 10-17, 266, 271-74; and self-identity, 137,139-40,143-47,15051, 271 Adler, Emanuel, 224-25 Afghanistan, NATO intervention, 11 agency: and Eurasian regionalism, 224, 230, 233; and ontological security, 137, 140; and organizational identity, 224 Agreement on Cooperation in the Defence Materiel Area (2014), 45 Agrokor, 205 Albania, 189,199, 200 Alliance Maritime Strategy, 96 Allied Maritime Transport Council, 37 Allied Purchasing Missions, 39 Allied Supplies Commission, 35-36 Allies defense coordination (WWI), ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), 232 Ashton, Catherine, 30, 67,110-11,124, 2571137 asset freezes, 15,59 Association Agreements: and community of practices approach, 225-26; and consensus on sanctions, 75; as eco nomic threat, 135-36,151-52,153, 240; and Eurasian regionalism, 226, 230, 273; and European Neighborhood Pol icy revision, 113,118; expectations of signing, 135,151; and reforms, 151-52; and Russian ontological security and identity, 135-36,151-55, 230, 239-40, 249-50, 252, 255, 264, 270-71, 275 Atalanta mission, 87 “Athena” mechanism, 44 Atomstroyexport, 205 Austria, 73,75-76,164,167,175,180, 201 authoritarianism: and Eurasian regional ism, 219, 220, 222, 229, 273; and interest in legitimacy, 224; and nonlinear/ hybrid warfare, 265
Azerbaijan, 119, 219, 240 35-37 Aluminium Plant of Podgorica, 204 Amsterdam Treaty, 44 Anglo-French Purchasing Board, 39 APT 28,160 Arab Spring and EEAS, 124, 269 Arbatov, Alexei, 142 Arctic, Russian aggression in, 100 Armenia, 119, 219, 247 backwardness, perceptions of, 141,143 balance-of֊power theory, 217, 222-23, 228, 278 Baldwin, David, 4-5 Balkan states: defining, 189; EU defense coordination during Balkan wars, 47, 268; and NATO, 188,192,195,197-98, 200-201, 207-8, 209-10, 265; and 287
շ88 I Index Balkan states (continued) Russian policy evolution, 18,187-89, 191-94,199, 244-45, 265, 272; and Rus sian self-identity, 148,150; and sanc tions on Russia, 190,194. See also spe cific countries Balkan Stream, 203 Baltic states, 11, 69,70, 263 Bechev, Dimitar, 18,187-216, 264, 265, 272. 277 Belarus, 219,242, 246-47 Belt and Road Initiative, 219, 230, 232, 240 Beopetrol, 201 Bessarabia, 195 bias, interpretive, 217, 221 big bang enlargement, 111,125,145 Bildt, Carl, 67 Black Sea and Russian self-identity, 148, 150,154. 247 borderization, 248 Borrel, Joseph, 253 Bosnia and Herzegovina: conflicts in, 192, 242; Republika Srpska, 187,193,199, 205, 207, 272; Russian foreign policy in, 187,190,192,193,199, 200, 204, 272 Bosniaks, 207 Brexit, 175,179, 267 British Purchasing Commission, 50Ո68 Brussels Treaty on Economic, Social and Cultural Collaboration and Collective Self-Defence, 51Ո80 buffer zones, 166 Bulgaria: as Balkan state, 189; energy sec tor, 193, 203, 204, 205, 206; EU joining, 189; NATO accession, 192, 207; and North Macedonia crisis, 199; Russian foreign policy and influence, 188,19394,195, 201-2, 204, 205, 206-7, 272; security concerns, 196; US troops in, 190 burden sharing, 32 Burgas-Alexandroupolis oil pipeline, 193 Cameron, David, 69,75 Capabilities Commitment Conference, 44 Catalonia independence movement, 168, 172,175.179 CFSP. See Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) Chamberlain, Neville, 38 Chechnya, 10 China: economic espionage by, 161; eco nomic expansion by, 219, 230,232, 240, 247; and Eurasian regionalism, 219, 229, 230; and nonlinear
warfare, 265 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), 149,217, 219-20,229, 231, 272 CIS Charter, 219 “Civilizing Europe” concept, 146 civil society, 120,191, 226 Clementei, Etienne, 36,37-38 climate change and environmental stan dards and, 7, 8, 268 Clinton, Hillary, 16,160,164,174,190 Code of Conduct for Pooling and Shar ing, 45 coercion and sanctions on Russia, 62, 63, 64, 68-73,76 Cold War, 30,39-41,142,194-95. 222-23. 278 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), 191,197, 217, 223, 224, 229, 232 Cologne European Council, 44 color revolutions: North Macedonia, 199200; Orange Revolution (Ukraine), 11, 112,146, 228-29, 239, 243; Rose Revolu tion (Georgia), 112,146, 228, 239, 24243; and Russian ontological security and identity, 146, 239, 271; as turn to liberal agenda, 112 Combined Production and Resources Board, 50Ո68 Commission on Security and Coopera tion (CSCE), 227-28, 233. See also Organization for Security and Co operation in Europe (OSCE) Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER), 44, 68 Committee of Representatives (WWI), 37 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP): enforcement in, 63; as formal institution, 43,44; formation of, 43, 44; and maritime security (EUMSS), 8688, 90, 91,96,99, 269; as new/unset-
Index I 289 tied, 6,77, 276; Russian cooperation on, 241, 242 Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), 6, 45,88-89, 24Յ Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 149, 217, 219-20, 229, 231, 272 Communication on Hybrid Threats and Action Plan against Disinformation, 253 community of practices: concept, 224-25; and Eurasian regionalism, 218, 224-33, 273 Comprehensive Approach to Crisis, 253 conflicts: and community of practices approach, 225-26; and European Neighborhood Policy, 112,118; RussiaEU coordination on, 242 constructivism: and EU cohesion on sanctions, 62, 63-64,66-68, 72, 76-77; in EU foreign policy, 8, 252; and prefer ence convergence, 67; and Russia’s pivot away from EU, 3-4 Contact Group, 192 Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty, 222 cooperation and coordination between EU and Russia: and Eurasian regional ism, 226-27; EU-Russia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, 147, 22627; in overview, 1,10-11, 263; and Rus sian self-identity, 142-43, 241-43; and Southeast Europe, 192,196,197 cooperation and coordination within EU: and EEAS, 116,121-22,126-27; and European Neighborhood Policy, 116, 118,122,124,126-27. See also defense cooperation, EU COREPER (Committee of Permanent Representatives), 44, 68 corruption, 124,126,128Ո40,198, 254, 255 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 222 Council of the EU. See European Council СОѴГО-19,196, 203 Cox, Pat, 115 Cozy Bear, 16 Crimea, annexation of: and cyber war fare, 16; and EU defense coordination, 45-46; and Russian self-identity, 148, 150, 239, 250; and Southeast Europe, 196,200; as turning point, 264. See
also sanctions against Russia crises: effect on defense coordination, 30, 31.33.34-35.41. 44. 45-46, 47, 268; effect on European Neighborhood Pol icy, 122-23; and EU as proactive, 99101, 253; EU as reactive, 100-101, 217, 221, 233, 251-52, 274-75; EU coordi nated responses, 242, 253; as opportu nity of uncertainty, 6, 267; as term, 6. See also Ukraine crisis crisp set analysis, 170 Croatia, 188,189,194, 203, 204-5,272 Cross, Mai’a K. Davis, 1-26, 263-80 cross-national layering, 34 CSDP (Common Security and Defence Policy), 6,45, 88-89, 243 CSTO (Collective Security Treaty Orga nization), 191,197, 217, 223, 224, 229, 232 cults of personality, 168,171 Customs Union, 219,223, 227. See also Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) Cyberberkut, 16 Cyber Defence Policy Framework, 89 cyber hygiene, 180-81 cyber warfare: in Bulgaria, 201; by China, 161; comparative analysis of, 169-81; countering, 89,180-81,253; economic espionage, 161; institutional variables in, 167-69; overview and summary of, 15-16,160-64,265,271-72,276; in Russo-Georgian War, 13,147; truth table, 170,175; in Ukraine crisis, 16,163. See also disinformation; election inter ference; nonlinear/hybrid warfare Cyprus, 189, 201, 204, 205 Czech Republic, 10, 52Ш01, 263 Daladier, Édouard, 38 DCFTA (Deep Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement): and consensus on sanctions, 75; EU mistakes, 249; and Eurasian regionalism, 273; and Euro pean Neighborhood Policy, 109,112,
շ c) о ļ Index DCFTA (continued) 117,118-19,122 1շ6 ւշ7; expectations of Ukraine signing, 135,151; as technical document, 240; as threat to Russian identity, 252 death, state, 138 decision-making: and domestic factors, 5; and EU consensus culture, 66-68; and EU disaggregation, 7-8, 9, 266; by EU in Ukraine crisis, 63, 252, 255, 268-69, 275-76; and maritime security coordi nation, 86-87; NATO defense coordi nation, 42; and Russian centralization, 266; and Russian Southeast Europe policy, 272; sovereignty and norms, 5, 29, 222 Declaration of Intent to Establish Euro pean Air Transport Fleet, 45 Deep Comprehensive Free Trade Agree ment. See DCFTA (Deep Comprehen sive Free Trade Agreement) Defence Procurement Code of Conduct, 45 defense cooperation: and Eurasian regionalism, 217-18; within Southeast Europe, 196-201; between Southeast Europe and Russia, 191,196,197; USRussia security coordination after 9/11, 11, 241, 263. See also defense coopera tion, EU; security defense cooperation, EU: challenges of, 29-30; endogamous change in, 33-34; history of, 30-31,35-46, 47-48; infor mal cooperation’s role in formal coop eration, 30-31,33, 35-47; informal vs. formal institutions, 33; and institu tional layering, 30-31,33-47, 268; and latent capacity, 30-31, 33. 34. 35֊47. շ68; and 9/11 attacks, 47-48, 268; overview and summary of, 17, 29-31, 268; role of crises in, 30, 31,33,34-35, 41, 44. 45֊4б, 47, 268; scholarship on, 32-33; struc tured vs. enhanced cooperation, 52П122; and Ukraine crisis, 30,31,41, 45-46, 69-70; as voluntary, 29,30. See also maritime security
coordination; security deliberative perspective and cohesion on sanctions, 62, 64-65, 66,72-73 democracy and democratization: and Association Agreements, 152; and EEAS, 124; as EU norm/goal, 146, 248, շ53 279; and Eurasian regionalism, 227, 229; and European Neighborhood Pol icy revision, 111,121; and maritime security, 98; and nonlinear warfare, 164,168,178; weakness of Russian democracy, 10,143 Democratic National Committee, hack ing of, 16,160,164,175 Deripaska, Oleg, 204 DG NEAR (Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations), 117,121, 253 disinformation: comparative analysis of, 169-81; countering, 89,180-81, 253; institutional variables in, 167-69; over view and summary of, 15-17,18,16064, 264, 265, 266-67, 271-72, 278-79; in Southeast Europe, 196; in Soviet era, 161,162,178, 266; trolls and troll farms, 16-17,164,168,174, 271; truth table, 170, 175. See also election interference; non linear/hybrid warfare Djukanovic, Milo, 198, 204 Dodik, Milorad, 193,199, 204, 207, 272 Dodon, Igor, 275 domestic factors and policy: effect on decision-making, 5; Russia’s influence on, 188,205-9,264.272. See aho elec tion interference Donetsk People’s Republic, 20Ո53 Draft European Security Treaty, 231, 232-ՅՅ Dugin, Aleksandr, 149 EAEU. See Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) Eastern Partnership: role in EU, 113, 229, 253; Russian reactions to, 146,153, 226, 227, 239, 246 East Strategic Communication (StratComm) Task Force, 128Ո40 economics: and Association Agreements,
Index ļ 291 135-36,151-52,153, 240; Chinese eco nomic expansion, 219, 230, 232, 240, 247; economic espionage, 161; of EU as attractive, 244; and Eurasian regional ism, 217-19, 221, 231-32, 246-47, 272֊ 73; EU-Russia ties, 62-63, 68, 76, 227; EU-Ukraine ties, 75; and maritime security, 86, 93-95; prosperity and commitment to values, 244, 273; rival ries and, 166; and Russian self-identity, 241, 244; and sanctions on Russia, 6263, 68, 75, 76; Single Economic Space, 242, 243; Southeast Europe, 188,189֊ 90,191,193,195,198-200, 201-5, 206, 272. See also Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) EDA (European Defence Agency), 30, 32, 43,45. 89 EDC (European Defence Community), 30-31, 40-41, 47 EDF (European Defence Fund), 29, 31, 41, 45-46,47 election interference: in Bulgaria, 201; comparative analysis of, 169-79; in EU, 2,15,160,163,169-79,175, 267; institu tional variables in, 167-69; overview and summary of, 2,15,16,160-64, 267, 271-72; in US, 2,15,16,160,163-64,165, 167,175,177,179,181, 267, 278-79· See also disinformation; nonlinear/hybrid warfare emanations, 49Ո32 embargoes, 15, 59, 69 energy sector: energy dependence as variable in election tampering, 168, 169,170,173,175,177; energy security, 7, 92-93,166-67; EU dependence on Russia, 12, 61, 62,169, 202; and Eur asian regionalism, 218, 221; and Euro pean Neighborhood Policy revision, 119,121; International Energy Agency, 15; and nonlinear warfare, 163; and Russian identity as great power, 165, 167; and Russo-Georgian War, 13; and Southeast Europe, 188,190-91,193,195, 201-5, 206, 272; and Ukraine DCFTA negotiations, 118. See
also gas; oil Energy Union, 203 ENP. See European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) environmental standards and climate change, 7, 8, 268 EPC (European Political Cooperation), 42-4Յ ESDP (European Security and Defence Policy), 242, 243. See also Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) ESS (European Security Strategy), 30, 44, 84,111,125,146 Estonia, 16,160,165, 263 ethnicity: and Southeast Europe dissatis faction with EU, 206; as variable in election tampering, 168,169,170,17273,174,176-77,178 EU (European Union): as actor, 2, 6-10, 217, 222-24, 264, 266, 267-68; and admitting failure, 123-24; attraction, power of, 225,244; as community of practices, 225, 233; compared to CIS, 219-20; consensus culture of, 66-68; economics of EU as attractive, 244; economic ties with Russia, 62-63, 68, 76,227; economic ties with Ukraine, 75; enlargement, 111,125,145,189,192, 219-20; and Eurasian regionalism, 21920, 223-24, 233; formation of, 219; and Greater Eurasia Project, 232; great power directoire, 71-73,77; as humani tarian power, 86, 96-100, 269; institu tional identity of, 9; interpretive bias in, 217, 221; liberal world order role, 3, 279; Missions, 242, 254; overview of, 2-4, 6-10; as proactive power, 2, 3,1415,17-18,99-101, 252-5Յ, 255-56, 26770, 274-76; as reactive power, 2,3,10, 85,100-101, 217, 221, 233,251-52, 267, 268, 274-75; relations among EU insti tutions, 116,121-22,126-27; and Rus sian self-identity, 136,141,143-47, iso si, 153-54,155, 271: and Russo-Georgian War, 13-14,248; Southeast Europe dis satisfaction with, 205-6, 207, 275; Southeast Europe influence and
enlargement, 187,189, 207, 209-10, 265;
292 I Index EU (European Union) (continued) as term, 20Ո22; tools of, 5-6,7, 266, 267-68; triangular diplomacy from, 3. See also Association Agreements; cooperation and coordination between EU and Russia; cooperation and coor dination within EU; decision-making; defense cooperation, EU; disinforma tion; EU Maritime Security Strategy (EUMSS); European Commission; European External Action Service (EEAS); European Neighborhood Pol icy (ENP); European Parliament; mari time security coordination; nonlinear/ hybrid warfare; norms and normative approach; sanctions against Russia; Southeast Europe; Ukraine crisis EU Global Strategy: and decline of liber alism, 125; development of, 46,109; and European Neighborhood Policy, 109, 117,118,125,127; revision of, 18,123,124, 125 EU KONVER, 43-44 EU Maritime Security Strategy (EUMSS): adoption of, 84, 89, 90; draft and text, 92-93; and humanitarian power of EU, 86, 96-100, 269; methodology, 101m; origins of, 86-89; overview and sum mary of, 84-86, 269; scope of, 84; and Ukraine crisis, 84-86, 90-93, 95-97. See also maritime security coordination EU Military Committee, 42 EU Military Staff, 32 EUMSS. See EU Maritime Security Strat egy (EUMSS) EU-NATO, 44,46,96 Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU): as community of practices, 229; and Eur asian regionalism, 223, 229, 246-47; EU rejection of, 18; and Greater Eur asia Project, 232; and in-between coun tries, 219; Serbia deal, 191; status of, 224 Eurasianism movement, 149 Eurasian regionalism: community of practices approach, 218,224-33.273; competition in, 220-24; definition of area, 234Ո2;
and economics, 217-19, 221, 231-32, 246-47, 272-73; lack of sta bility in, 218-19; overview and sum mary of, 18, 217-18, 264, 272-73; and security, 217-18, 223, 224, 231, 232-33, 272 Eurogroup of National Armament Direc tors (EURONAD), 42 Euromaidan protests. See Maidan Revo lution/Revolution of Dignity; Ukraine crisis Euromissile initiative, 41 EURONAD (Eurogroup of National Armament Directors), 42 Europe. See EU (European Union); Euro pean Neighborhood Policy (ENP); Southeast Europe European Agenda on Security (2015), 46 European Armaments Agency, 44 European Armaments Policy Council Working Group, 44 European Capabilities Action Plan (2001), 44 European Coal and Steel Community, 7 European Commission: and Arab Spring, 124; control concerns, 90; and EEAS relations, 116,121; Energy Union, 203; and EU interactions, 253; and EUMSS formation, 86, 88-89, 90, 95-96, 97, 98, 99,100; and European Neighborhood Policy, 114,117; and Ukraine crisis, 45, 46, 68,71-72 European Council, 7, 44,144 European Defence Action Plan, 42 European Defence Agency (EDA), 30, 32, 43. 45. 89 European Defence Capabilities Initiative, 44 European Defence Community (EDC), 30-31, 40-41, 47 European Defence Equipment Market, 45 European Defence Fund (EDF), 29, 31, 41, 45-46, 47 European Defence Improvement Pro gram, 42 European Defence Industrial Develop ment Programme, 155
Index I 293 European Defence Industrial Group, 42, 43 European Economic Community, 222 European External Action Service (EEAS): ad hoc missions, 115; and Association Agreements and DCFTAs, 113.118-19; culture of, 115; and exper tise, 115,117,121-22,127; founding and origins of, 7,45,109,110-11; and Global Strategy revision, 18,123,124,125; inno vations by, 115-16,119-21,126-27; and maritime security (EUMSS), 84, 86, 88-89,90,95-96,97,98,100; overview and summary of, 18,264,269; relations with other EU institutions, 116,121-22, 126-27; role of, 110-11,114-16,118-19, 121-24,126-27, 264; scholarly focus on, 9; and Ukraine crisis, 68,71-72,115, 251, 252. See also European Neighbor hood Policy (ENP) European Framework Cooperation, 45 European Neighborhood Policy (ENP): aversion to admitting failure, 123-24; consultation process, 119-21,122,126, 127; early approaches of, 111-14; interest-based approach, 117-18,127; lack of differentiation in, 112,121; over view and summary of, 18,108-10,146, 269-70; ownership in, 109,112,117,119, 120,121,127; and reforms, 113,124; rela tions with other EU institutions, 116, 121-22; revision of 2015,108-10,114-23, 125-27, 264, 269-70; Russia inclusion in negotiations on Ukraine DCFTA, 117.118-19,126,127, 275, 285; Russian reactions to, 111-13,153, 226, 242, 246 European Parliament: and EEAS rela tions, 116,122; and European Neigh borhood Policy, 114,117; and Ukraine crisis, 46, 70 European Political Cooperation (EPC), 42-4Յ European Security and Defence Coopera tion, 30,45 European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), 242, 243. See also
Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) European Security Strategy (ESS), 30, 44, 84,111,125,146 European Union. See EU (European Union) EU-Russia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, 147, 226-27 exogenous shocks and defense coordina tion, 34-35 expertise and EEAS, 115,117,121-22,127 explanation through interpretation, 65 export restrictions, 59 Facebook. See social media and disinfor mation failure, aversion to admitting, 123-24 fake news, 15-16,178-79,196, 267. See also disinformation Fancy Bear, 16,160 federalism, as variable in election tam pering, 170,172,175,177 Federation Council of Russia, 15 Five Principles, 220 Fouchet Plan, 51Ո82 Framework Nations Concept, 45 France: Africa coordination with Russia, 243; disinformation and election inter ference in, 15,160,164,165,167,175, 180; as dominant force in EU, 71; and EU defense coordination, 32,35-37,3839,41,42, 45, 46; and Eurasian region alism, 232; and maritime security coor dination, 87, 88, 90,91, 94; NATO enlargement opposition, 13; Russian economic ties, 62; and Russo-Georgian War, 147,248; and Ukraine crisis sanc tions, 71,74; UK rivalry, 32 Franco-German Elysee Treaty, 41 freedom of press as variable in election tampering, 167,168,170,171-72,174, 175,176,177.181 Füle, Štefan, 151 fuzzy set analysis, 170 G7, Russian participation in, 59 gas: EU dependence on, 12, 63,170,175; interconnection projects, 203; Nabucco gas pipeline, 13; and Russo-Georgian
294 I Index gas (continued) War, 13; and Southeast Europe, 190-91, 201-5, 272; Southern Gas Corridor, 190-91; South Stream pipeline, 62,193, 201, 202-3, 204; TurkStream, 203. See also energy sector Gazprom, 201, 202, 203 GazpromNeft, 201 General Security Agreement (2010), 45 Geneva International Discussions on Georgia, 248 Genscher-Colombo proposal, 43 Georgia; Association Agreement/ DCFTA, 112,151, 240; disinformation and cyber breaches in, 160,165; and Eurasian regionalism, 219; and Euro pean Neighborhood Policy, 112,113,117; and NATO membership, 13; reforms in, 113; Rose Revolution, 112,146, 228, 239, 242-43. See also Abkhazia; RussoGeorgian War; South Ossetia Gerasimov, Vasyli, 161,162, 266 “Gerasimov Doctrine,” 162-64 Germany: disinformation and cyber cam paigns in, 17,160,164,165,167,168,169, 175,180; energy dependence on Russia, 169; and EU defense coordination, 41, 45, 46; and European Neighborhood Policy, 129Ո57; and maritime security coordination, 85, 87, 88, 89, 94, 269; NATO enlargement opposition, 13; and Russian self-identity and ontological security, 147; and Russo-Georgian War, 147; and Ukraine crisis sanctions, 67, 70,71,73,74; withdrawal of Russian troops from, 10 Ghent Initiative, 45 Giddens, Anthony, 136,137 Global Strategy. See EU Global Strategy Grabar-Kitarović, Kolinda, 188 Greater Eurasia Project, 231-32 great powerhood: EU great power direc toire, 71-73, 77; and recognition, 14142,150-51, 271; and Russian foreign policy in Southeast Europe, 194; and Russian nonlinear warfare, 18,165-67, 179, 271-72; Russian ontological secu rity,
141-43.144.147.149-51,153,154, 270-71; and Russian pivot away from EU, 18, 244-47, 254-55; Russian selfidentity and Ukraine crisis, 18, 241, 247-50,273-74 Greece: as Balkan state, 189; economic crisis, 205; energy sector, 203; and mar itime security, 90-93,94, 95, 96-97; Prespa Agreement, 199, 208; and Rus sian foreign policy, 188,193,194, 200, 205, 206-7, 272; US troops in, 190 Greneli, Richard, 191 Gruevski, Nikola, 199, 2iinio Grybauskaitė, Dalia, 69 hacking, 16,160,164,174. See abo cyber warfare Hague, William, 67, 69 Hahn, Johannes, 117,121 Hammond, Philip, 74 Harriman, Averell, 39 Headline Goals, 44 Helsinki process. See Commission on Security and Cooperation (CSCE) Helsinki Summit (1999), 44 Heusgen, Christoph, 73 High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, creation of, 7-8 humanitarianism: humanitarian power of EU, 86, 96-100, 269; and Russia in Southeast Europe, 196; scholarly focus on humanitarian power, 9 Hungary: NATO entry, 10, 263; prosperity and traditional values, 244; and sanc tions on Russia, 70, 71, 73,75; Visegrad Group, 52Ш01 hybrid warfare. See cyber warfare; non linear/hybrid warfare identity: agency and organizational iden tity, 224; EU institutional identity, 9; and Eurasian regionalism, 224; narra tives and state identity, 138-39,149-50; and relations to other actors, 137,13940,143-47,150-51,271; and religion, 148; Russian self-identity and engage-
Index I 295 ment with West, 241-43,265,273-74, 275; Russian self-identity as great power, 18, 241, 247-50, 273-74; Russian self-identity background, 140-51. See also ontological security IEPG (Independent European Pro gramme Group), 42. See also Western European Armaments Group (WEAG) IGOs (international governmental orga nizations), 49Ո32 immigration: as EU wake-up call, 108,115, 122,123, 269; and maritime security, 93, 94, 95, 97,100; and Russian disinforma tion, 163,174-75; and Southeast Europe dissatisfaction with EU, 206 IMP (Integrated Maritime Policy), 84, 88 Independent European Programme Group (IEPG), 42. See also Western European Armaments Group (WEAG) India, 229 Individual Partnership Agreement, Ser bia, 197 influence, as EU tool, 7, 267-68 information war. See cyber warfare; disin formation; nonlinear/hybrid warfare INF Treaty, 223, 278 Instagram, 164. See also social media and disinformation institutional layering and defense coordi nation, 30-31,33-47, 268 Integrated Approach to Crises, 253 Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP), 84, 88 integration of integrations, 231-32, 273 Inter-Allied Council, 37 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, 223, 278 Internal Security Strategy (ISS), 84 International Court of Justice, 198 International Energy Agency, 15 international governmental organizations (IGOs), 49Ո32 interpretive bias, 217, 221 Iran, 14,111,177 Iraq War, 145,146 ISS (Internal Security Strategy), 84 Italian Energy Company, 62 Italy: and defense coordination, 36, 37, 44; economic ties to Russia, 62; and mari time security coordination, 88, 91, 94, 95;
and Russo-Georgian War, 147; and Ukraine crisis sanctions, 71,75 Ivanov, Igor, 242-43 Japan, 206 Joint Action Plan in the Field of Euro pean Security and Defence Policy, 242 Joint Committee (Allies), 49Ո49 Joint Declaration on Further Practical Steps in Developing Political Dialogue and Cooperation on Crisis Manage ment and Security Matters, 242 Joint Investment Program on Research and Technology, 45 Karamarko, Tomislav, 204-5 Karolewski, Ireneusz Paweł, і~2б, 263-80 Kazakhstan, 240, 242, 246-47 Kerry, John, 187 Knežević, Milan, 198 Korean War and EU defense coordina tion, 31,39 Kosovo: Albanian minority in, 207; inde pendence and recognition, 12,193,19899, 201, 209, 240-41, 245; intervention in, 190,191, 241; and Russian foreign policy, 192,193,198-99, 201 Kozak, Dmitry, 244 Kozak memorandum, 244-45 Kozyrev, Andrei, 192 Krasnodębska, Molly, 18,135-59, 264, 265, 270-71 Krois, Dominika, 128Ո39 Kurz, Sebastian, 73,75-76 Kwasniewki, Aleksander, 115 Kyrgyzstan, 146, 228-29, 239, 247 Laeken European Summit (2001), 44 “Lancaster House” treaty, 45 latent capacity and defense coordination, 30-31, 33. 34. 35-47. 268 Latvia, 263 Lavrov, Sergey, 199, 232, 246
296 ļ Index law: and Association Agreements, 152; and EU-Russia Partnership and Coop eration Agreement, 227; and maritime security, 98, 99,100; and Russian pol icy in Southeast Europe, 188; and Ukraine crisis sanctions, 73-74 layering. See cross-national layering; institutional layering and defense coordination League of Nations, 38 Le Pen, Marine, 15,160,180 Letter of Intent (Loi) Framework Agree ment Treaty, 43 liberalism and liberal world order: color revolutions as turn to, 112; and EEAS, 125; EUs role in resilience of, 3, 279; Southeast Europe dissatisfaction with, 206; as under threat, 1-2,125, 276, 277 Libya, 47, 268 Lisbon Treaty, 7,30 Lithuania, 17, 69,148,160 London Report (1981), 43 Lugansk People’s Republic, 20Ո53 Lukoil, 201-2 Maastricht Treaty (Treaty of European Union), 43,44, 52Ո122, 219, 226 Macedonia. See North Macedonia Macron, Emmanuel, 180, 232, 253 Maidan Revolution/Revolution of Dig nity: and Association Agreement, 135; protests, 14; and Russian ontological security and identity, 151,152-55, 239, 250; and shift to West, 136. See also Ukraine crisis Malaysian Airlines MH17,59,74,163 Malofeev, Konstantin, 199 Mandić, Andrija, 198 Maness, Ryan C., 18,160-86, 266, 271-72, 278-79 Margelov, Mikhail, 153-54 maritime security coordination: effect on humanitarian power of EU, 86, 96-100, 269; with NATO, 96; opposition to, 85, 87-88, 89,94, 269; overview of, 17, 8486, 269, 274-75, 277-78; shift to con sensus on, 89,90-93, 95-97, 99-юі; before Ukraine crisis, 86-89; and WWI, 37. See also EU Maritime Secu rity Strategy (EUMSS) market access: as EU tool, 7,
267; restric tions on, 59 Martonyi, János, 73,75 material resources and power, 5, 265 media: fake news, 15-16,178-79,196, 267; freedom of press as variable in election tampering, 167,168,170,171-72,174, 175 176,177,181; in Southeast Europe, 193 196,199. See also disinformation Medvedev, Dmitry, 11,193,220,231 Merkel, Angela: on Balkan states, 187; criticism of Putin, 253; elections, 180; on limits of reactive power, 101; and North Macedonia, 208; and Ukraine crisis sanctions, 70,71,73 metapractices, 230-33 Military Production and Supply Board, 39 Military Standardization Agency, 50Ո70 Miloševič, Slobodan, 192 mining, 204 minorities: and EU-Russia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, 227; minority populations as variable in election tampering, 168,169,170,17273,174,176-77,178; and Southeast Europe dissatisfaction with EU, 206, 207 Minsk II talks, 15 Mogherini, Federica: on Balkans, 187; and European Neighborhood Policy revi sions, 116,117; as leader, 111,253; rela tions with Commission, 121; on Ukraine crisis sanctions, 75 Moldova: Association Agreement/ DCFTA, 112,126,151, 240; corruption in, 124,126,129Ո40; and Eurasian regionalism, 219; and European Neigh borhood Policy, 112,113,117,119.124 126; reforms in, 113,124; Russian for eign policy and influence, 187,195, 219, 240, 244-45, 248, 275; Transnistria, 69, 118,187,240, 244-45,248 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 195
Index I 297 Monnet, Jean, 31,36-37,38,39-40, 50Ո68 Montenegro: EU membership desire, 265; NATO accession, 190,195,197-98, 200, 207, 210, 277; and Russian foreign pol icy and influence, 187,198,200, 204, 205,207,209, 272 Myanmar, ա NATO IFOR, 192 NATO KFOR, 190,192 NATO Prague Summit (2002), 44 NATO-Russia Council, 11,145,263 NATO-Russia Founding Act on Mutual Relations of 1997,145 NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Council, Nabucco gas pipeline, 13 Naftna Industrija Srbije (NIS), 193, 201, 202 narratives and state identity, 138-39, 149-50 nationalism: and North Macedonia, 200, 207, 208; rise of and disinformation, 179,180,181; and Russian policy in Southeast Europe, 188, 200, 207,208, 265; and Ukraine crisis, 251 NATO: Afghanistan intervention, 11; balance-of-power theory, 222-23; and Balkan states, 11,12,189,190,192,195, 197-98, 200-201, 207-8, 209-10, 265, 277; Ballistic Missile Defense, 200; and Baltic states, 70, 263; disinformation campaigns against, 17; and EU defense coordination, 32, 42, 44-45, 46; and Eurasian regionalism, 219-20,223-24, 231, 233; Framework Nations Concept, 45; and maritime security coordina tion, 96; Military Standardization Agency, 50Ո70; number of members, 219-20; Russian cooperation with, 11, 145, 263; Russian military pressure on, 2; and Russian self-identity, 144-45, 166,271; and Temporary Council Com mittee, 39; and Trump, 3,155, 264-65, 278. See also NATO enlargement NATO enlargement: and Eurasian regionalism, 219-20, 231; German and French opposition to, 13; lack of Rus sian opposition to, 10,144-45,192, 247, 263; Russian opposition to,
11,12-13, 197-98, 240-41,276; and Russian selfidentity, 166, 271; and Southeast Europe, 187,190,197-98, 207-8, 20910, 272, 277 NATO EuroGroup, 42 NATO SFOR, 192 neoliberalism: and maritime security, 93, 94,97-98,99; and Russian nonlinear warfare, 163-64 neo-revisionism, 146,154 Netherlands: concerns about Commis sion’s role on control, 90; disinforma tion and election interference in, 15, 164,167,175,180; Russian economic ties, 63, 201; and Ukraine crisis sanc tions, 71 New Deal for European Defence Action Plan, 46 New Initiative on Effective Procurement Methods, 45 Nice Treaty, 44 Nikitina, Yulia, 18,217-33,264,265, 27273, 276,278 9/11 attacks, 11,47-48, 241, 263, 268 NIS (Naftna Industrija Srbije), 193, 201, 202 Nitoiu, Cristian, 18,108-32, 264, 269-70, 275, 276-77 nonlinear/hybrid warfare: and authoritar ian states, 265; comparative analysis, 169-81; defined, 163; EU coordinated efforts against, 253; institutional vari ables in, 167-69; overview and sum mary of, 16,18, 264, 265, 266-67, 27172; passportization, 12; reflexive control theory, 161-64,178; and Russian iden tity/great powerhood, 18,165-67,179, 271-72; in Russo-Georgian War, 13; in Southeast Europe, 196; truth table, 170, 175. See also cyber warfare; election interference; hacking Nordic Battle Groups, 45 Nordic Defence Cooperation (NORDEFCO), 44-45 145
298 ļ Index Normandy format, 71,77, 275-76 norms and normative approach: and community of practices approach, 22526; democratization as EU norm, 146, 248, 253, 279; and Eurasian regional ism, 220, 221-22, 225-26; and Euro pean Neighborhood Policy, 108-9, ա֊ 12,114,117,146; and humanitarian power of EU, 86, 96-100, 269; limits of, 108-9,117; and ontological security, 138,146, 255, 273; and rational choice, 64; rights-based, 65,72-76; and Rus sian identity and ontological security, 146, 255, 273; and sanctions in Ukraine crisis, 62, 64-65, 67,72-77, 255, 268-69; value-based, 65,72 North Macedonia: color revolution, 199200; energy sector, 203; NATO acces sion, 190, 200, 208, 210, 277; Ohrid Agreement, 244; Russian foreign policy and influence, 190,193,199-200, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209; US intervention in, 190,199, 200 nuclear technology: Bulgarian power plant, 193, 205, 206; and collapse of Soviet Union, 10; Iran nuclear agree ment, 14; treaties, 45, 223, 278 Nuland, Victoria, 250 Oathkeepers, 207 Obama, Barack and “reset” policy, 14,153, 217,278 OCCAR (Organization for Joint Arma ments Cooperation), 30,45,52Ո101 Ohio National Guard, 197 Ohrid Agreement, 244 oil, 59,193, 201-2. See aho energy sector ontological security: overview and sum mary of, 18,136,137-40, 264, 265, 27071, 274; and role of other actors, 137, 139-40; and routine, 139-40,144,151, 15z, 153,154-55, 271; Russian reactions to Association Agreements, 135-36, 151-55, 230, 239-40, 249-50, 252, 255, 264, 270-71, 275; and Russian selfidentity, 140-51; and subjectivity, 140 Orange Revolution (Ukraine),
11,112,146, 228-29, 239, 243 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 15 Organization for Joint Armaments Coop eration (OCCAR), 30, 45, 52П101 Organization for Security and Co operation in Europe (OSCE): and bal ance of power, 222, 231, 233; Russian disappointment with, 241; and Russian self-identity, 144,145; scholarly focus on, 219; and Transnistria, 244-45; and Ukraine crisis, 15 Orthodox Church, 148,150,194, 205, 207, 272 ownership, in European Neighborhood Policy, 109,112,117,119,120,121,127 Pakistan, 229 Palmer, Matthew, 210Ո3 Pan-Slavism, 148-49 parliamentary/presidential systems as variable in election tampering, 167,168, 170,171,175 Partnership for Peace Programme, 145 passportization, 12 Peace Implementation Council, 199 PESCO (Permanent Structured Coopera tion), 29-30,31, 41, 46,155 Petersberg Tasks, 44 piracy and maritime security coordina tion, 87, 94, 97 Pleven, René, 31, 39, 41 Plevneliev, Rosen, 201 Plowden, Edwin, 39 Poland: data breaches in, 160; defense coordination, 52Ո101; and Eastern Partnership, 146; and maritime secu rity coordination, 96; NATO entry, 10, 263; prosperity and traditional values, 244; as Slavic, 148; and Ukraine crisis sanctions, 69,75 Poliakov, Leonid, 241 Political and Security Committee, 32 pooling, 45, 93-94 populism: rise of, 181, 276, 279; and Rus-
Index ļ 299 sian disinformation, 164,168,170,171, 173.180 Poroshenko, Petro, 255 Portugal, 91 power: of attraction, 225, 244; balance-ofpower theory, 217, 222-23, 228, 278; as concept, 4֊6, 265-66; Eurasian region alism, 218, 220-22; humanitarian power of EU, 86, 96-100, 269; and material resources, 5,265; and practices of power, 228-29; rivalries and disin formation, 165-67,170-71,175,176,177, 178-79; and salient issues, 165,166; soft power in Southeast Europe, 205-9, 208; soft power in Ukraine, 149; tools of, 5-6,7, 266; types of EU, 9-10. See also great powerhood practices, community of. See community of practices preference convergence, 67 presidential/parliamentary systems as variable in election tampering, 167,168, 170,171,175 Prespa Agreement, 199,208 Primakov, Evgeny, 192 Prishtina, dash to, 192 privileged interests concept, 220 Putin, Vladimir: and Balkan states, 187, 199, 244-45; cooperation with EU and West, 11,192, 241-43, 263; criticism of, 253; on EU economic status, 244; Greater Eurasia Project, 231-32; and neo-revisionism, 146; and ontological security, 143,146; pivot away from EU and West, 11-17, 243; on Russia joining NATO, 145; and Russian self-identity, 143,148,165, 246-47; Single Economic Space, 242, 243; and Southeast Europe foreign policy, 192-93,199; and Trump, 264-65 qualitative comparative analysis of non linear warfare, 161,162,169-81 real estate sector, 204 realist approach: and Eurasian regional ism, 220, 223,226; and maritime secu rity coordination, 97; and material resources, 5; and Ukraine crisis sanc tions, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68-71, 72,
77 reflexive control, 161-64,178 reforms: and Association Agreements, 151-52; and European Neighborhood Policy, 113,124; Ukraine, 113, 254, 255 Reinfeldt, Fredrik, 76 religion: and Russian self-identity, 148, 150; and Southeast Europe-Russian relations, 194, 205, 207, 272 Reporters Without Borders, 171 Republika Srpska, 187,193,199, 205, 207, 272 Review of Russian Foreign Policy, 245 Revolution of Dignity. See Maidan Revo lution/Revolution of Dignity; Ukraine crisis Riddervold, Marianne, 17, 84-107, 269, 274֊75, 277-78 rights: and cohesion on sanctions, 62, 65, 72-77, 269; freedom of press as variable in election tampering, 167,168,170, 171-72,174,175,176,177,181; rightsbased norms, 65,72-76 rivalries: between France and UK, 32; and Russian disinformation, 165-67,17071,175,176,177.178-79 Romania: as Balkan state, 189; as EU member, 189; NATO accession, 192, 200-201; prosperity and traditional values, 244; Russian relations and for eign policy, 188,195-96, 200-201, 272; and security, 196,200; US troops in, 190 Rosatom, 205 Rosén, Guri, 17-18, 59, 61-83, 268, 2757б Rose Revolution (Georgia), 112,146, 228, 239. 242-43 routine and ontological security, 139-40, race, as variable in election tampering, 168,169,170,172-73.174.176-77.178 rational choice and norms, 64 144.151.152.153.154-55, 271 Russia: as actor, overview of, 10-17, 266, 271-74; as actor compared to EU, 2, 5,
Зоо ļ Index Russia (continued) 217, 222-24, 264, 266; Africa coordina tion with France, 243; balance-ofpower theory, 217, 222-23, 228, 278; decision-making and centralization, 266; as donor, 206; EU defense coordi nation with, 35-37, 45-46; EU eco nomic ties, 62-63, 68, 76, 227; inclusion in negotiations on Ukraine DCFTA, 117,118-19,126,127, 275, 285; NATO, cooperation with, 11,145, 263; NATO, enlargement of, 10,11,12-13,144-45, 166,192,197-98, 240-41, 247, 263, 271, 276; NATO, military pressure on, 2; NATO and Russian self-identity, 14445,166, 271; neo-revisionism, 146,154; and Orange Revolution (Ukraine), 11, 112,146, 239, 243; overview of, 1-4,1017; pivot away from EU, 1,3-4,11-17,18, 161, 243-47, 254-55, 263, 273; as reactive power, 276; and Rose Revolution (Georgia), 111,146, 228, 239, 242-43; Russian Revolution, 144; strategic cul ture, 136,140-51; and triangular diplo macy, 3. See also Association Agree ments; cooperation and coordination between EU and Russia; disinforma tion; election interference; energy sec tor; Eurasian regionalism; great powerhood; identity; nonlinear/hybrid warfare; ontological security; Putin, Vladimir; Russo-Georgian War; sanc tions against Russia; Southeast Europe; Soviet Union; Ukraine crisis Russo-Georgian War: causes, 13; and European Neighborhood Policy, 113; and EU-Russian relations, 1,11,12,1314,146-47,153; and Russian identity and ontological security, 248, 271; as turning point, 263 Saakashvili, Mikheil, 13, 228, 243 salient issues in power politics, 165,166 Salter, James Arthur, 31,35-36,37,38 Samokhvalov, Vsevolod, 18,
239-59, 265, 273-74. 275 sanctions against Iran, 14 sanctions against Russia: Balkan states’ refusal to join, 190,194; and coercion, 62, 63, 64, 68-73,76; and constructiv ism, 62, 63-64, 66-68, 72, 76-77; costs of, 68,136; and deliberative perspec tive, 62, 64-65, 66,72-73; and eco nomic ties, 62-63, 68,75,76; and great power directoire, 71-73, 77; and Malofeev, 199; norms and normative approach to, 62, 64-65, 67, 72-77, 255, 268-69; overview and summary of, 15, 46, 59-60, 61-62, 268-69, 275-76; real ist approach to, 62,63,64, 66,68-71, 72, 77; rights and cohesion on, 15, 59, 60, 62,65,72-77,268-69; Russian reac tion to, 153,155,166; and socialization, 63-64, 66-67, 77. 269; stages of, 59-60; as success, 61,125, 252-53, 255, 275 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 13-14, 248 Sawidi, Ivan, 200 Schilde, Kaija, 17, 29-58, 268 Schuman, Robert, 39 Schwarzenberg, Karel, 246 SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organiza tion), 223, 229, 232, 272-73 security: and cohesion on sanctions, 6970; energy security, 7, 92-93,166-67; and Eurasian regionalism, 217-18, 223, 224, 231, 232-33, 272; and European Neighborhood Policy, 112,118; proac tive approach to, 18, 277-78; Russia-EU coordination, 231, 232, 242, 244-45, 263; Russia-US security coordination, 11, 241, 263; and self-restraint, 225; of Southeast Europe, 196-201; of states, 138; Ukraine as threat to Russia, 135-36, 152-53,154; Ukrainian reforms, 254. See also defense cooperation; maritime security coordination; ontological security Security Strategy. See European Security Strategy (ESS) self-determination and cohesion on sanc tions, 62, 65,
73-74.76-77. 269 self-restraint and security, 225 Serbia: energy sector, 193, 201, 202, 203-4; and EU membership, 265; and Kosovo
Index ļ 301 independence, 198-99, 201; and Mon tenegro plot, 198; NATO cooperation, 197; NATO interventions in, 11,12,191; Russian cultural and historical ties, ւ94՜95 196-97, 205, 206, 207-9; Rus sian foreign policy and influence, 18788,190,191,192,193, 201, 202, 203-4, 206, 272; and security, 196-97 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 223, 229,232, 272-73 Shanghai spirit, 229 shocks and defense coordination, 34-35 Sikorski, Radosław, 75 Silk Road Economic Belt. See Belt and Road Initiative Single Economic Space, 242,243 Sintra Defence Ministers Meeting (2000), 44 Sjursen, Helene, 17-18,59,61-83, 268, 275-76 Slavic culture and Russian self-identity, 143,148-49.272 Slovakia, 12, 52Ո101, 70 Slovenia, 188,189,194, 272 socialization: and EU cohesion, 8, 63-64, 66-67, 77, 225, 269; and Eurasian regionalism, 229, 230; and Transnistria negotiations, 248 social media and disinformation, 164, 168,169,171,175,176,178-79, 267, 271 Sophia mission, 84,100 Southeast Europe: defined, 189-91; dissat isfaction with EU, 205-6, 207, 275; eco nomics, 188,189-90,191,193,195,198200, 201-5, 206, 272; EU’s influence and enlargement, 187,189, 207, 209-10, 265; NATO enlargement, 187,190,19798, 207-8, 209-10, 272,277; Russian cultural and historical ties, 194-95, 205-9; Russian policy and influence, 18,187-89,191-94, 201-10, 264, 265, 272; security and defense, 191,196-201 Southern Gas Corridor, 190-91 South Ossetia, 12,13-14,147, 240, 248 South Stream pipeline, 62,193, 201,202-3, 204 sovereignty: and EU decision-making and norms, 5, 29, 222; and Eurasian regionalism, 230; and nonlinear
war fare, 163; right to and cohesion on sanctions, 15, 59, 60, 65,73-74, 76-77, 264, 268-69; and Southeast Europe, 188,199, 206, 265; and state death, 138 Soviet Union: disinformation use, 161, 162,178, 266; end of, 10,150; and EU defense coordination, 31,39-41; and Eurasian regionalism, 228-29, 233; and great powerhood self-identity, 141, 149-50; legacy of practices, 228-29, 233; Southeast Europe ties to, 194-95 Spain: disinformation and cyber cam paigns in, 160,164,167,168,172,175, 177,179; and maritime security coordi nation, 86-87, 88,90, 91, 94 Special Division for Strategic Communi cations in the East, 253 Srbijagas, 203-4 Stanzel, Volker, 123 state capture in Southeast Europe, 188, 198, 204,208,209 state death, 138 status and legitimacy, 224 Steinmeier, Frank-Walter, 70, 71 St. Malo Declaration, 43 StratComm (East Strategic Communica tion) Task Force, 128Ո40 strategic culture, 136,140-51 Stuttgart Solemn Declarations, 43 subjectivity and ontological security, 140 Support for Industry Cooperation in the Defence Material Area, 44 Sweden, 61, 63, 67, 69,76,129Ո57,146 Syria, 167,177 Taliban, 11 Temporary Council Committee, 39 territorial integrity: and cohesion on sanctions, 62, 65, 73-74, 75; and Euro pean Neighborhood Policy revision, 119,121; and limits of EU involvement, 251; as salient issue in power politics, 166 TEU. See Maastricht Treaty (Treaty of European Union)
302 ļ Index TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union), 52Ո122 Thaçi, Hashim, 198-99 Third Energy Package, 203 TKG, 204 Transatlantic Trade and Investment Part nership, 7, 231 Transnistria, 69,118,187, 240, 244-45, 248 Trans-Pacific Partnership, 231 travel bans, 15, 59 Treaty of European Union (TEU). See Maastricht Treaty (Treaty of European Union) Treaty of Lisbon, 7,30 Treaty on the Functioning of the Euro pean Union (TFEU), 52Ո122 triangular diplomacy, 3 trolls and troll farms, 16-17,164,168,174, 271. See abo disinformation Trump, Donald: balance-of-power approach, 217; collusion with Russia, 16; and disinformation and election interference, 16,164,174,175,181, 267, 278-79; effect on EU-Russia relations, 2, 3-4, 6,101, 276-79; and European Neighborhood Policy, 124-25; and Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty withdrawal, 223; and maritime security, 101; and NATO, 3,155,264-65, 278; and Putin, 3, 264-65; and Russian sanctions, 155; and Southeast Europe, 190-91,210, 277; as threat to liberal world order, 1-2; and Ukraine rela tions, 255-56 truth table on disinformation, 170,175 Tsipras, Alexis, 194, 205 Turkey, 195,196, 203 TurkStream/TurkStream 2, 203 Twitter. See social media and disinformation Tymoshenko, Yulia, 11, 249 UK Joint Expeditionary Force, 45 Ukraine: disinformation and nonlinear warfare in, 15,16,160,163,164,165,167, 168,169,175,177,179-80; energy sector, 7,12,118,169; EU economic ties, 75; EU mission to, 253; and Eurasian regional ism, 219; independence, 150; NATO membership, 13; Orange Revolution, 11, 112,146, 228-29, 239, 243; practices
of power, 228-29; reforms, 113, 254, 255; and Russian self-identity, 148-50,154, 271; as security threat to Russia, 135-36, 152-53,154; Single Economic Space, 242; US relations, 255-56. See also Association Agreements; Ukraine crisis Ukraine crisis: asset freezes, 15; costs to Russia, 68,136,167; EU as proactive, 14-15, 99-101, 252-53, 255-56, 274-75; EU as reactive, 85, 217, 221, 233, 251-52, 274-75; and EU defense coordination, 30,31, 41, 45-46, 69-70; EU mistakes in, 248-50, 251-52,273-74; and Eur asian regionalism, 219; and European Neighborhood Policy revision, 108-10, 114-23,125-27, 264, 269-70; nonlinear/ hybrid warfare in, 16,163; overview of factors, 239-40; Russia mistakes in, 249-51, 273-74; scholarship on, 63-64; and Southeast Europe relations with Russia, 190,193-94,196, 200, 209; travel bans, 15; and triangular diplo macy, 3; as turning point, 2,14-15,1089,122-23,217,264. See also Association Agreements; Crimea, annexation of; maritime security coordination; onto logical security; sanctions against Rus sia; Ukraine UNCLOS [UN Convention on the Law of the Sea], 98 United Kingdom: Brexit, 175,179, 267; and Commissions control, 90; disin formation and election interference in, 160,164,165-67,175,177,178-79, 267; as dominant force in EU, 71; and EU defense coordination, 32,35-39, 44, 45; and maritime security coordination, 85, 87, 89, 94,96, 269; rivalry with France, 32; rivalry with Russia, 175, 178-79; and Ukraine crisis sanctions, 67, 69,71, 74, 75 United Nations, 8,192
Index ļ 303 United States: balance-of-power approach to Russia, 217, 223, 278; as destabilizing force, 1-2, 3-4, 6, 7,19, 264-65, 276-79; disinformation and election interfer ence in, 2,15,16,160,163-64,165,167, 175.177 178-79,181, 267, 278-79; as donor, 206; and EU defense coordina tion, 32,37, 40,50Ո68; and EU energy security, 166-67; and European Neigh borhood Policy, 124-25; and maritime security, 101; “reset” policy, 14,153, 217, 278; and Russian self-identity and ontological security, 136,144,146,151, 153; Russia-US security coordination after 9/11,11, 241, 263; and RussoGeorgian War, 13-14,147; sanctions against Russia, 59, 60,75,76,155,166, 199; and Southeast Europe, 190-91,197, 199, 200, 210; and Transnistria conflict, 244-45; Ukraine relations, 255-56. See also Trump, Donald Vilnius Summit (2013), 135,151 Vince Owen mission, 115 Visegrad Group, 52Ш01 Visegrad Group Defence Cooperation, 52Ո101 Voronin, Vladimir, 245 Vredeling report (1986), 42 Vučić, Aleksandar, 197,198,199, 208-9 Wales Summit (2014), 46, 96 war on terror, 241 Warsaw Pact Organization, 222 Western European Armaments Group (WEAG), 30, 42, 43 Western European Armaments Organiza tion (WEAO), 43 Western European Union (WEU), 30, 42, 43, 44, 51П80 Wheat Executive, 36-37 WikiLeaks, 16,160,164,175 Wilder, Geert, 180 World War 1,35-37,195 World War II, 38-39 Yanukovych, Viktor: and Association Agreement, 14,113,135,152,154, 24950, 273; Russian backing of, 11, 249 Yeltsin, Boris, 10,144,192 YouTube, 164. See also social media and disinformation Yugoslavia: dissolution of, 189,192, 208; interventions in,
11,115; Russian cul tural and historical ties, 194-95. See also Balkan states; Southeast Europe Yushchenko, Viktor, 11 Zaev, Zoran, 200 Zarubezhneft, 204 Zelenskiy, Volodymyr, 255 Zelensky, Vladimir, 229, 251 Zielinski, Rosella Cappella, 17, 29-58, 268 Zlatev, Valentin, 202 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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Contents 1 ļ Introduction: Power Dynamics in EU-Russian Relations Mai’a K. Davis Cross and Ireneusz Paweł Karolewski і The EU’s Foreign Policy vis-à-vis Russia 2 Į European Military Power: Institutional Legacies and External Threat in EU Defense Cooperation Rosella Cappella Zielinski and Kaija Schilde 29 3 ļ Arguing Sanctions: On the EU’s Response to the Crisis in Ukraine Helene Sjursen and Guri Rosén 59 4 ļ Crisis and Cooperation: How the Ukraine Crisis Enabled the EU’s Maritime Foreign and Security Powers Marianne Riddervold 84 5 I The European External Action Service and the Ukraine Crisis: The Case of the 2015 Revision of the European Neighbourhood Policy Cristian Nitiou 108 Russia’s Foreign Policy: The Domestic and International Context 6 I Confrontation as Ontological Security: Russia’s Reactions to the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement Molly Krasnodębska 135 7 I Death by a Thousand Cuts: Is Russia Winning the Information War with the West? Ryan C. Maness 160
vi ļ Contents 8 ļ The Russian Challenge in Southeast Europe Dimitar Bechev 187 9 I Russia’s Regionalism Projects in Eurasia Yulia Nikitina 217 ro I Power, Identity, and Circumstances: Three Factors in the Ukrainian Crisis Vsevolod Samokhvalov 239 Conclusions 11 Į Europe-Russia Relations in the Shadow of the Transatlantic Divide Ireneusz Paweł Karolewski and Mai’a K. Davis Cross 263 Contributors 281 Index 287 Digital materials related to this title can be found on the Fulcrum platform via the following citable URL: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.10202357
Index Abkhazia, 12,13-14,147, 240, 248 actors: in community of practices, 225; EU as, 6-10, 266, 267-68; EU/Russia differences, 2,5, 217,222-24, 264, 266; institutional actors and EUMSS forma tion, 95-96; in power concept, 4-6; and recognition of great powerhood, 141-42,150-51, 271; rivalries and, 16567; Russia as, 10-17, 266, 271-74; and self-identity, 137,139-40,143-47,15051, 271 Adler, Emanuel, 224-25 Afghanistan, NATO intervention, 11 agency: and Eurasian regionalism, 224, 230, 233; and ontological security, 137, 140; and organizational identity, 224 Agreement on Cooperation in the Defence Materiel Area (2014), 45 Agrokor, 205 Albania, 189,199, 200 Alliance Maritime Strategy, 96 Allied Maritime Transport Council, 37 Allied Purchasing Missions, 39 Allied Supplies Commission, 35-36 Allies defense coordination (WWI), ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), 232 Ashton, Catherine, 30, 67,110-11,124, 2571137 asset freezes, 15,59 Association Agreements: and community of practices approach, 225-26; and consensus on sanctions, 75; as eco nomic threat, 135-36,151-52,153, 240; and Eurasian regionalism, 226, 230, 273; and European Neighborhood Pol icy revision, 113,118; expectations of signing, 135,151; and reforms, 151-52; and Russian ontological security and identity, 135-36,151-55, 230, 239-40, 249-50, 252, 255, 264, 270-71, 275 Atalanta mission, 87 “Athena” mechanism, 44 Atomstroyexport, 205 Austria, 73,75-76,164,167,175,180, 201 authoritarianism: and Eurasian regional ism, 219, 220, 222, 229, 273; and interest in legitimacy, 224; and nonlinear/ hybrid warfare, 265
Azerbaijan, 119, 219, 240 35-37 Aluminium Plant of Podgorica, 204 Amsterdam Treaty, 44 Anglo-French Purchasing Board, 39 APT 28,160 Arab Spring and EEAS, 124, 269 Arbatov, Alexei, 142 Arctic, Russian aggression in, 100 Armenia, 119, 219, 247 backwardness, perceptions of, 141,143 balance-of֊power theory, 217, 222-23, 228, 278 Baldwin, David, 4-5 Balkan states: defining, 189; EU defense coordination during Balkan wars, 47, 268; and NATO, 188,192,195,197-98, 200-201, 207-8, 209-10, 265; and 287
շ88 I Index Balkan states (continued) Russian policy evolution, 18,187-89, 191-94,199, 244-45, 265, 272; and Rus sian self-identity, 148,150; and sanc tions on Russia, 190,194. See also spe cific countries Balkan Stream, 203 Baltic states, 11, 69,70, 263 Bechev, Dimitar, 18,187-216, 264, 265, 272. 277 Belarus, 219,242, 246-47 Belt and Road Initiative, 219, 230, 232, 240 Beopetrol, 201 Bessarabia, 195 bias, interpretive, 217, 221 big bang enlargement, 111,125,145 Bildt, Carl, 67 Black Sea and Russian self-identity, 148, 150,154. 247 borderization, 248 Borrel, Joseph, 253 Bosnia and Herzegovina: conflicts in, 192, 242; Republika Srpska, 187,193,199, 205, 207, 272; Russian foreign policy in, 187,190,192,193,199, 200, 204, 272 Bosniaks, 207 Brexit, 175,179, 267 British Purchasing Commission, 50Ո68 Brussels Treaty on Economic, Social and Cultural Collaboration and Collective Self-Defence, 51Ո80 buffer zones, 166 Bulgaria: as Balkan state, 189; energy sec tor, 193, 203, 204, 205, 206; EU joining, 189; NATO accession, 192, 207; and North Macedonia crisis, 199; Russian foreign policy and influence, 188,19394,195, 201-2, 204, 205, 206-7, 272; security concerns, 196; US troops in, 190 burden sharing, 32 Burgas-Alexandroupolis oil pipeline, 193 Cameron, David, 69,75 Capabilities Commitment Conference, 44 Catalonia independence movement, 168, 172,175.179 CFSP. See Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) Chamberlain, Neville, 38 Chechnya, 10 China: economic espionage by, 161; eco nomic expansion by, 219, 230,232, 240, 247; and Eurasian regionalism, 219, 229, 230; and nonlinear
warfare, 265 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), 149,217, 219-20,229, 231, 272 CIS Charter, 219 “Civilizing Europe” concept, 146 civil society, 120,191, 226 Clementei, Etienne, 36,37-38 climate change and environmental stan dards and, 7, 8, 268 Clinton, Hillary, 16,160,164,174,190 Code of Conduct for Pooling and Shar ing, 45 coercion and sanctions on Russia, 62, 63, 64, 68-73,76 Cold War, 30,39-41,142,194-95. 222-23. 278 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), 191,197, 217, 223, 224, 229, 232 Cologne European Council, 44 color revolutions: North Macedonia, 199200; Orange Revolution (Ukraine), 11, 112,146, 228-29, 239, 243; Rose Revolu tion (Georgia), 112,146, 228, 239, 24243; and Russian ontological security and identity, 146, 239, 271; as turn to liberal agenda, 112 Combined Production and Resources Board, 50Ո68 Commission on Security and Coopera tion (CSCE), 227-28, 233. See also Organization for Security and Co operation in Europe (OSCE) Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER), 44, 68 Committee of Representatives (WWI), 37 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP): enforcement in, 63; as formal institution, 43,44; formation of, 43, 44; and maritime security (EUMSS), 8688, 90, 91,96,99, 269; as new/unset-
Index I 289 tied, 6,77, 276; Russian cooperation on, 241, 242 Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), 6, 45,88-89, 24Յ Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 149, 217, 219-20, 229, 231, 272 Communication on Hybrid Threats and Action Plan against Disinformation, 253 community of practices: concept, 224-25; and Eurasian regionalism, 218, 224-33, 273 Comprehensive Approach to Crisis, 253 conflicts: and community of practices approach, 225-26; and European Neighborhood Policy, 112,118; RussiaEU coordination on, 242 constructivism: and EU cohesion on sanctions, 62, 63-64,66-68, 72, 76-77; in EU foreign policy, 8, 252; and prefer ence convergence, 67; and Russia’s pivot away from EU, 3-4 Contact Group, 192 Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty, 222 cooperation and coordination between EU and Russia: and Eurasian regional ism, 226-27; EU-Russia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, 147, 22627; in overview, 1,10-11, 263; and Rus sian self-identity, 142-43, 241-43; and Southeast Europe, 192,196,197 cooperation and coordination within EU: and EEAS, 116,121-22,126-27; and European Neighborhood Policy, 116, 118,122,124,126-27. See also defense cooperation, EU COREPER (Committee of Permanent Representatives), 44, 68 corruption, 124,126,128Ո40,198, 254, 255 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 222 Council of the EU. See European Council СОѴГО-19,196, 203 Cox, Pat, 115 Cozy Bear, 16 Crimea, annexation of: and cyber war fare, 16; and EU defense coordination, 45-46; and Russian self-identity, 148, 150, 239, 250; and Southeast Europe, 196,200; as turning point, 264. See
also sanctions against Russia crises: effect on defense coordination, 30, 31.33.34-35.41. 44. 45-46, 47, 268; effect on European Neighborhood Pol icy, 122-23; and EU as proactive, 99101, 253; EU as reactive, 100-101, 217, 221, 233, 251-52, 274-75; EU coordi nated responses, 242, 253; as opportu nity of uncertainty, 6, 267; as term, 6. See also Ukraine crisis crisp set analysis, 170 Croatia, 188,189,194, 203, 204-5,272 Cross, Mai’a K. Davis, 1-26, 263-80 cross-national layering, 34 CSDP (Common Security and Defence Policy), 6,45, 88-89, 243 CSTO (Collective Security Treaty Orga nization), 191,197, 217, 223, 224, 229, 232 cults of personality, 168,171 Customs Union, 219,223, 227. See also Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) Cyberberkut, 16 Cyber Defence Policy Framework, 89 cyber hygiene, 180-81 cyber warfare: in Bulgaria, 201; by China, 161; comparative analysis of, 169-81; countering, 89,180-81,253; economic espionage, 161; institutional variables in, 167-69; overview and summary of, 15-16,160-64,265,271-72,276; in Russo-Georgian War, 13,147; truth table, 170,175; in Ukraine crisis, 16,163. See also disinformation; election inter ference; nonlinear/hybrid warfare Cyprus, 189, 201, 204, 205 Czech Republic, 10, 52Ш01, 263 Daladier, Édouard, 38 DCFTA (Deep Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement): and consensus on sanctions, 75; EU mistakes, 249; and Eurasian regionalism, 273; and Euro pean Neighborhood Policy, 109,112,
շ c) о ļ Index DCFTA (continued) 117,118-19,122 1շ6 ւշ7; expectations of Ukraine signing, 135,151; as technical document, 240; as threat to Russian identity, 252 death, state, 138 decision-making: and domestic factors, 5; and EU consensus culture, 66-68; and EU disaggregation, 7-8, 9, 266; by EU in Ukraine crisis, 63, 252, 255, 268-69, 275-76; and maritime security coordi nation, 86-87; NATO defense coordi nation, 42; and Russian centralization, 266; and Russian Southeast Europe policy, 272; sovereignty and norms, 5, 29, 222 Declaration of Intent to Establish Euro pean Air Transport Fleet, 45 Deep Comprehensive Free Trade Agree ment. See DCFTA (Deep Comprehen sive Free Trade Agreement) Defence Procurement Code of Conduct, 45 defense cooperation: and Eurasian regionalism, 217-18; within Southeast Europe, 196-201; between Southeast Europe and Russia, 191,196,197; USRussia security coordination after 9/11, 11, 241, 263. See also defense coopera tion, EU; security defense cooperation, EU: challenges of, 29-30; endogamous change in, 33-34; history of, 30-31,35-46, 47-48; infor mal cooperation’s role in formal coop eration, 30-31,33, 35-47; informal vs. formal institutions, 33; and institu tional layering, 30-31,33-47, 268; and latent capacity, 30-31, 33. 34. 35֊47. շ68; and 9/11 attacks, 47-48, 268; overview and summary of, 17, 29-31, 268; role of crises in, 30, 31,33,34-35, 41, 44. 45֊4б, 47, 268; scholarship on, 32-33; struc tured vs. enhanced cooperation, 52П122; and Ukraine crisis, 30,31,41, 45-46, 69-70; as voluntary, 29,30. See also maritime security
coordination; security deliberative perspective and cohesion on sanctions, 62, 64-65, 66,72-73 democracy and democratization: and Association Agreements, 152; and EEAS, 124; as EU norm/goal, 146, 248, շ53 279; and Eurasian regionalism, 227, 229; and European Neighborhood Pol icy revision, 111,121; and maritime security, 98; and nonlinear warfare, 164,168,178; weakness of Russian democracy, 10,143 Democratic National Committee, hack ing of, 16,160,164,175 Deripaska, Oleg, 204 DG NEAR (Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations), 117,121, 253 disinformation: comparative analysis of, 169-81; countering, 89,180-81, 253; institutional variables in, 167-69; over view and summary of, 15-17,18,16064, 264, 265, 266-67, 271-72, 278-79; in Southeast Europe, 196; in Soviet era, 161,162,178, 266; trolls and troll farms, 16-17,164,168,174, 271; truth table, 170, 175. See also election interference; non linear/hybrid warfare Djukanovic, Milo, 198, 204 Dodik, Milorad, 193,199, 204, 207, 272 Dodon, Igor, 275 domestic factors and policy: effect on decision-making, 5; Russia’s influence on, 188,205-9,264.272. See aho elec tion interference Donetsk People’s Republic, 20Ո53 Draft European Security Treaty, 231, 232-ՅՅ Dugin, Aleksandr, 149 EAEU. See Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) Eastern Partnership: role in EU, 113, 229, 253; Russian reactions to, 146,153, 226, 227, 239, 246 East Strategic Communication (StratComm) Task Force, 128Ո40 economics: and Association Agreements,
Index ļ 291 135-36,151-52,153, 240; Chinese eco nomic expansion, 219, 230, 232, 240, 247; economic espionage, 161; of EU as attractive, 244; and Eurasian regional ism, 217-19, 221, 231-32, 246-47, 272֊ 73; EU-Russia ties, 62-63, 68, 76, 227; EU-Ukraine ties, 75; and maritime security, 86, 93-95; prosperity and commitment to values, 244, 273; rival ries and, 166; and Russian self-identity, 241, 244; and sanctions on Russia, 6263, 68, 75, 76; Single Economic Space, 242, 243; Southeast Europe, 188,189֊ 90,191,193,195,198-200, 201-5, 206, 272. See also Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) EDA (European Defence Agency), 30, 32, 43,45. 89 EDC (European Defence Community), 30-31, 40-41, 47 EDF (European Defence Fund), 29, 31, 41, 45-46,47 election interference: in Bulgaria, 201; comparative analysis of, 169-79; in EU, 2,15,160,163,169-79,175, 267; institu tional variables in, 167-69; overview and summary of, 2,15,16,160-64, 267, 271-72; in US, 2,15,16,160,163-64,165, 167,175,177,179,181, 267, 278-79· See also disinformation; nonlinear/hybrid warfare emanations, 49Ո32 embargoes, 15, 59, 69 energy sector: energy dependence as variable in election tampering, 168, 169,170,173,175,177; energy security, 7, 92-93,166-67; EU dependence on Russia, 12, 61, 62,169, 202; and Eur asian regionalism, 218, 221; and Euro pean Neighborhood Policy revision, 119,121; International Energy Agency, 15; and nonlinear warfare, 163; and Russian identity as great power, 165, 167; and Russo-Georgian War, 13; and Southeast Europe, 188,190-91,193,195, 201-5, 206, 272; and Ukraine DCFTA negotiations, 118. See
also gas; oil Energy Union, 203 ENP. See European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) environmental standards and climate change, 7, 8, 268 EPC (European Political Cooperation), 42-4Յ ESDP (European Security and Defence Policy), 242, 243. See also Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) ESS (European Security Strategy), 30, 44, 84,111,125,146 Estonia, 16,160,165, 263 ethnicity: and Southeast Europe dissatis faction with EU, 206; as variable in election tampering, 168,169,170,17273,174,176-77,178 EU (European Union): as actor, 2, 6-10, 217, 222-24, 264, 266, 267-68; and admitting failure, 123-24; attraction, power of, 225,244; as community of practices, 225, 233; compared to CIS, 219-20; consensus culture of, 66-68; economics of EU as attractive, 244; economic ties with Russia, 62-63, 68, 76,227; economic ties with Ukraine, 75; enlargement, 111,125,145,189,192, 219-20; and Eurasian regionalism, 21920, 223-24, 233; formation of, 219; and Greater Eurasia Project, 232; great power directoire, 71-73,77; as humani tarian power, 86, 96-100, 269; institu tional identity of, 9; interpretive bias in, 217, 221; liberal world order role, 3, 279; Missions, 242, 254; overview of, 2-4, 6-10; as proactive power, 2, 3,1415,17-18,99-101, 252-5Յ, 255-56, 26770, 274-76; as reactive power, 2,3,10, 85,100-101, 217, 221, 233,251-52, 267, 268, 274-75; relations among EU insti tutions, 116,121-22,126-27; and Rus sian self-identity, 136,141,143-47, iso si, 153-54,155, 271: and Russo-Georgian War, 13-14,248; Southeast Europe dis satisfaction with, 205-6, 207, 275; Southeast Europe influence and
enlargement, 187,189, 207, 209-10, 265;
292 I Index EU (European Union) (continued) as term, 20Ո22; tools of, 5-6,7, 266, 267-68; triangular diplomacy from, 3. See also Association Agreements; cooperation and coordination between EU and Russia; cooperation and coor dination within EU; decision-making; defense cooperation, EU; disinforma tion; EU Maritime Security Strategy (EUMSS); European Commission; European External Action Service (EEAS); European Neighborhood Pol icy (ENP); European Parliament; mari time security coordination; nonlinear/ hybrid warfare; norms and normative approach; sanctions against Russia; Southeast Europe; Ukraine crisis EU Global Strategy: and decline of liber alism, 125; development of, 46,109; and European Neighborhood Policy, 109, 117,118,125,127; revision of, 18,123,124, 125 EU KONVER, 43-44 EU Maritime Security Strategy (EUMSS): adoption of, 84, 89, 90; draft and text, 92-93; and humanitarian power of EU, 86, 96-100, 269; methodology, 101m; origins of, 86-89; overview and sum mary of, 84-86, 269; scope of, 84; and Ukraine crisis, 84-86, 90-93, 95-97. See also maritime security coordination EU Military Committee, 42 EU Military Staff, 32 EUMSS. See EU Maritime Security Strat egy (EUMSS) EU-NATO, 44,46,96 Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU): as community of practices, 229; and Eur asian regionalism, 223, 229, 246-47; EU rejection of, 18; and Greater Eur asia Project, 232; and in-between coun tries, 219; Serbia deal, 191; status of, 224 Eurasianism movement, 149 Eurasian regionalism: community of practices approach, 218,224-33.273; competition in, 220-24; definition of area, 234Ո2;
and economics, 217-19, 221, 231-32, 246-47, 272-73; lack of sta bility in, 218-19; overview and sum mary of, 18, 217-18, 264, 272-73; and security, 217-18, 223, 224, 231, 232-33, 272 Eurogroup of National Armament Direc tors (EURONAD), 42 Euromaidan protests. See Maidan Revo lution/Revolution of Dignity; Ukraine crisis Euromissile initiative, 41 EURONAD (Eurogroup of National Armament Directors), 42 Europe. See EU (European Union); Euro pean Neighborhood Policy (ENP); Southeast Europe European Agenda on Security (2015), 46 European Armaments Agency, 44 European Armaments Policy Council Working Group, 44 European Capabilities Action Plan (2001), 44 European Coal and Steel Community, 7 European Commission: and Arab Spring, 124; control concerns, 90; and EEAS relations, 116,121; Energy Union, 203; and EU interactions, 253; and EUMSS formation, 86, 88-89, 90, 95-96, 97, 98, 99,100; and European Neighborhood Policy, 114,117; and Ukraine crisis, 45, 46, 68,71-72 European Council, 7, 44,144 European Defence Action Plan, 42 European Defence Agency (EDA), 30, 32, 43. 45. 89 European Defence Capabilities Initiative, 44 European Defence Community (EDC), 30-31, 40-41, 47 European Defence Equipment Market, 45 European Defence Fund (EDF), 29, 31, 41, 45-46, 47 European Defence Improvement Pro gram, 42 European Defence Industrial Develop ment Programme, 155
Index I 293 European Defence Industrial Group, 42, 43 European Economic Community, 222 European External Action Service (EEAS): ad hoc missions, 115; and Association Agreements and DCFTAs, 113.118-19; culture of, 115; and exper tise, 115,117,121-22,127; founding and origins of, 7,45,109,110-11; and Global Strategy revision, 18,123,124,125; inno vations by, 115-16,119-21,126-27; and maritime security (EUMSS), 84, 86, 88-89,90,95-96,97,98,100; overview and summary of, 18,264,269; relations with other EU institutions, 116,121-22, 126-27; role of, 110-11,114-16,118-19, 121-24,126-27, 264; scholarly focus on, 9; and Ukraine crisis, 68,71-72,115, 251, 252. See also European Neighbor hood Policy (ENP) European Framework Cooperation, 45 European Neighborhood Policy (ENP): aversion to admitting failure, 123-24; consultation process, 119-21,122,126, 127; early approaches of, 111-14; interest-based approach, 117-18,127; lack of differentiation in, 112,121; over view and summary of, 18,108-10,146, 269-70; ownership in, 109,112,117,119, 120,121,127; and reforms, 113,124; rela tions with other EU institutions, 116, 121-22; revision of 2015,108-10,114-23, 125-27, 264, 269-70; Russia inclusion in negotiations on Ukraine DCFTA, 117.118-19,126,127, 275, 285; Russian reactions to, 111-13,153, 226, 242, 246 European Parliament: and EEAS rela tions, 116,122; and European Neigh borhood Policy, 114,117; and Ukraine crisis, 46, 70 European Political Cooperation (EPC), 42-4Յ European Security and Defence Coopera tion, 30,45 European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), 242, 243. See also
Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) European Security Strategy (ESS), 30, 44, 84,111,125,146 European Union. See EU (European Union) EU-Russia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, 147, 226-27 exogenous shocks and defense coordina tion, 34-35 expertise and EEAS, 115,117,121-22,127 explanation through interpretation, 65 export restrictions, 59 Facebook. See social media and disinfor mation failure, aversion to admitting, 123-24 fake news, 15-16,178-79,196, 267. See also disinformation Fancy Bear, 16,160 federalism, as variable in election tam pering, 170,172,175,177 Federation Council of Russia, 15 Five Principles, 220 Fouchet Plan, 51Ո82 Framework Nations Concept, 45 France: Africa coordination with Russia, 243; disinformation and election inter ference in, 15,160,164,165,167,175, 180; as dominant force in EU, 71; and EU defense coordination, 32,35-37,3839,41,42, 45, 46; and Eurasian region alism, 232; and maritime security coor dination, 87, 88, 90,91, 94; NATO enlargement opposition, 13; Russian economic ties, 62; and Russo-Georgian War, 147,248; and Ukraine crisis sanc tions, 71,74; UK rivalry, 32 Franco-German Elysee Treaty, 41 freedom of press as variable in election tampering, 167,168,170,171-72,174, 175,176,177.181 Füle, Štefan, 151 fuzzy set analysis, 170 G7, Russian participation in, 59 gas: EU dependence on, 12, 63,170,175; interconnection projects, 203; Nabucco gas pipeline, 13; and Russo-Georgian
294 I Index gas (continued) War, 13; and Southeast Europe, 190-91, 201-5, 272; Southern Gas Corridor, 190-91; South Stream pipeline, 62,193, 201, 202-3, 204; TurkStream, 203. See also energy sector Gazprom, 201, 202, 203 GazpromNeft, 201 General Security Agreement (2010), 45 Geneva International Discussions on Georgia, 248 Genscher-Colombo proposal, 43 Georgia; Association Agreement/ DCFTA, 112,151, 240; disinformation and cyber breaches in, 160,165; and Eurasian regionalism, 219; and Euro pean Neighborhood Policy, 112,113,117; and NATO membership, 13; reforms in, 113; Rose Revolution, 112,146, 228, 239, 242-43. See also Abkhazia; RussoGeorgian War; South Ossetia Gerasimov, Vasyli, 161,162, 266 “Gerasimov Doctrine,” 162-64 Germany: disinformation and cyber cam paigns in, 17,160,164,165,167,168,169, 175,180; energy dependence on Russia, 169; and EU defense coordination, 41, 45, 46; and European Neighborhood Policy, 129Ո57; and maritime security coordination, 85, 87, 88, 89, 94, 269; NATO enlargement opposition, 13; and Russian self-identity and ontological security, 147; and Russo-Georgian War, 147; and Ukraine crisis sanctions, 67, 70,71,73,74; withdrawal of Russian troops from, 10 Ghent Initiative, 45 Giddens, Anthony, 136,137 Global Strategy. See EU Global Strategy Grabar-Kitarović, Kolinda, 188 Greater Eurasia Project, 231-32 great powerhood: EU great power direc toire, 71-73, 77; and recognition, 14142,150-51, 271; and Russian foreign policy in Southeast Europe, 194; and Russian nonlinear warfare, 18,165-67, 179, 271-72; Russian ontological secu rity,
141-43.144.147.149-51,153,154, 270-71; and Russian pivot away from EU, 18, 244-47, 254-55; Russian selfidentity and Ukraine crisis, 18, 241, 247-50,273-74 Greece: as Balkan state, 189; economic crisis, 205; energy sector, 203; and mar itime security, 90-93,94, 95, 96-97; Prespa Agreement, 199, 208; and Rus sian foreign policy, 188,193,194, 200, 205, 206-7, 272; US troops in, 190 Greneli, Richard, 191 Gruevski, Nikola, 199, 2iinio Grybauskaitė, Dalia, 69 hacking, 16,160,164,174. See abo cyber warfare Hague, William, 67, 69 Hahn, Johannes, 117,121 Hammond, Philip, 74 Harriman, Averell, 39 Headline Goals, 44 Helsinki process. See Commission on Security and Cooperation (CSCE) Helsinki Summit (1999), 44 Heusgen, Christoph, 73 High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, creation of, 7-8 humanitarianism: humanitarian power of EU, 86, 96-100, 269; and Russia in Southeast Europe, 196; scholarly focus on humanitarian power, 9 Hungary: NATO entry, 10, 263; prosperity and traditional values, 244; and sanc tions on Russia, 70, 71, 73,75; Visegrad Group, 52Ш01 hybrid warfare. See cyber warfare; non linear/hybrid warfare identity: agency and organizational iden tity, 224; EU institutional identity, 9; and Eurasian regionalism, 224; narra tives and state identity, 138-39,149-50; and relations to other actors, 137,13940,143-47,150-51,271; and religion, 148; Russian self-identity and engage-
Index I 295 ment with West, 241-43,265,273-74, 275; Russian self-identity as great power, 18, 241, 247-50, 273-74; Russian self-identity background, 140-51. See also ontological security IEPG (Independent European Pro gramme Group), 42. See also Western European Armaments Group (WEAG) IGOs (international governmental orga nizations), 49Ո32 immigration: as EU wake-up call, 108,115, 122,123, 269; and maritime security, 93, 94, 95, 97,100; and Russian disinforma tion, 163,174-75; and Southeast Europe dissatisfaction with EU, 206 IMP (Integrated Maritime Policy), 84, 88 Independent European Programme Group (IEPG), 42. See also Western European Armaments Group (WEAG) India, 229 Individual Partnership Agreement, Ser bia, 197 influence, as EU tool, 7, 267-68 information war. See cyber warfare; disin formation; nonlinear/hybrid warfare INF Treaty, 223, 278 Instagram, 164. See also social media and disinformation institutional layering and defense coordi nation, 30-31,33-47, 268 Integrated Approach to Crises, 253 Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP), 84, 88 integration of integrations, 231-32, 273 Inter-Allied Council, 37 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, 223, 278 Internal Security Strategy (ISS), 84 International Court of Justice, 198 International Energy Agency, 15 international governmental organizations (IGOs), 49Ո32 interpretive bias, 217, 221 Iran, 14,111,177 Iraq War, 145,146 ISS (Internal Security Strategy), 84 Italian Energy Company, 62 Italy: and defense coordination, 36, 37, 44; economic ties to Russia, 62; and mari time security coordination, 88, 91, 94, 95;
and Russo-Georgian War, 147; and Ukraine crisis sanctions, 71,75 Ivanov, Igor, 242-43 Japan, 206 Joint Action Plan in the Field of Euro pean Security and Defence Policy, 242 Joint Committee (Allies), 49Ո49 Joint Declaration on Further Practical Steps in Developing Political Dialogue and Cooperation on Crisis Manage ment and Security Matters, 242 Joint Investment Program on Research and Technology, 45 Karamarko, Tomislav, 204-5 Karolewski, Ireneusz Paweł, і~2б, 263-80 Kazakhstan, 240, 242, 246-47 Kerry, John, 187 Knežević, Milan, 198 Korean War and EU defense coordina tion, 31,39 Kosovo: Albanian minority in, 207; inde pendence and recognition, 12,193,19899, 201, 209, 240-41, 245; intervention in, 190,191, 241; and Russian foreign policy, 192,193,198-99, 201 Kozak, Dmitry, 244 Kozak memorandum, 244-45 Kozyrev, Andrei, 192 Krasnodębska, Molly, 18,135-59, 264, 265, 270-71 Krois, Dominika, 128Ո39 Kurz, Sebastian, 73,75-76 Kwasniewki, Aleksander, 115 Kyrgyzstan, 146, 228-29, 239, 247 Laeken European Summit (2001), 44 “Lancaster House” treaty, 45 latent capacity and defense coordination, 30-31, 33. 34. 35-47. 268 Latvia, 263 Lavrov, Sergey, 199, 232, 246
296 ļ Index law: and Association Agreements, 152; and EU-Russia Partnership and Coop eration Agreement, 227; and maritime security, 98, 99,100; and Russian pol icy in Southeast Europe, 188; and Ukraine crisis sanctions, 73-74 layering. See cross-national layering; institutional layering and defense coordination League of Nations, 38 Le Pen, Marine, 15,160,180 Letter of Intent (Loi) Framework Agree ment Treaty, 43 liberalism and liberal world order: color revolutions as turn to, 112; and EEAS, 125; EUs role in resilience of, 3, 279; Southeast Europe dissatisfaction with, 206; as under threat, 1-2,125, 276, 277 Libya, 47, 268 Lisbon Treaty, 7,30 Lithuania, 17, 69,148,160 London Report (1981), 43 Lugansk People’s Republic, 20Ո53 Lukoil, 201-2 Maastricht Treaty (Treaty of European Union), 43,44, 52Ո122, 219, 226 Macedonia. See North Macedonia Macron, Emmanuel, 180, 232, 253 Maidan Revolution/Revolution of Dig nity: and Association Agreement, 135; protests, 14; and Russian ontological security and identity, 151,152-55, 239, 250; and shift to West, 136. See also Ukraine crisis Malaysian Airlines MH17,59,74,163 Malofeev, Konstantin, 199 Mandić, Andrija, 198 Maness, Ryan C., 18,160-86, 266, 271-72, 278-79 Margelov, Mikhail, 153-54 maritime security coordination: effect on humanitarian power of EU, 86, 96-100, 269; with NATO, 96; opposition to, 85, 87-88, 89,94, 269; overview of, 17, 8486, 269, 274-75, 277-78; shift to con sensus on, 89,90-93, 95-97, 99-юі; before Ukraine crisis, 86-89; and WWI, 37. See also EU Maritime Secu rity Strategy (EUMSS) market access: as EU tool, 7,
267; restric tions on, 59 Martonyi, János, 73,75 material resources and power, 5, 265 media: fake news, 15-16,178-79,196, 267; freedom of press as variable in election tampering, 167,168,170,171-72,174, 175 176,177,181; in Southeast Europe, 193 196,199. See also disinformation Medvedev, Dmitry, 11,193,220,231 Merkel, Angela: on Balkan states, 187; criticism of Putin, 253; elections, 180; on limits of reactive power, 101; and North Macedonia, 208; and Ukraine crisis sanctions, 70,71,73 metapractices, 230-33 Military Production and Supply Board, 39 Military Standardization Agency, 50Ո70 Miloševič, Slobodan, 192 mining, 204 minorities: and EU-Russia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, 227; minority populations as variable in election tampering, 168,169,170,17273,174,176-77,178; and Southeast Europe dissatisfaction with EU, 206, 207 Minsk II talks, 15 Mogherini, Federica: on Balkans, 187; and European Neighborhood Policy revi sions, 116,117; as leader, 111,253; rela tions with Commission, 121; on Ukraine crisis sanctions, 75 Moldova: Association Agreement/ DCFTA, 112,126,151, 240; corruption in, 124,126,129Ո40; and Eurasian regionalism, 219; and European Neigh borhood Policy, 112,113,117,119.124 126; reforms in, 113,124; Russian for eign policy and influence, 187,195, 219, 240, 244-45, 248, 275; Transnistria, 69, 118,187,240, 244-45,248 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 195
Index I 297 Monnet, Jean, 31,36-37,38,39-40, 50Ո68 Montenegro: EU membership desire, 265; NATO accession, 190,195,197-98, 200, 207, 210, 277; and Russian foreign pol icy and influence, 187,198,200, 204, 205,207,209, 272 Myanmar, ա NATO IFOR, 192 NATO KFOR, 190,192 NATO Prague Summit (2002), 44 NATO-Russia Council, 11,145,263 NATO-Russia Founding Act on Mutual Relations of 1997,145 NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Council, Nabucco gas pipeline, 13 Naftna Industrija Srbije (NIS), 193, 201, 202 narratives and state identity, 138-39, 149-50 nationalism: and North Macedonia, 200, 207, 208; rise of and disinformation, 179,180,181; and Russian policy in Southeast Europe, 188, 200, 207,208, 265; and Ukraine crisis, 251 NATO: Afghanistan intervention, 11; balance-of-power theory, 222-23; and Balkan states, 11,12,189,190,192,195, 197-98, 200-201, 207-8, 209-10, 265, 277; Ballistic Missile Defense, 200; and Baltic states, 70, 263; disinformation campaigns against, 17; and EU defense coordination, 32, 42, 44-45, 46; and Eurasian regionalism, 219-20,223-24, 231, 233; Framework Nations Concept, 45; and maritime security coordina tion, 96; Military Standardization Agency, 50Ո70; number of members, 219-20; Russian cooperation with, 11, 145, 263; Russian military pressure on, 2; and Russian self-identity, 144-45, 166,271; and Temporary Council Com mittee, 39; and Trump, 3,155, 264-65, 278. See also NATO enlargement NATO enlargement: and Eurasian regionalism, 219-20, 231; German and French opposition to, 13; lack of Rus sian opposition to, 10,144-45,192, 247, 263; Russian opposition to,
11,12-13, 197-98, 240-41,276; and Russian selfidentity, 166, 271; and Southeast Europe, 187,190,197-98, 207-8, 20910, 272, 277 NATO EuroGroup, 42 NATO SFOR, 192 neoliberalism: and maritime security, 93, 94,97-98,99; and Russian nonlinear warfare, 163-64 neo-revisionism, 146,154 Netherlands: concerns about Commis sion’s role on control, 90; disinforma tion and election interference in, 15, 164,167,175,180; Russian economic ties, 63, 201; and Ukraine crisis sanc tions, 71 New Deal for European Defence Action Plan, 46 New Initiative on Effective Procurement Methods, 45 Nice Treaty, 44 Nikitina, Yulia, 18,217-33,264,265, 27273, 276,278 9/11 attacks, 11,47-48, 241, 263, 268 NIS (Naftna Industrija Srbije), 193, 201, 202 Nitoiu, Cristian, 18,108-32, 264, 269-70, 275, 276-77 nonlinear/hybrid warfare: and authoritar ian states, 265; comparative analysis, 169-81; defined, 163; EU coordinated efforts against, 253; institutional vari ables in, 167-69; overview and sum mary of, 16,18, 264, 265, 266-67, 27172; passportization, 12; reflexive control theory, 161-64,178; and Russian iden tity/great powerhood, 18,165-67,179, 271-72; in Russo-Georgian War, 13; in Southeast Europe, 196; truth table, 170, 175. See also cyber warfare; election interference; hacking Nordic Battle Groups, 45 Nordic Defence Cooperation (NORDEFCO), 44-45 145
298 ļ Index Normandy format, 71,77, 275-76 norms and normative approach: and community of practices approach, 22526; democratization as EU norm, 146, 248, 253, 279; and Eurasian regional ism, 220, 221-22, 225-26; and Euro pean Neighborhood Policy, 108-9, ա֊ 12,114,117,146; and humanitarian power of EU, 86, 96-100, 269; limits of, 108-9,117; and ontological security, 138,146, 255, 273; and rational choice, 64; rights-based, 65,72-76; and Rus sian identity and ontological security, 146, 255, 273; and sanctions in Ukraine crisis, 62, 64-65, 67,72-77, 255, 268-69; value-based, 65,72 North Macedonia: color revolution, 199200; energy sector, 203; NATO acces sion, 190, 200, 208, 210, 277; Ohrid Agreement, 244; Russian foreign policy and influence, 190,193,199-200, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209; US intervention in, 190,199, 200 nuclear technology: Bulgarian power plant, 193, 205, 206; and collapse of Soviet Union, 10; Iran nuclear agree ment, 14; treaties, 45, 223, 278 Nuland, Victoria, 250 Oathkeepers, 207 Obama, Barack and “reset” policy, 14,153, 217,278 OCCAR (Organization for Joint Arma ments Cooperation), 30,45,52Ո101 Ohio National Guard, 197 Ohrid Agreement, 244 oil, 59,193, 201-2. See aho energy sector ontological security: overview and sum mary of, 18,136,137-40, 264, 265, 27071, 274; and role of other actors, 137, 139-40; and routine, 139-40,144,151, 15z, 153,154-55, 271; Russian reactions to Association Agreements, 135-36, 151-55, 230, 239-40, 249-50, 252, 255, 264, 270-71, 275; and Russian selfidentity, 140-51; and subjectivity, 140 Orange Revolution (Ukraine),
11,112,146, 228-29, 239, 243 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 15 Organization for Joint Armaments Coop eration (OCCAR), 30, 45, 52П101 Organization for Security and Co operation in Europe (OSCE): and bal ance of power, 222, 231, 233; Russian disappointment with, 241; and Russian self-identity, 144,145; scholarly focus on, 219; and Transnistria, 244-45; and Ukraine crisis, 15 Orthodox Church, 148,150,194, 205, 207, 272 ownership, in European Neighborhood Policy, 109,112,117,119,120,121,127 Pakistan, 229 Palmer, Matthew, 210Ո3 Pan-Slavism, 148-49 parliamentary/presidential systems as variable in election tampering, 167,168, 170,171,175 Partnership for Peace Programme, 145 passportization, 12 Peace Implementation Council, 199 PESCO (Permanent Structured Coopera tion), 29-30,31, 41, 46,155 Petersberg Tasks, 44 piracy and maritime security coordina tion, 87, 94, 97 Pleven, René, 31, 39, 41 Plevneliev, Rosen, 201 Plowden, Edwin, 39 Poland: data breaches in, 160; defense coordination, 52Ո101; and Eastern Partnership, 146; and maritime secu rity coordination, 96; NATO entry, 10, 263; prosperity and traditional values, 244; as Slavic, 148; and Ukraine crisis sanctions, 69,75 Poliakov, Leonid, 241 Political and Security Committee, 32 pooling, 45, 93-94 populism: rise of, 181, 276, 279; and Rus-
Index ļ 299 sian disinformation, 164,168,170,171, 173.180 Poroshenko, Petro, 255 Portugal, 91 power: of attraction, 225, 244; balance-ofpower theory, 217, 222-23, 228, 278; as concept, 4֊6, 265-66; Eurasian region alism, 218, 220-22; humanitarian power of EU, 86, 96-100, 269; and material resources, 5,265; and practices of power, 228-29; rivalries and disin formation, 165-67,170-71,175,176,177, 178-79; and salient issues, 165,166; soft power in Southeast Europe, 205-9, 208; soft power in Ukraine, 149; tools of, 5-6,7, 266; types of EU, 9-10. See also great powerhood practices, community of. See community of practices preference convergence, 67 presidential/parliamentary systems as variable in election tampering, 167,168, 170,171,175 Prespa Agreement, 199,208 Primakov, Evgeny, 192 Prishtina, dash to, 192 privileged interests concept, 220 Putin, Vladimir: and Balkan states, 187, 199, 244-45; cooperation with EU and West, 11,192, 241-43, 263; criticism of, 253; on EU economic status, 244; Greater Eurasia Project, 231-32; and neo-revisionism, 146; and ontological security, 143,146; pivot away from EU and West, 11-17, 243; on Russia joining NATO, 145; and Russian self-identity, 143,148,165, 246-47; Single Economic Space, 242, 243; and Southeast Europe foreign policy, 192-93,199; and Trump, 264-65 qualitative comparative analysis of non linear warfare, 161,162,169-81 real estate sector, 204 realist approach: and Eurasian regional ism, 220, 223,226; and maritime secu rity coordination, 97; and material resources, 5; and Ukraine crisis sanc tions, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68-71, 72,
77 reflexive control, 161-64,178 reforms: and Association Agreements, 151-52; and European Neighborhood Policy, 113,124; Ukraine, 113, 254, 255 Reinfeldt, Fredrik, 76 religion: and Russian self-identity, 148, 150; and Southeast Europe-Russian relations, 194, 205, 207, 272 Reporters Without Borders, 171 Republika Srpska, 187,193,199, 205, 207, 272 Review of Russian Foreign Policy, 245 Revolution of Dignity. See Maidan Revo lution/Revolution of Dignity; Ukraine crisis Riddervold, Marianne, 17, 84-107, 269, 274֊75, 277-78 rights: and cohesion on sanctions, 62, 65, 72-77, 269; freedom of press as variable in election tampering, 167,168,170, 171-72,174,175,176,177,181; rightsbased norms, 65,72-76 rivalries: between France and UK, 32; and Russian disinformation, 165-67,17071,175,176,177.178-79 Romania: as Balkan state, 189; as EU member, 189; NATO accession, 192, 200-201; prosperity and traditional values, 244; Russian relations and for eign policy, 188,195-96, 200-201, 272; and security, 196,200; US troops in, 190 Rosatom, 205 Rosén, Guri, 17-18, 59, 61-83, 268, 2757б Rose Revolution (Georgia), 112,146, 228, 239. 242-43 routine and ontological security, 139-40, race, as variable in election tampering, 168,169,170,172-73.174.176-77.178 rational choice and norms, 64 144.151.152.153.154-55, 271 Russia: as actor, overview of, 10-17, 266, 271-74; as actor compared to EU, 2, 5,
Зоо ļ Index Russia (continued) 217, 222-24, 264, 266; Africa coordina tion with France, 243; balance-ofpower theory, 217, 222-23, 228, 278; decision-making and centralization, 266; as donor, 206; EU defense coordi nation with, 35-37, 45-46; EU eco nomic ties, 62-63, 68, 76, 227; inclusion in negotiations on Ukraine DCFTA, 117,118-19,126,127, 275, 285; NATO, cooperation with, 11,145, 263; NATO, enlargement of, 10,11,12-13,144-45, 166,192,197-98, 240-41, 247, 263, 271, 276; NATO, military pressure on, 2; NATO and Russian self-identity, 14445,166, 271; neo-revisionism, 146,154; and Orange Revolution (Ukraine), 11, 112,146, 239, 243; overview of, 1-4,1017; pivot away from EU, 1,3-4,11-17,18, 161, 243-47, 254-55, 263, 273; as reactive power, 276; and Rose Revolution (Georgia), 111,146, 228, 239, 242-43; Russian Revolution, 144; strategic cul ture, 136,140-51; and triangular diplo macy, 3. See also Association Agree ments; cooperation and coordination between EU and Russia; disinforma tion; election interference; energy sec tor; Eurasian regionalism; great powerhood; identity; nonlinear/hybrid warfare; ontological security; Putin, Vladimir; Russo-Georgian War; sanc tions against Russia; Southeast Europe; Soviet Union; Ukraine crisis Russo-Georgian War: causes, 13; and European Neighborhood Policy, 113; and EU-Russian relations, 1,11,12,1314,146-47,153; and Russian identity and ontological security, 248, 271; as turning point, 263 Saakashvili, Mikheil, 13, 228, 243 salient issues in power politics, 165,166 Salter, James Arthur, 31,35-36,37,38 Samokhvalov, Vsevolod, 18,
239-59, 265, 273-74. 275 sanctions against Iran, 14 sanctions against Russia: Balkan states’ refusal to join, 190,194; and coercion, 62, 63, 64, 68-73,76; and constructiv ism, 62, 63-64, 66-68, 72, 76-77; costs of, 68,136; and deliberative perspec tive, 62, 64-65, 66,72-73; and eco nomic ties, 62-63, 68,75,76; and great power directoire, 71-73, 77; and Malofeev, 199; norms and normative approach to, 62, 64-65, 67, 72-77, 255, 268-69; overview and summary of, 15, 46, 59-60, 61-62, 268-69, 275-76; real ist approach to, 62,63,64, 66,68-71, 72, 77; rights and cohesion on, 15, 59, 60, 62,65,72-77,268-69; Russian reac tion to, 153,155,166; and socialization, 63-64, 66-67, 77. 269; stages of, 59-60; as success, 61,125, 252-53, 255, 275 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 13-14, 248 Sawidi, Ivan, 200 Schilde, Kaija, 17, 29-58, 268 Schuman, Robert, 39 Schwarzenberg, Karel, 246 SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organiza tion), 223, 229, 232, 272-73 security: and cohesion on sanctions, 6970; energy security, 7, 92-93,166-67; and Eurasian regionalism, 217-18, 223, 224, 231, 232-33, 272; and European Neighborhood Policy, 112,118; proac tive approach to, 18, 277-78; Russia-EU coordination, 231, 232, 242, 244-45, 263; Russia-US security coordination, 11, 241, 263; and self-restraint, 225; of Southeast Europe, 196-201; of states, 138; Ukraine as threat to Russia, 135-36, 152-53,154; Ukrainian reforms, 254. See also defense cooperation; maritime security coordination; ontological security Security Strategy. See European Security Strategy (ESS) self-determination and cohesion on sanc tions, 62, 65,
73-74.76-77. 269 self-restraint and security, 225 Serbia: energy sector, 193, 201, 202, 203-4; and EU membership, 265; and Kosovo
Index ļ 301 independence, 198-99, 201; and Mon tenegro plot, 198; NATO cooperation, 197; NATO interventions in, 11,12,191; Russian cultural and historical ties, ւ94՜95 196-97, 205, 206, 207-9; Rus sian foreign policy and influence, 18788,190,191,192,193, 201, 202, 203-4, 206, 272; and security, 196-97 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 223, 229,232, 272-73 Shanghai spirit, 229 shocks and defense coordination, 34-35 Sikorski, Radosław, 75 Silk Road Economic Belt. See Belt and Road Initiative Single Economic Space, 242,243 Sintra Defence Ministers Meeting (2000), 44 Sjursen, Helene, 17-18,59,61-83, 268, 275-76 Slavic culture and Russian self-identity, 143,148-49.272 Slovakia, 12, 52Ո101, 70 Slovenia, 188,189,194, 272 socialization: and EU cohesion, 8, 63-64, 66-67, 77, 225, 269; and Eurasian regionalism, 229, 230; and Transnistria negotiations, 248 social media and disinformation, 164, 168,169,171,175,176,178-79, 267, 271 Sophia mission, 84,100 Southeast Europe: defined, 189-91; dissat isfaction with EU, 205-6, 207, 275; eco nomics, 188,189-90,191,193,195,198200, 201-5, 206, 272; EU’s influence and enlargement, 187,189, 207, 209-10, 265; NATO enlargement, 187,190,19798, 207-8, 209-10, 272,277; Russian cultural and historical ties, 194-95, 205-9; Russian policy and influence, 18,187-89,191-94, 201-10, 264, 265, 272; security and defense, 191,196-201 Southern Gas Corridor, 190-91 South Ossetia, 12,13-14,147, 240, 248 South Stream pipeline, 62,193, 201,202-3, 204 sovereignty: and EU decision-making and norms, 5, 29, 222; and Eurasian regionalism, 230; and nonlinear
war fare, 163; right to and cohesion on sanctions, 15, 59, 60, 65,73-74, 76-77, 264, 268-69; and Southeast Europe, 188,199, 206, 265; and state death, 138 Soviet Union: disinformation use, 161, 162,178, 266; end of, 10,150; and EU defense coordination, 31,39-41; and Eurasian regionalism, 228-29, 233; and great powerhood self-identity, 141, 149-50; legacy of practices, 228-29, 233; Southeast Europe ties to, 194-95 Spain: disinformation and cyber cam paigns in, 160,164,167,168,172,175, 177,179; and maritime security coordi nation, 86-87, 88,90, 91, 94 Special Division for Strategic Communi cations in the East, 253 Srbijagas, 203-4 Stanzel, Volker, 123 state capture in Southeast Europe, 188, 198, 204,208,209 state death, 138 status and legitimacy, 224 Steinmeier, Frank-Walter, 70, 71 St. Malo Declaration, 43 StratComm (East Strategic Communica tion) Task Force, 128Ո40 strategic culture, 136,140-51 Stuttgart Solemn Declarations, 43 subjectivity and ontological security, 140 Support for Industry Cooperation in the Defence Material Area, 44 Sweden, 61, 63, 67, 69,76,129Ո57,146 Syria, 167,177 Taliban, 11 Temporary Council Committee, 39 territorial integrity: and cohesion on sanctions, 62, 65, 73-74, 75; and Euro pean Neighborhood Policy revision, 119,121; and limits of EU involvement, 251; as salient issue in power politics, 166 TEU. See Maastricht Treaty (Treaty of European Union)
302 ļ Index TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union), 52Ո122 Thaçi, Hashim, 198-99 Third Energy Package, 203 TKG, 204 Transatlantic Trade and Investment Part nership, 7, 231 Transnistria, 69,118,187, 240, 244-45, 248 Trans-Pacific Partnership, 231 travel bans, 15, 59 Treaty of European Union (TEU). See Maastricht Treaty (Treaty of European Union) Treaty of Lisbon, 7,30 Treaty on the Functioning of the Euro pean Union (TFEU), 52Ո122 triangular diplomacy, 3 trolls and troll farms, 16-17,164,168,174, 271. See abo disinformation Trump, Donald: balance-of-power approach, 217; collusion with Russia, 16; and disinformation and election interference, 16,164,174,175,181, 267, 278-79; effect on EU-Russia relations, 2, 3-4, 6,101, 276-79; and European Neighborhood Policy, 124-25; and Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty withdrawal, 223; and maritime security, 101; and NATO, 3,155,264-65, 278; and Putin, 3, 264-65; and Russian sanctions, 155; and Southeast Europe, 190-91,210, 277; as threat to liberal world order, 1-2; and Ukraine rela tions, 255-56 truth table on disinformation, 170,175 Tsipras, Alexis, 194, 205 Turkey, 195,196, 203 TurkStream/TurkStream 2, 203 Twitter. See social media and disinformation Tymoshenko, Yulia, 11, 249 UK Joint Expeditionary Force, 45 Ukraine: disinformation and nonlinear warfare in, 15,16,160,163,164,165,167, 168,169,175,177,179-80; energy sector, 7,12,118,169; EU economic ties, 75; EU mission to, 253; and Eurasian regional ism, 219; independence, 150; NATO membership, 13; Orange Revolution, 11, 112,146, 228-29, 239, 243; practices
of power, 228-29; reforms, 113, 254, 255; and Russian self-identity, 148-50,154, 271; as security threat to Russia, 135-36, 152-53,154; Single Economic Space, 242; US relations, 255-56. See also Association Agreements; Ukraine crisis Ukraine crisis: asset freezes, 15; costs to Russia, 68,136,167; EU as proactive, 14-15, 99-101, 252-53, 255-56, 274-75; EU as reactive, 85, 217, 221, 233, 251-52, 274-75; and EU defense coordination, 30,31, 41, 45-46, 69-70; EU mistakes in, 248-50, 251-52,273-74; and Eur asian regionalism, 219; and European Neighborhood Policy revision, 108-10, 114-23,125-27, 264, 269-70; nonlinear/ hybrid warfare in, 16,163; overview of factors, 239-40; Russia mistakes in, 249-51, 273-74; scholarship on, 63-64; and Southeast Europe relations with Russia, 190,193-94,196, 200, 209; travel bans, 15; and triangular diplo macy, 3; as turning point, 2,14-15,1089,122-23,217,264. See also Association Agreements; Crimea, annexation of; maritime security coordination; onto logical security; sanctions against Rus sia; Ukraine UNCLOS [UN Convention on the Law of the Sea], 98 United Kingdom: Brexit, 175,179, 267; and Commissions control, 90; disin formation and election interference in, 160,164,165-67,175,177,178-79, 267; as dominant force in EU, 71; and EU defense coordination, 32,35-39, 44, 45; and maritime security coordination, 85, 87, 89, 94,96, 269; rivalry with France, 32; rivalry with Russia, 175, 178-79; and Ukraine crisis sanctions, 67, 69,71, 74, 75 United Nations, 8,192
Index ļ 303 United States: balance-of-power approach to Russia, 217, 223, 278; as destabilizing force, 1-2, 3-4, 6, 7,19, 264-65, 276-79; disinformation and election interfer ence in, 2,15,16,160,163-64,165,167, 175.177 178-79,181, 267, 278-79; as donor, 206; and EU defense coordina tion, 32,37, 40,50Ո68; and EU energy security, 166-67; and European Neigh borhood Policy, 124-25; and maritime security, 101; “reset” policy, 14,153, 217, 278; and Russian self-identity and ontological security, 136,144,146,151, 153; Russia-US security coordination after 9/11,11, 241, 263; and RussoGeorgian War, 13-14,147; sanctions against Russia, 59, 60,75,76,155,166, 199; and Southeast Europe, 190-91,197, 199, 200, 210; and Transnistria conflict, 244-45; Ukraine relations, 255-56. See also Trump, Donald Vilnius Summit (2013), 135,151 Vince Owen mission, 115 Visegrad Group, 52Ш01 Visegrad Group Defence Cooperation, 52Ո101 Voronin, Vladimir, 245 Vredeling report (1986), 42 Vučić, Aleksandar, 197,198,199, 208-9 Wales Summit (2014), 46, 96 war on terror, 241 Warsaw Pact Organization, 222 Western European Armaments Group (WEAG), 30, 42, 43 Western European Armaments Organiza tion (WEAO), 43 Western European Union (WEU), 30, 42, 43, 44, 51П80 Wheat Executive, 36-37 WikiLeaks, 16,160,164,175 Wilder, Geert, 180 World War 1,35-37,195 World War II, 38-39 Yanukovych, Viktor: and Association Agreement, 14,113,135,152,154, 24950, 273; Russian backing of, 11, 249 Yeltsin, Boris, 10,144,192 YouTube, 164. See also social media and disinformation Yugoslavia: dissolution of, 189,192, 208; interventions in,
11,115; Russian cul tural and historical ties, 194-95. See also Balkan states; Southeast Europe Yushchenko, Viktor, 11 Zaev, Zoran, 200 Zarubezhneft, 204 Zelenskiy, Volodymyr, 255 Zelensky, Vladimir, 229, 251 Zielinski, Rosella Cappella, 17, 29-58, 268 Zlatev, Valentin, 202 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:51:47Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-23T23:01:55Z |
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| isbn | 9780472132287 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | European-Russian power relations in turbulent times edited by Mai'a K. Davis Cross and Ireneusz Paweł Karolewski Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press April 2021 vi, 303 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Europe / Relations / Russia (Federation) Russia (Federation) / Relations / Europe HISTORY / World International relations Europe Russia (Federation) (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s DE-604 Cross, Mai'a K. Davis 1977- (DE-588)141280263 edt Karolewski, Ireneusz Paweł 1971- (DE-588)173401600 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, OA 10.3998/mpub.10202357 978-0-472-90253-8 https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.10202357 Verlag kostenfrei Volltext https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/64204 Verlag kostenfrei Volltext Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032799810&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032799810&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | European-Russian power relations in turbulent times Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | European-Russian power relations in turbulent times |
| title_auth | European-Russian power relations in turbulent times |
| title_exact_search | European-Russian power relations in turbulent times |
| title_exact_search_txtP | European-Russian power relations in turbulent times |
| title_full | European-Russian power relations in turbulent times edited by Mai'a K. Davis Cross and Ireneusz Paweł Karolewski |
| title_fullStr | European-Russian power relations in turbulent times edited by Mai'a K. Davis Cross and Ireneusz Paweł Karolewski |
| title_full_unstemmed | European-Russian power relations in turbulent times edited by Mai'a K. Davis Cross and Ireneusz Paweł Karolewski |
| title_short | European-Russian power relations in turbulent times |
| title_sort | european russian power relations in turbulent times |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Internationale Politik Russland Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.10202357 https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/64204 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032799810&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032799810&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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